
Class. i" sP ^/ . 



I 

THE 



HISTORY 



DES MOINES COUNTY, 



1 o y^ j\.. 



CONTAINING 



febr^ xif {\$ Sounl^, tl$ Silie$^ ^uttttt$^ ^u^ 



A Biographical Directory of Citizens, War Record of its Vol* 
unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, 
Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- 
tory of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map 
of Des Moines County, Constitution of 
the United States, Miscellaneous 
Matters, &c. 



IXJIJTTSTI^J^T:E^D. 



CHICAGO : 
WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 

1879. 



PREFACE. 



TN the preparation of a work of this character, the writer labors under 
peculiar embarrassments, which arise from the fact that the lapse of time 
has not mellowed harsh colors and softened bold lines in the panorama of events. 
While the newness of the region hei-ein described enables us to secure many 
valuable bits of history which would be lost in the current of time, the presence 
of the chief participators in the occurrences which constitute the history of this 
county, acts as a constant check to a free presentment of incidents and a full 
expression of opinions. 

Many things have been left unsaid which might have been inserted here, 
and for no other reason than that the writer felt the delicacy of his position. 
When men are dead, volumes can be written concerning them — and with 
impunity ; for then the writer cannot be accused of mercenary motives, nor can 
the subject of eulogy be calumniated by jealous minds. We have refrained 
from saying that which may truthfully be said of the distinguished men of this 
county, because we feel that the time for such words has not yet come. We 
have endeavored to condense in the form of one volume the scattered fragments 
of fact which have floated about so long. Some will say the work is well per- 
formed, while others will condemn it. The future generations, however, will 
surely say that this work is a valuable one. 

March, 1879. THE PUBLISHERS. 



au^ 



CONTENTS. 



HISTORY NORTHWEST AXD STATE OF IOWA. 



Paob. 

History Northwest Territory 19 

Geographical Position 19 

Early Explorations 20 

Discovery of the Ohio 33 

English Explorations and Set- 
tlements 35 

American Settlements 60 

Division ol the Northwest Ter- 
ritory 06 

Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 
Black Hawk and the Black 

Hawk War 74 

Other Indian Troubles 79 

Present Condition of the North- 
west 86 

Chicago 95 

Illinois 257 

Indiana 259 

Iowa-.., 260 

Michigan 263 

Wisconsin 264 

Minnesota 266 

Nebraska 267 

History of Iowa : 

Geographical Situation 109 

Topography 109 

Drainage System 110 



Page. 
History ol Iowa : 

Rivers. Ill 

Lakes 118 

Springs 119 

Prairies 120 

Geology 120 

Climatology.. 137 

Discovery arid Occupation 139 

Territory : 147 

Indians 147 

Pike's Expedition 151 

Indian Wars 152 

Black Hawk War 157 

Indian Purchase, Keserves and 

Treaties 159 

Spanish Grants 163 

Half-Breed Tract 164 

Early Settlements 166 

Territorial History 173 

Boundary Question 177 

State Organization 181 

Growth and Progress 185 

Agricultural College and Farm. 186 

Stjite Universitj' 187 

State Historical Society 193 

Penitentiaries 194 



Paqk. 

History of Iowa: 

Insane HosjMtals 195 

College for the Blind 197 

Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 

Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 

State Normal School 201 

Asylum for Feeble Minded 

Children 201 _ 

Reform School 202 

Fish Hatching Establishment..2(i3 

Public Lands .....204 

Public Schools 218 

Political Record .■223 

War Record : 229 

Infantry 233 

Cavalry 244 

Artillery 247 

Miscellaneous 248 

Promotions from Iowa Reg- 
iments 249 

Number Casualties — Officei-s.250 
Number Casualties — Enlist- 
ed Men 252 

Number Volunteers 254 

Population 255 

Agricultural Statisticg 320 ■ 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE l^AWS. 



Page. 

Adoption of Children 303 

Bills of Exchange and Promissory 

Notes 293 

Commercial Terms 305 

Capital Punishment 298 

Charitable, Scientific and Religious 

Associations 316 

Descent 293 

Damages from Trespass 300 

Exemptions from Execution 298 

Estrays 299 

Forms : 

Articles of Agreement 3('7 

Bills of Sale 308 

Bond for Deed 315 

Bills of Purchase 306 



Page. 
Forms : 

Chattel Mortgage 314 

Confession of Judgment 306 

Lease 312 

Mortgages 310 , 

Notice to Quit 309 j 

Notes 306,313 

Orders 306 

Quit Claim Deed 315 ! 

Receipts 306 

Wills and Codicils 309 I 

Warranty Deed 314 

Fences 300 

Interest 293 

Intoxicating Liquors 317 

Jurisdiction of Courts 297 



Page. 

Jurors 297 

Limitation of Actions 297 

Landlord and Tenant 304 

Married Women 298 

Marks and Brands 300 

Mechanics' Liens. 301 

Roads and Bridges 302 

Surveyors and Surveys 303 

Suggestions to Persons Purchasing 

Books by Subscription 319 

Support of Poor 303 

Taxes 295 

Wills and Estates 293 

Weights and Measures 305 

Wolf Scalps 300 



Page. 

Mouth of the Mississippi 21 

Source of the Mississippi 21 

Wild Prairie 23 

La Salle Landing on the Shore of 

Green Bay 25 

Buffalo Hunt 27 

Trapping 29 

Hunting 32 

Iroquois Chief 34 

Pontiac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 

Indiatis Attiicking Frontiersmen.. 56 
A Prairie Storm 59 



ILiLilTSTRATIOBTS. 

Page. 

A Pioneer Dwelling 61 

Breaking Prairie 63 

Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 

Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 

Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 

Big Eagle 80 

Captain .Tack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 

Kinzie House 85 

A Representative Pioneer 86 

Lincoln Monument 87 

A Pioneer School House 88 



Page. 

Pioneers" First Winter 94 

Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. 
R. R., Crossing the Mississippi at 

Davenport, Iowa 91 

Chicago in 1833 95 

Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 

Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 

Chicago, 1833 98 

Ruins of Chicago 104 

View of the City of Chicago 106 

Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 



BIOORAPHI€AI>, TOWNSHIP I>IRK€rORY. 



Page. Page. 

Augusta 703 Flint River 686 

Benton 711 Franklin 077 

Burlington City 617 Huron 724 

Burlington Township 674 Jackson 727 

Danville 605 , | 



Page. 

Pleasant Grove 7(I6 

Union 681 

Washington 71") 

Yellow Springs 718 



I.ITHO«RAPHI€ PORTRAITS. 



,, , , „ P^o"^ . ''AGE. I, Page. 

I.arhydt, T. W 3.'>" Harper, William 525 Newman, T. W 389 

Marker, Charles 1 4_' 'Leonard, David 491 'Purdy, Hirxm 659 

i;«ir, John H :{:;! -Leonard, H 593 "Seymour, Wolcutt 467 



CONTENTS. 



HISTORY OF DES MOIKES COIINTT. 



Page. 

Indian Occupancy 323 

Keokuk 326 

Black Hawk 337 

Wapello and Others 348 

Scene on the IJordor 354 

Sacs and Foxes 360 

Maj. Beach's Indian Papers 362 

Trading-Posts 364 

Shok-ko-kon 3(i5 

Physical Geography 3ti8 

SettU-ment of the County 369 

Introductory 369 

Original Settlers' Claims 373 

First Mills 376 

How '• Claims" "Were Made 377 

How Pioneers Lived 379 

Organization 384 

(Jovernment, 1833 384 

Ke-organizing the Law in '34..385 

Wisconsin Territory 386 

Belmont Legislature 380 

Wisconsin Judiciary 386 

Teinpiiary Seat of Govern- 
ment..". 386 

First Road West of the River..3S7 
•Subdivision of Old Des Moine8..387 

First State-house 392 

Temporary Quarters 393 

Ke-establ ishmen t of Dei Moines 

Oountv 397 

Karly Courts 398 

First Ferry 399 

First Divorce Case 399 

First Petit Jury 399 

First Murder Trial 400 

New Bench 400 

Court under Wisconsin Terri- 
tory 400 

First Steam Ferry 401 

Court under Iowa Territoi'y....401 
Judges, Clerks, Attorneys and 

SheriBs 401 

Circuit Court 401 

Comm issionem' Court 402 

To wnshi ps rganized 402 

County Court 403 

Supervisor System 403 

Probate Records 404 

Marriage Records 404 

Des Moines County Legislator8.405 

Constitutional Conventions 405 

State Legislatures 400 

Otficial Roster 406 

Population, 1836 to 1875 407 



Page. 

Statistical 408 

Educational 410 

County Buildings 412 

Press 412 

Introductory 412 

Burlington Guzette 413 

Burlington Hawk- Eye 416 

German Journalism 421 

Other Papers 422 

The Name Hawk-Kye 425 

Senatorial Successions 425 

Miller-Thompson ''ontested Elec- 
tion 432 

State Boundary Dithculty 437 

War History 447 

Roster 449 

Burliigton 468 

Simpson S. White 468 

First Claim and Cabin 468 

First Ferry-boat 469 

Second Band of Pioneers 469 

Jefferson Davis 469 

Morton M. M'Carver 470 

First Stores 471 

First Tavern 472 

First Doctors 473 

First Marriage 473 

Original Plat 473 

Name Burlington 473 

First School 473 

First Birth 474 

Early Newspaper Items 474 

Burlington, 1839 478 

July 4, 18.39 478 

Proposed Change of Name 479 

Born a Metropolis 479 

Busines-iMenof AuldLangSyne479 

Professional Men 480 

Hotels 480 

Execution of the Hodge Bro?..480 

1845 481 

1848 481 

Directory, 1856 482 

First General Directory 483 

Early Legislation 487 

Locating Seat of Justice 488 

Enterprise of the People 488 

Location of the City 489 

Healthful ness 489 

Government Survey 493 

First Corporation 494 

First Records 494 

Original Boundaries 494 

Original Officers 495 



Burlington Page. 

City Charter 495 

Re-incorporation 496 

A City of the First Class 496 

Abandonment of the Charter..496 

Extension of City Limits 497 

City Seal 498 

Official Roster of the City 498 

Fire Department 504 

Police Department 508 

Police Court 509 

City Buildings .'i09 

Sewerage 509 

Water Company 509 

Gas Company * 517 

City Street Railways 517 

Railroads 520 

Bridge 522 

Marine 523 

Levee 524 

Stock-Yards 524 

Express Companies 527 

Telegraph 527 

Post Office 527 

Board of Trade 531 

Banks 532 

Corporated Companies 532 

Schools 534 

University 5.39 

Private Schools 542 

Public Library 543 

Religious 545 

Y. M. C. A 578 

Societies, etc 579 

Benevolent Societies lySQ 

Medical Society 587 

Military Companies 587 

Musical Bands 588 

Cemeteries 589 

Agricultural Society 589 

Poor-Farm 590 

Pioneer Society 59o 

Opportunities ,..590 

Towns and Post Offices 591 

Augusta 592 

Danville 597 

Middletown 606 

Mediapolis 607 

Kossuth 609 

Northfield 612 

Linton 613 

Dodgtville 614 

Sperry 614 

Kingston 61.'> 

Pleasant Grove 615 



DES MOIBTES COUMTY VOMTXTEERS, 



Infantry: ' Page. 

First 449 

Sixth 450 

Seventh 4.'"il 

Eleventh 4.")1 

Fourteenth 4'2 

Fifteenth 4.53 

Sixteenth 453 

Seventeenth 453 

Twenty-fifth 4.53 

Thirtieth 456 



Infantry. Page. 

Thirty-seventh 459 

Thirty-ninth 4.59 

Forty -first 460 

Forty-fifth 460 

Forty -eighth 461 

Cavalry: 

First 461 

Second 462 

Third 463 

Fourth 463 



Cavalry. Pa««. 

Fifth 464 

Seventh 464 

Eighth 465 

Ninth 465 

Artillery : 

First Battery Artillery 465 

Fourth Battery Artillery 465 

Engineer Regimentof the West 465 

Miscellaneous 466 



Page. 

Map of Des Moines County Front. 

Ccmstitution of United States 209 

Vote for President, Governor and 

Congressmen 283 

Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..284 
United States Government Land 

Measure 287 



9IISCEL.L,4NKOlIS. 

Page. 

Surveyor's Measure 288 

How to Keep Accounts 288 

Interest Table 289 

Miscellaneous Ta'de 289 

Names of the States of the Union 

and their Significations 290 

Population of the United States 291 



Pase. 

Population of Fifty Principal Cities 
of the United States 291 

Population and Area of the United 
States 292 

Population of the Principal Coun- 
tries in the World 292 



lu 



The Northwest Territory. 



GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 

When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States 
by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the 
Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the 
United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of 
Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United 
States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi 
River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary 
of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the 
Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National 
domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the 
"• New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern 
Territory." 

In comparison with the old Northwest this is, a territory of vast 
magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater 
in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, 
including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected 
eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- 
tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of 
the entire population of the United States. 

Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent 
flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- 
stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the 
highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent 
on the globe. 

For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- 
west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United 
States. 

(19) 



20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 

In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New 
World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel 
of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than 
half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence 
to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no 
settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that 
he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and 
disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery 
for Letter purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize 
upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by 
DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer 
took advantage of these discoveries. 

In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the 
wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- 
trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which 
run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the 
first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from 
the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian 
envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, 
below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent 
result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders 
attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, 
nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by 
Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few montlis after. In 1665, Claude 
Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the 
Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette 
founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two 
years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- 
eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the 
present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a 
grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were 
taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken 
of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at 
Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. 

During M. Talon's explorations and INlarquette's residence at St. 
Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied 
— as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's 
children resided, to whom tlie sound of the Gospel had never come. 
Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY, 



21 





22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOitY. 

request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his 
king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico 
or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- 
dition, prepared for the undertaking. 

On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- 
ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of 
discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were 
astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade 
them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as 
exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of 
frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, 
nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he 
was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region 
they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which 
the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they 
separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the 
adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and 
Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- 
quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the 
town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, 
which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to 
thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in 
giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to 
which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the 
year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed 
in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. 
He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to 
Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- 
tries, and I am an, ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths 
of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct 
them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from tlie Indian village on 
the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to 
witness their departure into a region Avhere no white man had ever yet 
ventured. Tlie guides, having conducted tiiem across the portage, 
returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, 
which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown 
waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck 
out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were 
now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about 
to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is 
beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been 
clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



23 



Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand 
" reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of 
France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared 
on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a 
country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- 
itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- 
tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. 




THE WILD PRAIEIE. 



On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon 
the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the 
boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a 
village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a 
half league of the first, inhabited by Indian's. They were received most 
hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. 
After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to 
about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being 
satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 



24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, 
rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point 
to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see 
such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, 
swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River.*' 
The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and 
reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of 
which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by 
the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette 
returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them 
until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the 
mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked 
to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, 
he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time 
passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found 
him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefull}'' passed away while at 
prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place 
fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving 
the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been 
called Marquette. 

While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in 
the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- 
paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun 
by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. 

After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see 
the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French 
trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of 
those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an 
expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, 
when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind 
of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- 
lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous 
western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to 
Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, 
dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that 
LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf 
of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, give un- 
measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- 
tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. 

LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who 
warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also receivod 
from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Ghev- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



25 



alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at 
once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on 
these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined 
by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Grifi&n up Lake Erie. He 
passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and 
into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were 
some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded & fort, and passed 
on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans" of the French, where he found 
a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with 
these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors. 




LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. 

started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard 
of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- 
ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working 
men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. 

By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by 
the Indians, "Theakeke," tvolf, because of the tribes of Indians called 
by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The 
French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. 
"Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the 
country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- 
nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 



26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuflfs, 
took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- 
ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes 
under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village 
of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, 
the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, 
on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have 
been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that 
is, a place ivhere there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met 
with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent 
some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that 
place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were 
trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men 
were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. 
He called this fort "• Crevecoeur''' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the 
very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, 
Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the 
part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause 
him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was 
placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. 

While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to 
look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to 
return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in 
•the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party 
to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- 
ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and 
was successfully made, though over an almost u tknown route, and in a 
bad season of the year. He safely reached Canada, and set out again for 
the object of his search. 

Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 
1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he 
found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to 
Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days, after 
leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the 
icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River 
by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a 
band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- 
nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- 
age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw some charming prairies." 
Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux 
nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when 
they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



2T 



in honor of his patron yaint. Here tliey took the land, and traveling 
nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. 
Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by theix' 
captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen^ 





BUFFALO HUNT. 



headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- 
trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- 
countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the 
borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had 
returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went 
to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 



.28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his 
vain endeavor to find gold and precioas gems. In the following Spring, 
De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- 
ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, 
reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered 
about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- 
selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- 
tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it 
would load them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of 
Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. 

They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, 
being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, 
and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. 

To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the 
first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess 
this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of 
explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed 
the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, 
reached the banks of the Mississippi. 

On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they 
pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- 
covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters 
into die gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : 

" We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three 
leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle 
went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and INI. de Tonti 
meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main 
outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a 
little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the 
reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about 
twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to 
the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : 

Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, 1682. 

The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Beum, and then, after 
a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi," the column was erected by M. de 
La Salle, who, standing; near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of 
the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- 
sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, Avhere 
another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two 
succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along 
the shore of the_ gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



29 



treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not 
accomplished until 1699, when D'lberville, under the authority of the 
crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth 
of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives 
** Malbouchia,^' and by the Spaniards, ''''la Palissade,^^ from the great 







TRAPPING. 

number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, 
and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western 
outlet, and returned to France. 

An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. 
In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- 
nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by 
France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased by 



30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory 
of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the 
charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat 
and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown 
open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; 
had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one- 
settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- 
ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them 
(unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) 
it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were 
peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of 
the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." 

The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the 
year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, 
and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary 
station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- 
lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of 
these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, 
dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de Tlmmaculate Conception de 
la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of 
Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while 
Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been 
about the year TTOO, The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, 
(pronounced Wu-ba, meaning summer cloud moving swiftly') was estab- 
lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- 
able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia 
and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain 
were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- 
tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to 
occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being 
made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- 
ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England 
in 1718. Tliis was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the 
famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, 
who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his 
scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. 

From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the 
French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- 
sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated 

• There is considerable dispute about this date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1742. Whei» 
the new court Iiouse at Vincennes was erected, all authorities ou the subject were carefully examined, and 
iV02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraveil on the corner-stone of the court house. 



THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 

injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company 
did little for Louisiana, as the. entire West was then called, yet it opened 
the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains 
indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of 
the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the 
attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the 
New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary 
among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort 
Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and 
Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, 
and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues 
situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid 
(Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred 
whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The 
three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all 
told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and 
horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can 
be consumed; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New 
Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and 
save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were 
found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France 
by the mouth of the Blather of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- 
ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the 
mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low 
to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially 
occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I 
think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, 
bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork 
and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty 
vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, 
plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of 
Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five 
leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five 
or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther 
up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners 
through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise 
excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, 
where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river 
traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred 
leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at 
the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the 
Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 



n2 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at 
Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some 
individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. 
Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are 
like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find 
silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also 
in this country, beyond doubt,, copper ore, as from time to time large 
pieces are found in the streams." 



^^^2„ ^- '"^ - ~ ^^=f^^-^ 




jy/CKCKS'^' 



HUNTING. 



At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the 
lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at 
the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what 
may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest 
they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michigan, 
at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, 
Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of 
LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of 
this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another 
nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 3^ 

and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for 
securing the great profits arising therefrom. 

The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the 



DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. 

This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- 
Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet 
and Marquette. 

While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found 
leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. 
He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed, 
to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident 
soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. 

While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the 
Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a 
distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- 
ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. 
LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great 
rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to 
embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to 
the commerce of China and Japan. 

He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- 
ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant^ 
Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- 
vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- 
pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, 
and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money» 
the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred 
dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the 
necessary supplies for the outfit. 

On the 6tli of Jul}', 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, 
embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes 
carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the 
bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the 
Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present 
City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to 
conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. 

The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected 
that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After 
waiting a month in the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 



84 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them 
that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. 

On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they 
heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving 




IKOyUOlS CUIKD'. 

among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned 
from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach tlie Ohio in six weeks. 
Delighted Avith the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume 
their journey; but just as they were about to start they heard of the 
arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved 
to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West. He 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 

had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines 
on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. 
He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the 
lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in 
that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the 
expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the 
Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet 
with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and 
after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at 
Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, 
Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. 

These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted 
no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron 
saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June 
without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. 

After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois 
village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a 
tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far 
as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the 
persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. 

The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- 
mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle 
himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count 
Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he 
discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as 
an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio 
Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony 
of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why tlie French 
had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec 
replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries 
of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to 
make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." 

ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters 
and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts 
already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- 
ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States 
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet 
under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 



3b THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 
1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to 
secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In 
Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- 
ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- 
sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, b}^ that 
power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain 
to this unexplored wilderness. 

England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a 
discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants 
to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. 
She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- 
ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward, Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the 
great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- 
das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were 
taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. 
They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 
1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed 
was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has 
often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was 
made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of 
Virginia," for which the Indians received X200 in gold and a like sum in 
goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. 
The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel 
William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was 
called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with 
presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- 
nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings 
regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, 
and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desi.ve the 
cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 
1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant 
of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government 
of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- 
dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of 
June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was 
made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 
acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French 
were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the 
West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 

settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain 
possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- 
reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the 
consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading 
posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further 
secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- 
eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds 
and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which 
were inscribed the claims of France. These Avere heard of in 1752, and 
within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the 
beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found 
with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and 
a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the 
plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, 
among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, 
however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and 
though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and 
it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the 
frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio 
Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, 
on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He 
afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down 
the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, 
and in November he commenced a survey of the Compan3^'s lands. Dur- 
ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the 
Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing 
their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party 
of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- 
lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and 
Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of 
the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. 
(They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were 
carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This 
fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the 
king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- 
tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some 
variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. Davrid Jones 
Pickaweke." 

* Tlie following is a translation of the inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV., 
King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, com- 
mander-in-chief of New France, to establish trnnquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have 
buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty- ninth of JiUy, near the river Ohio, otherwise 
Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its 
tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms auU 
treaties; especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." 



88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY, 

This was the first blood shed between tlie French and English, and 
occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about 
forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- 
ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- 
mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to 
occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- 
ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and 
Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the 
natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- 
caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, 
these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the 
north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- 
burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- 
doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize 
the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, 
the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a 
chief among 'the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their 
favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing 
a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a 
settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should 
not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first 
treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. 

Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre 
each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally 
outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- 
tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further 
increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- 
tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio 
left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were 
coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The 
French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The 
Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when 
we wanted help, forsook us." 

At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by 
title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon 
and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- 
lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until 
the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans 
of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them 
away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts 
already l)eguii, and would not abandon the field. 

Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 

ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of 
Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from 
them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young 
man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank 
of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This 
personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then 
held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just 
twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied 
by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's 
Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- 
gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to 
Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of 
the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and 
also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- 
lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to 
turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. 
Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to 
Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the 
French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery 
of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing 
of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 
11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here 
he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his 
observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one 
but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians wlio still remained true to him, 
notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their 
homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet 
they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. 

From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by 
Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would 
not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made 
in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French 
finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, 
and gathered their forces to be in readiness. 

The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great 
activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring 
colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac 
men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised 
two hundred thousand acres on tlie Ohio. Along this river they were 
gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent 
had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 



40 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

working- away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of 
the Ohio, to whicli botli parties were looking with deep interest. 

" The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift 
river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of 
Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian 
scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, 
that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent 
in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten 
miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- 
ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and 
swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning 
of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw 
upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and 
three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and 
stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, 
and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men 
and tools, marched up the Monongahela." 

The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la 
Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and 
English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the 
French Avere determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi 
and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue 
of the discoveiies of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- 
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The 
first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the 
English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, liad resulted 
disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed 
the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, 
and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- 
ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. 
He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- 
self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called 
by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of 
French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked 
in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the 
morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. 

The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one 
against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort 
Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755---6, 
and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. 
The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General 
Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 

acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This 
occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle 
of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with 
various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- 
ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- 
tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to 
carry on the war. Three expeditious were planned for this year : one, 
under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, 
against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against 
Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a 
desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the 
Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie 
captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, 
of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was 
found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, 
rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the 
name to Fort Pitt. 

The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of 
Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to 
reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to 
capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant 
Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- 
able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated 
Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement 
Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, 
marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of 
defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was 
fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It 
resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal, 
The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was 
surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it 
was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England 
were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and 
under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of 
the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same 
time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 

On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent 
from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post 
in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- 
moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, 
Beletrc; refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 



42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d 
under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, 
no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the 
purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was 
assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not 
desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much 
to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and wliile 
on their journey home. 

Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one 
month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence 
across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- 
mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of 
the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, 
crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon 
John's Town" on Moliickon Creek, the nortliern branch of White 
Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town 
on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one 
hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of 
cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across 
Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. 

The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. 
New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large 
trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises 
with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- 
trated, and the country \vould have been spared their recital. 

The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these 
atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading 
events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this 
noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named 
Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as 
far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, 
but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his 
hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian 
to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached 
him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He 
declared that no treaty had been made with them ; no presents sent 
them, and that he would resent any possession of the AVest by that nation. 
He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was 
civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. 

The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, 
were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified 
February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 



t.3 




PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 



44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. 
Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander 
■of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares 
and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite 
in this enterprise. 

The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176^. 
Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow 
of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. 

Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. 
Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing 
the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, 
however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when 
Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian 
chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed 
musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He 
saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He 
endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt 
was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe 
reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. 

Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace 
between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August,'! 764, 
continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular 
commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, 
which, to Iris credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At 
the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went 
further south, living many years among the Illinois. 

He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a 
time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis 
in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a 
quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon 
afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern 
Indians, who nearly exterminated, the Illinois in the wars which followed. 
Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan 
for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly 
have l)een carried out. 

It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- 
ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest 
feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and 
were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, 
Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their 
French father would awake soon and utterly destro}' his enemies, said : 
" Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 

yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, 
these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, 
and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like 
the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you 
ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided 
food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." 

He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, 
no presents sent them, and that he and his people were 3"et for war. 
Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after 
the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no 
doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the 
French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the 
English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going 
on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. 

In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- 
vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters 
of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- 
tain])leau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. 
Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States 
and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great 
Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these 
sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and 
twenty years still later, in 180-3, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to 
France, and by France sold to the United States. 

In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by 
LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- 
tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been 
noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, 
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract 
of lich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. 
Louis. 

By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including 
all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; 
but they do not appear to have btsn taken possession of until 1765, when 
Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- 
self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, 
dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- 
olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their 
effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. 
It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the 
war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that 
chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 



46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 
1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, liis confed- 
eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- 
tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom 
lie afterward lost his life. 

As soon as these difl&culties were definitely settled, settlers began 
rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the 
year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces 
explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- 
hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This 
was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- 
ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford 
and others, on the 20tli of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- 
burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen 
miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which 
were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. 

Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- 
tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This 
same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. 
He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only 
forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and 
at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year 
or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally 
Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- 
tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts 
was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and 
flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the 
policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension 
of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal 
proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the 
sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance 
of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement 
without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy 
reach of Great Britain. 

The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the 
course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they 
extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for 
themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother 
country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." 

In accordance with this policy. Gov. Gage issued a proclamation 
in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- 
tlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 

strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to 
remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its 
change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French 
population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned 
the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which 
was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- 
ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present 
States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. 

In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- 
ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor 
that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the 
early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side 
of the war for independence. 

In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration 
to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the 
pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. 
One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the 
Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it 
Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for 
settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed 
portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the 
famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and 
driven across the Ohio. 

During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies 
and the perseveranceof individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- 
lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land 
speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held 
in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling 
themselves the ^ Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the 
Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on 
the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- 
chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes 
as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On 
the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 
37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested 
by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in 
the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- 
panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all 
were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of 
April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the 
" United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 



48 THE NORTHWEST TEBRITORY. 

strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all 
signally failed. 

When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- 
ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. 

In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time 
" Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- 
habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- 
tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were 
east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- 
tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 
negroes." 

From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and 
nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a leport 
made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following 
extract is made : 

" Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which 
appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of 
the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la 
Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There 
are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five 
miles further up the river." 

St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- 
tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one 
hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country 
west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until 
ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the 
country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there 
were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 
1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more 
than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged 
in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here 
relate. 

It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by 
Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an 
oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. 
As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent 
resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space 
between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house 
(near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, 
and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by 
oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had 
four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first thi-ee of these 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 

gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- 
pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a 
parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running 
east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen 
feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten 
to fifteen feet in width. 

At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the 
enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present 
northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was 
inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two 
stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient 
to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The 
citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of 
Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, 
with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some 
hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, 
called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east 
gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned 
by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and 
the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of 
twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning 
between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were 
relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who p jr- 
formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; 
even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were 
delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened 
in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw Avas permitted to enter 
town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- 
ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of 
every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were 
restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were 
allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only 
at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the 
Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house 
near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. 
The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two 
hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by 
fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " 
town was laid out. 

On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of 
importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of 
Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 



50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in 
this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those 
within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their 
civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, 
burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. 
Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held 
in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived 
in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which 
had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty 
was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented 
her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move 
unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the 
British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He 
saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy 
access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British 
intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- 
late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, 
afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not 
unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could 
the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives 
might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, 
he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements 
might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the 
project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on 
November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, 
Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly 
encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at 
once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been 
agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark 
came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the 
scene of action to be able to guide them. 

Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his 
plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, 
the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven 
companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three 
months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him 
to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand 
at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. 

With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather 
to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed 
in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 51 

ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required 
number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their 
own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to 
join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private 
volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he 
navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified 
Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, 
Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may 
yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him 
with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and 
as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to 
the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, 
and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 
24th of Jane, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured 
no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with 
his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as 
far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. 
Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to 
Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastl}^ to Detroit. Should he fail, he 
intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the 
Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- 
mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the 
United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois 
country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to 
believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the 
most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With 
this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would 
cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- 
tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. 

The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, 
and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort 
near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without 
the loss of a single man or b}^ killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently 
working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- 
fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the 
great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity 
from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- 
itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked 
for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and 
when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- 
panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place 
surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 



62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English 
into the possession of Virginia. 

In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a 
powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession 
of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- 
daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. 
St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken 
before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that 
he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection 
with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, 
in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of 
peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence 
that the j)ost on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to 
the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, 
placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his 
men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, 
erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who 
had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. 
In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature 
of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, 
and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of 
the Old Dominion through their Legislature. 

In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the 
natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- 
giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, 
having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down 
the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing 
the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the 
rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, 
dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- 
ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. 
Hamilton knew nothing i)f the capitulation of the post, and was greatly 
surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at 
the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- 
ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the 
fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to 
the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the 
force in the garrison. 

Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was 
contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four 
hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 

and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the 
Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he 
saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless 
he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the 
news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- 
ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi 
a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and 
Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. 

On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and 
twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching 
through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring 
rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at 
once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- 
woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the 
intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- 
ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was 
sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. 
During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes 
to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, 
and had earned in consequence thereof the title "• Hair-buyer General," 
by which he was ever afterward known. 

Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising 
Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being 
apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- 
cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. 
Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in 
uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West 
would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny 
Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from 
the commencement, by the British. 

" But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the 
union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might 
have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." 

At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- 
ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the 
British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- 
Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- 
pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the 
Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, 
marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These 
expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled 
to sue for peace. 



64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

During this same year (1779) the famous "Land Laws" of Virginia 
were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the 
pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian 
conflicts. Tliese laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed 
to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the 
settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at 
forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature 
sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many 
of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These 
gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and 
continued until April 26, 1780, wiien they adjourned, having decided 
three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who 
came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 
10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the 
next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- 
sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in 
relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States 
to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right 
to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below 
the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- 
ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- 
ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the 
West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. 

Tlie settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a 
friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had 
been friendly to the Colonies during their straggle for independence, 
and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the 
refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the 
satisfaction of both nations. 

The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones 
ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as Xhe 
"Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few 
pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians 
and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it 
in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting 
colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the 
inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they weie 
compelled to abandon tlie contest. They also made an attack on the 
settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable 
manner, they fled the country in great haste. 

About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- 
cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 

and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New 
York, on the 19th of February,- 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- 
gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for 
the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress 
during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- 
tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States 
claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. 
This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative 
measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same 
year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might 
have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished 
him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew 
that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture 
and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the 
territory. 

Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- 
ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town 
of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of 
American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the 
United States. 

Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d 
day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United 
States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and 
the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was 
anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies 
were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in. 
consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. 
Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of 
American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter 
of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian 
Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the 
frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of 
their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, 
a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. 
For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians 
committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 
1772 in the history of the Northwest. 

During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and 
frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- 
dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, 
many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 



56 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, 
was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio 
valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, 
in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill 
and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- 




INDIANS ATTACKING FRONTIKKSMEN. 

tion. By the close of the, year victory had perched upon the Americana 
banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had 
been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- 
queral)le colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October 
preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of 
April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 

proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 2d of the next 
September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle 
was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West 
were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of 
the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; 
thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi 
River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line 
east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- 
tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and 
thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. 

Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts 
were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these 
was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements 
with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose 
lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by 
the proper treaty. 

To remedy this latter evil. Congress appointed commissioners to 
treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- 
tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the 
year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, 
not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwesf 
she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having- on the 20th of 
December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded 
to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and 
the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. 
To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred 
and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the 
Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region 
opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of 
Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- 
son ville, Indiana. 

While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit 
refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do 
so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring 
'of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur 
Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian 
council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in 
appearance. He says : 

" Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who 
live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or 
even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being 
bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 



58 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and 
money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a 
priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." 

Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and 
was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A 
land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take 
defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, 
incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 
1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no 
entries were recorded until 1787. 

The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They 
held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress 
adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the 
surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the 
Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made 
with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made 
in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land 
was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply 
with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel 
their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, 
the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused 
various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to 
excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised 
bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the 
unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- 
tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared 
its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded 
between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- 
ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some 
grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- 
necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as 
the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year u 
large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once 
took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company 
were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction" 
of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 
750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the 
seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on 
the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without 
the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 
acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the 
resolutions of 1781) and 1790. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



69 



While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing- 
its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance 
for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the 
cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. 
A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition 
of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, 
and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. 
By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states 





A PRAIRIE STORM. 



^^^-v.^ 



by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten 
states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the 
northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- 
sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- 
potamia and Pelisipia. 

There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of 
names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- 
tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries 
of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 



60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- 
ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the 
subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into 
not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by 
the Staie Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was 
again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year 
and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, 
and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- 
pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, 
•and to it the reader is referred. 

The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company 
was soon followed by an application to the Government by John Cleves 
Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. 
This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, 
being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the 
New England Company. The j^etition was referred to the Treasury 
Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following 
year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company 
were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 
23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, 
under tlie superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six 
boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- 
veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- 
ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as 
soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October, 
had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and 
to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur 
St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. 

AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. 

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com*, 
plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from 
the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England 
Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over 
the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which liad been opened into 
Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike 
from Cumberland westward. Tlirough the weary winter days they toiled 
on, and l)y April were all gathered on tlie Yohiogany, where boats had 
been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived 
on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded 
as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



61 



Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having 
yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by 
being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed 
to administer them. 

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the 
Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under 
such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. 
Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know 
many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- 
lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'' 







A PIONEER DWELLING. 



On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held 
on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- 
born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the 
"Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor 
of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood 
was called '' Campus Martins ;'' square number 19, '■'- CapitoUum T square 
number 61, '■'- Cecilia f and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra 
Via.'' Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, 
who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the 
judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, 
Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act 
of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 



G2 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a 
governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon 
the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th 
of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the 
next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country 
that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the 
County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the 
doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 
2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing 
ceremonies. 

The emigration westward at this time was very great. Tlie com- 
mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four 
thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- 
ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would iiave purchased of the 
"Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been 
ready to receive them. 

On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating 
the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In 
January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest 
in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon 
which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he 
sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the 
three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which 
was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which 
they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the 
town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had 
been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to 
its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that 
were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being 
interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti^ against or opposite to ; os, the 
mouth ; L. of Licking." 

Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse 
teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- 
ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here 
Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 
caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under 
water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers 
removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left 
the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first 
was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a 
colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, 
whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



63 



been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. 
Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18tli of November, 1788, 
with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain 
through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they 
were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood 
of 1789. 

On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States 
went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- 
urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, 
an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The 
President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General 
Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but 




BREAKING PKAIRIE. 



was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, 
Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the princi23al events were 
the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair 
was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while 
he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, 
he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. 

General Wa3'ne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, 
he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete 
victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the 
Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the 
treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large 
tract of country was ceded to the United States. 

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort 
Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. 
Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 



64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, 
known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- 
chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, 
Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west 
of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a 
rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of 
strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks 
were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters 
were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. 
The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an 
acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. 

The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground 
upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets 
of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now 
Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of 
of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, 
immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the 
Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by 
small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of 
laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, 
familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of 
the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished 
and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was 
for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments 
of the Northwestern Territory. 

Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- 
ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain 
from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. 
These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous 
schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. 
On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain 
was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. 

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began 
to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the 
occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was 
this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British 
forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel 
justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit 
and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were 
called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who 
had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before 
the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 

quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after 
him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, 
and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were 
formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- 
town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators 
began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland 
was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and 
Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- 
stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy 
houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous 
to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, 
Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that 
part of the Northwest. 

The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, 
and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now 
known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and 
considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom 
the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with 
a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly 
adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named 
the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, 
of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob 
Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th 
of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two 
houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President 
of the Council. 

The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature 
September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to 
Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes 
cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of 
Gen. St. Clair. 

The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by 
the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were jiassed, but received 
his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to 
the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- 
tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 
30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the 
office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to 
Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 



66 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 



DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, 
and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct 
the ordinary operations of goverimient, and rendered the efficient action 
of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to 
divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a 
committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. 
This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : 

"In the three western countries there has been but one court having 
cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders 
experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- 
inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements 
in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- 
ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * Xo 
minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee 
that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and 
separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made 
by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running 
directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States 
and Canada." 

The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its 
suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- 
tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : 

" That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of 
the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward 
of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the 
Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north 
until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and 
Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a 
separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." 

After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal jDOwers ol 
the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : 

" That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the 
said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the 
seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the 
Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the 
seat of government for the Indiana Territory." 

Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison Avas appointed Governor of the Indiana 
Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut 
also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 

was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon 
thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven 
hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November 
the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, 
the first missionary of tlie Connecticut Reserve came, who found no 
township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of 
October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the 
King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province 
of Louisiana. 

In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- 
tered the college at Athens. From tlie earliest dawn of the western 
colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, 
newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read 
throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the 
Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern 
territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of 
the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- 
ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to 
a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a 
census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, 
and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, 
and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, 
so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came 
into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not tlien known, 
but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly 
within the territory of Indiana. 

Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties 
with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is 
memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from 
France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, 
the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of 
country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction 
of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early 
part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits 
of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year 
large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of 
Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the 
College Township in the district of Cincinnati. 

Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional 
grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present 
limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at 
St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 



68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in 
and about Detroit. 

C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- 
tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : 

" The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles 
square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now» 
from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those 
two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town 
and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four 
acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. 
Macomb. * * * a. stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The 
pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The 
streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right 
angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." 

During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- 
port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these 
wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to 
fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, 
a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two 
portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of 
government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the 
domain of Gen. Harrison. 

On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, 
Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the 
change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire 
occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. 
When the offic^ers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in 
ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- 
ing, hoAvever, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more 
houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. 

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade 
of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large 
tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, 
Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause 
of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the 
settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the 
British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at 
the battle of tlie Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, 
we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life» 
and his connection with this conflict. 



THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY, 



6t» 




TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 



70 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. 

This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from 
the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, 
was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his 
mother, Methontaske, wiis a member of the Turtle tribe of the same 
people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century 
to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be 
chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- 
seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was 
declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the 
present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he 
returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 
1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced 
himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given 
them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei 
comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, 
was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of 
enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- 
ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed 
by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- 
dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who 
afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first 
house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered 
upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of 
land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the 
Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land 
could be made save by the consent of this confederation. - 

He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south 
to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a 
matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. 

Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- 
ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was 
forming, and made preparations to defend tlie settlements. Tecumseh's 
plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning 
artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. 

During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- 
paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty 
with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians 
and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands u^Don 
the AVabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 

as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any 
lands north and west of the Ohio River. 

Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and 
held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly 
angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after 
departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. 

Gen. Harrison determined to move upon tlie chief's headquarters at 
Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the 
Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the 
prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- 
tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped 
near tlie village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he 
was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and tlie famous battle of 
Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken 
up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his 
brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating 
the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. 

Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned 
from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time 
previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go 
as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never 
made. 

In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at 
Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against 
the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his 
people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- 
ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew 
his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- 
den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. 

He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the 
Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, 
however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- 
ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- 
tonly murder the captive. 

In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victor}^ on Lake Erie occurred, and 
shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 
27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for 
the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- 
den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- 
wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of 
the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. 
McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 



72 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, 
whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. 
EarljA in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column 
of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- 
tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in 
the Northwests 




INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. 

Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; 
but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, 
who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. 

In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a 
beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged 
by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His 
plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated 
and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 

In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a 
treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the 
United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about 
Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored 
to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby 
slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, 
however, all signally failed. 

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. 
This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western 
part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, 
the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and 
then began the events already narrated. 

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with 
surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the 
first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of 
the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the 
" monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the 
close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being 
nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its 
downward trip. 

The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It 
effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not 
fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- 
ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States 
and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should 
cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, 
happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty 
of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United 
States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various 
Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again 
restored in this part of the new world. 

On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. 
It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its 
manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed 
to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties 
organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first 
election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings 
was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and 
on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For 
some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central 
location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), 
was laid out January 1, 1825. 



74 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 

On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was 
chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were 
under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish bran^.hes 
at different convenient points. 

Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the 
privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the 
northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a 
more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- 
umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. 
Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was 
chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state 
the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable 
to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. 

In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her 
northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- 
igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes 
was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of 
revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that 
the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to 
navigate the bosom of that inland sea. 

Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, 
but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were 
opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- 
lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan 
University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were 
becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, 
and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the 
record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- 
perity. 

BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in 
the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part 
of the United States. 

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal 
Sac village, al)out three miles from the junction of Rock River with the 
Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; 
his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early 
distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted 
to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he 
went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one 



THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 



76 




BLACK ITA^^aC, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 



76 THE NORTHWEST TERRTTORY. 

of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was 
permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the 
head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the 
Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to 
his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce 
battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The 
Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees 
for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City 
•of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of 
the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. 
He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the 
head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged 
war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two jeavs he battled 
successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. 

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to 
the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish 
Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, 
he did not want two fathers. 

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the 
United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines 
Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who 
at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of 
the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was 
garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties 
with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 
followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by 
giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the 
Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five 
hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on 
his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre 
' " a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British 
-„;, . ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended 
the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard 
was defeated. 

In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi 
were notified that peace had been declared between the United States 
and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not 
sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- 
nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of 
signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he 
•and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. 

Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 

Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of 
Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of 
which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, 
and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of 
the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- 
tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his 
native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and 
his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been 
acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would 
have been prevented. 

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted 
warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three 
miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived 
many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, 
they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their 
time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village 
and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who 
from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From 
one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white 
men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained 
deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were 
finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the 
lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the 
authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he 
was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged 
the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty 
made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to 
enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the 
river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On 
the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a 
band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were 
defeated. 

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men 
was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the 
lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of 
the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was 
repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- 
can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of 
the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, 
and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. 

Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main 
army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the 

If OTE.— The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of 
Jo Daviess County, 111., we had cccasim lo go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual 
cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 



78 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

AYisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the 
Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle 
which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He 
fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. 

On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- 
cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they 
ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain 
peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- 
sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that 
Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs 
of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure 
of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. 

The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken, 
to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe^ 
"there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify 
their being set at libert}'." They were retained here until the 4th of 
June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal 
cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white 
people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the 
old chief being CKtensively known. By the middle of August they 
reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon 
after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- 
place, now the home of the white man. he was deeply moved. His village 
where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had 
hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. 

On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and 
his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder 
of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- 
mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among 
the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. 

Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- 
ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all 
times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- 
tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, 
Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. 
In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his 
annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted 
in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. 
His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply 
during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- 
sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in 
a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 79 

body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a 
seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him 
by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. 
Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some 
Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons."' 

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began 
rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, 
now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had 
grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. 
In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, 
but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became 
a part of the Federal Union. 

The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of 
Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial' 
wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this 
region was attached to Michigan for judiciar}- purposes, but in 183() was 
made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State 
was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin Avas admitted as a 
State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various 
divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from 
the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances 
compelled its present division. 

OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. 

Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the 
Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. 

In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of 
Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- 
sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful j^anic was the 
immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes 
to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities 
at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number 
were killed and captured. About a year after. Little Crow, the chief, 
was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, 
thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob 
violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City 
of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and 
secured his release by the following order : 



80 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 




BIG EAGLE. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 

"Special Order, No. 430. ''War Department, 

" Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. 

" Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, lowa^ 
will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- 
ment and set at liberty. 

" By order of the President of the United States. 
" Official ; " E. D. Townsend, Ass't Adft Gen. 

" Capt. James Vander venter. Corny Sub. Vols. 

" Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." 

Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and 
who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians^ 
is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. 
This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, 
was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands 
between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what 
is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- 
trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. 

The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous 
race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many 
generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. 
A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence 
and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and 
insignificant tribe. 

Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began 
to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc 
country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- 
tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- 
rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission^ 
who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs^ 
Snakes and Klamath s, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to 
a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. 

With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who 
remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians 
complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief 
Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance 
until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The 
Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain 
Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. 

Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce 
them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 



82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

difficulty with the commissioner and liis military escort, a fight ensued, 
in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, 
and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. 

The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- 
mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be 
done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby. Rev. 
Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California; Mr. A. B. 
Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. 
After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, 
often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the 
commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that 
Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near 
Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- 
panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. 
After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf 
of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty 
Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- 
tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, 
Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, 
as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot 
Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the 
savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- 
chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being- 
fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The 
troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas 
dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to 
their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. 

The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was 
not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. 
At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the 
troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of liis entire 
gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on 
their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until 
July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. 
Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed 
Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences 
were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho 
whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others 
were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. 

These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for 
several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were 
again involved in a conflict with the savages about the countrj^ of the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 




CAPTAIN JACK. THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. 



Si THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just 
now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; 
but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they 
will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the 
march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the 
Indians as one of the nations of the past. 

The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally 
noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in 
detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, 
Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we 
leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the 
Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the 
source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in 
the annals of the Northwest. 

Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- 
tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade 
had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor 
of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, 
on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led 
down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, 
and of procuring water in the event of a siege. 

Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about 
half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers 
hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he 
work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while 
the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on 
acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. 

Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au 
Sable, on the site of Avhichhe erected his mansion. Within an inclosure 
in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in 
the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. 

In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater 
of stirring events. The irarrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fiftv-four 
men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant 
Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The 
surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time 
were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the 
soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their 
wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most 
friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- 
cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- 
ment to the British. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



85 



After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- 
ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that 
conflict with American troops. 

One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his 
children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into 
the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " 
" What? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing 
and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was 
given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. 




KINZIE HOUSE. 



Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in 
the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were 
conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the 
rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of 
Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- 
appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by 
alarms. 

Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the 
declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19tli of June, 1812, 
did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th 
of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to 
Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, 
every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 



86 



THE IS^OETHWEST TERRITORY. 



PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. 

Preceding chapters liave brought us to the close of the Black Hawk 
"war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity 
of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- 
zation. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow 




A KEPRESENTATIVK PIONEER. 



of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The 
inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in 
the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the 
region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the 
Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then 
had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the 
former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables 
and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



87 



lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in 
Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation 
and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over 
the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south 
ward into civilization. Emigr ants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind 




LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. 

them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, 
and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in 
Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the 
southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms.'' The 
water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the 
second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were 
pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 



88 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered 
at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies 
fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting 




V 
^^' 



,4S 



''■'*'li|>ii%ii»^ii|iiMiiliiiihhliii^^ 

the Aast armies of the Union fell lugcly to the Govcmois of the Western 
States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the 
new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have 
produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one; and, with 
the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 

years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of 
fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining 
regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its 
end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been 
quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have 
cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of 
fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and 
sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is 
becoming daily more extended, and w^e have been largely exempt from 
the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the 
seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. 

At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the 
Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works 
of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the 
purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the 
nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid 
fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines 
of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. 
The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer 
season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced 
navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard 
the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has 
become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West 
Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi 
and Missouri. 

As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, 
and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. 

More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the 
fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the 
next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi 
absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward 
securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. 

Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- 
ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that 
for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the 
principles which should govern the country. 

In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for 
generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one 
can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements 
of actualities that fill tlie columns of ephemeral publications. Time may 
bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on 
a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 



90 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITORY. 

the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its 
history for tlie past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural 
geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the 
cattle raising districts of the southwest. 

Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of 
the food of the world, in wliich branch it has already outstripped all 
competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile 
plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new 
empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a 
continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must 
look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of 
the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, 
many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and 
transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new 
enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in 
Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European 
consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. 
English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway 
loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in 
lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East 
St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily 
grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- 
gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality 
of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing 
display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest 
in the matter is on the increase. 

To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would 
be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in tlie quantity and 
quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving 
the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity 
to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at 
the outbreak of the great panic of 1878, when Canadian purchasers, 
fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition 
of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure 
their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly 
claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave 
the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, 
and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the 
government was al)le to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation 
and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for 
farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



91 



nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so 
long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. 

Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids 
fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearlj 




our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time 
support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As 
to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except 
food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly 
increasing beyond those of any other region. 



92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the 
panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the 
depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. 
Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its 
anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, 
and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. 
The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter 
to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly 
transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for 
the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting 
through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating in turning toward the 
northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a 
thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes 
to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger 
agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as 
as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge 
structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by 
the railways." The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- 
gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines 
running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with 
the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion 
are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to 
Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which line will con- 
nect with all the various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our 
latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, 
and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne 
and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the 
progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, 
and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as 
this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order 
of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the 
railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern 
lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now 
being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and 
their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. 

Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade 
of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of 
dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add 
seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots 
and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have 
placed here their distributing agents or their factories j and in groceries 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



93 



Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages 
over New York. 

Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a 
financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle 
regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- 
tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spri-ng and summer months, 
they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the 
prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial 
operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on 
behalf of home interests. 

It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing 
section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might 
seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. 




HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 



95 



CHICAGO. 

It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch 
of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the 
Prairie State. Tliis mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, 
and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among 
the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; 
sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , 




CHICAGO IN Iboo. 



the youngest city of the world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- 
cus, the oldest city of the -world, is the eye of the desert. With a com- 
merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to 
the East ; with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- 
sand miles, making ner far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber ; 



9G HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

Avitli schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens : with liberties more con- 
spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the first 
Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set 
your thoughts on all this, lifted into the eyes of all men by the miracle of 
its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the 
divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossi- 
bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her 
importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized 
world. 

When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact 
was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all 
lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not 
shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- 
dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All 
C3'es were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the 
scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Therraopylise, or 
Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. 

Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the commoa 
property of mankind. 

The earl}' history of tlie city is full of interest, just as the early his- 
tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, 
and is cherished by every patriot. 

Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 
acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- 
mands general attention. 

The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the 
West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John 
Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was 
erected. 

A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time 
of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a 
cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- 
tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were 
divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for ic and one 
against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 
560 acres. 

The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain 
and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first 
exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports 
first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so 
weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the 
wagon-load in the street. 

I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 9T 

line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the 
bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of 
business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators 
will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce 
handled in a year is 1215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 
tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each 
minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United 
States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of 
grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 
1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and 
doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest graia 
markets in Europe. 

The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 
1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The 
manufactured product in 1875 was worth §177,000,000. 

No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate 
that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came 
thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But 
who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, 
there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The 
old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, 
who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or 
connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering 
in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north 
of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, 
you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, 
as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that 
the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is 
this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this 
seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See 
the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. 

Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There 
is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping 
along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior 
regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, 
swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months 
in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural 
belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another 
branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. 
Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- 
nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 



98 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 




OLD FORT DEARBORN, 1830. 




PliESKM' SIXK UF LAKE STKLilT LiilDUL, CHICAGO, IIN' lSo3. 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 

branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. 
1 can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, 
described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. B\irther around 
we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The 
Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & 
Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen- 
tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we 
reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf 
itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- 
burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water 
courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to 
make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that 
stretch from ocean to ocean. 

This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce 
must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles 
of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth 
in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible 
instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure 
one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her 
citizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural 
order of events, they will not be easily diverted. 

There is still another showing to all this. The connection between 
New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- 
ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas 
Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. 
But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to 
Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- 
ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, 
Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- 
cago. 

But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or 
fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. 
Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- 
ing up the Red River country to the British possessions ; the Chicago, 
Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line ; the Baltimore & 
Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- 
road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati : the Chicago and Canada 
Southern ; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their 
connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in 
process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new 
tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be 
added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not 
less than $1,000,000,000. 



100 HISTORY OF THE KORTHWEST. 

Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine 
minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the 
canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and 
you will see something of the business of the city. 

THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY 

has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country 
around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 
820,000,000. In 1870 it reached 1400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed 
up above 1450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. 

One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain 
enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a 
semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch is 
not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal 
is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean 
vessels will continue to control the trade. 

The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 
1875, $659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was $294,000,000. 
The rate of taxes is less than in an}^ other great city. 

The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- 
lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six 
and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. 

In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went 
on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers 
and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often only one mail 
a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- 
master nailed up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes 
for the nabobs and literary men. 

It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young city that in the 
active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to 
a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the 
intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, 
that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to 
Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory 
immediately tributary to St. Louis. 

The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling 
as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the 
river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the 
privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large bridoes 
and two tunnels. 

In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then 
commenced that series of mauoeuvers with the river that has made it one 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 

of the world's curiosities. It used to mnd around in the lower end of 
the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the 
foot of Madison street. They took it up and put it down where it now 
is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts 
had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake 
street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in 
which to turn around. 

In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank 
roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you 
out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The 
wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was 
delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty -five horse- 
power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets 
till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The 
first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. 
Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association was organized in 1858, and horse railroads carried them 
to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm 
telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city 
grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes 
amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed $60 more for 
opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan 
of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than 
plunge the town into such a gulf. 

Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles 
of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed 
by a crib sea-wall. One-third of the city has been raised up an average 
of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water 
of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels 
extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- 
sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, 
it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in 
diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per 
day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, 
running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- 
lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- 
mains. 

The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting 
the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting 
the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels 
under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the 
turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the 
old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 



102 HISTORY OF THE NORTIIAVEST. 

equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and 
to the healtli of the city. 

That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, 
the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been 
touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely 
women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- 
ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- 
ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. 
But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put on new pro- 
portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out 
from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. 
Tliey have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder 
why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. 

There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the 
other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, 
a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon 
ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are 
disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has 
been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all 
the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. 

The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, 
first, the amount of territory for which the}'- are the distributing and 
receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that 
do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. 
They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both 
these laws help Chicago. 

The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across 
the map. The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the 
business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, 
and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the 
great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping 
south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- 
tricts, useful in holding the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of 
dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than 
Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the 
springing up of any other great city between them. 

St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also 
hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running 
over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up 
the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- 
port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. 

Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 

fourth of the territory of this great republic. This strip of seacoast 
divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created for the 
South in the next decade. But Chicago has a dozen empires casting their 
treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery 
of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the 
thousand years ; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a 
summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that 
insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits 
of natural wealth in mines acid forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder 
of to-day, and will be the city of the future. 

MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN. 

During the war of 1812, Fort Dearborn became the theater of stirring 
events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of 
Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. 
Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- 
dents a.t the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- 
tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and 
a few Canadian voyageurs^ with their wives and cliildren. The soldiers 
and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies 
and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not 
win them from their attachment to the British. 

One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and 
his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing 
into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming : " The Indians ! the 
Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up 
at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, 
when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes (just confined) 
living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took 
refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day 
old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the 
fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who 
hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several 
weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. 

On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to 
Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United 
States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. 
The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom 
than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make 
the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and 
let the Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are 
engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne." 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 105 

Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of 
the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed 
that treachery was designed — that the Indians intended to murder the 
white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain 
Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a 
cannon pointing directly upon the council, and by that means saved 
his life. 

Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not 
to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among 
them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. 
Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of 
war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other 
property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into 
the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. 

Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : 
" Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the 
march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had 
crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty 
going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the 
surface of the river. The savages were exasperated and made loud com- 
plaints and threats. 

On the following day when preparations were making to leave the 
fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- 
ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon 
the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far 
distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, 
having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When 
news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this 
force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. 
Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and 
arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. 

It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications 
were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and 
when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was 
like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- 
sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. 

Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token 
of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. 
Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his 
personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied 
them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be 
taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of 
his death. 



106 



HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 




HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 10) 

The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached 
the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, wlien the Pottawattamie 
escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those 
liills between them and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had 
kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back, Wells exclaim- 
ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were 
quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the 
little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their 
murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove 
them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- 
four soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly 
Mi.amis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. 
Tlie white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. 
Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his 
knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of 
his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest 
coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance 
for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." 
And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a 
demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk 
them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your 
game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his 
horse towards the Indian camp, Avhere they had left their squaws and 
papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets 
whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him 
severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him 
their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made 
a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce 
them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squatv, when 
the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped 
upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel 
with savage delight ! 

In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald 
was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She 
fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though 
faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage 
raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, 
and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice said, in his own language, 
"Surely you will not kill a squaw! " The arm of the savage fell, and 
the life of the heroic woman was saved. 

Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with 
a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side, 
she received the o-lanciug blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant 



108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

seized the savag'e round the neck with her arms and endeavored to get 
hold of liis scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While 
she was thus struggling she was dragged from her antagonist by anc':hei 
powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin 
of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by 
him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived tliat she was 
in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. 

The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as 
bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the 
Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the' butts of their 
guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which 
she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled 
them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, 
followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! 
Don't hurt her ! " They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting 
them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the 
neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made 
captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but 
was afterwards ransomed. 

In tills sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and 
wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only 
twenty-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians 
rendered furious hy the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking 
through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the 
prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered 
on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and 
showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on 
the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- 
ward and met Blackl)ird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender 
were soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should 
give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become 
prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. 
With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian 
camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and 
suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned 
that her husband was safe. 

A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The 
wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- 
preted by the Indians, and the British general. Proctor, having offered a 
liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the 
wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was 
afterwards paid by the British government. 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 



GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. 

The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- 
tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due 
east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by 
southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together 
with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon 
the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- 
mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty-six minutes. The distance from 
the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at 
the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the 
irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does 
not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of 
the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, 
the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it 
is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied 
by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the 
highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural 
resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large 
as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be 
made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear 
no comparison with Iowa. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. 
Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained 
from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations 
by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- 
gineer corps within the State. 

Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little 
more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are 
nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 

109 



110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests 
'wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill 
ranges within its borders. 

A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be 
obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to 
point, in straight lines across it : 

From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 fool 1 inch per mile. 

From the N, E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. 

From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. 

From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. 

From the S. W corner to the highest ridge between the two 

great rivers (in Ringgold County) 4 feet 1 inch per mile 

From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. 

From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the 
lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines 
River) 4 feet inches per mile. 

It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- 
ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within 
its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 441 feet above the level of 
the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is 
not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles 
inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- 
stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to 
consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the 
formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the 
action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. 

It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; 
consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its 
physical features are most strongly marked. 

DRAINAGE SYSTEM. 

The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- 
ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. 

The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- 
tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems 
is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a 
line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State 
near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern 
' part of Adair County. 

From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great 
rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold 
County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair 
County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and 
lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- 
son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill 

KIVERS. 

All Streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, 
occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- 
ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. 

The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not 
only rise upon their surfiice, but they also reach considerable depth into these 
deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the 
general prairie level. 

The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage 
run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit 
known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, 
from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the 
streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across 
the open country where there are no bridges. 

The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except 
where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, 
not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not 
bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- 
tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a 
stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious 
marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and 
its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which 
was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof. Swallaw 
gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted; the term Lacustral would 
have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand 
securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily 
excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just 
above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water 
which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it ; neither 
does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within 
the drift and the stratified formations. 

The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri 
runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- 
dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest 
part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred 
feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- 
mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed 
between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern 
boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence 
to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a 
broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. 

This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particle^!, similar to that 
which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 



112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that 
formed a lake-like expansion of tliat river in the earliest period of the history 
of its valley. Tliut lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, was 
about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the 
river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- 
ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower 
portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- 
ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the 
waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first 
waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- 
posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, 
so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are 
composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border 
along tlie broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen 
miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. 

All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, 
are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only 
branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty inta 
the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, 
from their sources to their mouths. 

Chariton and Crrand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles 
of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed 
by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- 
ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their 
exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold 
County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through 
the w^hole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- 
ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty 
miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- 
eral level of the adjacent high land. When tlie rivers have cut their valleys 
down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- 
position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains 
(commonly termed "bottoms"), the soil of which is still' and clayey, except 
where modified by sandy washings. 

A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides 
along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are 
mostly prairie streams. 

Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches 
pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, 
drain a large region of country. 

Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west 
line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of 
two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 113 

The term " drift deposit" applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part 
of tlie State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take 
root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel 
aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- 
acter in different parts of the State. 

The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all 
our wells and springs is too "hard" for washing purposes; and the same sub- 
stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suifi- 
cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. 

One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys 
of which have the same general character of those j ust described. The country 
around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely 
prairie. 

Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west 
branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. 
These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of 
Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with 
beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest 
agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very 
banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere 
composed of a rich, deep, dark loam. 

Nishnahotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, 
the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. 
Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main 
stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the 
Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff 
deposit. The West Nishnahotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. 
In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnahotany loses its identity 
by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six different creeks. A few 
good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought 
reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the 
confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The 
valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable 
fertility. 

Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer 
runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the 
bluff deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- 
sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in 
Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now 
known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an 
ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent 
upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff deposit. 
The source of this river is in Sac County. 



114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Soldier Rive7\ — The east and middle brunches of this stream have their 
source in Crawford County, and the west branch in I(hi County. The whole 
course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata 
along its course. 

Little Sioux Itiver. — Under this head are included both the main and west 
branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. 
The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that they 
need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the 
northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit 
alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee 
County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson 
and Osceola .Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On 
enterin<T Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth 
of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line 
between Clay and Buena Yista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred 
feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and 
becomes much widened, w^ith its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the 
valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. 
IN^o exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little 
Sioux or any of its branches. 

Floyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- 
in » southward enters the region of the bluff deposit a little north of the center 
of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, 
with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A 
single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near 
Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along 
its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream 
it is not valuable for such purposes. 

Rock River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It 
was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red 
Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a 
few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and 
its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of 
the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. 
Big Sioux River. — The valley of this river, from the nortlnvest corner of 
the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of 
the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner 
of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence 
of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the stream, and causes a fall 
of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- 
cades. For the first twenty-five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, 
with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly 
defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 115 

agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland 
presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will 
stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. 
At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are 
found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are 
exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single 
exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill 
sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, 
but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for 
dams insecure. 

3Iissouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its 
waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- 
iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff" deposits. 
Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and 
continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance 
of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in 
width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres 
of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now 
tillable. 

The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character 
from those of the western system. They are larger, longer and have their val- 
leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- 
ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the 
streams of the western system. 

Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters 
Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from 
northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- 
ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the 
State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east 
and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these 
branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures 
of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These 
exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- 
dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the 
northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified 
by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and 
gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- 
rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas 
ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth 
to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- 
iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- 
carboniferous rocks pass beneath the river again, bringing down the coal-measure 
strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 



116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place 
along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern 
part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the 
valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone 
and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process 
of the formation of the valley. 

The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. 
These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- 
ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper 
coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, 
and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These 
streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, 
rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of 
the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it 
has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. 
The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat 
of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense 
power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa 
coal fields. 

Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs 
almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- 
ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where 
it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. 
Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Heni-y County, up 
as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep 
clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has 
made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- 
ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of 
this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the 
eastern system. 

Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, 
slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- 
iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters 
the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton 
County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa 
County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that 
point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well 
marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope 
away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- 
ble mill sites. 

Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the 
Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by 
numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 

of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the 
trend occupied by that formation. 

The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the 
sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- 
lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more 
distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar 
is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its 
branches afi'ord abundant and reliable mill sites. 

Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the 
Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half 
upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn 
County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues 
to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- 
age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill 
sites are unusually secure. 

Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- 
like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have 
eroded their valleys and the different character of the material thi'ough which 
they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik 
County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than 
two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to 
three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the 
whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales 
are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet 
thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton 
limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower 
Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. 
Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. 

Upper loiva River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north-l 
ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained 
any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- 
sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- 
crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower 
magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, 
except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The 
valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- 
sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower 
part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufficient for the location of 
small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher 
surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a 
cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, 
consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks 
come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town 



118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of tliese spots, which 
makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring 
streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its 
tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. 

Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad 
canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. 
It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from 
one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by 
the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces 
or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest 
floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in 
width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the 
bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- 
pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear 
by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper 
Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the 
southeastern corner of the State. 

Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the 
relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the 
glacial epoch ; but that the IMississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, 
if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys 
eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be 
doubted. 

LAKES. 

The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The 
first may be called drift lakes, having had their oi'igin in the depressions left 
in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon 
the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. 
The others may be properly termed jiuvatile or alluvial lakes, because they have 
had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from 
the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now 
found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term 
alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by 
the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other 
coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive 
soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of 
our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. 

The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the 
head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them 
in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the 
Des Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. 
The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 

Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in 
Bunea Vista County. 

Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal , and it 
contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly 
on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great Avatershed. 
Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. 

Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and 
has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few 
rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake 
extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same 
distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- 
tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some 
places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very 
pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of 
water fowl. 

Clear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the 
watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, 
and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen 
feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. 

Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena 
Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area 
of between four and five square miles. 

The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- 
cept Okoboji. 

Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of 
small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes 
in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled 
Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are 
supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from 
two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the 
result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, 
to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and 
in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the 
middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive 
power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- 
cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried 
to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to 
century, forming the embankments which have caused so much wonder. 

SPRINGS. 

Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, 
but they are more numerous, and assume proportions Avhich give rise to the 
name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, ov;ing 



12D HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata 
of the age of the Tfenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the 
valley of that stream. 

No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in loAva, 
thoucrh the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with 
soluble mineral substances, 

ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 

It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie 
when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- 
ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from 
those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may 
have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- 
ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real 
cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty 
years ago, Iowa Avould now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest 
trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from 
the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. 

The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no 
equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose 
soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is 
tillable land. 

GEOLOGY. 

The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not 
only possess different physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their 
origin. These are drift, bluff and alluvial, and belong respectively to the 
deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the 
surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area 
of surface, and the alluvial least. 

All soil is disintegrated rock. Tlie drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a 
considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa 
drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a- 
short distance. In general terms the co7istant component element of the drift 
soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the incoyistant 
elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying 
strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation 
known as tlie Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than 
elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- 
pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- 
tion furnishing the sand. 

In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and 
gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 



121 



cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part 
from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. 

In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- 
ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate 
Avith the limestones of that region. 

The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff 
deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the 
Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its 
composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. 

The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom 
lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for 
agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the 
highest floods, and is very productive. 

The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- 
sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those 
of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in 
their order : 



SYSTEMS. 

AGES. 



Cretaceous 

Carboniferous.. 

Devonian 

Upper Silurian 

Lower Silurian 
Azoic 



GROaPS. 

PERIODS. 



FORMATIONS. 

EPOCHS. 



Post Tertiary 

Lower Cretaceous. 

Coal Measures. 

I Subcarboniferous. 

I 

Hamilton 

Niagara 

Cincinnati 

Trenton. 

Primordial. 
Huronian 



\DTift 

Inocerumous bed 

Woodbvry Sandstone and Shales.. 

.Mshnabotany Sandstone 

Upper Coal Measures 

Middle Coal Measures 

iLower Coal Measures 

]St. Louis Limestone 

Keokuk Limestone 

Burlington Limestone 

Kinderhook beds 

Hamilton Limestone and Shales. 

Niagara Limestone 

Maquoketa Shales 

Galena Limestone 

JTrenton Limestone 

iSt. Peter's Sandstone 

Lower Magnesian Limestone 

Potsdam Sandstone 

Sioux Quartzite 



THICKNESS. 

IN FEET. 



10 



to 200 

50 
130 
100 
200 
200 
200 

75 

90 
196 
175 
200 
350 

80 
250 
200 

80 
250 
300 

50 



THE AZOIC SYSTEM. 

The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few 
acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big 
Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been 
given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a 
color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of 
metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the 
rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees 
to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 



122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in 
drv forms except that into -which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to 
angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. 

LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

PRIMORDIAL GROUP. 

Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of 
the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the 
bluffs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen 
underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton 
limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the 
northern boundary of the $tate as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper 
Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of 
the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. 

It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. 

No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. 

Lower 3Iagnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- 
graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity 
of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for 
building purposes. 

The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, 
near McGregor. 

St. Peter s Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness 
throughout its known geographical extent ; and at is evident it occupies a large 
portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the 
drift. 

TRENTON GROUP. 

Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both 
Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure 
dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Alla- 
makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for 
economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded 
layers, which afford fine material for Avindow caps and sills. 

In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the 
rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented 
by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to 
science and peculiar to Iowa. 

The Galena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. 
It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and 
fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, 
Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits 
its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, 
with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123 

though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. 
This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The 
lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the 
vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the 
rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have 
a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- 
phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found mih. it. 

CINCINNATI GROUP. 

MaquoTceta Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly 
long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more 
than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of 
the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet 
recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation 
is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- 
ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- 
face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic 
value is very slight. 

Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found 
in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been 
found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- 
acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct 
formation from any others of the group. 

UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

NIAGARA G^OUP. 

Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearlj 
one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles 
wide. 

This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- 
siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A 
large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest 
amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and 
Farley are all opened in this formation. 

DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 

HAMILTON GROUP. 

Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- 
stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper 
and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and 
from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- 
eaatwf^j^d. 

Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite 
■J^arthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 



124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, 
in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its vakie for the 
production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier 
and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other 
material requiring strength and durability. 

All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- 
ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. 

The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- 
chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near 
Iowa City, and is known as " Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." 

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 

Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, 
viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are 
found in Iowa. 

SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. 

The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern 
border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- 
able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington 
County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking 
the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to 
a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. 
From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, 
thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- 
dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of 
Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence 
to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles 
eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two 
hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. 

The KinderJiooh Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near 
the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now 
known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred 
miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs 
which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern 
and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- 
ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- 
lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. 

The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in 
the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt 
Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are 
found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- 
poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this 
foi'mation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 

some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into 
ornamental and useful objects. 

In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- 
tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere 
and frost, it crumbles to pieces. 

The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation 
that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- 
nized, they all belong to the order selachians. 

Of ARTICULATES, Only two species have been recognized, both of which 
belong to the genus jyliilUpsia. 

The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. 

The RADIATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- 
perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. 

The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so 
m fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- 
vailing classes are: lamellihranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions; and 
brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. 

No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this 
formation. 

The Burlington Lhnestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- 
reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- 
sions are eminently crinoidal. 

The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, 
so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, 
near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point 
at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. 
It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. 

This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The 
upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. 

The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be 
more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all 
parts of the world. 

The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of 
■fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most 
common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Bufiington Creek, in 
Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains 
that it might with propriety bo called bone breccia. 

Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, 
they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus jjJdlUpsia. 

Fossil shells are very common. 

The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the 
genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- 
derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 



126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van 
Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. 

In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as 
the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, 
nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. 

The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, 
usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and 
unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. 
They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. 

The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its 
stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the 
post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the 
banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. 

The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging 
to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a 
length of twenty-five or thirty feet. 

Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phiUipsia have been found 
in this formation. 

Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in 
this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. 

Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, 
but crinoids are most abundant. 

Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the 
sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. 

The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous 
group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because 
it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten* is very great. It is first seen 
resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- 
ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields 
in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska 
Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone 
River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is 
next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge, As it exists in 
Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- 
ceous and calcareous. 

The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when 
quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, 
large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little 
economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable 
and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren 
County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. 

Of the fossils of tliis formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the 
remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 

articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus 297^^7/^jt)s^a, and 
two ostracoid, genera, cythre and heyricia. The mollusks distinguish this 
formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are 
exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the 
two preceding it. 

The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in 
other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but 
in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. 

The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely 
composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- 
iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the 
production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of 
Iowa. 

Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as 
Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- 
iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, 
the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more 
famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North 
America. 

It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- 
iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable 
the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the 
formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred 
miles. 

At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in 
which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending 
almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were 
formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- 
iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. 

THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. 

The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, 
viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- 
ness of about two hundred feet. 

A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern 
and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the 
southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner 
of Jeiferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of 
Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or 
eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- 
ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River 
and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary 
of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 



128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- 
ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County ; and 
thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster 
County. 

Lower Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward 
of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures 
alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also 
occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly 
dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the 
river. 

No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the 
lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes 
a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures 
is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Clarion 
County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building 
material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. 
On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, 
is not well supplied with stone. 

But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- 
ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of 
marine origin. 

Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class 
acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in 
all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodench'oti seems not to have existed 
later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. 

Middle Coal Pleasures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies 
a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- 
ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties 
more or less underlaid by this formation* are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, 
Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. 

This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- 
stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone 
occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which offer many con- 
trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation 
is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which 
indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have 
been discovered. 

Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the 
shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — 
three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- 
erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. 
Radiates are represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- 
sented. Trilohites and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 

Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and 
ganoids. 

Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is 
very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the 
State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by 
the middle coal measures. 

The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet 
it contains a considerablj: proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is 
known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, 
and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. 

The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building 
as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No 
beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. 

The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the 
middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes 
of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the 
trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephala'poda, 
gasteropoda, lamelU, branehiata, Irachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more 
numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- 
sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely 
composed of their small fusiform shells. 

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 

There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the 
next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found 
in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations 
upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip 
of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. 
Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is 
reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally 
occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- 
tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was 
during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age 
that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the 
glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice 
produced their entire removal over considerable areas. 

It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following 
will approximate the outlines of the area : 

From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; 
thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast 
corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- 
gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie 
County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ; 



130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

thence to Sergeant's bluffs ; up the INIissouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the 
northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of 
beginning. 

All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up 
the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. 

Nishnahotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly 
extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of 
Guthrie County and tlie southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- 
ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing 
beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- 
tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. 

The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- 
mous leaves. 

Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- 
hotany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County, 
hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven 
miles below Sioux City. 

This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. 

Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have 
been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, 
leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. 

Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and 
shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which 
border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are 
composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is 
extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these 
beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at 
some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. 

The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. 
Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, 
or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. 

PEAT. 

Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- 
mated, contain the following areas : 

Counties. Acres. 

Cerro Gordo 1,500 

Worth 2,(00 

Winnebago '2,000 

Hancock 1,500 

Wright 500 

Kossuth 700 

Dickinson 80 

Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is 
inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 

named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four 
feet. It is estimated tliat each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and 
fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- 
ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance 
from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their 
value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly 
compensated the deficiency of other fuel. 

GYPSUM. 

The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic 
value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in 
Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies 
a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running 
nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen 
in the form of ordinary rock clifi' and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in 
similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of 
the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. 

The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth 
of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining 
the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been 
found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point 
before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is 
limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the 
ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes 
up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- 
lying drift. There can be no doubt that the difierent parts of this deposit, now 
disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- 
inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason 
to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of 
the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of 
from twenty to sixty feet. 

The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating 
a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and 
which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, 
mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently 
almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines 
River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there 
from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, 
and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- 
scape. 

As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the 
valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on 
either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 



132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of 
ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of 
stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The 
principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below 
Fort Dodge. 

The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable 
deposit does not occur in "heaps " or " nests," as it does in most deposits of 
gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a 
regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and 
quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit 
as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- 
ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines 
of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the 
darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in 
amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, 
thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- 
faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any 
intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit 
is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but 
although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, 
at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty 
feet thick. 

Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- 
ing intervening, except at a few points Avhere traces appear of an overlying bed 
of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter 
probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the 
glacial epoch; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness 
since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the 
drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- 
ulary in its loAver part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection 
against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial 
imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand 
instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by 
being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- 
face. Water merely resting upon it Avould not dissolve it away to any extent, 
but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills 
of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from 
the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the 
appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now 
suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the 
fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their 
waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. 
Emery's report. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 

Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, 
there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same 
age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. 

Age of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated 
clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- 
tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its 
stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it 
is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications 
afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge 
are, however, of considerable value. 

As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon 
the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of 
coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper 
coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. 
The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the 
Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or 
horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. 

Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders 
of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the 
palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each 
other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It 
therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, 
perhaps older than the Cretaceous. 

Litliological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the 
lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, 
for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated 
feet. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition 
of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to 
have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace 
of native sulphur have been found in connection with it ; nor has any salt been 
found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association 
with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of 
the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole 
region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary 
deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the 
whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal lamina3 of alter- 
nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, 
but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines 
contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is 
evidently sedimentary in its character. Frc n these facts, and also from the 
further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it 
seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge 
originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 



134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

saturated Avitli sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and 
impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been 
held suspended in the same waters. 

Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- 
ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so diiferent in some respects from 
that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- 
tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- 
ysis by Prof Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per 
cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole 
deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top 
to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. 

When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes 
prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it 
will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- 
rities are also of such a character that they do not in any w^ay interfere with its 
value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it 
becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- 
essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- 
cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster 
of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, 
therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality 
as any in the country, even for the finest uses. 

In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, 
many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond 
so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. 
Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- 
monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This 
is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now 
rapidly passing away Avhen a man may purchase a new farm for less money 
than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the 
one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older 
settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper 
application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be 
difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It 
should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country 
adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it 
more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other 
source. 

For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other 
parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is 
for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found 
to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls 
of houses is such that it is protecteil from the dissolving action of water, which 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 

can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too 
slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. 

One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, 
fine residence of it. in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by 
exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long 
and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer 
it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. 
This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the 
stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it 
is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in 
Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- 
road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material 
to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, 
which come in contact Avitli the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum 
being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of 
the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur 
in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable 
than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage 
over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. 

The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is 
peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone- 
Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, 
and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his 
holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as 
great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened 
by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn 
into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut 
by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that 
these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working 
the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- 
ing stone. 

MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. 
Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the 
various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has 
also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- 
ing the coal -measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- 
ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of 
gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, 
and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- 
ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). 
Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, 
the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these 
cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 



13G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course 
not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. 

The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the 
shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed 
within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great 
gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as 
a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they 
had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, 
the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- 
ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection witli that 
deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated 
from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. 

The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent 
fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near 
Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which 
had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of 
the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at 
right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- 
rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. 
No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anhydrite) has been found in connection with 
the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. 

SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. 
[Celts' ine .) 

The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in 
Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort 
Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower 
coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are 
regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' 
coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, 
amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is 
fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. 
Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- 
bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- 
tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon 
both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface 
being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses 
along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or C(^lumns. The layer is probably 
not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- 
mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with 
those of the shales which imbed it. 

The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of 
crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 

the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is 
in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would 
closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated 
that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their 
fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical 
value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical 
fact. 

SULPHATE OF BARYTA. 

[BaryUs, Heavy Spar.) 

This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has 
been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion 
Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the 
lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small 
crystalline masses. 

SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. 

[Epsomite.) 

Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, 
we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of 
natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small 
quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large 
quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as 
afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water The epsomite 
mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, 
near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- 
trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of eiSorescent encrus- 
tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the 
fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection 
of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near 
twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains 
never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- 
ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- 
nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- 
dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- 
sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine 
article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually 
obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- 
tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. 

CLIMATOLOGY. 

No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of 
great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. 
S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 
to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 



138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the 
atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- 
able to health. 

The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest 
month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. 

The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the 
mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, 
while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and 
December. 

The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next 
mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 
16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each 
case being two full months. 

The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the 
frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The 
temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other 
seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of 
the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good 
breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are 
unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States 
in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, 
Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her 
Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which 
lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. 




HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. 

Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- 
itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to tliia 
magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- 
tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi 
River was the extreme Avestern boundary of the United States. All the great 
empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the 
south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was 
a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation 
of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting 
introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, 
until the commencement of the present century, Avas a part of the Spanish 
possessions in America. 

Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New 
World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- 
ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi 
River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in 
May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, 
descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. 

In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was 
claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered 
the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of 
Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery 
gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. 
Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no 
effort to occupy it; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her 
title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi 
Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. 

The unparalleled labors of the zealous Fr( nc'i Jesuits of Canada in penetrating 
the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- 
nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present 
work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake 
Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, 
had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a 
grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. 
The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the 
Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the 
land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 



140 HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of which 
they dwelt. Tiie Sioux also tuld their white brother of the same great river, 
and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French 
nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. 

The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- 
tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- 
quette, in 1(J69. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established 
the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits 
of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in tlic execution of his great 
undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the 
Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. 

About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- 
minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot 
was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the 
Indian nations, at St. Mary's. 

When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; 
and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- 
ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of 
Chicago. 

In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. 
Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- 
»'ence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. 
Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the 
assembkd nations that their goo<l French Father felt an abiding interest in their 
welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French 
Government. 

Mar([uette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the 
vemn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of 
years, was considered the key to the unknown West. 

The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand 
project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- 
liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- 
ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was 
finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by 
white men. 

The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, 
were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- 
courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi A'alley were cruel 
and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. 
The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could 
swallow both canoes and men. 

But Mar([uette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- 
ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, 
even to lay down his lif(i for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He 
prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- 
ing, on the 13th day of May, 1678, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- 
ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending 
Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and 
<liscovery proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where 
Mar(j[uette was delighted to find "a beautiful cross ])lanted in the middle of the 
town, ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which 
these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 

die pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them 
abundant chase." 

This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of tlie French 
missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his 
Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- 
snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- 
pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed 
them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- 
ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that 
he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion 
of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had 
no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. 

Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the 
Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the ]Oth of June. Conduct- 
ing them across the portage, their Indian guides retui'ned to their village, and 
the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long 
been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. 

On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the 
west bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now 
known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. 
Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- 
lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to 
an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- 
lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it 
created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there 
was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come 
to them. They were, therefore, received with groat respect and hospitality, and 
were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that 
this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village Avas called Mon- 
in-gou-nia or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. 
This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines 
(Monk's River), its present name. 

Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and 
customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the 
authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- 
tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they 
were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. 
Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and 
safeguai'd among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. 

It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery 
of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. 

In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in 
the name of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense 
region Avatered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, 
and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he 
called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column 
and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, 

" Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, 
Reigning April 9th, 1682." 

At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- 
covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, 
including; Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 



142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 

The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources 
of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the 
east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters 
on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the 
guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own 
benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to 
be inherited." 

By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions 
in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained 
Louisiana; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the 
crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country 
was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in 
the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- 
ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony 
Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- 
nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. 
Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor 
on the Gulf was closed against his vessels; the occupation of Louisiana was 
deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- 
bition of France. 

Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to 
develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be 
opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he 
actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only 
prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- 
viduals, who had .succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtweon themselves 
and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. 
After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in 
August, 1717." 

Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and 
more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France 
was deeply involved in debt; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law 
appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana 
branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a 
legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers 
and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company 
with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New 
France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- 
ized to monopolize all the trade in the country; to make treaties with the 
Indians ; to declare and prosecute Avar ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines 
of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the 
army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip 
ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's 
Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King 
to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in 
the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever 
blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it 
was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man 
in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of 
Finance. 

Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred 
emigrants to Louisiana, who arri\ed at Dauphine Island in 1718. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 

In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred 
miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered 
it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of 
Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to 
extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection 
between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up 
the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. 

The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 
1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, 
and tlie Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May folloAving. France 
was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- 
talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- 
ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana Avas disastrous. 

While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was 
the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana 
extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their 
Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their 
friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce 
and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against 
the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 
1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although 
the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, 
yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best 
military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were 
finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin 
River, and driven west in 1746. 

The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded 
the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi 
wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, 
the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. 
The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- 
ville returned to assume command for the King. 

A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made 
in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As 
early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the 
Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and 
skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. 

In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative 
commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River 
was comparatively unknown. 

In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than 
in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels 
of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- 
able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. 

In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, 
in 1730, tliey embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six 
hundred " converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. 

In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic 
colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of 
which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve 
tlieir possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the 
slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 



144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of 
tlie great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the 
world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every 
Englishman within the Ohio Valley. 

The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by 
the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly 
in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this 
purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- 
ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio 
River. Virginia was not only alive to her OAvn interests, but attentive to the 
vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all 
the En<dish colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the 
French. 

In 17;!o, Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a 
young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason 
for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met 
the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the 
Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received 
the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but 
would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its 
waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- 
coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. 

In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to 
the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to 
the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the 
Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the 
English settlements." 

On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, 
through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the 
rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at 
the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting 
about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen w^ere killed, among 
them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- 
oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- 
hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the 
Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were 
soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort 
Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 
600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted 
terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of 
the Ohio. 

This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of 
France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and 
Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit 
and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 
176o, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified 
by therespective governments, on the 3d of November, 1 762 — France relinquished 
to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east 
side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the 
same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret ti-eaty, ceded 
to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145' 

whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky 
Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly 
a century, was ended. 

At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great 
Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter 
all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- 
first parallel of north latitude. At the same time. Great Britain ceded to 
Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and 
south of the southern limits of the United States. 

At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish 
possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River 
was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the 
territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first 
parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- 
perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred 
miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- 
ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- 
dary of the United States. 

The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during 
all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and 
as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State 
of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. 

The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over 
the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained 
by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- 
ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- 
sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river 
was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth 
of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political 
importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with 
wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident 
that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below 
them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain 
their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of 
the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation 
of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of 
the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military 
posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- 
ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the 
river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the 
Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- 
ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as 
her I'ight to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, 
that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- 
ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was 
to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land 
grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. 

Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them 
that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges, 
provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. 
The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential 
correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 



14() HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the 
free navigation of the Mississipi)i. 

By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- 
ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, 
should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the 
United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New 
Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. 

In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus 
King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain 
and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by Avhich the cession of Loui- 
siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. 

The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the 
United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended 
the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent 
government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, 
the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their 
" unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- 
gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing 
treaties." 

In the same month, President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed 
Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the 
Court of .France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of 
Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated 
by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- 
structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it 
does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing 
that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on 
the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- 
ing a plan which expressly left to France "all her territory on the west side of 
the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that 
there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- 
ous Union of States west of the " Father of Waters." 

In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this 
plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, Avhen that courtly diplo- 
matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing 
to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and 
asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- 
ingston intimated tliat twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- 
rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to "think of it.'' A 
few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed 
the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain 
for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. 
He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, 
and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a 
mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million 
francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this 
basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. 

This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, 
approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized 
to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. 
Accordingly, on the 20th day of December foll">wing, on behalf of the Presi- 
dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 

purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New 
Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 
1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- 
drew her opposition early in 1804. 

By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal 
of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west 
of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to 
British America. 

If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, 
the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory 
lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus 
have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile 
empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral 
resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To 
Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- 
ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was 
done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the 
Louisiana purchase. 

By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly 
acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part 
lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of 
Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed 
under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when 
it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 
1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the 
name of the Territory of Louisiana Avas changed to Missouri. On the 4th of 
July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of 
Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas 
Territory. 

On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- 
tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory 
west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the 
Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- 
sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of 
Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

Bj act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the 

TERRITORY OF IOWA 

was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part 
of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. 

THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. 

Having traced the early history of the great empire lymg west of the Mis- 
sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- 
covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to 
give some history of 

THE INDIANS OF IOWA. 

According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title 
to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first 
discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the 
French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 



148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all tliat 
time, it docs not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high 
contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in 
the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain 
before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, 
the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had 
never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again Avhat had 
already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- 
tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- 
tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, 
that cannot be omitted. 

For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin 
soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a 
trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- 
puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and 
fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out 
their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State 
so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, 
fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored 
region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. 
In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was 
either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. 

In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful 
people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again 
visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on 
the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of 
the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, 
residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually 
fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven 
out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death 
of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, Avas made the pretext for war against the 
Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois 
were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious 
foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common 
with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, 
in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the 
^Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- 
sion of the country for many years. 

When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- 
sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed 
the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, 
also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. 

The Sacs had four princii)al villages, where most of them resided, viz. : 
Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may bo called 
such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- 
tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this 
region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of 
the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River; the third Avas at the 
head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth 
was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. 

The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the 
Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve 



HISTORY OF TiIE STATE OF IOWA. 149 

miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on 
Turkey River. 

The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- 
drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on 
the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now 
stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas 
was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division 
of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : 

"Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day 
'time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian 
warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in length, and two miles 
wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises 
perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered 
with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of 
the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near 
the river bank, was s'tuated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of 
the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on 
its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that 
time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the 
country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluti's, covered with a heavy forest for many 
miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter 
for the stealthy approach of the foe. 

" Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted 
themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and 
make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might aflFord, to aid them 
in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their 
spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by 
which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. 

"At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted 
themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry 
evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and 
defense carefully inculcated, by which meansaskill in horsemanship was acquii-ed rarely excelled. 
Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- 
scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of 
their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. 

" Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the 
advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and 
ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain tlie cover 
of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence 
the battle, while he remained with his divi^^ion in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on 
the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. Tlie plan 
was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the 
village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabitants, by firing 
one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- 
ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as suoa as the 
fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. 

" On the instant of the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po 
leaped from their coiuhant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and 
unarmel lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The fir-t impulse of ttie latter naturally led 
them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their 
wives and oh 1 Iren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the plac3 of 
attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and 
tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and 
the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their, 
whole village was in fl^imes, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps' 
amidst the devouring olem.'nt, an I the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with thj exuUing 
shouts of the victorious foe, fillet their he uts with maddening despair. Their wives an 1 childi-en 
who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and togeiher with their arms were in 
the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off' their shattered and 
defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, 
which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek 
Hills." 

The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, 
had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took nossession 



150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of 
sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 
1825, the Secretary of War cstnnated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes 
at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the 
upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of 
Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the 
island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs 
along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, 
squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, 
game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an 
Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of 
the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole 
nation. 

North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the 
Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their 
ri\als in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were 
mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and 
Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the 
hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs 
and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, n boundary line was 
established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty 
held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, 
caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon 
each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- 
lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs 
and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides 
of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them 
a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the 
Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this 
ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United 
States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and 
neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. 

In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and 
Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, 
on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under 
the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their 
home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the "neutral 
ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were 
encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- 
mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a 
point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, 
in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, Avhere they were able to dis- 
cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, 
after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- 
dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The 
conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- 
ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their 
women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One 
of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaAv as they were rushing into 
the Sioux's camp. He started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot 
him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three 
other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 

party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, 
and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. 

pike's expedition. 

Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government 
adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the 
conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, 
also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and 
trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen, James Wilkinson commanding, 
had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post, Captains Lewis and Clark, 
with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the 
Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- 
sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, 
left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, 
on the 9tli day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- 
dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines 
Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian 
Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and 
Fox warriors. 

At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike held a 
council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : 
"Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more 
intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of 
red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the 
General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by 
the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." 
At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky 
and tobacco. 

Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is 
supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, 
which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as 
being "on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the 
west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 21' north. The channel of the 
river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; 
nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for 
gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for 
the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which 
corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the 
river, a short distance below tbe mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters 
into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from 
the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have 
been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the 
opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, 
called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." 

On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, 
and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they 
were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his 
two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left 
them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they 
should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he 
waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed 
it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men Volunteered to go in pui"- 



152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two 
men wouhl soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days 
were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might 
have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- 
duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at 
Dubuque. 

At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubucjue, a Frenchman, 
who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field 
piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had 
visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- 
lish tiie wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer 
obtained but little information from him. 

After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed 
beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- 
rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- 
tory of another State. 

It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the 
mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with tlie Sioux, September 
23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. 
On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the 
Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the 
then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from 
Hudson's I>ay to the St. Lawrence; up that river on both sides, along the great 
lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of 
the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of 
their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing 
his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, 
Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the oOth of April, 1806. 

INDIAN WARS. 

The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, 
and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by 
the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownershi}) and possession. 
Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that 
the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The 
accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of 
money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by 
Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act 
of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. 

As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- 
trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State 
was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who 
were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the 
encroachments of the pale faces. 

Among the most noted chiefs, and one Avhose restlessness and hatred of the 
Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his 
tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 
1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his 
energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs 
and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 
1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a 
fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 

tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- 
inent in affiiirs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement 
that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of 
the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. 
How any man Avho had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- 
inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his 
cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said 
to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the 
Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy 
of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. 

It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country 
to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of 
it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. 
Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be 
present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, 
and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from 
regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the 
Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In 
his life he says : "I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United 
States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the 
Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. 
The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out 
of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for 
our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends 
appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that 
strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our 
Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." 

On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty Avas concluded between William 
Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United 
States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by Avhich the latter, in con- 
sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods 
then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in 
goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of 
the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jeiferson, in Missouri, to 
the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. 

To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider 
it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it 
had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they 
held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite 
a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been 
imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. 

The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up 
the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- 
ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the 
United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American Avhom 
Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much 
prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to 
Rock Island : 

" A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party 
of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our 
young braves Avatched them every day, to see Avhat sort of people he had on 
board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 



154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

shore Avith his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We 
in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. 
We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said 
our American father would treat us well." 

The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort 
Edwards, at what is noAV Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the 
present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These 
movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was 
commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of 
their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans Avere doing, and had an in- 
terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- 
fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down 
another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- 
mg to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he Avas build- 
ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the 
soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk 
says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment 
upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. 

It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort 
Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. 
By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a 
fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound 
themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons 
should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be 
removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the 
establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the 
term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort 
Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, w'ho became very indig- 
nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted 
its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who 
ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every 
morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- 
selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On 
the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired 
upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in 
their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they 
kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting 
fire to the fort with blazing arrows; but finding their efforts unavailing, they 
soon gave up and returne(l to Rock River. 

When Avar Avas declared between tlie United States and Great Britain, in 
1812, Black IlaAvk and his band allied themselves Avith the British, partly 
because he Avas dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because 
they had been deceived by the Americans. Black IlaAvk himself declared that 
they were "forced into the Avar by being deceived." He narrates the circum- 
stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and 
Foxes Avere called upon to go to Washington to see their (Ireat Father. On 
their return, they related Avhat had been said and done. They said the Great 
Father Avished them, in the event of a Avar taking place Avith England, not to 
interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not Avant our help, but 
wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that 
British traders Avould not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us 
with good^!. but that Ave should be supplied Avith an American trader. Our 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 

chief^ then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the 
Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. 
He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; 
that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the 
British traders had done." 

Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his 
people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their 
Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the 
trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by 
the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the 
promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexora.ble ; and, 
disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. "'Few 
of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In 
the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an 
express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock 
Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- 
diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The 
express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through 
our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all 
started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, 
having been forced into the war by being deceived." 

He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," 
decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and 
armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- 
doned the service and came home. 

With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs 
and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head 
of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the 
treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. 
Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great 
Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, 
with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the 
Peace party." 

Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the 
nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable 
to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havnig all 
the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined 
the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed 
that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, 
women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to 
St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. 
They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band " of the 
Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On 
Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk Avas introduced 
to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he 
had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed 
force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the 
village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village 
and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing 
at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter 
on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me 
came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 



156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against 
the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, 
and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be 
their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the 
trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans 
did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of 
Keokuk. 

Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the 
nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, 
but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion 
required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- 
countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he 
was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. 

Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most 
gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public' 
speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke 
rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- 
ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- 
fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he 
was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- 
quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance 
to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had 
received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the 
latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his 
career among the white people, he Avas compelled to submit his speeches for 
translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of 
a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power 
of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make 
him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- 
fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. 
The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in 
the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- 
stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his 
audience. 

Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a 
more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, 
than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first 
that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on 
could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against 
it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black 
Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's 
defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would 
have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in 
the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be 
moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he 
called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted 
the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a 
noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by 
the white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for 
vengeance. "I am your cliief," he said, '"and it is my duty to lead you to bat- 
tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 

you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of 
success." He then portrayed to them the great power of tlie United States, 
against whom they woukl have to contend, that their chance of success was 
utterly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- 
path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will 
kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering 
deatli of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on 
the other side of the Mississippi." 

This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was 
presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- 
don the rash undertaking. 

But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of 
Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white 
settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- 
redations. 

When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black 
Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty 
at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not " touch the goose-quill 
to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great 
white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, 
but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not know that by 
signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, 
already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of 
the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from 
their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his 
fathers. 

It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the 
United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line 
drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, 
except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then 
to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, 
and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. 

THE BLACK HAWK AVAR. 

The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of 
Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of 
the chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the Avest side of the 
Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white 
families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of 
the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village 
at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and 
menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well 
to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to Avhich 
they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to 
leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not 
appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. 
If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. 
But the Avhites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous 
against Avhat they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of 
Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island Avith a military force to drive the 
Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk 
says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 



158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

some of his OAvn people ; in otlier words, that there would be no Avar unless it should 
be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- 
tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general 
war against tlie wliites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not 
appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- 
ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- 
ous. Black Hawk and his band liad done no more than to attempt to repossess the 
the old homes of which the}' had been deprived in their absence. No blood 
had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new 
treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever 
on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the 
President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood 
the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had 
dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large' amount of pro- 
visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the 
Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers 
without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed 
never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on 
the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, wiili their women 
and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of 
Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed 
into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black 
Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but 
it docs not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance 
create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never 
went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their 
children. 

The Galenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk 
was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty 
miles u}) Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced 
his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- 
son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h's band 
crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in 
hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and 
had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of 
the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- 
tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came 
back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new 
supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which 
resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during 
the Fall and Winter of 1831—2, his people became deeply indebted to their 
favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate 
in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed 
in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the 
fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty 
could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd 
trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on 
the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am 
informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on 
the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I liave 
received, I am of tlio opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac 
Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 

jet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by 
firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were 
committed by the British band of Sac Indians. 

It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black 
Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. 
It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black 
Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined 
to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- 
sippi. He could not return by the way lie came, for the army was behind him, 
an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. 
His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if 
possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he 
could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a 
battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, tlirough his trusty Lieu- 
tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving 
Indians did not Avish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- 
sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to 
this second effort to negotiate peace, ajid, as soon as supplies could be obtained, 
the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles 
before tliey reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not 
be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation 
and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 
1832. Black Hawk" escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien 
by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the 
Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On 
the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained 
till the 4th of June, 1833, Avhen orders Avere given for them to be liberated and 
returned to their own country. By order of the President, he Avas brought 
back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him 
all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he 
received. He lived among his people on the loAva River till that reservation 
was sold, in 1836, when, Avith the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to 
the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, Avhich occurred 
on the 3d of October, 1838. 



INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. 

At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty Avas made at a 
council held on the Avest bank of the Mississippi, where noAv stands the thriving 
city of Davenport, on grounds noAV occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this 
council, the United States were represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. 
Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and 
warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and 
Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of loAva 
fifty miles Avide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the 
Upper loAva River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the 
purchase Avas parallel Avith the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, 
the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated 
tribes, for thirty consecutive years, tAventy thousand dollars in specie, and to 
pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 



160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & 
Farnliam, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the 
Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and ftithers had fallen in the 
Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of 
pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. 

This territory is known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was 
not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, 
it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed 
across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title Avas extinguished. The treaty 
was ratified February 13, 1833, and took eff'ect on the 1st of June following, 
when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and 
beautiful region was opened to white settlers. 

By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for 
the Sacs and Foxes 400 scjuare miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- 
Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This 
tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve^ ' and was occupied by the Indians until 
1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of 
Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held 
on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- 
blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. 
About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk Avas 
their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the 
treaty, the Sacs and Foxes Avere removed to another reservation on the Des 
Moines River, wdiere an agency Avas established for them at what is noAV the 
toAvn of Agency City. 

Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black HaAvk 
Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land 
opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the 
island, on the Iowa side. This Avas the first land title granted by the United 
States to an individual in loAva. 

Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their ncAv reservation 
on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street Avas transferred from the 
agency of the Winntbagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency 
among them. A farm Avas selected, on Avhich the necessary buildings were 
erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at 
the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent Avas employed to superin- 
tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills Avere erected, one on Soap 
Creek and tlie other on Sugar Creek. The latter Avas soon SAvept aAvay by a 
flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected 
■with the agency Avere Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The 
latter Avas interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- 
kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the tAvo former 
on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in Avhat is noAv 
" Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. 
Among the traders connected Avith the agency Avere the Messrs. Ewing, from 
Ohio, and Phelps &. Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, Avho estab- 
lished his post at Avhat is now the site of Eddyville. 

The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their 
natural and Avonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. 
Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, an<l it has 
been reported that he died of delirium tremeiu after his removal Avith his 
tribe to Kansas. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 

In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, 
above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their 
lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 
11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession 
of the "New Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them 
were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the 
Spring of 1846. 

1. Treaty with the Sioux — Made July 19, 1815 ; ratified December IG, 1815. This treaty 
was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United 
States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace 
and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 
181:2. 

2. Treat;/ with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between 
the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 
13th of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 
was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep 
entirely separate from the Sacs of Hock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British 
in the war just then closed. 

3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage 
des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as 
the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and 
agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, 
Illinois. 

4. Treaty with (he loioas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the 
United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners 
as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified 
at the same date as the others. 

6. Treaty with the Sues of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 18th of May, 1816, between 
the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian 
Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 
was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sac3 of Rock River, 
and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 

6. Treaty of 182A — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United 
States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, 
wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion 
of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for 
the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- 
dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 

7. Treaty of August 19, 1S25. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis 
Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- 
nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in 
order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting 
grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line 
between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : 

Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, 
and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- 
ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines 
River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its 
junction with the Missouri River. 

8. Treaty of 1S30.— On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxea 
ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, 
and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux 
also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a 
like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this 
treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- 
ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This 
territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were 
allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the 
Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 

9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes. — At the same time of the above treaty re- 
specting the " Neutral Ground" (.July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, 
lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- 
daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, 
and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that 
falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on ihe east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 



162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

River to the Missouri River; (hence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above 
tlie Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands 
between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along 
the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge 
separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source 
of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of 
beginning. 

It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned 
and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living 
thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- 
poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to 
pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, 
two thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars; to the 
Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five 
hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, 
the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- 
ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart 
three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not 
appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the 
Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. 

This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby 
Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 
24, 1831. 

10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, 
by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- 
nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and 
in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other 
Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the 
two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to 
the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- 
ning in September, 1838, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars 
in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- 
ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and 
to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen 
and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 

11. Treaty of 1SS2 with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black IIaw,k purchase. 

12. Treaty of 1S3G, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; 
for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity often thou- 
sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to 
various parties. 

13. Treaty of 1837.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- 
ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Aifairs, and the confederate tribes of 
Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, 
described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west 
and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 
1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- 
ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the 
United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended 
westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above 
survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last 
mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles " 

This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both 
ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 

14. Treaty of lielinrjuishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- 
ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their 
right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes 
and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- 
souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 
The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, 
for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 

15. Treaty of 18^2. — The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842; 
ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John 
Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians 
" ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim 
or title." By the terms of this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- 
tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part 
of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 



SPANISH GRANTS. 



While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish 
rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land 
were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment 
of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should 
be briefly reviewed. 

Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- 
man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands 
on the Mississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of 
Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the 
wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead 
bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and 
commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became 
known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead 
Mines." 

In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition wnth Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish 
Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might 
be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, 
Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as " about 
seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the 
river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little 
Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- 
sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was 
subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. 

In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to 
Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau 
jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of 
September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be 
a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 
1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. 

Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim 
of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the 
tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to 
them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by 
the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the 
Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- 
buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the 
Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. 

The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim 
without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their 
interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The 
miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to 
abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute 
legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did 
bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the 
purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was 
non-suited. 

By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- 
veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, 
Henry Chotean brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 



164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery 
of seven undivided eightli parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste 
Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States 
for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was 
carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, Avhen it 
was lieard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was 
aHirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease 
or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana 
granted, nothing more than the "peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained 
from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make sncli a grant 
as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect 
title." 

Giard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to 
Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now 
Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during 
tlie time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United 
States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of 
the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. 
Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. 

Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of 
Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Ilonori a tract of land on the site of the 
present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) 
Ilenori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids 
of tlie River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be 
given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space 
sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it 
useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and 
keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." 

Honori took immediate possession of his claim, Avhicli he retained until 1805. 
While trading with tlie natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who 
obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was 
purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as 
being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon 
after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of 
the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time 
Honori continued to occupy it. Tlie grant, as made by the Spanish government, 
was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the United 
States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which tlie Honori grant was 
included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the 
title of the Reddeck heirs, but it Avas finally confirmed by a decision of the 
Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any 
land in the State of Iowa. 



THE HALF-BREED TRACT. 

Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, 
white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along 
the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur 
Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing 
a race of half-breeds, whose number Avas never definitely ascertained. There 
were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of 
some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 

at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in the United States Array, stationed at a 
military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, 
and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- 
ples might he cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and 
the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. 

A treaty Avas made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and 
Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County Avas reserved 
to the half-breeds of those tribes, and Avhich was after >vard knoAvn as " The 
Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing 
about 119,000 acres, lying betAveen the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is 
bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. 
This line Avas intended to be a straight one, running due east, Avhich Avould have 
caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or beloAV Montrose ; but the surveyor Avho 
run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded 
eastAvard, and, in consequence, the line he run Avas bent, deviating more and more 
to the nortliAvard of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it 
struck that river at the loAver edge of the toAvn of Fort Madison. " This errone- 
ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the 
northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary 
line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation 
a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present 
toAvnships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and 
Jackson - 

Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, 
but could not convev it, the reversion beinar reserved to the United States. But 
on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right 
was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired, the lands in fee simple. This 
Avas no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the 
half-breed OAvners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few 
quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There Avas 
a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians Avould often claim OAvnership of 
land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed 
blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land 
to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often 
claimed land in Avhich they had no OAvnership. It Avas diamond cut diamond, 
until at last things became badly mixed. There Avere no authorized surveys, 
and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and 
quarrels ensued. 

To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for 
the benefit of the real oAvners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, 
approved January 16, 1838, EdAvard Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David 
Brigham Avere appointed Commissioners, and clothed Avith poAver to effect these 
objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars 
a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the 
next session of the Legislature, Avhen the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- 
ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The 
repealing act, hoAvever, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against 
the OAvners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- 
trict Court of Lee County. Tavo judgments Avere obtained, and on execution 
the Avhole of the tract Avas sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the 
deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to A^arious parties, but his OAvn title Avas 
questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 



1G6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, 
but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme 
Court of the United States in tlie case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. 
Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the 
"judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were 
brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the 
final decision Avas obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of 
partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, 
on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of 
that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort 
Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of 
half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who 
was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests 
in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in 
which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- 
sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares 
and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should 
abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the 
lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's oflSce, October 6, 
1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 

The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was 
made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- 
tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his 
death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- 
trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed 
into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is 
known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement 
of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, 
although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at 
various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur 
Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on traffic with 
the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 
1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, liad a station at what is noAV Sandusky, six 
miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- 
tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. 

The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. 
Muir, a surgeon in the LTnited States army, who had been stationed at Fort 
Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk 
now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- 
acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had 
married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following 
romantic account is given : 

The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native 
name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- 
moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, 
according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, slie had seen her future 
husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized 
him as the hero of her dream, wliich, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to 
him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- 
tion, the doctor honorably married tier; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 

officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and 
when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the 
opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little 
dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- 
trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a 
lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when 
speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " AVhen I got there 
1 was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her 
to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- 
sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 
1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother 
officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. 

After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis 
Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he 
priicticed his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to 
him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary 
and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition 
that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, andjiis brave and faithful wife, left friendless and 
penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to 
her people on the Upper Missouri. 

Messrs. Reynolds k Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, 
subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with 
his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, 
Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. 

His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831. 
at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk 
now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. 

In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a 
station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir 
having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and 
buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and 
half-breeds. Campbell, Avho had first visited and traveled through the southern 
part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the 
natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. 

Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. 

In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of 
Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- 
buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former 
from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object 
of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were knoAvn to be rich in 
lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was 
therefore eminently desirable. 

In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- 
ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- 
ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street 
Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- 
buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- 
lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- 
ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine 
in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- 
fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior 
for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as 
guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the 
Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good 
will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- 
tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 



168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and otliers, having obtained tlie con- 
sent of tlie Indians, Mr. Langwortliy crossed the Mississippi and commenced 
mining in the vicinity around Dubu(iue. 

At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. 
Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been 
extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State 
or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their 
own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of tlie case 
demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limit's of the 
present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They 
met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at 
what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- 
sisting of J. L. Langwortliy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, 
and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- 
bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- 
ported the following, written by Mr. Langwortliy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- 
ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : 

We, a Comiiiiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by 
which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously 
agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with 
the following exceptions, to wit : 

Articlt; I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working 
said ground one day in six. 

Artitlk ir. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners 
present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- 
cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so 
applying. 

The report was accepted by the miners present, Avho elected Dr. Jarote, in 
accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1880, a primitive Legisla- 
ture elected by the people, the law drafted by it being submitted to the people 
for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the 
limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus 
enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus 
elected as duly respected, as any have been since. 

The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own 
on the Avest side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a 
long time, and the new settlement attracted considertdjie attention. But the 
west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- 
ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the 
Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop 
mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. 
The execution of this order was entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- 
mand of the military post at Prairie du Cliien, Avho, early in July, sent an officer 
to the miners Avith orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to 
remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be 
driven off by armed force. The miners, however, Avere reluctant about leaving 
the rich "leads " they had already discovered and opened, and Avere not dis- 
posed to obey the order to remove Avith any considerable degree of alacrity. In 
due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The 
miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three, recrossed the river, and 
from the east bank saAv the troops land on tlie western shore. The three Avho 
had lingered a little too long Avere, however, permitted to make their escape 

* Established by the Superiiitemlent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever River. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 

unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to 
prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, 
and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white 
occupants. 

In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the 
annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the 
west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- 
tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to 
the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- 
tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned 
and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared 
large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on 
the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners 
were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that 
the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although 
they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again 
ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, 
troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. 
This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. 
They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It 
must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase 
had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, 
and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this 
rigorous action of the Government can be given. 

But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. 
Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, 
removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, 
in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of 
their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty 
went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- 
worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand 
pounds of lead. 

Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. 
Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons 
and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on 
the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority Avas sternly 
rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- 
son, Avho pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only 
waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. 

June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops were withdrawn, 
and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed 
possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the 
first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. 
Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a 
system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that 
which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas 
and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the 
miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and 
enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to 
sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds 
for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. 
This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 



170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 
per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among 
the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They 
thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way 
for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- 
ment tax upon their means of subsistence, Avhen the Federal Government could 
better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- 
ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished 
in about ten years. 

During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- 
dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them 
from Galena. 

In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house 
in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving 
City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he 
first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small 
school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, 
wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every 
part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored 
with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, 
while on a trip over the Dubuque k Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, 
and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. 

Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most Avorthy, gifted and 
nifluential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented 
by many friends, in June, 1865. 

The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting 
held in 1834. 

in 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of ^ontrose. 
In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry 
was stationed here, under the command .of Col. Stephen W. Kearney." The 
soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. 

During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, 
Zachariali Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, 
Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort 
Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel 
Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots 
were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United 
States Government. 

At the close of the Black Hawk War. parties who had been impatiently 
looking across upon " Flint Hills," now Bui'lington, came over from Illinois 
and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who 
erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, 
David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the 
river, at a place since known as thefaim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of 
that year, they were driven off" by the military from Rock Island, as intruders 
upon the riglits of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. 
He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon 
as the Indian title Avas extinguishod, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White 
was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town 
of Burlington in 1834. 

All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking 
into Iowa. Immediately after tiic treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 

ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the' 
thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had 
established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of' 
Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. 
In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the 
foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual 
settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this 
part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. Johu Sullivan, Mulli- 
gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, 
H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and 
Dr. E. S. Barrows. 

The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. GSorge Daven- 
port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- 
der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine 
LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- 
pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : 
'' Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father 
was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief. In 1818, 
he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock 
Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man 
of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter 
of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two 
sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at 
Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also 
reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He 
received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black 
Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the 
land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 
1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- 
tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." 

In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, 
on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further 
settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. 

In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 
1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first 
settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, II. Reece, Jona Petti- 
bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. 
Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. 

During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, 
built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some 
timber since known as Eads' Grove. 

The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833.. Milo H. 
Prentice was appointed Postmaster. 

The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as 
"a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and 
the Indians still remainmg there." 

The first Methodist. Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on 
the 18th of May, 1881, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that 
year. 

The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834, 

The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated 
at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 



172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Tlic first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners 
in 1833. 

The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer 
of 1834. 

The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- 
manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. 

The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, 
in 1832. - 

The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
Dubu(iue, in 1834, 

The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. 
John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. 

The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and 
enterprising people. 

As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading 
post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as 
" Mvnster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and 
had "probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of 
the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, 
an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped 
in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- 
Avav. and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the 
bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part 
of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to 
Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers 
in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons 
under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted 
for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five 
miles above Omalia, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had 
reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a 
crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their 
journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and 
settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- 
ment of this strange community was at a place first called "Miller's Hollow," 
on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in lienor of Col. Kane, of 
Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement 
extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and 
water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was 
installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State 
remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- 
talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde 
started a paper called the Frontier Guardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after 
many of tlie faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons 
in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not 
all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 
1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated 
that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked 
in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. 

May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on 
board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, 
Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River 
to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 

Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort 
Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time 
they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its 
confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the 
arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, 
by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. 

Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. 
Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander 
Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. 

The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- 
prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of 
the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more 
fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy 
peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds 
been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence 
and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- 
tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked 
higher in the scale of intelligence and moral Avorth than the pioneers of Iowa, 
who came to the territory Avhen it was an Indian country, and through hardship, 
privation and suflFering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous 
commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter 
of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- 
tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise 
statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial 
jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been 
able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and 
industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has 
taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. 



TERRITORIAL HISTORY. 

By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United 
States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the 
Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act 
of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was 
divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third 
parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed 
under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. 

In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- 
ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, 
and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a 
State, March 2, 1821, "Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political 
orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk 
purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north 
of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. 
L^p to this time there had been no county or other oi*ganization in what is now 
the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed 
and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, 
however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the 
west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated 
by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 



174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

partially organized. Jolin King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque 
County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two 
Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. 

On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- 
zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan 
Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the eiForts of Gen. Jones, 
Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into 
operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in 

THE TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN, 

of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- 
tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William 
C. Frazer, Associate Justices. 

September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory 
to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the 
counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two 
counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House 
of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be 
held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on Avhich day the following members 
of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two 
counties in the Black Hawk purchase : 

Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- 
Craney. House : Loring W^heeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick 
Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. 

Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, 
Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L, Jenkins, 
John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Keynolds, David R. Chance. 

The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- 
sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. 
Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of 
the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. 

The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. 
Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington ; com- 
menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. 

During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, 
the county of Des Moines Avas divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, 
Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined 
their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in 
Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, 
Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- 
daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years 
afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. 

The ((uestion of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then 
a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 
1887. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- 
lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a 
Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- 
consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then 
in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of 
Dubuque; then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now W^isconsin, was 
Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and 
successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 

lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," "was approved June 12, 1838, to take 
eftect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced 
"all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- 
sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or 
sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided 
for a Governor, whose terra of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, 
Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should 
serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white 
male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, 
of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, 
to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, 
and ^20,000 for the erection of public buildings. 

President Van Burcn appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be 
the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, 
was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, 
Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of 
Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Var, 
Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au 
gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Mc 
Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District 
Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charleti 
Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, alsd 
died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameu 
Clarke, editor of the Gazette, Avas appointed to succeed him. 

Immediately after his arrival. Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for tho 
election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtk 
of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and 
appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo 
elected, at Burlington. 

The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at 
Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : 

Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram, 
Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M 
Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stepheij. 
Hempstead. 

House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, Jame« 
Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, 
George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,^ 
William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, 
William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel 
Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas 
Cox and Hardin Nowlin. 

Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the 
Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, 
was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of 
Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- 
mously and the latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics 

*Cynis S. Jacobs, who was elected for Pes Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington 
before tlie meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. 

f Samuel K. Murray was returned as elected from Cliuton County, but hia seat was successfully contested by 
Burchard. 



176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the 
Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. 

At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- 
gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William 
W. Chai)man and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of 
Henry County, and P. II. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, 
receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. 

The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- 
ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited 
veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make fixe use of it, and the 
independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, 
and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- 
lative dei)artments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, 
amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the 
two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates. 

Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of 
the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for 
which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, 
had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a 
central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or 
thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- 
sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some 
central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location 
supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided 
between Burlington and ]Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the 
proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties 
were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The 
central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act 
was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubu(|ue County ; John Ronalds, 
of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, 
to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- 
son County. 

Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of 
Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the 
special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 
4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future 
Iowa City, was designated as the county scat, temporarily. 

Tlien there existed good reason fur locating the capital in the county. The 
Territory of Iowa was bounded on tlie north by the British Possessions ; east, by 
the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn due north to the 
northern boundary of the United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and Avest, 
by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- 
disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as 
the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the 
geograpliical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical 
center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line 
between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the 
treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. 

The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 
acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect 
public buildings thereon, Congress having granted a section of land to be 
selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 

leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- 
ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- 
ately surveyed it and laid oft' the town. The first sale of lots took place August 
16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the 
geographical center of the section, Avhere a square of ten acres on the elevated 
grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is 
located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which 
assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to 
adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost wdien complete should 
not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater 
expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for tlie building wei-e designed 
and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 
1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. 
Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the 
address on that occasion. 

When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 
1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa 
City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- 
izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the 
unsold lots of Iowa City being the security off'ered, but only $5,500 was- 
obtained under the act. 

THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. 

The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri 
was adiflScult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from 
taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the 
boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed 
a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- 
souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the 
parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. 
The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des 
Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the 
rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed 
in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from 
the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosaucjua, thus taking from 
Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her 
northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the 
disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by 
distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were 
not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs 
of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of 
Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of 
Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made 
active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men Avere enlisted, and 
500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend 
the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, 
Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to 
Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to eff"ect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment 
of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners 
of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, 
and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 



178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the 
final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but 
afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, whicli Avas insti- 
tuted, and Avhich resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, 
William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed 
Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks 
that "■ the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by 
the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots Avho furnished 
supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." 

The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on 
which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. 
Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by 
providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries 
during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- 
ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman 
has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. 

Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, 
the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and tlie 
purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. 
The judiciary power Avas vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate 
Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate Avas made divisible by will, and 
intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder Avas made punishable 
by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free 
schools, open for every class of Avhite citizens, Avas established. Provision Avas 
made for a system of roads and highAvays. Thus under the territorial organi- 
zation, the country began to emerge from a savage Avilderness, and take on the 
forms of civil government. 

By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands Avhich had been purchased 
of the Indians Avere brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque 
and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, Avhich 
greatly aided the settlers, Avho Avere noAv coming in by thousands, to make their 
homes on the fertile prairies of loAva — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the 
country had spread far and Avide; even before the Indian title was extinguished, 
many Avere crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their 
claims on the choicest spots they could find in the ncAV Territory. As 
soon as the country Avas open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk 
Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and 
out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged Avith eager land 
hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It Avas a sight to delight the 
eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque 
hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could 
reach, Avith a soil surpassing in richness anytliing Avhich they had ever seen. It 
is not to be Avondered at that immigration into Iowa Avas rapid, and that Avithin 
less tlian a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred 
and fifty thousand people. 

As rapidly as the Indian titles Avere extinguished and the original owners 
removed, the resistless tide of emigration floAved Avestward. The folloAving extract 
from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shoAvs how the immigrants gathered 
on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : 

In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States 
made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the 
remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 

possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the 
ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Kedrock, until October 11, 1845. 
These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As 
soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to 
Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- 
ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the 
line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The 
country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had 
prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. 

To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed 
piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve 
o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, 
it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- 
tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of 
curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, 
numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence Between 
midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had 
settled on their new purchase. 

While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive 
and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, 
who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great 
Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious riles were performed to atone for 
the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian 
camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears; and when their cavalcade was 
put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the 
entire procession. 

The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through 
Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon 
Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the 
red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before 
described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New 
Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- 
eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was 
extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at 
public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase 
public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not 
sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good 
faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per 
acre. The " claim laws" were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the 
" eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural 
rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. 

The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed oificers, 
and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and 
recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of «Z^ to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the 
lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty 
and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to 
trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order 
and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, 
the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and 
in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- 
port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, c. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court 
held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- 
tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that 
" spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct 
line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay 
even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. 

Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and 
courage and their family jewels, " the pledges of love," and the " consumers of 
bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, 
and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic 
imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. 

An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, 
says: 

Well do the "old settlers "' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. 
Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 



180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, 
we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps 
on the willows." 

Another, from another part of the State, testifies : 

There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 
per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist 
Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part 
of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 
100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. 

Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : 

Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats 
could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, f 1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a 
man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with 
legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed " the times 
that tried men's souls." 

"A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to 
their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders 
of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and 
the reward of their self-denial." 

On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at 
the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the 
Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that 
purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of 
Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- 
sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at 
$83,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for 
$15,600. 

During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new 
quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the '" Old 
Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent 
building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, 
and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- 
lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- 
mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly 
$6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large 
sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- 
ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were 
constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 
and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the 
funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city 
lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from 
scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots 
when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for 
bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Jjouis. To 
meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for 
which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, 
amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash 
actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements 
amounted to very nearly $24,000. 

With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very 
accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have 
been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 

Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of 
Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. 



STATE ORGANIZATION. 

By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 

1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for 
the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was 
submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April 
following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates 
elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. 
On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and 
adopted the first State Constitution. 

The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to 
transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be 
by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- 
vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that 
might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval 
or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. 

The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- 
lows : 

Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the 
Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel 
thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John 
C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner 
of Missouri ; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River ; thence 
up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or 
Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Petera River, 
where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the 
middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi 
River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. 

These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 

1845, a State called Iowa Avas admitted into the Union, provided the people 
accepted the act, bounded as follows : 

Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence 
by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of 
the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where 
it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian 
of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri; 
thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des 
Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. 

These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern 
boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would 
have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The 
western boundary would have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth 
County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- 
come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress 
and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 
7,656 to 7,235. 

A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day 
of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the 
new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people 
for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 
votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution '* 



182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved 
December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American 
Union. 

Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held 
an election under the new Constitution on the 26tli day of October, and elected 
Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; JosepL^.. 
Tales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with 
a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- 
ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. 

The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen 
Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 
1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. 

At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported 
that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from 
storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete 
it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly 
responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. 
At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The 
western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toAvard 
the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress 
had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and 
tow^ard the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location 
of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State 
University, Avhich had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of 
discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. 
It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to 
make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and 
eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by 
Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the 
land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. 
Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and 
make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both 
Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a 
law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State University," 
approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, 
together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted 
for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General 
Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. 

The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four 
sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in 
what is now Des Moines Township, and tlie others in Fairview Township, in the 
southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City 
and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally 
through them. Here a toAvn was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of 
lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were 
not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) 
amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the 
Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made 
a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- 
tion was generally condemned. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 

"When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- 
ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and 
while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as 
the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee 
of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe Avas under 
water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the 
instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. 
By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been 
made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- 
ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- 
ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building 
and grounds by the University, 

At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the 
State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 
$4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the Avhole cost 
$123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but 
principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. 

But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was 
not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to 
Bella and to Fort Des Moines, The latter appeared to have the support of the 
majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its 
third reading. 

At the next session, in 1858, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the 
removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, 
was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the effort was more 
successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital 
within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- 
ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected 
in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated 
to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of 
citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at 
a nominal rent. 

The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State 
assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by 
this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, 
when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 
" against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- 
mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. 

Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on 
the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, 
declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. 

The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- 
tinued thi'ough the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude; there 
was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually 
disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; 
and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State 
Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- 
posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this 
passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, 
the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, 
mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of 
the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 



184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, 
the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the 
rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- 
ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. 

Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the 
fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the 
seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used 
for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate 
for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, 
large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General 
Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board 
of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel 
Merrill, ex officio. President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. 
Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine ; 
James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, 
Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, 
Secretary. 

The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the 
best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most 
approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State 
officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the 
State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and 
should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first 
appropriated was ^150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be 
made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the 
State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn 
and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, 
which were accepted by the board, and on the 2od of November, 1871, the cor- 
ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present 
value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. 

From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern 
part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon 
the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of 
militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the 
murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled 
when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted 
to protect tlie settlers. 

" The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the 
Chicago k Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the 
Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad 
bridge, tiiat was to be the first to S})an the "Father of Waters," was laid with 
appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- 
prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful 
effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis 
repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. 
On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was- completed to Iowa City. 
In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were 
being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad 
had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- 
ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the 
United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



185 



railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the 
proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July 
of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed 
to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had 
increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a 
railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and 
center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, 
began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as 
if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed 
in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, 
or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and 
barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the 
spirit of speculation ruled the hour. 

" In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of 
the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in 
the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad 
companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous 
county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities 
tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- 
ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these 
bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county 
authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid 
even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely 
removed 

The first railroad across the State Avas completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- 
uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not 
a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 
miles in successful operation. 

GROWTH AND PROGRESS. 

When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of 
that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10.531. 
The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected 
by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial 
Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the 
population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased 
to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following 
table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa 
Territory : 

Year. Population. 

1852 ; 230,713 

1854 826,013 

1856 519.055 

1859 638,775 

1860 674,913 

1863 701,732 

1865 754,699 

1867 902,040 

The most populous county in the State is Dubuqne. Not only in popula- 
tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has 
Iowa made rapid progress. In a little moi'e than thirty years, its wild but 
beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- 
ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize 
the older States. 



Year. Population. 

1838 22,589 

1840 43,115 

1844 75,152 

1846 97,588 

1847 116,651 

1849 152,988 

1850 191,982 

1851 204,774 



Year. Population. 

1869 1,040,819 

1870 1,191,727 

1873 1,251,333 

1875 1,366,000 

1876 

1877 ". 



186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- 
sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school 
houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught 
the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; 
high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; 
manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities 
and towns. 

Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as 
a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- 
passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; 
and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of 
mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty- 
loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the 
future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her 
present citizens. 

Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it 
is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white 
settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was 
only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- 
lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fiiirly put 
upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible 
mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the " Star of Empire " 
had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty 
empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The 
Great American Desert." 

Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five 
millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread 
American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of 
Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to 
the golden shores of the Pacific. 



THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. 

Ames, Story County. 

The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by an act 
of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was 
appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane 
Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. 
F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; 
the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- 
bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board 
met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and 
Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jefterson and Tama 
Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens 
and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site 
for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were 
erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the 
endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, an8 195,000 acres 
were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett 
was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- 
bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T 

In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, 
Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, 
of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- 
ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The $20,000 
appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- 
dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation 
of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. 

Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State 
over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- 
vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition 
for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the 
college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the 
population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or 
beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, 
except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. 

The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following 
branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit GroAving, 
Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, INIeteorology, 
Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- 
veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected 
Avith agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time 
prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. 

The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- 
ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies 
are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is 
also an " out-law " called the "ylTil, Chapter Omega." 

The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, 
Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, 
Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. 
E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William T>. Lucas, Treasurer. 

Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of 
Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of INlili- 
tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- 
mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., INIechanical Engineering and Superintendent of 
AVorkshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., 
Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, 
Horticulture ; J. K. Macomber, Physics ; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and 
Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in 
French and Mathematics. 

THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 

loiva City, Johnson County. 

In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory 
of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared 
that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means 
of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 
20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized "to set apart and re- 
serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to 
which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- 
propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 



188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and 
for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be h)cated in tracts of not less than an 
entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into Avhich the pub- 
lic land are authorized to be surveyed." 

William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the 
Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north 
of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the 
Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the 
Assembly, John M. Whitakerof Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected 
the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. 

In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the 
people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- 
cordance withits terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon 
as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the 
funds of the university derived from the lands. 

The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established 
the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, 
"with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." 
The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which 
they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how- 
ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the 
capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the 
University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the 
Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent 
of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made 
for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds 
arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be 
under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as 
soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the 
University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty 
students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the 
University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it 
by the State. 

Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas 
Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. 
Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George 
Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of 
Trustees. 

The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- 
ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. 

In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal 
Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and 
the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to 
funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City 
"This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, Avith equal 
rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- 
ience 7nai/ hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." 

The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- 
tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and 
Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr, Henn was elected 
President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres 
of land were purciiased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 

This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt 
more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This 
branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, 
and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- 
eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. 

The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, 
Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as 
Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. 

The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount 
Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to 
be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- 
ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- 
ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens 
should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. 
The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was 
organized Nov. 21, 1849; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- 
ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was 
never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This 
school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge 
of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 
1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. 
Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 
1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and 
Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from 
the University Fund. From that time they made no further efi'ort to 
continue in operation. 

At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, 
the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established 
at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- 
nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was 
the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical 
Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- 
sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly 
confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, 
placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of 
the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- 
nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. 

From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- 
tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was 
no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially 
opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, 
N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The 
University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation 
until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and 
Guffin. 

In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; 
but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated 
by the State until December, 1857. 

In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the 
University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 



190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and 
forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular 
catalogue "was published. 

At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the 
first degree conferred by the Board. 

Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force 

September 3, 1857, provided as follows : 

The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; 
anJ the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. 

Article XI, Section 8, provided that 

The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city 
of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of 
Johnson. 

The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the 
Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected 
from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with 
" full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- 
tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject 
to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested 
with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. 

In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of 
the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, 
and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, 
and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, 
and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs 
and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- 
poses. 

The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 
1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, 
to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. 

March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted 
a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from 
the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- 
pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection 
of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. 

The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized 
April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its 
fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should 
be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- 
ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- 
cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close 
of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At tliis meeting, a reso- 
lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the 
existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them 
to the Normal Department. 

At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of 
Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- 
ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- 
bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi 
P. Aylworth, Cellina II. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney 
and Sylvia M. Thompson. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 

An " Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of 
Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of 
March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and 
manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be 
admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board 
no discretion in the matter. 

The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- 
tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it 
was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting 
of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal 
Department in operation ; and at a special meetmg, October 25, 1859, it was 
decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned 
as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected 
President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. 

At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and 
the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 
(third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may 
be said to commence. 

August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned, Prof. Oliver M. Spencer 
was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred 
upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. 

At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in 
the Collegiate Department. 

The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of 
Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly 
resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- 
proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as 
the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of 
the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, 
the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. 

President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for 
fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof. Nathan R. Leonard was elected 
President ^;ro tern. 

The North Hall was completed late in 1866. 

At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer 
(absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President joro 
tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D, D., Vice President of Wash- 
ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered 
upon his duties in September, 1868. 

The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- 
lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, 
which had been in successful operation for three years, under the management 
of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by 
which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- 
partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the 
President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and 
Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. 

Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during 
the year ending June, 1877, there Avere 103 students in this department. 

At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- 
mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 



192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the 
Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and 
recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the 
commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. 
Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. 

By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board 
of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since 
that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of 
Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected 
Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. 

Dr. 131ack tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the 
Board, held August 18, 1870, to take effect on the 1st of December following. 
His resignation was accepted. 

The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the 
Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 
1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. 

March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- 
sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- 
ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. 

In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and 
the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform 
its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- 
lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," 
at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, 
who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck 
was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. 

Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected 
in his stead. 

At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was 
established. 

In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of 
the State with the University. 

In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- 
nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- 
ident. 

In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of 
the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : 

TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. 

PRESIDENTS. 

FROM TO 

James Ilarlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 

Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 

James D. Kads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 

Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 

Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 

. Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 1863 

Francis Springer 1863 1864 

William IM. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 

Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 

Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 

Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio 1876 1877 

Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 

John H. Gear 1878 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193- 

VICE PRESIDENTS. FROM TO 

Silas Foster 1847 1851 

Robert Lucas 1851 1853 

Edward Connelly 1854 1855 

Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 

SECRETARIES. 

Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 

Anson Hart 1851 1857 

Elijah Sells 1857 1858 

Anson Hart 1858- 1864 

William J. Haddock 1864 

TREASURERS. 

Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 

Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 

Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 

Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 

William Crura 1862 1868 

Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 

John N. Coldren 1876 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 

Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 

Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 

James Black, D. D 1868 1870 

George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 

C. W. Slagle 1877 

The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, 
nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and si.x Instructors 
in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the 
Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of 
Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in 
the Homoeopathic Medical Department. 



STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- 
torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the 
commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, 
embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, 
charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- 
trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from 
oblivion the memory of the early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve various 
accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and 
statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the 
Indian tribes of Iowa; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present 
resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society 
as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding 
its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary 
incidental expenses of the Society. 

There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly 
shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the 
management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of 
whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the 
Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 



194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding 
the last AVednesday in June of each year. 

The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- 
tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a 
large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under 
the title of " Annals of Iowa." 



THE PENITENTIARY. 

Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. 

The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in 
Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the 
Oovernor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- 
proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided 
for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should 
direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile 
of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort 
Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign 
them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. 
To the Directors Avas also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter 
to appoint his own assistants. 

The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They 
made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- 
zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of 
land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the 
building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- 
tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. 
It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house 
were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to 
time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan 
of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary 
for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- 
perience in prison management have been gained. 

It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are 
called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best 
subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- 
tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, 
but Iowa iias adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- 
ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The 
labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the LTnited 
States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount 
therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the 
supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. 

While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it 
still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will 
treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness 
in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- 
posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into 
competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the 
State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of 
the future. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 

It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live 
in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- 
est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as 
well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The 
State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him 
for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the 
criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what 
justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand 
that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is 
as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and 
his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion 
of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should 
be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of 
imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat 
Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with 
no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," 
be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep 
their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them 
to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. 



ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. 

Located at Anamosa, Jones County. 

By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, 
William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- 
sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional 
Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of 
the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by 
the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of 
Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was 
commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 
1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison 
Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 
663 feet. 

IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 

Momit Pleasant, Henry County. 

By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, 
^4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building 
an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee 
County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the 
institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- 
ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a 
building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- 
chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- 
tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an 
appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 
to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by 
patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- 
dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 



196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

McGugin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua ; 
John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., 
of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant 
Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. 
The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients 
were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became 
Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was 
destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 
1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged 
recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; 
total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 
1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 
122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. 
Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 
cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- 
makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 
7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- 
ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. 

Trustees, 1877 : — T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant ; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, 
Secretary, Mt. Pleasant ; William C. Evans, West Liberty ; L. E. Fellows, 
Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. 

Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. 
Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant 
Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- 
son, Steward ; Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, 
Chaplain. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 

Independence, Buchanan County. 

In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the 
Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was 
made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, 
of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed 
Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark 
died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- 
dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. 

The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of 
June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed 
required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 
320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be offered 
by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were oftered, 
but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of 
Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of 
northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- 
tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. 
This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile 
from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. 

Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, 
specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, Avere sub- 
mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, 
who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 

was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con- 
tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced 
work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The 
main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at 
Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the 
immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. 

In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called 
the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These 
Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. 
C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board 
was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. 
Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- 
urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- 
ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- 
ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, 
and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was 
elected Secretary, At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected 
Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, 
Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant 
Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. 

In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, 
of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside Avails of the 
two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. 
The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was 
completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by 
patients in the Fall. 

In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for 
occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). 

October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, 
and it is now overcrowded. 

The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. 
Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- 
dence ; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence ; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort 
Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, 
M. D., West Union. 

RESIDENT OFFICERS. 

Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant 
Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. 

IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. 

Vinton, Benton County. 

In August, 18.52, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- 
tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. 

By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum 
for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the 
State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils 
April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. 

The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. 
McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen 
Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 



198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Samuel Bacon, Principal; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah 
K. Bacon, IMatron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. 

In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name 
should be changed from " Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for 
the Instruction of the Blind.'** This was done in 1855, when the General As- 
sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for 
each pupil. This Avas subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge 
of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized 
from the sale of articles manullictured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for 
the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although 
Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and 
had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician 
he had few superiors. 

On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- 
ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by tlie citizens of that town. 

In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, 
by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the 
erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan Avas modified, and the con- 
tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. 

In August, 1802, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- 
uiture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in 
October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, 
Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. 

In August, 18G4, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- 
ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. 
Cliapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized 
and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as 
Principal. Mrs. L. S: B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed 
Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. 

Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 18G7, and Gen. James L. Geddes was 
appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was 
succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, 
and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 

1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 

1876, and Avas succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, 
when the present incumbent, Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. 

Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. II. Watson, Treasurer; 
II. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. 

FacuItJ/. — Principal, Rev. Robert^Carotliers, A. M. ; Matron, IMrs. Emeline 
E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, 
Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- 
tice, Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. 

The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed 
their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs 
of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; 
yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of tiie State, and shows an utter 
disregartl of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why 
$282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two 
and a h:ilf acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- 
sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars 
a year for each pupil. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 

INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 

Council Bluffs, Pottaivattomie County. 

The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City 
by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number 
of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 
50. The first Board of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. Kirk wood, Hon. E. 
Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. 
Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board 
appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the 
Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to 
the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class 
under his charge. 

A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to 
Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building 
rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, 
and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature 
appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- 
sioners selected ninety acres of land about tAvo miles south of the city of Coun- 
cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, 
and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main 
building and east wing were destroyed by fire; and August 6 following, the 
roof of the new west wing was blown off and the Avails partially demolished by 
a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils Avere in 
attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of 
scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a AA^eek or tAvo the school was in run- 
ning order. 

The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 
1857-8 was not Avell pleased Avith the condition of affairs, and reported that the 
building (Avest wing) Avas a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful 
workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management 
were very essential. 

Trustees, 1S77-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; 
Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. 

Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, 
Conrad S. Zoi'baugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, 
Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, 
N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. 

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. » 

Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glcnwood. 

The moA'ement Avhich culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- 
stitution Avas originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil Avar of 
1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on 
the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support 
and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of loAva, who had fallen 
in defense of national honor and integrity. So great Avas the public interest in 
the movement that there Avas a large representation from all parts of the State 
on the day named, and an association was organized called the loAva State Or- 
phan Asylum. 



200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. 
G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. 
Cattell, INlrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- 
responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton ; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board 
of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcorab, 
Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, 
Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. 

The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- 
sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General 
Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. 
Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected 
with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. 

At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to 
commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- 
kuk, Avas Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, 
and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building 
in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
Steward. 

At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, 
Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George 
Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- 
sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next 
meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the 
Institution to loAva Orphans' Home. 

The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 1 3th day 
of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to 
receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- 
ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time 
of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- 
tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. 

Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, Avas appointed Matron. She resigned, 
in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont 
County. 

The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, 
until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General 
Assembly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different 
counties, and which were established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, 
Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. 

The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight 
and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted 
of one person from each county in which such Home was located, and one for 
the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were 
elected and (jualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan 
actually supported was made by the General Assembly. 

The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building 
was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first 
children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- 
mates. 

October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about 
two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but 
in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar 
Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that purpose. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 

By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at 
Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 
1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that 
place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 
1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, 
were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, 
and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent 
children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial 
pursuits. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. 

Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- 
lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required 
the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their 
charge to the Directors of the new institution. 

The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- 
ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, 
and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the 
property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted 
for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected 
Principal of the School. 

On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and 
teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward 
and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. 

The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- 
priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, 
commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The 
second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during 
the third term. 

The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : 

Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term 
expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, 
Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 
1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm 
Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. 

Board of Officers. — J. J. Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; 
William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar 
Falls. 

Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professor of Mental and 
Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- 
guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; 
Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, 
Professor of Music. 

ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. 

Glenwood^ Mills County. 

Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved 
March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded 
children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 



202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The 
asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of 
whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 
and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- 
ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and |2,000 for salaries of 
officers and teachers for two years. 

Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and 
W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at 
Glen wood, April 2G, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, 
Treasurer, and ]\Ir. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm 
which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The 
fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the win- 
dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, 
cellars reeking with ofiensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- 
able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump 
demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst 
possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house 
tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request 
of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, 
visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much 
assistance. 

0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, 
and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. 
Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, 
Teacher. 

The Institution Avas opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted 
September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, 
which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 
1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and 
in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. 

THE REFORM SCHOOL. 

Eldora, Hardin County. 

By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile 
Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a 
State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of 
Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the 
purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept 
the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at 
Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the 
Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a 
temporary establishment. 

The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- 
tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was 
received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children 
of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they 
are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. 

April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location 
for the school, and §45,000 Avas appropriated for the erection of the necessary 
buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to 
organize a school for girls in the buiklings where the boys were then kept. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 

The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code 
of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. 

The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no 
compensation for their services. 

The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age 
of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees 
shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and 
morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age 
and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- 
turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and 
capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future 
benefit of the boys and girls. 

A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- 
plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, 
until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or 
legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, 
or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties 
incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. 

This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further 
advances wdl be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their 
labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. 

FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. . 

Hear Ajiamosa, Jones County. 

The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for 
the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of 
Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide 
for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- 
priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first 
act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, 
Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of 
Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. 
These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the 
election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, 
and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. 

The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the 
Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by 
law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- 
tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this 
meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; 
to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and 
prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters 
of the State. 

In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, 
and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 
20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the 
first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied 
with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- 
eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 



204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed 
witliin the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 
80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of 
other species. 

By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should 
be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, 
and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on 
which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. 

In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the 
Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of 
small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned 
into the Mississippi. 

In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout 
were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of 
stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the 
speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were 
distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. 

At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- 
cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- 
thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important 
service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. 

The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the 
catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each 
year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. 



THE PUBLIC LANDS. 

The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, 
are as follows : 

1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 

2. The 16th Section Grant. 

3. The Mortgage School Landg. 

4. The University Grant. 
6. The Saline Grant. 

6. The Uea Moines River Grant. 

7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 

8. The Swamp Land Grant. 

9. The Railroad Grant. 

10. The Agricultural College Grant. 

I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. 

When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 
600,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 
1841, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land 
for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage 
of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been 
granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands 
were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were 
granted. 

The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together 
with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of 
schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout 
the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 

a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the 
selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 
1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superinteudent of Public 
Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with 
exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of 
School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in 
each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with 
the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees were 
made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no 
further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 
3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to 
the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. 

II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. 

By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there 
was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where 
that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. 
The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale 
of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The 
control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners 
of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the 
County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the 
supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. 

III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. 

These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands 
that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid 
off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the 
law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, 
persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof 
with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two 
good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be 
situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by 
three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was 
made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board 
of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of 
title connected with the school fund, for examination. 

When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and 
no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of 
Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to 
secure said fund ; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school 
fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when 
service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and 
enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any 
such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, 
on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the 
interests of said fund may require, and if struck oft* to the State the land shall 
be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands 
are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including 
■description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 



206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. 



By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two 
f^ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support 
■)f a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land 
was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used 
for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental 
to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant Avas renewed, and it 
was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such 
university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." 

Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : 

ACRES. 

In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 

In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 

In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 .• 2,571.81 

In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 

In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 

Total 45,957.94 

These lands wxre certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University 
lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of 
Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected 
and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 
acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. 

V. — SALINE LANDS. 

By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was 
granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. 
By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs 
to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, 
to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of 
these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- 
ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the 
saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 
1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of 
the State University. These lands Avere located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, 
Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. 

VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. 

By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made 
for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the 
purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its 
mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, 
of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- 
ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- 
tory by an agent or ai^ents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of 
the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed 
or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said 
improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands 
as shall produce the sum of thirty tliousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- 
ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that 
one-half of said sum has been e.\pended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 

State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount 
expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the 
fact of such expenditure shall iDe certitied as aforesaid. 

Sec. 3. A7id be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever 
remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll 
or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service 
passing through or along the same: Provided ahvays, That it shall not be competent for the said 
Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a pi'ice lower than, 
for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted 
into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become 
the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided 
the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved 
Aug. 8, 1846. 

Bj joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, aipproved January 9, 
1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- 
proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public 
Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the 
Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and 
Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 
1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act 
defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work 
should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be 
sold by the Board. 

Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd 
numbers" throughout the whole exten"^. of the grant, and this selection was ap- 
proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion 
as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the 
mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the 
agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the 
head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General 
Land OSice, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that 
" the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des 
Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of 
Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon 
Forks Avould, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, 
some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th 
of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- 
missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the 
State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of 
January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also 
protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the 
opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in 
Iowa. 

On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office 
directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- 
hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles 
on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 
1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary 
of the Interior a list "showing the tracts, falling within the limits of the Des 
Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April 
following, Mr, Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of 
Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 



208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- 
ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the 
matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. 
Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- 
tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- 
lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the 
question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), Avho, on 
the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend 
above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred 
with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- 
ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. 

October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to 
proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the 
State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, 
or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three 
lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. 

The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and 
all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : 

By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. 

March 10, 1852 143,908.37 " 

By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " 

Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " 

Total 271, 572.24 acres. 

The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in 
their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of 
lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and 
those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness 
then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners 
estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. 

January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell 
" any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than 
$1,300,000." 

On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec- 
tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- 
ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement 
for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des 
Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated 
to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not 
sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- 
provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- 
tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. 

By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of 
the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des 
Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster 
County which had been sohH)y the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, 
but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, 
therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its 
contract with the State. 

March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised 
and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided thr it was limited to 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 

the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by 
him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant 
extended to the northern boundary of the State; the State relinquished its 
claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was 
supposed to be finally settled. 

The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- 
ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption 
and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 
1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to 
time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- 
igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- 
ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final 
sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of 
which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Fork. The last 
certificate of the General Land Ofiice bears date December 30, 1853. 

After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company 
carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement 
progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the 
Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General 
Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State 
had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- 
ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the 
Company. 

March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting 
a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- 
pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat 
and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, 
executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds 
or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,708.64 acres. These deeds were 
intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- 
eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any 
tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of 
conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, 
by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the 
Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. 

Besides the lands deeded to the Co^ipany, the State had deeded to individual 
purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 
571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State 
by the Federal Government. 

By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of 
the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, 
upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des 
Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in 
security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams 
at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand 
dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand 
dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of 
the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of 
the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- 
sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed,, 
claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had 
been settled. 



210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the 
original grant ^vas again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, in 1859-GO, a decision Avas rendered dechiring that the 
grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above 
the Fork had been issued without authority of hiAv and were, therefore, void 
(see 23 How., 66). 

The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, 
according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which 
Avas granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing 
to the State all the title which tlie United States then still retained in the tracts 
of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- 
properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is 
now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. 

In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, 
Congress enacted : 

That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines 
River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- 
tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon 
Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given 
to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines 
& Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of 
the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold 
or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released 
by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 
18fil, the Secretai-y of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within 
said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provide<1, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed 
any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, 
any lands wliich shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this 
act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- 
ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. 

The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint 
resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On 
the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- 
sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners 
were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land 
Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and 
were not to be disposed of until furtlicr legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- 
burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of 
April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres 
from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the 
selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. 

Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, 
grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty 
of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- 
bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles 
derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual 
settlers, Avho had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final 
settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. 

VII. — THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. 

These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress 
in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of 
the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 211 

1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- 
man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school 
lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des 
Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered 
sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that 
act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart 
and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the 
Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified 
copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. 
Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- 
vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, 
killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon 
application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw 
from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, 
on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- 
cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, 
1949.53. 

By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to 
the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion 
of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should 
execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- 
tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; 
third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the said company 
shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton 
Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the 
Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out 
and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties 
interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. 

The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- 
ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon 
them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The 
Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, 
decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases 
where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining 
uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 2Tth of 
August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a 
suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of 
such patents. On the 30tli of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In 
January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the 
court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had 
any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- 
ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, 
the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the 
Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 
1869. 

VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. 

By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Ai-kansas and 
other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all tho swamp 
and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the 
several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 



212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some 
of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required 
a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the 
selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be 
laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faitli ; that she 
had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred 
her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General 
Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected 
by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution 
Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result 
of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, 
immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that 
some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. 
Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter 
parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In 
such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, 
and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the 
claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits 
were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, Avho, for a few dollars, would 
confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- 
tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that 
Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic 
scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of 
March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- 
sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- 
tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department 
in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 
1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- 
bered seciions within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to 
serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended 
nor Avas it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These Avere 
already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to 
receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the 
State the way was opened, and they Avere not slow to enter their claims. March 
4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly 
an opinion that the railroad companies Avere not entitled even to contest the 
right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from 
the Acting Connnissioner of tlie General Land Office expressed the same 
opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, 
expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any 
intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of 
Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- 
tion to these SAvamp lands. 

IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. 

One of the most important grants of public lands to loAva for purposes of 
internal improvement Avas that knoAvn as the " Kailroad Grant," by act of 
Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for 
the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the 
Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte 
River ; from the city of Davenport, via loAva City and Fort Des Moines to 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 

Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with 
the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence 
on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel; 
across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque 
to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the 
mouth of the Tete des Morts, i^o the nearest point on said road, to be com- 
pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section 
of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of 
said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those 
roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- 
emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to 
select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within 
fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States 
within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the 
double minimum price of the public lands Avhen sold, nor were any of said lands 
to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public 
sale at the increased price. 

Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be 
disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say: that a 
quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said 
roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said 
roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the 
Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads 
is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one 
hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous 
miles completed as aforesaid, and included Avithin a continuous length of twenty 
miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said 
roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten 
years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the 
United States." 

At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 
14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to 
the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective 
roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857; and pro- 
vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five 
miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, ] 859, and 
its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the 
State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the 
company so failing. 

The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air 
Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above 
act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the 
Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad 
Company, which accepted them. 

By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- 
pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school 
lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension 
of the time fixed for the completion of its road. 

A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special 
reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the 
act evidently contemplate the sale of them b?/ the State, and the appropriation 
of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 



214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- 
posing of the lands. 

Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the 
State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 
1854, entitled ""An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in 
fee of the lands ivhicli have been or may he certified to them,'' these certified lists, 
the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State 
"the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- 
acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended 
to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the 
character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted 
thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null 
and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." 
Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in 
number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the 
Mississippi* & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen; 
and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to 
the State Avere as follows : 

Burlington & Missouri Eiver R. R 287,095.34 acres. 

Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.30 " 

Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " 

Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " 

A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under 
the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 
1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to 
them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the 
records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under 
the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties 
were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, 
prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp underact of September 
28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 
1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been 
rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as 
railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed 
for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The 
courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the 
State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally 
accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- 
sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and 
powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were 
by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other 
words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the 
grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto 
to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 
1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- 
road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers 
thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition 
to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced 
Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad 
seal of the State. On the 0th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified 
to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 
27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 

lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any 
design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 
1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply 
certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the 
State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists 
embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land 
Grant. 

It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act 
of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the 
grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the 
accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part 
with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it 
was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- 
trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them 
and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- 
ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to 
complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- 
eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- 
gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper 
construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was 
that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the 
lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby 
became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. 

This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- 
sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the 
terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the 
companies and the State. 

The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & 
Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted 
portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as 
nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the 
State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- 
panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what 
had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. 
The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had 
already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant 
within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered 
that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of 
these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also 
provided that " if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- 
tlier sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." 
Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain 
that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the 
State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire 
by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the 
Secretary, of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of 
the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 
2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- 
pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely 
showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- 
tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, 
out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 



21G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had 
not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not 
been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State 
of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per 
mile e((ual to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction 
of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. 

The term " out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold, re- 
served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did 
intend to grant lands already granted, but wdien it declared that the Company 
should have an amount per mile equcd to that originally authorized to be granted, 
it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of tlie 
original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the 
title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the 
United States under the original act, which was not repealed. 

A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. 

Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, and the 
Company was permitted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge 
and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this 
change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- 
inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. 

By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company was author- 
ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or 
person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad 
across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- 
pleted; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities 
and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other 
manner tlian the same would have been acquired by the original grantee." 

Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, 
and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an amount of land per mile 
equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found within 
the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might 
be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands 
belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or 
to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. 

Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa- 
sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- 
ever, recognizing the fact that when the Secretary had certified the lands to the 
State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under 
the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, and also refused 
to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in 
pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the 
title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. 

May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, 
Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the construction of a railroad 
from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western 
Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, 
for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right 
to substitute other lands wlienever it was found that the grant infringed upon 
pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other 
purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in 
lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 

X, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. 

An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the 
General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the 
act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the 
erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- 
gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State 
for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by 
joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed 
transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions 
imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to 
make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of 
the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County 
certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of 
March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of 
the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for 
the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is 
located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and 
two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in 
the success of the enterprise. 

By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to 
each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative 
in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they 
were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing 
colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. 

Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- 
lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, 
and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act 
of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and 
Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the 
mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the 
Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided 
that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp 
lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, 
who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of 
the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- 
priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six 
Representatives in Congress, Avas entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this 
grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. 
Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- 
tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the 
Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, 
these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 
and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 
1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- 
flicted with no other claims under other grants. 

The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but 
as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at 
the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State 
under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows: 

In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. 

In Sioux City Land District 59,025.37 " 

In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 '« 



218 HIOTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, entitled, " An 
act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm 
to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of 
said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands 
were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- 
thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the 
control of the Trustees, lands as follows : 

Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. 

Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 " 

Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " 

Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " 

Total 208,430.30 acres. 

The Trustees opened an oflSce at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W- 
Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- 
ond to none in the United States, Avas planted by the first settlers. They had 
migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older States, where the 
common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing 
with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be 
enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted 
was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is 
justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the 
country. 

Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school 
houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were 
occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the 
first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the moans 
for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings 
for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. 
Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united 
public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time 
only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, 
and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. 
Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa 
been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school 
houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- 
day, the school houses which evei'ywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of 
Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More 
especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish 
appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, 
commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, 
and costing from ^10,000 to ^60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- 
pended more than $10,000, 000 for the erection of public school buildings. 

The first house erected in Iowa Avas a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James 
L. Larigworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was 
completed, George Cabbage was employed as teaclier during the Winter of 
1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught 
the second term with t^cntv-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219' 

commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female 
teacher thei'e, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, 
Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an 
English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of 
schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. 

Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school 
house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the 
Winter of 1834-5. 

The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, 
in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- 
tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. 
The first school in Davenport was taught in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa 
Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. 

When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of 
Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took 
place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty famdies had 
settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse 
Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now 
College street. 

The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. 
Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer 
of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, 
Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school Avas opened 
by Miss Urania Adams. The building was occupied for school purposes for 
nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a 
log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell 
in 1844. 

At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was 
taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, 
in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. 

The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a 
Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not 
quite, all the teachers in that vicinity Avere Mormons. 

The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a 
young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. 
W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. 
Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school 
house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied 
it as teacher. 

During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- 
vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for 
school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- 
appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. 

Iowa Territory Avas created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial 
Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common 
school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, Avhieh shall be 
open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and 
twenty-onie years." The second section of the act provided that " the County 
Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties 
whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the 
voters resident Avithin such contemplated district." These districts Avere gov- 
erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 



220 HISTORY OF THE STATR OF IOWA. 

to maintain school at least three laonths in every year ; and later, laws were 
enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that" 
whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents 
sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. 

When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 
000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- 
tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the 
number had increased to 3,265. 

In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- 
perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that 
" each civil township is declared a school district," and provided tliat these should 
be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and 
reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. 

This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of 
the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. 
An eifort was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- 
district system. Mr. Kissell, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of 
January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual 
message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- 
pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. 

The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in 
which more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. 

The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records 
of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made 
December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a 
few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, 
Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the 
county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular 
institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial 
influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of 
attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able 
to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that '' the sum of 
$150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- 
ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended 
for tliese institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be Iield annu- 
ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. 

No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, Avhen 
an act Avas passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not 
less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. 
The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one 
institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the institute might 
direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to 
defray the expenses of these institutes. 

December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education tliat 
institutes had been appointed in twenty counties Avithin the preceding six months, 
and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. 

The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, 
enacted a code of school hiws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' 
institutes. 

In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by 
appropriating " a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, 
held as provided by law in each county." 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 

In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that " the provision made by the State for the 
henefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the 
people and the teachers, as during the last two years." 

By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in 
each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This Avas 
regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the 
Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal 
School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and 
property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This 
school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment." 

The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various 
officers who are entrusted Avith the educational interests of the commonwealth 
are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. 

" The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. 
The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the 
General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the 
lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands Avas fixed at one dollar 
and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to 
the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent, 
on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this 
fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of 
all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived 
from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which 
cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts 
for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. 
The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State 
Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- 
ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long 
terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the 
amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The 
interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- 
able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all 
money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all 
moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned 
by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- 
portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. 
The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, Avhich is apportioned 
to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also 
levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources 
constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable 
every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school 
each year." 

The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the 
admirable school laAvs of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected 
for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of 
the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are 
the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- 
times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but 
themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of 
Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, 
except in the independent districts,- in which the board may be entirely changed 
every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 



222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board 
of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, 
however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, Avho Avas Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : 

There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there 
would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expended. How- 
ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. 
The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the 
most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often 
found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon 
for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men 
who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. 

At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- 
dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 47C 
graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. 
There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was 
^34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation 
of $28.69 per month. 

The number of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 
567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 
251,372 ; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 
671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, 
valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. 
Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries 
amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, 
libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, 
$1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous 
people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single 
year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was 
$3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. 

In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, 
and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to 
$198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- 
dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries 
twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. 

In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, 
to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to 
$5,197,428. 

The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- 
ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the 
people, all of whom manifest their love of popular education and their faith in 
the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one 
per cent, of their entire taxable property; this, too, uninterruptedly through a 
series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and 
resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in 
business — jears of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and 
even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human 
enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose 
than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the 
purposes of public education. 



HISTOB.Y OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 

POLITICAL RECORD. 

TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 

G-overnors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James 
Clarke, 1845. 

Secretaries— WWYiam B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 
0. H. W. StuU, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse AVilliams, 1845. 

Auditors— Jesse Williams, 1840 ; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843 • Robert M. 
Secrest, 1845. 

Treasurers — Thornton Bajliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. 

Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; 
Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. 

Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 
1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. 
Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen 
Hempstead, 1845-6. 

Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 
1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; W^arner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. Morgan, 
1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. 
McCleary, 1845-6. 

First Constitutional Convention, 184^4- — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. 
S. Hampton, Secretary. 

Second Constitutional Convention, 184-6 — Enos Lowe, President ; William 
Thompson, Secretary. 

OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 
1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1853 to 1860; Sam- 
uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel 
Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John II. 
Gear, 1878 to . 

Lieutenant Cfovernor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 
1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 
1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John 
Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- 
sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. 

Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848 ; 
Josiah H. Bonnev, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 
2, 1850, to Dec. "l, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James 
Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 
1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . 

Auditors of State— 3ose^\\ T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- 
iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. ^tevens, Dec. 4, 1854, 
resigned in 1855 ; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Jonathan 
W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 
to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . 

Treasurers of .SYa^e— Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; 
Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, 
to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 



224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; 

George AV. Bemis, 1877 to . 

Superintendents of Public Instruction— Office created in 1847— James Harlan, 
June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H, Benton, Jr., 
May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, 
March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office 
was abolislied and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the 
Board of Education. 

Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863 ; 
Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. 

Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — 
Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, 
March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 
1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . 

State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, Mav 
1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 
1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; 
James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . 

Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 
13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. 
Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to 
Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. 
Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to 
to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875, to -. 

State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and 
George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Hornish, 
1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter 
Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 
1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 
1872 ; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . 

Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; 
Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61 ; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877 ; 
John H. Looby, 1877 to . 

Attorneys (rmeraZ— David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60 ; 
Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866); 
Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; 
Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. 

Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 
1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- 
well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. 
Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
Senate. 

Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8 ; Smiley H. Bonhan, 
1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 
1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9 ; John 
Edwards, 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-3 ; Jacob Butler, 1864-5 ; Ed. Wright, 
1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Avlett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 
1872-3; John H. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. 

New Constitutional Convention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. 
J. Saunders, Secretary. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. . 225- 

STATE OFFICERS, 1878, 

John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah 
T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George 
W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; 
John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; 
Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; 
John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- 
ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, 
State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and 
Measures ; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary ; Fletcher W. 
Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State;, 
Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- 
ister Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. 

THE JUDICIARY. 

SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. 

Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, 
Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph 
Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 
1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, ta 
Jan., 1864 ; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to Jan., 1866 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, 
to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 
1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph 
M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 
1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 
1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. 

Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 
1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George 
Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to 
succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855; 
Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 
1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 
1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 
1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- 
lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole, March 
1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 
1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed 
Wright. 

SUPREME COURT, 1878. 

James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee 
County, Associate Justice ; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice ; 
William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G. Day, Fre- 
mont County, Associate Justice. 

CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. 

UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

(The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) 

George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- 
lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; 
James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 
Iowa City, elected Jan. 18, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 



226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, 
Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. 
Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 
1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood, March 4, 1877. 

MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Tioenty-ninth Congress — 184-0 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd 
Leffler. 

Thirtieth Congress — 1847 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson ; 
Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirtg-first Congress — 1849 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. 
Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election 
remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. 
Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Tliirtg -second Congress — 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
Second District, Lincoln Clark. 

Thirtg-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
Second District, John P. Cook. 

TJdrtg-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. 
Second District, James Thorington. 

Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. 
Second District, Timothy Davis. 

Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Siwnuel R. Curtis. 
Second District, William Vandever. 

Tldrty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, 
Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- 
son. Second District, William Vandever. 

Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. 
Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth 
District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Thirty-ninth Co7igress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; 
Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wilson ; Sec- 
ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, 
William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; 
Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- 
trict, Charles Pomeroy. 

Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873.— ¥\rst District, George W. Mc- 
Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; 
Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth 
District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W. McCrary; 
Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth 
District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 

* Vacated seat by acceptmco of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 

AVilliam LougliriJge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, 
James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-fourth OoJigress — 1875 to 1877. — First District, George W. Mc- 
Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; 
Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 
Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, 
James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. 

Forty-fifth Congress — 1877 to 1879. — First District, J. C. Stone; Second 
District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. 
Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; 
Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth 
District, Addison Oliver. 

WAR RECORD. 

The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record during the War of the 
Rebellion, from 18G1 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of 
the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. 
P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of " The History of Iowa and the War," one 
of the best works of the kind yet written. 

" AVhether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by 
the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her soldiery in the 
field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration Avas 
conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa 
proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, 
responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First 
Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end 
of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in 
the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were 
hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- 
manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers 
that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an 
additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally 
accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. 
In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon 
after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the 
close of May), the Adjutant General of the State reported that upward of one 
hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve 
against the enemies of the Union. 

" Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments 
for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothino- 
was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the 
different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within 
the limits of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infiintry. 
Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called bv the 
Governor, to convene on the 15th>of May. With but little delay, that body 
authorized a loan of ^800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and 
to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- 
gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor IMerrill, then a resident 
of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a contract to supply a com- 
plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, 
should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 



230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- 
factured in Boston, to hi.s order) Avas delivered at Keokuk, the place at which 
the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the 
contract had been entered into. The remainder arrived only a few days later. 
This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned 
by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been 
adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." 

Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of 
President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- 
federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned 
by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal 
mistakes were liable to be made. 

But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her Avhole duty in common with 
all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled 
to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, 
from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and 
from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile 
Indians, who were' freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the 
presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were 
withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of 
the nation at its very heart. 

To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both 
rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from 
the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip 
two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) 
and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry. were 
enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in time^> of special 
danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for 
assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often 
turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had 
passed. 

" The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received 
on the l-ith of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the 
United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately 
embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two Aveeks later, the 
Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together Avith 
many other of the earlier organized loAva regiments, rendered their fb'st field 
service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army Avith 
which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's 
Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In 
the folloAving month (September), the Third loAva, Avith but very slight support, 
fought Avith honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing; and in 
November, the Seventh loAva, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, 
greatly distinguished itself in the l)attle of Belmont, Avhere it poured out its 
blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. 

" The initial operations in Avhich the battles referred to took place Averc fol- 
lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of 
this State, and other commanders, Avhich resulted in defeating the armies 
defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- 
nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their Avithdrawal from much of 
the territory previously controlled by them in those States. In these and other 
movements, doAvn to the grand culminating campaign by Avliich Vicksburg Avas 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 

captured and the Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi 
River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment 
and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two 
batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery were employed 
on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the 
many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both 
in military and civil circles. Multiplied were the terms in which expression 
was given to this sentiment, but these Avords of one of the journals of a neigh- 
boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the 
spirit of all. 

" In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 
above all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for the national armies, 
the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any 
other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of 
equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of those who 
gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should 
not be left without defenders. 

" In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy 
was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the 
Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great 
river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they 
rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their 
wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. 

" Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole 
term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 
against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were 
among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State 
also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most 
of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. 

" The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, 
and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, 
placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their 
exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. 
Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- 
dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were 
employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, 
and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and 
comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. 

" Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of 
establishino; a Home for such of the children of deceased soldiers as miwht be 
left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the 
following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a 
building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost 
capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, 
and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- 
vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who wei'c 
seeking the benefits of its care. This was done by establishing a branch 
at Cedar Falls, in Black Hawk County, and by securing, during the same 
year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of 
Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by 
act of Congress. 



232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

" In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for tliat purpose, the Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) 
became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were 
appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch Avas established at 
Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- 
ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- 
ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all 
ways the provision made for these wards of the State has been such as to chal- 
lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who 
have been inmates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is 
considerably more than two thousand. 

" At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one 
hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. 
The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine 
regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' 
men ; one regiment of infantry, composed of three months' men; and four regi- 
ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The 
original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred 
and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine 
thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, 
numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army 
and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to 
upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, 
and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed 
borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. 

'■' Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the field. In 
some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small 
amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call 
of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of 
her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, 
to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there 
existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, 
in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where 
subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of 
men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General 
Government for men, on a settlement of her (juota accounts." 

It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal 
States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts 
for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, 
while she was foremost in duty, Avhile she promptly discharged all her obligations 
to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without 
any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- 
menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon 
the Federal (irovernmcnt were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds 
issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping 
her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her 
treasury in consequence of the war. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 

INFANTRY. 

THE FIRST INFANTRl' 

was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three 
months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- 
ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- 
ant, aPj Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company 
B, from Johnson County; Companies D and E, from Des Moines County; 
Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies 
H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- 
tered into LTnited States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. Tlie above com- 
panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered 
their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty 
wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. 

THE SECOND INFANTRY 

was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel; Jas. M. Tuttle, 
of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as 
Major, and was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk in May, 
1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- 
pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from 
Fairfield, Jefi"erson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, 
from Davis County; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from 
Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the 
following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, 
Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, 
Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 
1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, 
Columbia, S. C. ; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march 
to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa 
Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions 
of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, 
Ky., July 12, 1865. 

THE THIRD INFANTRY 

was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John 
Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. N. Stone, of Marion County, 
Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at 
Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion 
County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek 
County ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- 
pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company IT, 
from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and 
Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Blue 
Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Ilatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, 
Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's 
march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. 
The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, 
and mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 12, ISiil. 



234 HISTORV OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

THE FOURTH INFANTRY 

^vas orcranized ^vitll G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluifs, as Colonel ; Jolm 
Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wni. R. English, Glenwood, 
as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- 
racks, Missouri, August 1'), 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was 
mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 186] ; Company C, Guthrie County, 
mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D, Decatur 
County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council 
Bluffs, August 8th; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 
15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August loth ; 
Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th; Company 1. 
Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor and Page 
Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw 
Bayou, Arkansas Post, A^icksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough 
February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in^ the campaign against 
Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas 
to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 
24, 1865. 

THE FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- 
thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, 
as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlingtan, July 
15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper 
County ; Company C, from Louisa County; Company D, from Marshall County ; 
Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- 
pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company 
I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at 
New Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- 
burg, Chickamauga; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- 
veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to 
the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, 
Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. 

THE SIXTH INFANTRY. 

was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. 
McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- 
ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of JJurlington, Major. Company A was from 
Linn County ; Comitany B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, 
from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, 
from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company G, from 
Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des 
Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, 
Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black 
River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 
wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of 
disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, 
which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- 
iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 

THE SEVENTH INFANTRY 

■was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, 
with J. G. Launian, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- 
port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Ma;jor. Com- 
pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd 
Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee 
County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; 
Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ; 
Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which 
it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men), Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Nevf Hope 
Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, 
battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, 
through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered 
out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. 

THE EIGHTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the LTnited States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, 
Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, 
of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. 
Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; 
Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn 
Counties ; Company E, from Marion County ; Company F, from Keokuk 
County ; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties ; Company H. from 
Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- 
isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the 
regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- 
ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, 
April 20, 1866. 

THE NINTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, 
with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, 
Lieutenant Colonel : Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was 
from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, from Bu- 
chanan County ; Company D, from Jones County ; Company E, from Clayton 
County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk 
County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard 
County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- 
ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, 
Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to 
the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered 
out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. 

THE TENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, 
with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, 
as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company 
C, from Tama County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from 
Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 



236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Warren County ; Company H, from Greene County ; Company I, from Jasper 
County ; Company K, from Polk and Madison Counties. Participa'-ed in the 
following engagements : Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg and Mission Ridge. In Septem- 
ber, 1864, the non-veterans being mustered out, the veterans were transferred 
to the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, where will be found their future operations. 

THE ELEVENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, in September 
and October, 1861, with A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Jno. C. Aber- 
crombie, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. Com- 
pany A Avas from Muscatine ; Company B, from Marshall and Hardin Counties ; 
Company C, from Louisa County ; Company D, from Muscatine County ; Com- 
pany E, from Cedar County ; Company F, from Washington County ; Company 
G, from Henry County ; Company H, from Muscatine County ; Company I 
from Muscatine County ; Company K, from Linn County. Was engaged in the 
battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, Atlanta cam- 
naign, battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., 
July 15, 1865. 

THE TWELFTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service November 25, 1861, at Dubuque, 
with J. J. Wood, of Maquoketa, as Colonel ; John P. Coulter, of Cedar Rapids, 
Lieutenant Colonel ; Samuel D. Brodtbeck, of Dubuque, as Major. Company 
A was from Hardin County ; Company B, from Allamakee County ; Company C, 
from Fayette County ; Company D, from Linn County ; Company E, from Black 
Hawk County ; Company F, from Delaware County ; Company G, from Winne- 
shiek County ; Company H, from Dubuque and Delaware Counties ; Company 
I, from Dubuque and Jackson Counties ; Company K, from Delaware County. 
It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, where most of the regiment was 
captured, and those not captured were organized in what was called the Union 
Brigade, and were in the battle of Corinth ; the prisoners were exchanged 
November 10, 1862, and the regiment re-organized, and then participating in 
the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Tupelo, INIiss.; White River, Nashville and 
Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out at Memphis, January 20, 1866. 

THE THIRTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered in November 1, 1861, at Davenport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des 
Moines, as Colonel ; M. M. Price, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel ; John 
Shane, Vinton, Major. Company A Avas from Mt. Vernon ; Company B, from 
Jasper County ; Company C, from Lucas County ; Company D, from Keokuk 
County ; Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Scott and Linn 
Counties ; Company G, from Benton County ; Company II, from Marshall County ; 
Company I, from Washington County; Company K, from Washington County. 
It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, 
Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vicksburg, Campaign against Atlanta. Was on 
Sherman's march to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was 
mustered out at Louisville July 21, 1865. 

TIIH FOURTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered in the United States service October, 1861, at Davenport, with 
Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Edward W. Lucas, of Iowa City, as 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 237 

Lieutenant Colonel ; Hiram Leonard, of Des Moines County, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Scott County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Company 
D, from Henry and Van Buren Counties ; Company E, from Jasper County ; 
Company F, from Van Buren and Henry Counties ; Company G, from Tama and 
Scott Counties ; Company H, from Linn County ; Company I, from Henry 
County ; Company K, from Des Moines County. Participated in the folloAv- 
ing engagements : Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (where most of the regiment 
were taken prisoners of war). Pleasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. De Russey, Tupelo, 
Town Creek, Tallahatchie, Pilot Knob, Old Town, YelloAv Bayou, etc., etc., 
and was mustered out, except veterans and recruits, at Davenport, Iowa, No- 
vember 16, 1864. 

THE FIFTEENTH INFANTKY 

was mustered into the United States service March 19, 1862, at Keokuk, with 
Hugh T. Reid, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Wm. Dewey, of Fremont County, as 
Lieutenmt Colonel ; W. W. Belknap, of Keokuk, as Major. Company A was 
from Linn County ; Company B, from Polk County ; Company C, from Mahaska 
County ; Company D, from Wapello County ; Company E, from Van Buren 
County ; Company F, from Fremont and Mills Counties ; Company G, from 
Marion and Warren Counties ; Company H, from Pottawattamie and Harrison 
Counties ; Company I, from Lee, Van Buren and Clark Counties ; Company K, 
from Wapello, Van Buren and Warren Counties. Participated in the battle of 
Shiloh, siege of Corinth, battles of Corinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- 
lanta, battle in front of Atlanta, July 22, 1864, and was under fire during 
the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the sea, and 
through the Carolinas to Richmond, Washington and Louisville, where it was 
mustered out, August 1, 1864. 

THE SIXTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, December 10, 

1861, with Alexander Chambers, of the regular army, as Colonel; A. H. 
Sanders, of Davenport, Lieutenant Colonel; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, 
Major. Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B. from Scott 
County ; Company C, from Muscatine County ; Company D, from Boone County ; 
Company E, from Muscatine County ; Company F, from Muscatine, Clinton and 
Scott Counties ; Company G, from Dubuque County ; Company H, from Du- 
buque and Clayton Counties ; Company I, from Black Hawk and Linn Counties ; 
Company K, from Lee at d Muscatine Counties. Was in the battles of Shiloh, 
siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a- Jack Creek, battles 
around Atlanta; was in Sherman's campaigns, and the Carolina campaigns. 
Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. 

THE SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and April, 

1862, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel ; D. B. Ilillis, of Keokuk, 
as Lieutenant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. Pleasant, Major. Company 
A was from Decatur County; Company B, from Lee County; Company C, 
from Van Buren, Wapello and Lee Counties; Company D, from Des Moines, 
Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company E, from Wapello County; Com- 
pany F, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- 
pany H, from Marion and Pottawattamie Counties ; Company I, from Jefferson 
and" Lee Counties; Company K, from Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 



238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the following engagements: Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- 
pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., 
Oct. 13, 1864, most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war. Was mus- 
tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. 

THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- 
ton, with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, 
Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company 
A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County : 
Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello 
Counties; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose 
County; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties; Company H, from 
Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- 
pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in 
the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., and was mustered out 
at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. 

THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with 
Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- 
ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was 
from Lee and Van Buren Counties; Company B, from Jeiferson County; Com- 
pany C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Jefferson County ; Com- 
pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, 
from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from 
Van Buren County; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie 
Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition. Sterling Farm, September 29, 1863, 
at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were 
killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven officers and two hundred 
and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they 
were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- 
leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
10, 1865. 

THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with 
Wm. McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel : J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. 
Companies A, B, F, II and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G 
and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles: Prairie 
Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
8, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY 

was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with 
Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of 
Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major. Com- 
pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from 
Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuijue County ; Company D, from 
Clayton County ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Du- 
tuque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, from Dela- 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 2o9 

Avare County ; Company 1, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware 
County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black River 
Bridge, Fort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, 
and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY 

was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with 
Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; Jno. A. 
Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, 
as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson 
County ; Company C, Jasper County; Company D, Monroe County ; Company 
E, Wapello County ; Company F, Johnson County ; Company G, Johnson 
County ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- 
pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- 
pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- 
ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, 
Ga', July 25, 1865. 

THE TAVENTY-THIRD INFANTRY 

was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, Sept. 19, 1862, with 
William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel ; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Cory don, as Major. Companies 
A, B and C, were from Polk County; Company D, from Wayne County; Com- 
pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; 
Company G, from Jasper County; Company H, from Madison County; Com- 
pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in 
Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- 
burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- 
burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 

THE TWENTY-FOURTH 

was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, 
with Eber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount 
Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. 
Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, 
from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar 
Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and H, from 
Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones 
County. Was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red 
River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- 
nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian 
Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, 
and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 
1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County; Companies B and 
H, from Henry County ; Company C, from Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- 
panies D, E and G, from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa 
County, and Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged 
ut Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 



240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, KenesaAv Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- 
joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Bentonville, and on Sherman's march 
through Georgia and the Carolinas, to Richmond and Washington. Was 
mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. 

THE TWENTY- SIXTH 

was organized and musterzd in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith, 
of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill, of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and 
Jackson Counties; Company B, from Jackson County; Companies C, D, E, 
F, G, II, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, 
Vicksburg, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- 
catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, 
Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- 
tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-SEVENTH 

was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James 
I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant 
Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I 
were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; 
Companies D and E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Delaware 
County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, 
from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- 
pedition. Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town 
Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-EIGHTH 

was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. 
Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel ; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, 
and H. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were 
from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies 
C, H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; 
Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. Was 
engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg; was on Banks' Red 
River expedition, and engaged at Sabine Cross Roads; was engaged in Shen- 
andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. 
Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. 

THE TWENTY-NINTH 

was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service 
December 1, 1862, Avith Thomas II. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; 
R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Charles B. Shoe- 
maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Company A was from Pottawattamie County; 
Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties; Comuany C, from Harrison 
County ; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties , Company E, from 
Fremont County ; Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- 
gold County. Was engngod at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. Was 
mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 



THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY 

was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 
23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel; Wm. M. G. Tor- 
rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis 
County ; Companj' C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren 
County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from 
Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was 
engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, 
Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's 
Ridge ; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to 
Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- 
tered out June 5, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY 

was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William 
Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. W. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant 
Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from 
Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies 
E, G and H, from Jones County; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. 
Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black 
River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, 
Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big 
Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign 
through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, June 27, 1865 

THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY 

was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. 
Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, 
as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties; 
Company B, from Cerro Gordo County; Company C, from Black Hawk 
County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; 
Company F, from Hardin County; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- 
ties ; Company H, from Franklin County ; Company I, from Webster County, 
and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into 
the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, 
Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and Avas mustered out 
of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY 

was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; 
Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, 
of Knoxville, as Major. Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- 
panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County; Companies C, D, E and K, from 
Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, 
and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- 
line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. Was mustered out at New Orleans, 
July 17, 1865. 



242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY 

was organized "with George W. Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, 
of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Decatur County, as 
Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 1862. Companies A and I 
were from Decatur County ; Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- 
pany E, from Lucas County; Company F, from Wayne County; Company G, 
from Lucas and Clark Counties ; Company H, from Madison and Warren 
Counties, and Company K, from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas 
Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, 
January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 1865. 



THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the United States service Sep- 
tember 18, 1862, with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel; James H. Roth- 
rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry 0' Conner, of Muscatine, as Major. 
Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine County; Company F, 
from Muscatine and Louisa Counties ; Companies G, H and I, from Muscatine 
and Cedar Counties, and Company K, from Cedar County. Participated in 
the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, 
Pleasant Hill, Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at 
Davenport, August 10, 1865. 



THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; 
F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. 

C. Woodward, of Ottumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- 
pany A was from Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from 
Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. 
Was engaged in the following battles: Mark's Mills, Ark.; Elkins' Ford, 
Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864, out 
of 500 engaged, lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisoners 
of war ; was exchanged October 6. 186^1. Was mustered out at Duvall's Bluff, 
Ark., August 24, 1865. 

THE THIRY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEAKDSy 

was organized with Geo. \V. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, 
of Dubu(iue, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, 
and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15, 1862. 
Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties; Company B, from 
Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company 

D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Mahaska 
Counties ; Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, 
Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties ; Company H, from Henry and 
Jefferson Counties ; Company I, from Jasper, Linn and other counties, and 
Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Tiiirty- 
seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was 
mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 



THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY 

was organized at Dubuque, and mustei-ed in November 4, 1862, with D. H. 
Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, 
Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft 
G and H were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- 
pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek 
County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of 
Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was 
consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, 
August 15, 1865. 

THE THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY 

was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel ; James Red- 
field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. GriflSths, 
of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County ; 
Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas 
County ; Company D, from Clark County ; Company E, from Greene County ; 
Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from 
Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Pax'ker's Cross Roads, Tenn.; 
Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march 
to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at 
Washington June 5, 1865. 

THE FORTIETH INFANTRY 

was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of 
Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and 
S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion 
County; Company B, from Poweshiek County; Company C, from Mahaska 
County; Companies D and E, from Jasper County; Company F, from Ma- 
haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, 
from Keokuk County ; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- 
ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River 
expedition, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 
1866. 

THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, 

formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- 
nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- 
ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa 
City. Company A was from Black Hawk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- 
pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various 
counties. 

THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was 
from Dubuque County; Company B, Muscatine County; Company C, Jones, 
Linn and Dubuque Counties; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties; Com- 
pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties ; Company F, Clinton and Jackson 
Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company H, Boone 
and Polk Counties ; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth 
did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- 
port, September 15, 1864. 



244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount 
Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A. Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following 
counties : A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and 
Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, 
and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. 

THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel; L. D. Durbin, 
of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- 
tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864. Company A was from Dubuque; Com- 
pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and 
Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, 
from Appanoose and Delaware ; H, from Wayne ; I, from Cedar, and K, from 
Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, [September 23, 1864. 

THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 

was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with 
James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel; John Williams, of Iowa City, as 
Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company 
A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose 
County; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties; Company B, from 
Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company 
F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from 
Keokuk County; Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from 
Wapello. 

THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY — BATTALION — (100 DAYS) 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. 
Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren 
County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Decatur County, 
and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at 
Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. 

CAVALRY. 

THE FIRST CAVALRY 

was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 
3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel; Chas. E. Moss, 
of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, 
James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. 
Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, 
from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- 
pany D, from Madison and Warren Counties ; Company E, from Henry 
County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from 
Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties ; Company II, from Lucas and Morrison 
Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, 
from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 

counties; Company M, from Clinton County. It was engaged at Pleasant 
Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe, 
Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered 
out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. 

THE SECOND CAVALRY 

was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward 
Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- 
town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, 
and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 
1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall 
County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Polk County ; 
Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin 
Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson 
County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- 
pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and 
Company M, from .lackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the 
following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- 
ville, Rienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, 
Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- 
gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was 
mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. 

THE THIRD CAVALRY 

was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- 
gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. 
II. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- 
well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from 
Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, 
from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren 
Counties ; Company F, from Jefferson County ; Company G, from Van Buren 
County; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties; Company I, 
from Appanoose County ; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties ; 
Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- 
catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes : 
Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, 
Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- 
vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, 
Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, 
Ga., August 9, 1865. 

THE FOURTH CAVALRY 

was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas 
Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- 
ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moisnt Pleasant, as 
Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 
21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County ; Company C, from Jef- 
ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 



246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from Wapello County ; 
Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company H, from Chickasaw 
County ; Company I, from Madison County ; Company K, from Henry 
County; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties; and Company M, 
from Jefferson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- 
ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- 
phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columbus, Ga.; Mechanicsburg, Miss.; Little 
Blue River, Ark.; Brownsville, Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, 
Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River, 
Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; Lick Creek, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; 
St. Francis River, Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, I860. 

THE FIFTH CAVALRY 

was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- 
nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Omaha, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, 
of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 1861. Companies A, 
B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; 
Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from 
Minnesota; Company H, from Jackson and other counties; Companies I and 
K were from Minnesota ; Company L, from Minnesota and Missouri ; Com- 
pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to Minnesota 
Volunteers Feb. 25, 1864. The new Company G was organized from veterans 
and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Infantry, and trans- 
ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company 1 was organ- 
ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the 
Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Caviilry August 18, 1864. 
Was engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, 
Sugar Creek, Newnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, 
Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at 
Nashville, Tenn., August 11, 1865. 

THE SIXTH CAVALRY. 

was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of 
Dubuque, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. II. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- 
Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered 
in at Davenport, January 31, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other 
counties; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties; Company C, from 
Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from 
Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other 
counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company II, 
from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company 
K, from Linn County; Company L, from Clayton County; Company M, from 
Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier 
against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. 

THE SEVENTH CAVALRY 

was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 
27, 1863, with S. W. Summers, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa 
City, as Lieutenant Colonel ; II. II. Heath and G. M. O'Brien, of Dubuque, 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 24T 

and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were 
from Wapello and other counties in immediate vicinity; Companies E, F, G 
and H, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from Sioux City and 
known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was originally Company A of the 
Fourteenth Infantry and aftei'ward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was 
from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of 

the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and 

was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the 
Fourteenth Infantry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des 
Moines and other counties. The Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- 
ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- 
ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies 
K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. 



THE EIGHTH CAVALRY 

was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Barner, of 
Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, 
of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at 
Davenport September 30, 1863. The companies were mostly from the follow- 
ing counties : Company A, Page ; B, Wapello ; C, Van Buren ; D, Ring- 
gold ; E, Henry ; F, Appanoose ; G, Clayton ; H, Appanoose ; I, Marshall ; 
K, Muscatine; L, Wapello; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty 
guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. 
It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, 
etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid 
through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. 



THE NINTH CAVALRY 

was mustered in at Davenport, November 30, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of 
Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. 
T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and AVilliam Had- 
dock, of .Waterloo; as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; 
Company B, Linn County ; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- 
pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, 
Clayton County ; Companies G and H, various counties ; Company I, Wapello 
and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper 
and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered 
out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. 



ARTILLERY. 

THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, 
Black Hawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H, 
Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, 
in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- 
tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 



248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- 
tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Bluffs and St. Louis, 
Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Bluffs, as 
Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at 
Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. 

THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and 
mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. 
M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. 
Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. 

THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 

was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- 
tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- 
tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

THE FOURTH BATTALION 

Company A, from Fremont County, W. Iloyt, Captain ; Company B, from 
Taylor County, John Flick, Captain ; Company C, from Page County, J. 
Whitcomb, Captain. 

THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 

was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, 
James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, 
B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. 

THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 

was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border 
of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- 
pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County, Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, 
First Battalion,' Joseph Dicrkey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company 
A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn ; Company B, Sec- 
ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain ; Company A, 
Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, 
Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain ; Company C, 
Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. 

THE FIRST INFANTRY AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) 

was organized with Jolm G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- 
souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. 
Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at 
various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State 
and some from Missouri. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 

During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States 
Government from Iowa regiments:* 

MAJOR GENERALS 

Samuel K. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1862. 
Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from jSTovember 29, 1862. 
Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from jSTovember 29, 1863. 
Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. 

BRIGADIER GENERALS. 

Samuel E. Curtis, Colonel 2d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. 

Frederick Steele. Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1862. 

Jacob G. Lauman, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1862. 

Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1862. 

James M. Tuttle, Colonel 2d Infantry, from June 9, 1862. 

Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from June 11, 1862. 

Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1862. 

Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1862. 

Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from iSTovember 29, 1862. 

William Yandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1862. 

Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from is'ov. 29, 1862. (Since died.) 

Hugh T. Keid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. 

Samuel A. Kice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. 

John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11. 1863. 

Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. 

Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 27, 1864. 

Elliott AV. Kice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 20, 1864. 

Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. 

John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 26, 1864. 

James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. 

James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 

BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. 

John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. 
Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. 
AVm. AV. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. 
^Y. L. Elliott, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. 
AVm, Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. 

BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. 

Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 22, 1864. 

Edward F. AVinslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 12, 1864. 

S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) 

Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. 

Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. 

Clark K. AVever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 

Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 22, 1865. 

Geoi-ge A. Stone, Colonel 25th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 

Datus E. Coon, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. 

George AA^ Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 

Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from ]\Iarch 13, 1865. 

J. U. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 

AY. AV. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. 

♦Thomas J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, 
to date from Nov. 21, liCl. 



250 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



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25-1 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA 

DURING THE AVAR OF THE REBELLION, 

TO JANUARY 1, 1865. 



No. Regiment. 



1st Iowa 

2d " 

3d " 

4th " 

5th " 

6th " 

7th " 

8th " 

9th " 

10th " 

nth " 

12th " 

13th " 

14th " 

15th " 

16th " 

17th " 

18th " 

19th " 

20th " 

21st " 

22d " 

23d " 

24th " 

25th " 

26th " 

27th " 

28th '♦ 

29th " 

30th " 

31st " 

32d " 

33d " 

34th " 

35th " 

36th " 

37th " 

38th " 



Infantry. 



No. of 
men 



959 

1,247 

1,074 

1,184 

1,037 

1,013 

1,138 

1,027 

1,090 

1,027 

1,022 

981 

989 

840 

1,196 

919 

956 

875 

985 

92.: 

980 

1,008 

961 

979 

995 

919 

940 

956 

1,005 

978 

977 

925 

985 

953 

984 

986 

914 

910 



No. Regiment. 



No. of 
men. 



39th Iowa Infantry 

40th " " 

41st Battalion Iowa Infantry 

44th Infantry (100-days men) 

45th " " " 

46th " " " 

47th " " " 

48th Battalion '= " 

1st Iowa Cavalry 

2d " " 

3d " " 

4th " " 

5th " " 

6th " " 

7th " " 

8th " " 

9th " " 

Sioux City Cavalry* 

Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 

1st Battery Artillery 

2d " " 

3d " " 

4th " " 

1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf.. 

Dodge's Brigade Band 

Band of 2d Iowa Infantry 

Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1, 

1864, for the older Iowa regiments 

Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments 
of other States, over 



Total 

Re-enlisted Veterans for different Regi- 
ments 

Additional enlistments 



Grand total as far as reported up to Jan, 
1, 1865 



933 

900 

294 

867 

912 

892 

884 

346 

1,478 

1,394 

1,360 

1 ,227 

1,245 

1,125 

562 

1,234 

1,178 

93 

87 

149 

123 

142 

152 

903 

14 

10 

2,765 

2,500 



61,653 

7,202 
6,664 



75,519 



This does not include those Iowa men wlio veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor 
the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. 
* Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, 
f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



255 



POPULATION OF IOWA, 
By Counties. 



COUNTIES. 


AGGREGATE. 




1875. 


1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


Voters. 


Adair 


7045 

7832 
19158 
17405 

2370 
28807 
22913 
17251 
13220 
17315 

3561 


3982 

4614 
17868 
1645G 

1212 
22454 
21706 
14584 
12528 
17034 

1585 


984 
1533 






1616 


Adams 






1727 


Allamakee 


12237 

11931 

454 

8496 

8244 

4232 

4915 

7906 

57 


777 
3131 




3653 


Appanoose 

Audubon 




8679 




527 


Benton 


672 
135 

735 




4778 


Black Hawk 




4877 


Boone 


3515 


Bremer 




2656 


Buchanan 


517 




3890 


Buena Vista 




817 


Buncombe* 









Butler 


11734 

3185 

5760 

10552 

17879 

6685 

424'. i 

11400 

10118 

3559 

27184 

34295 

6039 

14386 

15757 

13249 

16893 

35415 

1748 

43845 

1436 

20515 

13100 

6558 

13719 

7028 

8134 

9638 

7701 

1482 

15029 

11818 

21594 

7875 

3455 

794 

17456 

23061 

24128 

17127 

24654 

19168 


9951 

1602 

2451 

6464 

19731 

4722 

1967 

10180 

8735 

1523 

27771 

35357 

2530 

12019 

15565 

12018 

17432 

27256 

1389 

38969 

1392 

16973 

10768 

4738 

11173 

4627 

6399 

7061 

6056 

999 

13684 

8931 

21463 

6282 

2596 

226 

16644 

22619 

22116 

17839 

24898 

19731 


3724 

147 

281 

1612 

12949 

940 

68 

4336 

5427 

52 

20728 

18938 

383 

5244 

13764 

8677 

11024 

19611 

180 

31164 

105 

12073 

3744 

1309 

5074 

1374 

793 

3058 

1699 

179 

5440 

3621 

18701 

3168 

332 

43 

8029 

18493 

9883 

15038 

17573 

13306 






2598 


Calhoun 






681 


Carroll 






1197 


Cass 






2422 


Cedar 


3941 


1253 


3934 
1526 


Cerro Gordo 


Cherokee 






1001 


Chickasaw 






2392 


Clarke 


79 




2213 


Clay 




868 


Clayton 


3873 

2822 


1101 
821 


5272 




5569 


Crawford 


1*^44 


Dallas 


854 
7264 

965 

1759 

12988 




3170 




3448 






2882 


Delaware 

Des Moines 


168 
5577 


3662 
6654 




394 




10841 


3059 


8759 


Emmett 


299 


Fayette 

Floyd 


825 




4637 




2884 


Franklin 






1374 


Fremont 


1244 




2998 






1622 








1525 


Guthrie 






2339 


Hamilton 






1455 


Hancock 






303 


Hardin 






3215 


Harrison 






2658 




8707 


3772 


4641 


Howard 


1712 


Humbold t 






695 








172 


Iowa 


822 
7210 
1280 
9904 
4472 
3007 




3576 




1411 


4901 


Jasper 

.Jefferson 


5239 


2773 

1491 

471 


3721 
5225 


Jones 


4180 



* In 1862, name changed to Lyou. 



256' 



HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

POPULATION OF IOWA— Concludei). 



COUNTIES 


AGGREQATE. 




1875. 


1870. 


1860. 


1850. 


1840. 


Voters. 




20488 

3765 

33913 

31815 

12499 

11725 

1139 

16030 

23718 

24094 

19629 

10555 

11523 

2267 

12811 

10389 

21623 

2349 

1778 

14274 

2728 

5282 

2249 

31558 

21665 

16482 

7546 

2873 

39763 

5664 

3120 

13111 

18771 

10418 

8827 

16980 

23865 

18541 

19269 

13978 

13114 

2986 

24233 

8568 

4908 

3244 


19434 

3351 

38210 

28852 

12877 

10388 

221 

13884 

22508 

24436 

17576 

8718 

9582 

3654 

12724 

5934 

21688 

715 


1327] 
416 
29232 
18947 
10370 
5766 


4822 




4202 






773 




18861 

5444 

4939 

471 


6093 
1373 
1927 


7274 




7509 




2899 




2464 






287 




7339 

14816 

16813 

6015 

4481 

3409 

832 

8612 

1256 

16444 

8 


1179 
5989 

5482 




3632 






5287 






4988 




338 




4445 


Mills 






2365 


Mitchell 






2338 








1292 




2884 




2743 






2485 




5731 


1942 


6588 




595 








498 




9975 

1336 

2199 

1446 

27857 

16893 

15581 

5691 

1411 

38599 

2540 

576 

11651 

16131 

6989 

6986 

17672 

22346 

17980 

18952 

11287 

10484 

1562 

23570 

6172 

2892 

2392 


4419 

132 

148 

103 

11625 

4968 

■ 5668 

2923 

246 

25959 

818 

10 

4051 

5285 

3590 

2012 

17081 

14518 

10281 

14235 

6409 

2504 

168 

13942 

1119 

756 

653 


551 




3222 


Palo Alto 




556 








1136 








464 


Polk 


4513 

7828 
615 




6842 






4392 






3634 






1496 








657 


Scott 


5986 


2140 


7109 




1084 








637 








2574 


Tama 


8 




3911 




204 




2282 






1924 




12270 6146 


3893 




8471 
961 




5346 






4168 




4957 
340 


1594 


4168 




2947 






2747 






406 




546 




4117 






1776 


Worth 




763 


Wright 


1 


694 






Total 


1353118 


1191792 


674913 


192214 


43112 


284557 



* Formerly Buncombe. 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 257 



ILLINOIS. 

Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 sc[uare 
miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a 
table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above 
the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. 
Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are 
thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees 
scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the 
State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio 
(forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- 
gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable 
streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- 
ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly 
coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field 
alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North 
America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature 
standing at about 51" Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes 
a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- 
crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois 
may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of 
lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- 
raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in 
regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- 
ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- 
sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal 
connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the 
St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the 
chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, 
Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- 
tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, 
elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which 
numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of 
six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and 
educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very 
flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for 



Ofvi 



TUE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of 
the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 
unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized 
property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- 
ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly thv whole of 
the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and 
west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at 
Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements 
formed the nucleus Avas, in 1768, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction 
with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. 
Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 
19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. 




THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 259 



INDIANA 



Tlie profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- 
ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The 
greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle 
undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief 
rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their, numerous 
affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most 
particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and 
White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered 
with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- 
ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, 
marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an 
agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with 
the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, 
liops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, 
and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis 
(the capital), Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- 
ville, Columbus, Vincenne's, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of 
the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and 
efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. 
Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all 
directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding 
manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating 
October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, -f 3,896,541 as against dis- 
bursements, $3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State 
Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This 
State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, Avho erected a fort 
at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was 
by tlie latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, 
an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of 
Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. 
In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and 
Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the 
theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle 
of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among 
the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a 
monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, 
canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the 
time being, in a general collapse of 2:)ublic credit, and consequent bank- 
ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 



260 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 

works which had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great 
Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of 
the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by 
rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and 
political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. 
Population, 1,680,637. 



IOWA. 

In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a 
length, north to south, of about 300 rniles, by a pretty even width of 208 
miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. 
The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the 
middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the 
Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south 
section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with 
woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; 
the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form 
respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des 
Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is important 
as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of 
an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, 
are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to 
the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, 
and esculent roots ; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. 
Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- 
tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely 
engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat 
and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried 
on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. 
Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- 
communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically 
divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des 
Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- 
lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The 
State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are 
on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, 
with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially 
well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the 
American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana 
purchase in 1 803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 

when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the 
Michigan organization, and, in 183G, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, 
after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of 
the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 
1,101,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. 



MICHIGAN. 

United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the 
Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating 
between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 
50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The 
Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, 
expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum 
height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently 
bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of 
copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are 
heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, 
loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural 
produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter 
colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, 
grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, 
the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved 
woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value 
of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, 
$13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 
874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 
tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. 
Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad 
system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and 
Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief 
urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, 
Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the 
State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded 
debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of 
Land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. 
Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- 
vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit 
and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at 
Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among 
the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 



264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 

signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French 
Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- 
ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," 
following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a 
sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it 
became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region 
with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, 
when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of 
warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 
1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 
1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 
loth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. 



WISCONSIN. 

It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. 
Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a 
considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an 
upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generall}^ 
diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed 
over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- 
acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of 
the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of 
islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the 
State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far 
inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters 
and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three 
outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississipjn, which 
latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point 
into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives 
the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the 
Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi 
empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. 
The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court 
Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. 
The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very w^arm 
Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system 
represented by the State, embraces those rocks- included between the 
primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive 
deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc 
are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 265 

and various clays. Mining, consequentl3% forms a prominent industry, 
and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of 
varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the 
State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, 
together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- 
tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number 
of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- 
sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of 
farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. 
Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and 
additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; 
of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, 
$45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- 
ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. 
The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places 
of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, 
Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, 
Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation 
reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal 
estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 
696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. 
Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University 
at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and 
the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at 
Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common 
school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- 
table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an 
Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. 
In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State 
totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward 
completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- 
ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and 
German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the 
State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 
1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it 
became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it 
reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted 
it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it 
to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- 
ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, 
March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,0»;4,985, of which 2,113 were of 
the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of 
tribal relations. 



266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



MINNESOTA 



Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles ; its 
oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 
54,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- 
sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by 
an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered 
bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a 
superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, 
calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical 
feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly 
every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an 
aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides 
the Mississippi — which here has its rise, and drains a ])asin of 800 miles 
of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), 
the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of 
lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, 
Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets 
of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, 
culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of 
an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- 
sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In 
point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very 
imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to 
exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's 
clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- 
factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian 
corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great 
plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are 
important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area 
of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled 
logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages 
possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad s3-stem. 
The political divisions of this State number 78 counties ; of which the 
chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, 
St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota lias 
already assumed an attitude of liigh importance as a manufacturing State ; 
this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- 
sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of 
flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent 
interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. " 267 

Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the 
entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being 1857,- 
816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school 
fund stood at |2, 476, 222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, 
Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned 
such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of 
an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for 
the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the 
right side to the amount of |136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the 
previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the 
whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who 
gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. 
In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. 
Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory 
transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- 
pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and. 
May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation 
of States. Population, 439,706. 



NEBRASKA. 

Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area» 
75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is 
almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of 
the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west 
division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of 
country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- 
bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres. a tract 
of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- 
tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- 
tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the 
Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the 
Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy 
loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All 
the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great 
size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally 
well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to 
this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively 
infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible 
of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. 
Few minerals of moment have so far been found witliin the limits of 



268 



THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 



Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt 
Creek in ics southeast section. The State is divided into o7 counties, 
independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized 
territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln 
(State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, 
the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an 
increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total 
amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was 
$77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University 
and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In 
the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place 
herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- 
sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, 
other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- 
gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the 
Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. 




inrxTix(; praieie wolves in an uakly day. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 269 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity/, provide for the common 
defense, promote the general tvelfare, and secure the hlessi7igs of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United States of America. 

Article I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the 
electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in 
which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral states which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such 
enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled 
to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations one, Connecticut .five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylva- 
nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, 
and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the 
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; 
and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 



270 AlfD ITS AMENDMENTS. 

tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 
one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by 
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, 
the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of tli 
Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. 
And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
of the members present. 

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- 
lature thereof; but the Congress ma}' at any time by law make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
a quorum to do business; l)ut a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members 
in such manner and under such penalties as each liouse may provide. 

Each liOuse may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
expel a member.- 

Each house shall keej) a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publisli the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, 
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of tlie members of either house 
on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered 
on tlie journal. 

Neither liouse, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two houses sliall be sitting. 

Sec. G. The Senators and Ilepresentatives shall receive a compen- 
sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 

felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their- 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office 
under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President 
the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall 
return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- 
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewisebe reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all 
such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, 
and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
])y the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its 
return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
tjnited States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by 
liim, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- 
itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, 
and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States; 

To establish post offices and post roads ; 



272 -A-ND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, 
for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their 
respective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and oifenses against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for n longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suj)press insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci- 
pline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not 
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all j^laces purchased by the 
consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for 
the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful 
buildings ; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, luiless in proportion 
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev 
enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels 
bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
another. 

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of 
the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- 
ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
revision and control of the Congress. 

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

Article II. 

Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : 

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; 
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

[*The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by 
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government 
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; 
and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal 
number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote 
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one 
vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, 

• This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendmi^iit 



274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be 
the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- 
dent.] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress 
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- 
ity, both of tlie President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall 
then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- 
ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of 
them. 

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation: 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2, The President shall be commander in chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when 
called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses 
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, 
shall apj)oint ambassaaors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of 
the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in 
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 8. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information 
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- 
sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extraordinary 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 275 

occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he ma}? 
adjourn them to sucli time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive 
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

Article III. 

Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a comj)ensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; 
between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- 
ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
of different states, and between a state or the citizens tliereof, and foreign 
states, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, 
and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. 

In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be hy 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall 
have been committed ; but when not committed within an}^ state, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture 
except during the life of the person attainted. 

Article IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And 



276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

A j)erson charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered 
up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicfon of the crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states 
concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- 
tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- 
lence. 

Article V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- 
plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call 
a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- 
fled by the Legislatures of tin-ee fourths of the several states, or by con- 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Article VL 

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States whicli shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in 
the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and RcDresentatives before mentioned, and the mem- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 



277" 



bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 
cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 

Article VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient 
for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying 
the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have 
hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEO. WASHINGTON, 

President and Deputy from Virginia. 



New Haynpshire. 
John Langdon, 
Nicholas Gilman. 

Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gorham, 
RuFus King. 

Connecticut. 
Wm. Sam'l Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 



Delaware. 
Geo. Read, 
John Dickinson, 
Jaco. Broom, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
Richard Bassett. 

Maryland. 
James M'Henry, 
Danl. Carroll, 
Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. 



New York. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. 
WiL. Livingston, 
Wm. Paterson, 
David Brearley, 
JoNA. Dayton. 



Virginia. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. 

North Carolina. 
Wm. Blount, 
Hu. Williamson, 
Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. 



Pennsylvania. 
B. Franklin, 
RoBT. Morris, 
Thos. Fitzsimons, 
James Wilson, 
Thos. Mifflin, 
Geo. Clymer, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
Gouv. Morris. 



South Carolina. 
j. rutledge, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney. 
Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 
William Few, 
Abr. Baldwin, 



WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



21S 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 



Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution 
OP THE United States of America. 

Proposed hy Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states^ 
pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. 

Article I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment cf religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Article IV. 

The right of tlie people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the ]jlace to be searched 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

. Article V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for tlie same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Article VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have compulsory process for ol)taining witnesses in his favor; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

Article VII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the riidit of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 






CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 281 

tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. 

The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
or to the people. 

Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one 
of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- 
jects of any foreign state. 

Article XII. 

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot 
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their 
ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of 
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the 
Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of 
the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 



282 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 

ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds 
of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall 1)6 necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible 
to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
United States. 

Article XIII. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
diction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

Article XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and 
of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- 
tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature 
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 
twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of 
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- 
ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such state. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- 
ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- 
tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may 
by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- 
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- 
ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- 
tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, 
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



283 



Article XV. 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. 



Counties. 



Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee . .. 
Appanoose .... 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black Hawk.. 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan 

Buena Vista.. 

Butler 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar 

Cerro Gordo.. 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw ..., 

Clark 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Dallas 

Davis... 

Dacatur 

Delaware 

Des Moines ... 

Dickinson 

Dubuque 

Emmett 

Fayette . 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fremont 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton 

Haucock 

Hardin , 

Harrison 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt 

Ida 

Iowa 

.lackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 



1877. 
Governor. 



1870. 
President. 



Rep. Dem. Gr. Pro. Rep. Dem 



982 

876 
1547 
1105 

410 
1432 
1780 
1612 
1180 
1290 

747 
1453 

418 

633 
1592 
1315 

903 

562 
1279 
1054 

517 
1873 
2444 

898 
1541 

893 
1269 
1226 
2315 

197 
1587 

213 
1933 
1233 
1311 
1250 
1031 

909 
1160 

842 

340 
1492 
1348 
1770 

551 

382 

321 
1132 
1619 
1977 
1390 



101 
397 

1540 

1049 
352 
712 

1111 
981 
582 
769 
192 
758 
75 
744 
839 

1093 

348 

74 

1107 

267 

16 

1770 

2327 
651 
215 

1231 
961 

1143 

1384 
8 

3415 
28 

1067 
208 
336 

1331 
215 
504 
490 
205 
95 
661 

80; 

424 

647 

149 

54 

112(1 

lOoo 

1154 

7.53 



581 

485 

69 
729 

26 
567 

95 
406 
196 
725 
161 

19 
171 
141 
116 
206 

72 
383 

37 
813 

20 

66 
286 

19 
1241 
803 
31(1 

32 
767 



406 



162 

16 

3.34 

551 



364 
422 
29 
238 
523 

1041 
201 
115 
104 
642 
224 

101 
576 



449 

244 

10 

1 

223 
20 
95 
74 
11 
30 

446 
40 
86 
94 
19 
67 

107 
06 

111 
80 
12 
19 

525 

6 

12 

53 



21 

57 

2 

154 

19 
140 
519 

64 



228 

15 

20? 

109 



1334 
1370 
1709 
1711 
42' 
2901 
2979 
2018 
1737 
2227 
770 
1828 
022 
799 
1870 
2328 
1274 
864 
1574 
1403 
567 
2662 
3654 
1043 
2136 
1586 
1047 
2233 
3325 
259 
2798 
240 
3029 
2032 
1178 
1058 
1310 
1099 
1434 
1187 
281 
21.52 
15.57 
2809 
1194 
523 
212 
1870 
2120 
337. 
2106 



593 

620 

1646 

1419! 

.352 

1356 

1592 

1305 

757 

1410 

200 

780 

196 

771 

979 

1445 

448 

175 

1090 

816 

94 

2621 

3398 

638 

752 

1631 

1282 

1466' 

2917 

48 

4977 

36 

1709 

751 

379 

1682 

510 

417 

629 

425 

99 

980 

1386 

1485 

600 

183 

57 

1348 

2485 

1804 

1449 



Counties. 



Johnson 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

jLee 

JLinn 

iLouisa 

Lucas 

[Lyon 

Madison 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mills 

Mitchell 

Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Muscatine 

O'Brien 

Osceola 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahontas 

Polk 

Pottawattamie.... 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 

Shlby 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union 

Van Buren 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago 

Winneshiek 

jWoodbury 

Worth 

Wright 



Totals 

Majorities. 



1877. 
Governor. 



1870. 
President. 



Kep. Dem. j Gr Pro. Rep. Dem 



1884 

1868 

1772 

463 

2157 

2524 

1328 

1203 

261 

1792 

1823 

1976 

1448 

1435 

1396 

680 

1034 

1122 

1753 

306 

295 

1166 

311 

779 

370 

3171 

2223 

1496 

964 

6£6 

3031 

888 

436 

1200 

1426 

1325 

899 

1490 

17 

1726 

i(;87 

1316 
850 
544 

2074 

1109 

028 

301 



2345 

1218J 

1526| 

236 

2863 

2316 

817 

804 

17 

1077 

10^6 

1866 

837 

1102 

459 

119 

928 

441 

1775 

21 

40 

508l 

357' 

487i 

931 



18 

14 

322 

13 

350 

75 

89 

103 

9 

616 

1011 

760 

3S9 

98 

35 

432 

247 

532 

171 

201 

13 

34fi 



18S5J 1353 
2059 218 



21.546 



882 
71 

128 
1963 

639 

132 

344 

833 

293J 

516 
1305 
1029 

944 
1221 

832 

127 
40 
1009; 279 

8671 226 

132 8 

160 117 



420 
671 
177 
309 
3 
49 
6411 
190] 
8081 
830 
301 

1205 
742 
303 
404 

1421 



273 
OS 

105 
89 

299 

585 

108 
12 
14 
50 

59(; 
95 

504 
28 
30 
9 
20 
47 

387 
14 
33 

293 

3 

39 

30 

94 

121 

340 
47 
13 
37 
16 

'l87 
133 

'"63 
130 
296 
101 
112 
3 
47 



79353 



238 

9 

14 

9s 



2345 

2591 

2364 

638 

3160 

4331 

1920 

1478 

262 

2246 

3221 

2736 

3056 

1452 

1063.' 

713 

1418 

1749 

2523 

463 

329 

22431 

343 

835 

374 

4321 

2505 

2509 

1246 

661 

3819 

897 

439 

1813- 

2337 

1727 

12381 

21131 

2582 

2439 

24071 

1092 

1299 

498 

27.^9 

1034 

703 

57-1 



171.33: 
59211 f 



3563 

1763 

1862 

227 

3682 

2917 

lOOS 

1044 

46 

1538 

1701 

23f4 

1189 

1165 

671 

304 

124ft 

75<> 

2075 

116 

59 

861 

333. 

50-1 

141 

2382 

2414 

IO83 

422 

166 

2S5,'i 

631 

220 

579 

1317 

676 

795 

1661 

2412 

1315 

1508 

1341 

987 

39 

161 T 

997 

149 

184 



Total vote, 1877, 245,766, 1876 (including]949 Greenback), 292,943. 



VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. 



District. 


Rep. 


Dem. 


R. Maj. 


Total. 


Maj. '74. 


District. 


Rep. j Dem. 


R. Maj. 


Total. 


Maj. '74. 


I 


17188 
164.39 
17423 
20770 
19274 
18778 


14814 
14683 
10100 
9379 
11154 
14719 


2374 
1756 
1323 
11391 
8120 
4059 


32002 
31122 
33523 
30149 
30428 
33497 


D. 1863 
R. 657 
D. 63 
R. 3824 
R. 5243 
R. 2724 


VII 


19496 11688 
19358 15236 
19563 10583 


7808 
4122 
8980 


31184 
34594 
30146 


R 2300 


II 


VIII . .. 


R ''127 


Ill 


IX 


R 5849 


IV 






V 


168289,118356 


49933 




VI 







Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,466 Greenback votes. 



Practical Rules for Every Day Use. 



Hoiv to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price 
are given. 

Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selUng price, wiiich 
wVl be the gain or loss. 

Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost 
price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. 

How to change gold into currency. 

Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. 

How to change currency into gold. 

Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. 

How to find each partner's share of the gain or loss in a coipartnership 
business. 

Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- 
tient will be the gain or loss per cent. 

Multipl}^ each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be 
each one's share of the gain or loss. 

How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. 

A short aiid simple method for finding the net weighty or price of hogs, 
when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. 

Note.— It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diiiiinislied by 1-5 or 20 per cent. 
of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by }^ or 25 per cent, of itself equals the 
gross weight. 

To find the net weight or gross price. 

Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

To find the gross weight or net price. 

Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

Hoiv to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or xvagoyi-bed. 

Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 
6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct 
nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. 

For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and 
point off one decimal place. 

How to find the contents of a corn-crib. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or 

(284) 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 

by 4i ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will 
be the answer in bushels. 

Note.— In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken 
into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds 
good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. 

How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all 
in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one 
decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31i gallons. 

How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. 

Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length 
(all in inches) in reverpj:d order, so that its units will fall under the 
TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point 
off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. 

Hoiv to measure hoards. 

Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and 
divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. 

How to measure scantlings, joists, planks^ sills, etc. 

Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together 
(the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide 
the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. 

How to find the mimher of acres in a body of land. 

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the 
product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal j^laces if there is a 
remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. 

When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, 
add them toc^ether and take one-half for the mean length or width. 

How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. 

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and 
divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. 

How to find the number of bricks required in a building. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22J. 

The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height 
nd thickness (in feet) together. 

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches 
thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, 
but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 

How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the 
shingles are exposed 4^ inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. 

To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by 
twice the lengfth of the rafters. 



286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the 
width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 
(tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half 
pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from 
the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be 
taken into consideration. 

Note.— By H or }4 pitch is meant tliat tlie apex or comb of the roof is to be K or J^ the widtli of the 
Jbuildiiig Uig:her than tlie walls or base of the rafters. 

JTow to reckon the cost of hay. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, 
and remove the decimal point three places to the left. 

Hoio to measure grain. 

Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic 
feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to 
the left. 

Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. 

The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, b}^ 
multiplying the number of bushels by 8. 

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find 
the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai 
corn to make 1 of shelled corn. 

Rapid rules for measuring laiid -without instruments. 

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any 
given plot in square j'ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the 
number of rods and acres. 

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, 
an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on 
the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. 

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to 
walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line 
straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- 
ing, keep these objects constantly in line. 

Farmers and others by adopting the folloiving simple and ingenious con- 
trivance., may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard 
measure. 

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger o\ 
the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the 
left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. 

To find hoio many rods in length ivill make an acre., the ividth being given. 
Rule. — Divide IGO by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 



^ 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 

Rolo to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods 
being given. 

Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, 
and remove the decimal point two places to the left. 

The diameter being given, to find the circumference. 

Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. 

How to find the diameter, tvhen the circumference is given. 

Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. 

To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- 
ness throughout tvill contain when squared. 

Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply 
by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. 

General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. 

Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and 
then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. 

To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. 

Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in 
inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 
1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. 

Eoivard s netv ride for computing interest. 

Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest 
on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal 
point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point 
one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three 
places to the left. 

Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. 

Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, in- 
verted, l)ecomes >^ of a month, or 10 days. 

When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, 
three ones. 

Hulefor converting English into American currency. 

Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, 
by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. 

U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. 

A township — 36 sections each a mile square. 
A section — 640 acres. 

A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. 
An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter 
of a mile wide — 80 acres. 

A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. 



288 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east 
corner. 

The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the 
cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- 
scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of 
the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, 
or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes 
overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. 

The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. 

SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 

7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 

25 links " 1 rod. 

4 rods " 1 chain. 

80 chains " 1 mile. 

Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or Q6 feet. 

Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- 
corn ; three of which made an inch. 

Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of 
measure is four inches — called a hand. 

In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes 
used, which is a length of nine inches. 

The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. 

The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. 

A pace is equal to a 3'ard or 36 inches. 

A fathom is equal to 6 feet. 

A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly 
speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal 
to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said 
to be a league. 

In cloth measure an aune is equal to li yards, or 45 inches. 

An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. 

A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. 

A Brabant cll is equal to 27.116 inches. 

HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. 

Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, 
should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- 
ner. For the benefit of those Avho have not had the opportunity of ac- 
quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here 
present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, 
and well adapted to record the ])usiness transactions of farmers, mechanics 
and laborers. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



289 



1875. 



A. H. JACKSON. 



Dr. 



Cr. 



Jan. 


10 


u 


17 


Feb. 


4 


(C 


4 


March 


8 


(( 


8 


li 


13 


li 


27 


April 


9 


a 


9 


May 


6 


<( 


24 


July 


4 



To 7 bushels Wheat ..at 6:1.25 

By shoeing' span of Horses 

To 14 bushels Oats at $ .45 

To 5 lbs. Butter at .25 

By new Harrow 

By sharpening 2 Plows. __ 

By new Double-Tree 

To Cow and Calf 

To half ton of Hay .... 

By Cash . [[[]"]][] 

By repairing Corn-Planter ._ 

To one Sow with Pigs _ 

By Cash, to balance account _ 



$8 

6 
1 



48 
6 



17 



888 



75 



30 



50 



05 



IS 



25 

4 



888 



50 



00' 
40 



00 

75 

15 



05 



1875. 



CASS A MASON. 



Dr. 



Cr. 



March 


21 


u 


21 


u 


23 


May 


1 
1 


June 


19 


a 


26 


July 


10 

29 


Aug. 


12 
12 


Sept. 


1 



By 3 days' labor at $1.25 

To 2 Shoats at 3.00 

To 18 bushels Corn at .45 

By 1 month's Labor 

To Cash '_"""; 

By 8 days' Mowing at $1.50 

To 50 lbs. Flour 

To 27 lbs. Meat at $ .16 

By 9 days' Harvesting.. __ at 2.00 

By 6 days' Labor . at 1.50 

To Cash ... 

To Cash to balance account . . 







S3 


$G 


00 




8 


10 


25 


10 


00 


12 


2 


75 




2 


70 


18 
9 


20 


00 




18 


20 




$67 


75 


167 



75 

00 
00 



00 
00 



75 



INTEREST TABLE. 

A Simple Rule for accurately Computino Interest at Any Givex Peii Cent For a.ny 

Length op Time. 
Multiply the principal (amount of money at Interest) by the time reduced to days; then divide this product 
by the quotient obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by the per cent, of interest 
andt'ie quotient thus obtained will be tlie required interest. ' 

ILLUSTRATION. Solution. 

Requiretheiuterest of $462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An $46:2.50 

interest month is 30 days; one month .md eighteen days equal 48 days. $463.50 multi- 48 

plied by .48 gives $2230000; 360 divided bv 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and • ■- 

$233.0000 divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, whio'i is $3.70. Iftherateof 370000 

interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the $222.0000 by 30 B13R0 \ IRfSOnn 
(because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; if 8 per __ ] 
cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent. 60/$223.0000(S3.70 

"'iso' 

420 
420 



00 



MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 



12 units, or tilings, 1 Dozen. 
12 dozen, 1 Gross. 
20 things, 1 Score. 



196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 
200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Porlc. 20 quires paper 1 Ream. 
56 pounds, 1 Firlcin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f. high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood.. 



290 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. 

Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen 
Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made 
his first attempt to colonize that region. 

Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter 
Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was 
the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." 

Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time 
■owned that section of the country. 

Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." 

Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." 

Arkansas., from Kansas, the Indian word for " smoky water." Its 
prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." 

The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," 
after Charles the Ninth of France. 

G-eorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first 
established a colony there in 1732. 

Temiessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. e., the 
Mississippi which forms its western boundary. 

Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." 

Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa., " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota., " cloudy 
water," and Wisconsin., "wild-rushing channel." 

Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French 
suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." 

Michigan was called by the name given the Idike., fish-weir., which was 
so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. 

Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly 
applies to the river that flows through it. 

Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. 

Cortes named California. 

Massachusetts is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." 

Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long 
River." 

Mart/land, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of 
England. 

New York was named by the Duke of York. 

Pennsylvania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William 
Penn, its orignal owner. 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



291 



Delatvare after Lord De La Ware. 

Neiv Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, y/ho was 
Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. 

Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- 
ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. 

Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green 
Mountain. 

Netv Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was 
formerly called Laconia. 

The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of 
Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly 
resemble. 

Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that 
section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. 



POPULATION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



States and Territories, 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

'California 

Oonnecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

low a 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts — 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

N e w J e r s e y 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Khode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Total States 

Arizona , 

Colorada 

Dakota 

District of Columbia 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

■yVashi ngton . . , 

Wyoming 

Total Territories, , 

Total United States 



38.113,253 



9,658 
39,864 
14,181 
131.700 
14,999 
20,595 
91,874 
86,786 
23,955 
9,118 

442,7.30 



38,555,983 



POPULATION 
PRINCIPAL 



OF FIFTY 
CITIES. 



New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa... 

Brooklyn, N. Y 

St. Louis, Mo 

Chicago, 111 

Baltimore, Md 

Boston, Mass 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

New Orleans, La. ., 
San Francisco, Cal. 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Wasliington, D. C. 

Newark, N. J 

Louisville, Ky 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Pittsburg, Pa 

Jersey City, N. J ... 

Detroit, Mich 

Milwaukee, Wis 

Albany, N. Y 

Providence, R. I 

Rochester, N. Y 

Allegheny, Pa 

Richmond, Va 

New Haven, Conn. 
Charleston, S. C — 
Indianapolis, Ind... 

Troy, N. Y , 

Syracuse, N. Y 

Worcester, Mass... 

Lowell, Mass 

Memphis, Tenn 

Cambridge, Mass... 

Hartford, Conn 

■Scranton, Pa , 

Reading, Pa 

Paterson, N. J 

Kansas City, Mo... 

Mobile, Ala 

Toledo, Ohio 

Portland, Me 

Columbus, Ohio 

Wilmington, Del... 

Dayton, Ohio 

Lawrence, Mass 

Utica, N. Y 

Charlestown, Mass 

Savannah, Ga 

Lynn. Mass 

Fall River, Mass... 



Aggregate 
Population. 



942,292 

674,022 

396,099 

310,864 

298.977 

267,354 

250, .526 

216,239 

191,418 

149,473 

117,714 

109,199 

105,059 

100,753 

92,829 

86,076 

82.546 

79,577 

71.440 

69,422 

68,904 

62,386 

53,180 

51.038 

50.840 

48,956 

48.244 

46.465 

43,051 

41,105 

40.928 

40.226 

39,634 

37,180 

3.5,092 

33,930 

33,579 

32,260 

32,034 

31,584 

31,413 

31,274 

30,841 

30,473 

28,921 

28,804 

28,323 

28,235 

28,233 

26,766 



292 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



States ajid 
Territokiks. 


Area in 
square 
Miles. 


States. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 


.50,722 

52,198 

188 981 

4.674 

2,120 


Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 


.59,268 
58.000 
55,410 




33,809 


Iowa 

Kansas 


55,045 
81,318 


Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massacliusetts... 
Michigan* 


37,600 
41,346 
31,776 
11,184 
7,800 
56,451 
83,531 
47,156 
65,350 


Mississippi 


Neliraska 


75,9S5 
112,090 


New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 
Ohio 


9,280 

8.320 

47,000 

50,704 

39,964 


Oregon 


95,244 



Population 



1870. 



1,350,544 
528,349 



857,039 



' Last Census of 



996,992 

484,471 

560,^47 

537,4.54 

125,015 

187,748 
1,184,109 
2,539,891 
1,680,637 
1,191.792 

364,399 
1,. 321, Oil 

726,915 

626,915 

780,894 
1,457,351 
1,184,059 

439,706 

827,922 
1,721,295 

123,993 
42,491 

318,300 

906,096 

4,382,759 

1,071,361 

2,665,260 

90,923 

Michigan taken in 1874, 



Miles 
R. R. 
1875. 1872 



1,651,912 

1,334,031 

598,429 



246,280 
52,540 



1,026.502 
4,705,208 



States and 
Territories. 



States. 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont ... 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Total States 

Territories. 

Arizona 

Colorado 

Dakota 

Dist. of Columbia, 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Wyoming 

Total Territories, 



Area in 
square 
Miles. 



46,000 
1,306 
29,385 
45,600 
237..504 
10,212 
40,904 
23,000 
53,924 



1,950,171 



113, 
104 
147 

90 
143 
121, 
80, 
69, 
93, 



1870. 



3,521, 
217 
705, 

1,258, 
818, 
330, 

1,225 
442, 

1,054, 



38,113,253 



9 

39, 
14 
131, 
14, 
20, 
91, 
86, 
23, 
9, 



Miles 
R. R. 

1875. 1872. 



258,239 
925,145 



l,2::i6,72£ 



5,113 
136 

1,201 

1,520 
865 
675 

1,490 
485 

1,725 



59,587 



392 



375 



498 



1,265 



Aggregateof U.S.. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 

• Included In the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. 



PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; 
Population and Area. 



Countries. 



China 

British Empire 

Russia 

United States with Alaska 

France 

Austria and Hungary 

Japan 

Great Britain and Ireland. . . 

German Knipire 

Italy 

Spain 

Brazil 

Turkey 

Mexico 

Sweden and Norway 

Persia 

Belgium 

Bavaria 

Portugal 

Holland 

N ew Grenada 

Chili... 

Switzerland 

Peru 

Bolivia 

Argentine Republic 

Wurtemburg 

Denmark 

Venezuela 

Baden 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Ecuador 

Paraguay 

Hesse 

Liberia 

San Salvador 

Hayti 

N icaragua 

Uruguay 

Hontluras 

San Domingo 

Costa Rica 

Hawaii 



Population. 



446, 

226, 

81, 

38, 

36, 

35, 

34, 

31, 

29, 

27, 

16, 

10, 

16, 

9, 

5, 

5, 

5, 

4, 

3, 

3, 

3, 

2, 

2, 

2, 

2, 

i: 
1 
1 
I, 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



500,000 
817,108 
925,400 
925,600 
469,800 
904,400 
78.5,300 
817,100 
906,092 
439,921 
642,000 
000.000 
463,000 
173,000 
921.. 500 
000,0<)0 
021,300 
861,400 
99.5,200 
688,300 
000,000 
000.000 
669.100 
500,000 
000,000 
812,000 
818,500 
784.700 
500,000 
461,400 
457.900 
180,000 
,300,000 
,000,000 
823,138 
718.000 
600,000 
572,000 
3.50,000 
300,000 
3.50,000 
136,000 
165.000 
62.950 



Date of 

Census. 



1871 
1871 
1871 
1870 
1866 
1869 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1871 
1867 



1869 

1870 
1870 
1869 
1871 
1868 
1870 
1870 
1869 
1870 
1871 

i869 
1871 
1870 



1871 
1870 
1871 


1871 


1871 
1871 


1871 
1871 
1871 


1870 



Area in 
Square 

Miles. 



3,741,846 

4,677,432 

8.003,778 

■J, 603, 884 

204,091 

240.348 

149,399 

121,315 

160,207 

118,847 

195,775 

3,253.029 

672,621 

761,526 

292,871 

635,964 

11,373 

29,292 

34,494 

12.680 

357,157 

132,616 

1.5.992 

471.838 

497.321 

871,848 

7,533 

14,753 

368,238 

5,912 

19,353 

40,879 

218,928 

63,787 

2,969 

9,576 

7,335 

10,205 

58,171 

66,722 

47,092 

17,827 

21,505 

7.633 



Inhabitants 

to Square 

Mile. 



119.3 

48.6 

10.2 

7.78 

178.7 

149.4 

232.8 

262.3 

187. 

230.9 

8.5. 

3.07 
24.4 



20. 
7.8 
441.5 
165.9 
115.8 
290.9 
8.4 
15.1 
166.9 
5.3 
4. 
2.1 
241.4 
120.9 
4.2 
247. 
75.3 
28.9 
.5.9 
1.5.6 
277. 
74.9 
81.8 
56. 
6. 
6.5 
7.4 
7.6 
7.7 
80. 



Pekin 

London 

St. Petersburg., 

Wasliington 

Paris 

Vienna 

Yeddo 

London 

Berlin 

Rome 

Madrid 

Rio Janeiro 

Constantinople 

Mexico 

Stockholm 

Telicran 

Brussels 

Munich 

Lisbon 

Hague 

Bogota 

Santiago 

Berne 

Lima 

Cluiquisaca 

Buenos Ay res.. 

Stuttgart 

Copenhagen 

Caraccas 

Carlsruhe 

Athens 

Guatemala 

Quito 

.Vsuncion 

Darinslailt 

Monrovia . . 

Sal Salvador ... 
Port au Prince 

Managua 

Monte Video... 

Comayagua 

.San Domingo. . . 

San Jose 

Honolulu 



Population. 



1,648,800 

3,251,800 

667,000 

109,199 

1,825,300 

833,900 

1,554,900 

3,251,800 

82.5,400 

244,484 

332,000 

420,000 

1,07.5,000 

210,300 

136.900 

120,000 

314,100 

169,500 

224,063 

90,100 

45,000 

115,400 

36,000 

160,100 

25,000 

177.800 

91,600 

162,042 

47,000 

36,600 

43,400 

40,000 

70,000 

48,000 

30,000 

3,000 

15,000 

20,000 

10,000 

44,500 

12,000 

20,000 

2.000 

7,633 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. 

Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed 
according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on 
Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed 
or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the 
State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- 
vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before 
due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in 
obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit 
against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to 
order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. 
Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, 
every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise 
expressed. 

In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall 
be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, 
a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest 
when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not 
stated. 

INTEREST. 

The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, 
on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten 
per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school 
fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 

DESCENT. 

The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- 
ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, 
as exempt from execution ; (-3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve 
months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including 
life insurance, descends as does real estate. 

One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in. real property, possessed by 
husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution 
or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her 
right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. 

(298) 



294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased 
wife. 

The widow's share canwot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless 
she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- 
visions of the will. 

The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband 
or surviving wife. 

Subject to the above^, the remaining estate of which the decedent died 
siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend 

First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the 
descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their 
deceased parents in equal shares among them. 

Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no 
widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; 
the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is na 
parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- 
ants. 

Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- 
dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to 
such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate 
shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, 
or child or children, or descendants of the same. 

Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of 
either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to 
like rules. 

Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- 
scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, 
parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or 
surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. 



WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. 

No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. 
Every male person of the age of twenty-one yeai'S, and every female of the age 
of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must 
be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and 
by his or her express direction, ami attested by two or more competent wit- 
nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. 
Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from 
date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- 
tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of 
sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half 
per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus 
above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- 
ble for extra services. 

Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor 
or administrator shall give such notice of appoi^itment as the court or clerk shall 
direct. 

Claims (oth.er than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, are 
forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or 
unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295 

Claims are classed and 'payable in the following order : 

1. Expenses of administration. 

2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 

3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 

4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 

5. Public rates and taxes. 

6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice 
given by the executors of their appointment. 

7. All other debts. 

8. Legacies. 

The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own 
right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of tht* 
deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. 



TAXES. 

The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, 
and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are 
liable for the taxes thereon. 

The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. .* 

1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- 
sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ; 
property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when 
devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public 
grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all 
implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their 
buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries^ 
grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- 
gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these 
institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used 
with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- 
able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such 
lease ; provided, that all deeds, by Avhich such property is held, shall be duly 
filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the 
assessment. 

2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions ; 
used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- 
dents in any such institution, used for their education. 

3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted 
solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- 
scribed by their charter. 

4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to 
the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous 
to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; 
family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, 
all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no 
person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, 
is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 

5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- 
ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 



296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

revTnue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases 
reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and 
subject to reversal by them. 

6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, 
and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars 
in value. 

7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, 
should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is 
made. 

There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or 
forest trees or hedges. 

Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- 
alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate 
taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for 
taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of 
destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only 
as is not covered by insurance. 

All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and 
sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which 
he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, 
father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or 
lessor, mortgagee or lessee. 

Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- 
cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- 
poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed 
and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public 
purpose. 

The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed 
and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and 
assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. 

The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of 
each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their 
regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without 
interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. 

Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. 

Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, 
by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty fer centum of 
such amount immediately added as lyenalty^ with ten j^er cent, interest fer 
annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- 
sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each 
year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per 
cent, interest as before. 

If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption 
is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' 
notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of 
certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 

JURISDICTION OF COURTS 

DISTRICT COURTS 

have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such 
cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have 
exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in 
criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. 

CIRCUIT COURTS 

have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil 
actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and 
writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction 
in matters of estates and general probate business. 

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE 

have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent 
of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. 
They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, 
committed within their respective counties, in which the jiyie, by law, does not 
exceed ^100 or the iinprisonment thirty days. 



LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 

Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and 
to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. 

Those against a public officer within three (3) years. 

Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property ; for relief 
on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within 
five (5) years. 

Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except 
those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within 
ten (10) years. 

Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, 
within twenty (20) years. 

All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in 
favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed 
— time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be 
included in computing any of the above periods. 

Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, 
must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed 
and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, 
and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to 
bring action. 

JURORS. 

All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, 
and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors 
in their respective counties. 

United States officers, practicmg attorneys, physicians and clergymen, 
acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 



298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act 
as jurors. 

Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests 
or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of 
his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. 

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 

was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with 
the jury to inflict it or not. 

A MARRIED WOMAN 

may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may 
control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- 
vey, encumber, control or contract. 

She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband 
may. 

Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. 

She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. 

She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact, 

EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. 

A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- 
erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for 
actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- 
essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private 
libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings 
not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his 
family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying 
ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse 
is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the 
materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all 
pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; 
all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- 
stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured 
by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- 
niture not exceeding two liundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and 
looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for 
actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six 
months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, 
mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the 
horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes 
of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by 
the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teams! er or 
other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there 
shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- 
essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of 
twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at 
any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. 

Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have 
exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 

There is also exempt, to a head of a flimily, a homestead, not exceeding forty 
acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not 
limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as 
such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. 

An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase 
money thereof. 

Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall 
have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and 
other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five 
dollars in value. 

A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or 
wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors, 

ESTRAYS. 

An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st 
and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful 
enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some 
other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; 
and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other 
householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed wdth it as if 
taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace 
such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. 

Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for 
damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated 
as an estray. 

Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- 
tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- 
ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice 
of the Peace in the township and make oath as to where such estray was taken 
up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. '1 he 
estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, 
description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be 
entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten 
days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. 

When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the 
Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on 
his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in 
the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. 

Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if 
no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- 
plied with the law and paid costs. 

An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and 
moderation. 

If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fixil to 
comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or 
work it before liejving it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more 
than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall forfeit 
to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with 
costs. 

If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after 
the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comolete title 
rests in the finder. 



300 ABSTRACT OF KtWA STATE LAWS. 

But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove 
his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the 
appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. 

WOLF SCALPS. 
A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. 

MARKS AND BRANDS. 

Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and 
have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. 

No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person 
residing in his township. 

DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. 

When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any 
domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages 
may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the 
animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects to recover by action 
against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of 
distraint. 

When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday 
not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; 
and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, 
the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall 
be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part 
thereof, shall, on the tenth day after postmg the notice^ between the hours of 1 
and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. 

Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- 
cuit Court. 

Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at 
large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic 
animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such 
animal, recover his damages, Avliether the lands whereon the injury was done 
were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. 

FENCES. 

A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with 
posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where 
boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence 
which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — 
provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- 
teen inches from the ground. 

The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition 
fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve 
them in equal shares, uidess otherwise agreed between them. 

If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, 
the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, 
may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and. if found insuf- 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 

ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same 
within such time as they judge reasonable. 

If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do 
so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the 
value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, 
the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if 
the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per 
cent a month interest, by action. 

In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to Avho shall erect or 
maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case 
any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, 
the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double 
damages. 

No person, not wishing his land inclosed^ and not using it otherwise than in 
common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses 
or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- 
tion fences. 

Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the 
owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other 
refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, 
the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to 
build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and 
recover as above. 

And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for 
one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. 

Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining 
his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor 
SIX months' notice thereof. 

Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the 
owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn 
six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to 
build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, 
before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material 
to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be 
removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the 
other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove 
crops. 

MECHANICS' LIENS. 

Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish 
any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- 
ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any 
work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his 
agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying 
with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor 
done or materials furnished. 

It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- 
contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thn-ty days after the last of 
the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, 
with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after 
allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or 
labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 



302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

the property sought to be charged Avith the lien, and the whole verified by 
affidavit. 

A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as 
above. 

Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a 
mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing 
such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. 

Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days fiar a princi- 
pal contractor, thirty" days fi^r a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to 
enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much 
better be done with an attorney. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one half of 
the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule sliall 
be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- 
ing five dollars. 

The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person Avronged. 

Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in 
a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- 
tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding 
thirty days. 

It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to 
break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. 

The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- 
ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- 
ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County 
Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part 
thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. 

The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges 
therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put 
guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- 
fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, 
must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out 
any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at 
one time, witliout their consent. 

Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon 
vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or 
agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to bo destroyed. 

Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, 
and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. 

A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk 
across any such bridge. 

The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known 
to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by 
petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : 

The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that 

a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating 

at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) 

When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps will be shown 
and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 



ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. 



Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child 
of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- 
ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent 
lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the 
consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and 
remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where 
the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, 
signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if 
known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such 
child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the 
child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is 
given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. 

The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall 
acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be 
acknowledged. 

The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. 

SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. 

There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, 
who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It 
is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make 
all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as 
may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- 
ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be 
by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested 
persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and 
impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of 
the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the 
office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- 
with. 

Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, 
twenty-five cents. 

SUPPORT OF POOR. 

The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, 
and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, 
maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- 
ship Trustees. 

In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend 
to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- 
children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. 

The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain 
a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court 
for an order to compel the same. 

Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a 
hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor 
person. 



304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

Appeal may be takien from such judgment as from other judgments of the 
Circuit Court. 

When any person, having any estate, abandons either chihlren, wife or hus- 
band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for 
support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the 
Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into 
possession such estate. 

The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well 
as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, 
wife or husband. 

If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- 
son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and 
the property taken returned. 

The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township 
Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every 
township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so 
varied, that it n$ed now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- 
vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. 



LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- 
ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- 
ises after'the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. 

Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is 
presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. 

Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party 
before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is 
reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need 
not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of 
tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of 
the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field 
tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- 
vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 
1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express 
agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, 
the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 

But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to Avriting or 
not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 

If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required 
may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; 
or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the 
building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. 

The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the 
premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the 
premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one 
year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls duo ; but 
such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the 
term. 

The lien may be eifected by the commencement of an action, within the 
period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



305 



of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover 
rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the 
affidavit. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or 
delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, 
the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: 



Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 

Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 
Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 

Osage Orange Seed 32 

Millet Seed 45 

Stone Coal 80 

Lime 80 

Corn in the ear 70 

Wheat 60 

Potatoes 60 

Beans 60 

Clover Seed 60 

Onions 57 

Shelled Corn 56 

Rye 56 

Flax Seed 56 

Sweet Potatoes 46 



Sand 130 

Sorghum Seed 30 

Broom Corn Seed 30 

Buckwheat 52 

Salt 50 

Barley 48 

Corn Meal 48 

Castor Beans 46 

Timothy Seed 45 

Hemp Seed 44 

Dried Peaches 33 

Oats 38 

Dried Apples 24 

Bran 20 

Blue Grass Seed 14 

Hungarian Grass Seed 45 



Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs 
and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. 



DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. 

$ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed 

before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States 
Currency. 

£ means pounds, English money. 

@ stands for at or to ; ft) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per or bi/ 
the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@.30c f ft), and Flour at |8@|12 f bbl. 

% for per cent., and # for number. 

May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@^1. 25, " seller June." Seller June mediXis 
that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any 
time during the month of June. 

Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, 
at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the 
stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress 
the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract 
at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears." 

Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares 
of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make 
a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs" are termed "bulls," as it is for 
their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as 
possible. 



306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

NOTES. 

Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and 
•sjiie of payment are mentioned : 

$100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. 

Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E, F. Brown or order, one hun- 
dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. 

A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- 
stituted for money in the above form. 

ORDERS. 

Orders should be worded simply, thus : 
Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to 

F. D. SiLVA. 

RECEIPTS. 

Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : 

$100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services 
rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. 

Thomas Brady. 
If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. 

BILLS OF PURCHASE. 

W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. 

Bought of A. A. Graham. 

4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 

2 Seamless Sacks " 80 60 



Received payment, $6 60 

A. A. Graham. 



CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 



-, Iowa, , 18- 



after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, 

at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after 

until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, 

interest at same rate and conditions. 

A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 clays after due, shall cause the 
whole note to become due and collectable nt once. 

If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. 

No. — . P. 0. , . 



CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 
— vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of 



County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 

sum of — dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with 

interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment 

against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , 

and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of 

said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and 

interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . 

Said debt and judgment being for — . 

It is especially agreed, however, That if this judgment is paid within twenty 

days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey 

and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so 

far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution 
for this judgment. 

Dated , 18—. . 



The State of Iowa, "I 

■ County. j 

being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- 
ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — 

understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are 

true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said 

as aforesaid. 



Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said 

this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. 



ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 

An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing 
in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an 
agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. 
No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly 
stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. 

GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. 

This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John 
Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas 
Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — 

WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement 
of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to 
and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- 
able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, 
of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at 
the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- 
ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five 
tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered 
by the thirtieth of November. 

And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment 
of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees 
with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton 
as soon as delivered. 



308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereb}' 
stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- 
dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first 
above written. John Jones, 

Thomas Whiteside. 

agreement with clerk for services. 

This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred 
and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, 
State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, 
County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — 

WITNESSETH, that said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to 
work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space 
of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, Avithout 
absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in 
the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing 
and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in 
all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. 

In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the 
said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- 
lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each 
month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, 
shall be deducted from the sura otherwise by the agreement due and payable by 
the said Stone to the said Barclay. 

Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. 

George Barclay. 

BILLS OF SALE. 

A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to 
convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purcliaser must 
take actual possession of the j^foperty^ or the bill of sale must be acknowledged 
and recorded. 

COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. 

Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, 
Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten 
Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the 
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do 
convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- 
tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the 
arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, 
sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm 
aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his 
executors and assigns fi>rever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, 
agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to 
warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned property and chattels unto 
the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and 
every person whatsoever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of 
October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. 

Louis Clay. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 

NOTICE TO QUIT. 
To John Wontpay : 

You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now 
occupy to wit : 

\_Insert Description.^ 

on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. 

Dated January 1, IblS. Landlord. 

[^Reverse for Notice to Landlord.^ 

GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL 

PROPERTY. 

I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State 
of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of 
sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- 
tament, in manner following, to-wit : 

First. I give, devise and bequeath uilto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- 
field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third 
National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the 
Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the 
houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold 
unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. 

Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna 
Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank 
stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one 
quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, 
and recorded in my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land 
is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is 
devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. 

Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five 
shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred 
and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, 
with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said 
real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. 

Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household 
furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto 
disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third 
National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home 
farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law 
— said firm being my present place of residence. 

Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income 
from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during 
the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to 
my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said 
father. 

Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria 
Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time Avhen she may arrange to relinquish her 



310 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my 
above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. 

And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last -will 
and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney 
H. Mansfield. 

I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid 
from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of 
such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- 
ever. 

In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, 
have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred 
and seventy-two. 

Charles Mansfield. 
Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- 
ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in 
the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses 
thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, 

Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. 

CODICIL. 

Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand 
eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by 
this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. 

Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, 
has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, 
a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- 
field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and 
title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, 
Anna Louise, in the body of this will. 

In witness "whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles INIansfield. 

Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- 
field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And 
we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have 
subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. 

Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, 
John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. 



[Forvi No. 1.) 

SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. 



ss. 



State of Io^VA, 

County, 

I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge 

that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — — day of , A. D. 

18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on 

the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of 

Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the 
Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 

A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage 

Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off, satisfied and discharged in full. 

. [seal.] 

State of Iowa, 1 

County, j " 

Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before 

me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , 

to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above 

(satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature 

thereto to be voluntary act and deed. 

Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above 

written. • 



ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and 

State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of 

County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said 

the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of 

, to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the 

said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from 

incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey 

the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against 

the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that 

the said ■ shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time 

therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. 

One note for $ , due , 1 8 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the 
above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes 
necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an 

attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her 

right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. 
Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . 



[Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] 



SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the 

county of — and State of , part of the first part, and of the 

county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the 

said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, 

paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby^ 
acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, 
sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 



312 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county 
of and State of , described as follows, to-wit : 

[Here insert description.) 

The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of 
the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, 
that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend 
them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly 
hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and 
convey all rights of homestead therein. 

This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- 
ditions, to-wit : 

First. Said first part agree to pay said "or order 

Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if 
he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the 
rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this 
mortgage shall stand as security for the same. 

Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and 
assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and 
if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money 
herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or 
assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, 
per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. 
Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said 

money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes 

due ; or fail to conjbi'm or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- 
ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and 
this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said 
money, interest and costs. 

Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either 
principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure 
of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- 
able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security 
tlierefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall 
be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with the other money, 
interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note 
described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged 

by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions 

being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. 



[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 



FORM OF LEASE. 



This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of 

A. D. 187—, by and between , of tiie county of , and 



State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of' 

and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth tliat the said party of the first 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 313 

part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described 

premises, to wit : 

\_IIere insert description.'] 

for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, a-^ 

the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : 

\_Here insert Terms.] 

And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if 
default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- 
ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain 
for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry 
and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 
1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. 

And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first 
part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by 
reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the 

second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force 

and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants 

that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes 

whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the 

same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; that will 

not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent 

of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at 

the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care 

and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, 
vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; 

that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now 

are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, 
inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of 

the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that 

at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said 

covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit 

and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- 
tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by 
fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. 

In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date 
first above written. 

In presence of 



FORM OF NOTE. 

, 18- 



On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to 

pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, 

at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at -. Unpaid interest 

shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest 

within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become 

due at once. 



314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and 

State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of 

County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the 

following described personal property, now in the possession of in the 

county and State of , to wit : 

\_Ilere insert Description. "^ 

And do liereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from 

any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in 
and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This 
conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said 
grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 

therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for 

the sum of dollars, 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , Avith interest annually at per cent. 

The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part 
or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by 
sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, 
whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, 

including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said 

notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. 

Signed the day of , 18 — . . 

[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] . 



WARRANTY DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and 

State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by 

of , County and State of , do liereby sell and convey unto 

the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, 

situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : 

[_Here insert description.'] 

And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee 

simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good 
right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- 
rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against 
the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- 
linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described 
premises. 

Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . 

in presence of 



[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 



i 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 



QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, 

State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand 

paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do 

hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents 

do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns 

forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and 
in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following 
described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the 
hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. 

Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 

Signed in Presence of 



[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] 



BOND FOR DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, 

and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and 

State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his 

executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself 
firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to 
said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the 
sum of Dollars, 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor 
shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of 
real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- 
lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual 
covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. 

If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any 
part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice 
to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- 
sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this 
agreement. 

On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, 
otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor 
as above stipulated. 



[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 



316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 



CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. 

Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, 
a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate 
themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- 
poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take 
the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of 
the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- 
ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by 
which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such 
society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and 
the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first 
year of its existence. 

Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall 
have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- 
ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name 
stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may 
have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may 
have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and 
they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, 
receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- 
laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. 

The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members 
its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner 
as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management 
of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum 
for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among 
such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, 
such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws 
of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or 
Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- 
sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or 
may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- 
ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established 
agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and 
appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- 
ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, 
Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the 
patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- 
ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally 
nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers 
as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any 
vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, sliall be filled by th6 
synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. 

In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made 
on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be 
dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such 
by-laws. 

Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- 
ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any 
last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 

child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more 
than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or 
bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth. 

Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships 
of Avhich shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any 
synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and 
one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of 
officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such 
place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- 
ino-s ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and 
binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in 
this State. 

The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association 
or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify 
a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society 
in the county. 

The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- 
itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the 
requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- 
tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such 
existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated 
or continued. 



INTOXICATING LIQUORS. 

No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine 
manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be 
manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental 
purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : 

Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating 
houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within 
the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes 
only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In 
order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- 
tors of the town or toAvnsliip or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of 
good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. 

If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he 
must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- 
three per cent, on t'le cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, 
shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the 
Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased 
by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of 
freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him 
since the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for Avhat purpose and at what 
price; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand; which report shall be 
sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, 
subject at all times to the inspection of the public. 

No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or 
beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of 
parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person 
or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 



318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 

Any person who sliall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or 
cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, 
shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating li(juor. 

But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- 
hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by 
the imi)orter then of of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- 
ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, 
and in accordance with sucli laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the 
sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was 
by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the 
laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by 
him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. 

All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the 
laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, 
lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- 
tion of law and ecjuity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a 
valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt 
thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the 
amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. 

All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and 
securities of every kind, which, either in Avhole or in part, shall have been made 
on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and 
void. 

Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable 
consideration, without noi;ice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- 
ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of 
land or otlier property who may have taken the same in good faith, without 
notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was 
taken, growing out of a violation of the lii^uor law, be affected by the above 
provision. ^ 

Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be 
injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or 
in consec^uence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who 
shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of S*uch person, for 
all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. 

For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- 
stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, 
as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used b}- him, 
Avith consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- 
icating li(|uors contrary to law, shall be liable. 

The only otlier exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, 
is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six 
months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. 

No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two 
miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, 
for the purpose of shipment to places oiitside of sucli corporation and such two- 
mile limits. The power of tlie corporation to prohibit or license sale of li(|Uors 
not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. 

No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous li(iuors shall be sold on the day 
on wiiich any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of 
the place where said election is held; except only that any person holding a 
permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 



SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- 
TION. 

The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been 
brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not 
authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and 
that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to 
their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is 
made : 

A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which 
the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- 
eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and 
deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The 
nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample 
shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are 
the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too often exag- 
gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscrijjtions, 
for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no 
authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are 
authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the ageyit assume to agree to 
make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the 
publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the priiici- 
pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or 
in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the 
same. 

All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any 
other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be 
altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. 
It is therefore important that all perso7is contevnplating subscribing should 
distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not 
admissible as evidence, and i-"^ no p>art of the contract. 

Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- 
vassers. They are agents appointed to do a pa^'ticidar business in a jjrescribed 
mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their 
principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not 
collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. 
They cayi not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind 
their principal for the payment of expenses incurred, in their business. 

It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, 
before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, 
would examine carefully what it is ; if they can not read themselves call on 
some one disinterested who can. 




STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) 





No. of 
Acres 
of Im- 
proved 
Laud. 


No. of 
Acres 
Unim- 
proved 
Land. 


No. of 
Acres 
under 
Culti- 
vation 
iu 1874. 


Spring 

No. of 
Acres. 


Wheat. 


Winter Wheat. 


Indian Corn. 


Oats. 


Value of 
Pro'luct» 

of Farm 
in 

Dollars. 


COUNTIES. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'fd 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'td 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'td 


No. of 
Acres. 


No. of 
Bushels 
Harv'td 


Appanoose 

Alanial<ee 

Audulwn 

Adams 


161059 

13i;67 

21 UB 

65159 

83182 

33118 

297518 

1509S7 

119498 

11,5967 

213025 

19056 

37059 

54638 

110864 

58058 

248869 

529S0 

212291 

299855 

96504 

58065 

9S694 

26996 

150938 

115751 

187831 

143665 

472029 

15770 

132435 

9989 

147098 

179504 

69859 

1159117 

1460S9 

59940 

87259 

128331 

29114 

115823 

94848 

10462 

63966 

182080 

7292 

191011 

193290 

241021 

2788S1 

208907 

167389 

208125 

31550 

183832 

108952 

15872 

281118 

151007 

126384 

232398 

199669 

141512 

161998 

102215 

223735 

52242 

178945 

104G33 

3.3626 

18190 

2076S9 

21928 

i24t;.:io 

20S989 

156782 

58233 

18517 

18400 

2.3.5515 

148649 

53180 

89824 

31336 

lO.'SCl 

255182 

57005 

153(174 

147766 

191265 

246140 

44179 

4S92T 

22517r 

972.38 

17589 

3.5516 

15020.9 


161083 

156821 
23819 
43735 
55680 
37034 
53911 
71810 
58908 
47001 

150381 
71418 
39919 
28974 
45304 

283414 
41417 

309895 

151908 
57337 
94772 

309744 
50487 

"iieoos 

87172 
98561 
58165 
62305 
29850 
57765 
25586 
82130 
98156 
43l'46 

198832 
47926 
49S38 
47220 
39930 
36906 

171048 

337451 

341615 
39935 
50249 
9194 
89357 

142401 
71257 

179752 
63298 
66979 
98999 
48793 
78692 
59757 

318811 
62649 
52922 
70176 

122190 
82779 
53604 

188709 
78206 
47552 
56278 
48S32 
50607 
32070 
31406 
56841 

419189 
48697 

175171 
51912 
32225 
58829 
19123 
43874 
39326 

367394 
47201 

235515 
90222 
33216 
99528 
6679.'> 

167178 

131670 
57097 
45957 
55652 
61744 
30625 
323S7 
63491 


125188 
109388 
15986 
54352 
66265 
27010 
239408 
108642 
124877 
104S10 
181256 
157240 
33375 
45412 
92785 
15262 
1664S-. 
48648 
173622 

■■"iiioi 

39159 

78803 

26618 

131.597 

95275 

146244 

97618 

161357 

11961 

114625 

8387 

110708 

133758 

65590 

103039 

135108 

52323 

76892 

97765 

27013 

61871 

72287 

9005 

52050 

110831 

6514 

158488 

142401 

193019 

216949 

140684 

125590 

149672 

28835 

133580 

88857 

12766 

175655 

100066 

91133 

150368 

153214 

99S37 

137979 

91730 

117303 

39844 

129099 

86926 

26131 

14651 

140150 

19219 

90619 

171588 

115 184 

44379 

16679 

50873 

185712 

99387 

4723U 

33515 

24179 

79442 

214941 

45826 

113263 

111689 

15S737 

259169 

33097 

32157 

157S84 

70910 

12121 

28957 

135173 


9606 
61880 

6876 
17947 
27550 
15514 
99106 
32505 
57907 
48878 
89361 
64291 
17481 
31693 
40123 
24000 
40467 
28199 
86883 
68683 
40162 
26756 
17968 
11040 

5378 

8211 
49240 
10615 
60401 

5701 
29256 

3911 
62067 
60779 
31096 
13229 
67384 
19391 
27489 
38464 
12046 
36115 
23948 

4889 
20076 
15026 

3108 
48410 
43515 
45306 
79926 
36090 
16237 
33278 
10798 
10S51 
13954 

8132 
52178 
19764 
65534 
81362 
45136 
24385 
37553 
11638 
69895 
15331 
32375 

1.381 
149U4 

8769 
376S6 

7431 
33:'(;9 
5;:H2 
22(!S9 
33628 

8606 
10326 
47698 
26658 
22029 
22;I96 

110,56 
151 16 
9;013 
lOJSli 

74.55 

10375 
42175 
112175 

15243 
23092 
41646 
30.551 

8939 

13629 

1736S 


77789 
937639 

89235 
281376 
435014 
162737 
1343666 
429257 
779167 
644795 
1108024 
812342 
153159 
401507 
676209 
324894 
640544 
415463 
1305125 
1010345 
643519 
340161 
217090 
109631 

30993 

77169 
634135 
113396 

71728 

25822 
445848 
1510 
941439 
8(i3670 
> 455909 
206901 
976607 
257760 
393574 
497251 

20902 
582803 
143701 

70006 
294682 
180220 

48815 
670247 
550000 
666779 
1107170 
462478 
164904 
368528 

131,^9 

72624 
153587 

76742 
656597 
189939 
10S38U 
39.5532 
529663 
812961 
■ 628314 
101413 
1125382 
183811 
416471 
551539 
1575:6 

74757 


1049 

181 

10 

7 

70 

7 ■ 

11 
20 


10838 

1964 

97 

174 

3500 

280 

84 
700 


64871 
24325 

9225 
25174 
30860 

7SS8 
83244 
46151 
38685 
28754 
56592 
48831 

8797 

9459 
40582 
17957 
78224 

9512 
37948 
89297 
16821 
16014 
39066 
10056 
62127 
50484 
67118 
102924 
56150 

3183 
57652 

2197 
26462 
37091 
24066 
73S45 
40175 
783037 
3890-2 
41304 

9998 

9916 
44720 

2067 
20441 
62672 

2301 
€2518 
53962 
77142 
100217 
65423 
55061 
75697 

9781 
59863 
47022 

2645 
91773 
49642 
11274 
83775 
84630 
59543 
69194 
45575 
67699 
21577 
54760 
39251 

6379 

2510 
77497 

8981 
47258 
86743 
71386 
10097 

6641 
S56I3 
59071 
51273 
17674 

6780 

8662 
48260 
7,3251 
24063 
50211 
65625 
80280 
27185 
14647 

8530 
73265 
28713 

1374 
100S9 
57035 


2385213 

905920 

394655 

969777 
1402-128 

228231 
3328921 
1595752 
1270878 
1026641 
1939590 
1811250 

180120 

315215 
1901062 

648658 
2845921 

265443 
1471263 
3061338 

514279 

550041 
1580260 

351120 
2115569 
1763140 
1702391 
2307938 
1690i35 
44455 
2484898 
14273 

642448 
1296480 

758983 
1703985 
1482582 

783027 
1669134 
1379961 

297381 

307912 

1620192 

57899 

670731 
2415670 

108465 
2713830 
1665518 
31.58178 
45258!^9 
1909534 
1695510 
332r282 

119777 
2190306 
1902530 
10396 
ai39923 
2184658 

411961 
8768209 
8835063 
1533976 
2953630 
1738916 
2808251-, 

8183-^8 
1715973 
1441467 

106052 

17279 

3272010 

229263 
175003S 
8571105 
2239013 

175778 

142957 
1145937 
2-226346 
1783477 

689556 
82038 

279716 
1419680 
284-285!t 
1130930 
18230-22 
24051 S7 
3561365 

977316 

490371 

12'2'291 
283-2211 

917911 
52425 

281821 
2143791 


13756 
12776 

788 
3951 
4455 
2791 
15490 
10101 
13827 
14-259 
16804 
17431 
4436 
3545 
9079 
2902 
20213 
7199 
20C24 
23704 
11744 
3-238 
12337 
2993 
13643 
10.555 
25115 
9-242 
20577 
2403 
9937 
1519 
15461 
20770 
9532 
5419 
11786 
4227 
4145 
10982 
8974 
10210 
3462 
l.<;53 
5103 
13393 
455 
11756 
23652 
17760 
15267 
18-260 
14005 
15582 
5143 
11817 
12665 
8477 
22670 
6792 
14078 
16646 
10937 
6528 
8743 
11.512 
1E611 
2304 
13287 
5322 
3107 
1390 
12188 
2541 
5-278 
11416 
9758 
4161 
2979 
9118 
15915 
11273 
2-254 
4591 
8035 
8718 
1S574 
61-27 
12596 
13242 
8391 
24307 
8072 
4445 
15701 
7491 
1327 
4134 
11570 


387316 
44-28-29 

33233 
141-293 
159739 

67069 
445070 
404620 
421719 
518571 
538196 
556209 

98766 
115595 
176281 

99158 
675837 
2-28097 
669895 
702059 
446300 
107577 
367643 

73182 
845707 
344551 
6433-22 
287392 
632113 

37282 
335124 
3241 
487729 
704407 
8-286-79 
179645 
401948 
120948 
158505 
356915 

90944 
840268 

69140 

48816 
168262 
358-221 

14060 
819071 
5-21156 
52-2197 
532239 
464824 
446128 
447603 

27857 
2790tJ9 
312164 

13189 
585648 
175755 
542662 
496248 
335746 
232639 
285103 
241081 
46.5245 

66475 
40.5562 
201635 

53931 

26829 
431841 

40194 
168081 
833565 
346507 
1-20137 

46859 
255007 
528868 
343265 

71676 

45096 
6,599 
269()57 
384469 
187748 
353698 
367396 
281510 
8216508 

91647 
161557 
45;»20 
207493 

45109 
135176 
293590 


$1611937 
1415769 
184153- 
695318 

8-28171 


Buena Vista . . 


207828 
2664995 




1018453 


Butler 


1-209785 
1144620 


Black Hawk 






1898424 








2615949 


Clay 






123343 








35019 








1284899 








483357 




26 


295 


2606149 


Cerro Gordo... 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Chickasaw 

Carroll 


591617 


1347 
12 
3 
3 

7 

10 

5379 

817 

84 

8688 

5 


21030 

428 

63 

20 

55 

1,50 

56405 

12239 

1720 

117310 

50 


2081793 
3049019 
894656 
451365 


Clarke 


7054987 


Calhoun 

Davis 


221613 
1608090 


Decatur 

Dubuque 

Des Afoinee 

Delaware 


1024541 
1636132 
177299-2 
1693314 
45384 


Dallas 


7 


186 


1502047 




15244 


Floyd 






1367377 


Fayette 


46 


968 


1503127 


Franklin.. 


777106 


Kremont 

Grundy 


841 


16625 


1046066 
1593977 


2 
22 


44 
360 


620905 


Guthrie 


79-2461 
1066627 


Humboldt 




200001 






734409 


Harrison 


84 


1200 


786677 
89405 








52762 




9041 


113203 


1765670 


Ida 


7482211 




36 
491 
100 


1080 
7942 
1274 


200504* 


Jackson 

Johnson 


1750091 
2447875 
291683a 


Jones 

Jefferson 

Keokuk 


31 
6192 
148 
1-iO 
15400 
31 


409 
66739 
1363 


1is96416 
1530140 
1919728 
105306 




200407 

329 

54 

160 

16267 


1631518 




1030554 




82651 


Linn 


12 
1388 


2590052 
1665739 


Mitchell 


1591878 


Mahaska 


205 
189 
32 
23 
263 
21 


269if 
2212 
543 
484 
5584 
200 


2195785 
2181346 


Mills 


1003.509 


Madison 

Monroe 

Marshall 


1709C30 
938362 

2368-278 
447665 


Muscatine 

Montgomery... 
O'Brien 


63 

8 


629 
166 


1747906 

1072127 

191542 








69581 


Polk 


563389 
30774 
588971 
762826 
355792 
442736 
2;)208 
78S51 
762315 
3.30S97 
317944 
251286 
110091 
20(;SI3 
1437807 
141188 
58808 
76346 
654679 
1813465 
2-..8375 
410487 
469879 
391051 
1622S1 
196166 
157535 


21 


394 


2140023 




11-2666 


Pottawattounc 


63 


475 


1252629 
289302* 


Page 


1220 
10 
825 

125 
40 
8 


20235 
160 


129346S 


Plymouth 

Palo Alto 


4341-23 
96616 


Ringgold 

Scott 


1762 
618 
20 


111578-^ 
8041873 


Story 

Shelby 


1033743 
573026 


Siou.x 






166980 


Sac 




10 
8068 


238880 


Taylor 


244 


908476 


Tama 


2316405 




53 

10928 

143 

61 


960 

121854 

1236 

910 


6-24260 


Van Burcn 

Wayne 

Warren 

Wiiinesheik .... 


1439586 
1361376 
2208392 
2265252 


Woodbury 


' 


298-209 


Worth 


■:::'":r: 


896506 


AVashin^'ton ... 
Welister 


1439 
5 
11 


14193 


2035264 
783342 


Winncbajro 

Wrinlit... 


270 


140219 

288685 


Wapello 


1617 


161.59 


1455319 


Totals 


12627850 


8410435 


9354905 


3690711 


42669731 


69188 


759277 


4700176 


186-284542 


98-2994 


29144352 


$131530747 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



INDIAN^ OCCUPANCY. 

The Indian history of this region is interesting, principally because of the pres- 
ence here of two of the most noted characters of modern tribes. The nature of this 
work precludes the introduction of an exhaustive treatise on the rise and decline 
of the Indian races of this region, and enables us merely to gather from reli- 
able sources the fragments of incident, anecdote and analysis which have 
floated loosely about for years. In fact, our province is purely that of a com- 
piler, but sufficient care has been taken with the work to make it valuable in 
the generations which are to follow. The actual historian who shall investigate 
the ample field of aboriginal existence, may peruse these pages with a feeling of 
security in their correctness, if the associates of Keokuk and Black Hawk them- 
selves are to be believed ; for much of the information here preserved, was 
obtained in direct line of recital, either to the writer or to the party duly 
accredited with the extract. 

There still live many persons who witnessed the strange sight of a remnant 
of a race of men departing forever from their early homes, and such will, 
doubtless, be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of melancholy 
in the contemplation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of 
living power upon the theme; nor can the harsh character of fact denude the 
subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky 
victim and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the 
stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. 

Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all 
who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as fate. "Y'ou colo- 
nize the land of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen Montague, 
"you civilize that portion of the earth ; but is the savage civilized? He is 
exterminated I You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of wealth, 
but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is sacrificed to 
the next. You diffuse knowledge, and the world seems to grow brighter ; but 
Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. Every improve- 
ment, every advancement of civilization, injures some to benefit others, and 
either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to-morrow." 

That portion of Iowa which now claims Burlington as its metropolis, was 
once the home of the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. From a little work enti- 
tled " Sketches of Iowa," prepared in 1841 by Jotm B. Newhall, of Burling- 
ton, the following summary of their general character is taken. 

" The Sacs and Foxes have been among the most powerful and warlike tribes 
of the Northwest. History finds them fighting their way from the shores of 
the northern lakes, gradually, toward the Mississippi, sometimes warring with 
the Winnebagoes, and at other times with the ChippcAvas, often instigated by the 



324 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

French. At an early period, they inhabited the region of country bordering 
upon the Wisconsin Kiver, and planted large quantities of corn. The whole 
history of their wars and migrations shows them to have been a restless and 
spirited people, a people erratic in their pursuits, having a great contempt for 
agriculture and a predominant passion for war. By these ruling traits, they 
have been constantly changing, suffering and diminishing. Still, they retain 
their ancient chivahy, ever ready for war, regardless of the superiority of their 
foes. Thus, at the present time (1841) four or five hundred of their warriors 
are out to fight the Sioux of the North, with Avhom there exists a most deadly hos- 
tility, originating from old feuds, the origin of Avhich they scarcely know them- 
selves. '1 heir numbers, of late years, have been somewhat augmented by the 
policy they have pursued of adopting their prisoners of war and receiving 
seceders from other tribes, and at the present time they number about seven 
thousand souls. 

" The Sacs and Foxes speak the Algonquin language. This language is 
still spoken by the Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Ottawas and several other tribes. 
It is soft and musical in comparison with the harsh, guttural Nm-coutah of the 
Sioux, which is peculiar to themselves, having but little affinity to the Algon- 
quin tongue. Their ideas of futurity are somewhat vague and indefinite. They 
believe in the existence of a Supreme Manitou, or good spirit, and a Malcha 
Manitou, or evil spirit. They often invoke the favor of the good Manitou for 
success in war and the hunt, by various sacrifices and offerings. Storm and 
thunder they view as manifestations of His Avrath ; and success in war, the hunt 
or in the deliverance from enemies, of His favor and love. Everything of great 
power or efficiency, or what is inexplicable, is a 'great medicine,' and the med- 
icine-men and prophets are next in consideration to chiefs. At the decease of 
their friends, they paint their faces black, and the time of mourning is gov- 
erned by the affinity of the kindred. Their ideas of the condition of departed 
spirits and the ceremony of burial may be deemed interesting. Often, in per- 
ambulating their deserted villages, has my attention been arrested, in gazing 
through the bleached and mutilated slabs made to protect the moldering dust 
of a noted chief or 'brave,' who is frequently placed in a sitting posture, his 
gun and his war-club placed by his side, moccasins upon his feet, his blanket 
(or the remnants thereof) wrapped about his body, his beads and wampum sus- 
pended to his neck, where he sits 'like a warrior taking his rest,' in the silent 
sleep of death. 

" The situations of their villages are, oftentimes, extremely beautiful and 
picturesque. The rude architecture of their lodges ; the droves of Indian 
ponies galloping over the prairies, and snorting at the approach of white men ; 
the squaws busily engaged in preparing food, or, perhaps, ' toting ' a back-load 
of fagots that would frighten a New York porter, while their 'lazy lords ' sit 
smoking upon the grass or quietly sleeping in their lodges ; the young 
papooses swarming the river-bank, and, with bow and arrow, exercising their 
infant archery upon every prairie flower or luckless bird ; or, perchance, the 
gayly-painted warrior, mounted upon his prancing steed, his feathers streaming 
to the breeze, as he gallops from village to village with the fleetness of the wind, 
are objects which, to the traveler unaccustomed to Indian habits and character, 
are full of intense interest and novelty. 

" Sometimes, midway between tAvo villages, or, perhaps, off" in the prairie, 
may be seen a hundred young 'warriors' from each clan — 'picked men,' who 
have won laurels on the battle-field. They have met (per agreement) to exer- 
cise their feats in the race or the ancient games, the prize being, perhaps, two 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 82.5 

or tliree horses, a rifle, or a war-club ; the old warriors or chiefs of each 
village looking on as Judges. Great interest is manifested on these occasions, 
and the same ambitious emulation for rivalry is exhibited in these ' children of 
nature ' as among those who play their part beneath the gilded domes of the 
city. 

•' The Sacs and Foxes frequently visit the towns on the river — Burlington, 
Madison, etc. The dress of the males generally consists of leggings, fitting 
closely from the loins to the ankles, usually of smoke-tanned deerskin, and often 
of blue and sometimes of red cloth, trimmed Avith fringe and beads in a variety 
of fantastic forms. They Avear a white and, frequently, a scarlet-colored blanket 
thrown over the shoulders. Their moccasins are of deerskin, often trimmed 
with extreme taste, with beads and porcupine-quills. Their head-dress is of 
various fashions, and ofttimes indescribable. A chief or warrior's head-dress 
consists of a profusion of scarlet- colored hair, and long, black beards of the 
wild turkey connected to the scalp-lock, and not unfrequently a silver band or 
a richly-beaded turban. Their ears are strung with rings and trinkets, their 
arms with bracelets of brass, tin, silver and steel, and their necks are often 
strung with a profusion of wampum. A tolerably correct idea may be formed 
of the riches and taste of a young Indian by the number of strings of Avampum 
around his neck. This may be considered their legal tender, as no treaty was 
ever formed or pipe of friendship smoked betwixt different Indian tribes without 
an exchange of Avampum. 

"No Indians exult more than the Sacs and Foxes in a triumphant skirmish 
with their enemies, and none more proudly exhibit their bloody trophies. They 
frequently have several scalps suspended on a spear or connected Avith their 
dress. As an evidence of the value they place upon these emblems of merci- 
less victory, I Avill relate an incident of my attempt to get one of a veteran Sac 
brave. I had witnessed him, for several days, passing my Avindow on a little 
pony, proudly Avaving his bouquet of scalps, connected with beads, ribbons and 
eagle's feathers, and tied with a rattlesnake-skin upon a spear. Having a 
desire to obtain one, after three days' unsuccessful negotiation, during Avhich 
time I offered him money, calico, beads, poAvder and tobacco, he finally con- 
sented to part with it for one box {i. e. $1,000.) 

" They place great reliance in dreams, and the intrepid warrior who awakes 
in the morning from a night of troublesome dreams is dejected and melancholy. 
Sometimes they imagine that an evil spirit or sorcerer has inflicted a spell, 
after the manner of the witches of former times. I think it Avas last year that 
Keokuk had an aged squaw killed because she had inflicted a spell upon some 
of his children." 

In corroboration of the last statement, we append the account of that sum- 
mary act given us by James Jordan, Avhose acquaintance with the Indians began 
at a very early day. He said : "In 1837, the chief's son was prostrated with 
fever. Keokuk was absent at the time, but there chanced to be in the camp an 
old squaw, who was alleged to be invested Avith supernatural powers. When 
Keokuk returned, his valiant heir informed him that the witch had cast an evil 
spirit into the settlement, which had increased the fever and rendered it im- 
possible to overcome disease while she lived. Thereupon, Keokuk took the old 
woman without the settlement and deliberately cut off her head Avith a cleaver. 
This summary act was Avitnessed by Mrs. Phelps, wife of Billy Phelps, one of 
the original locators of that section." The scene of this sacrifice was near 
Independent, adjacent to Jordan's farm. Mr. Newhall was mistaken as to the 
date of the tragedy. 



326 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTT. 

KEOKUK, THE ORATOR CHIEFTAIN. 

Among the noted chiefs of later years, Keokuk, or "Running Fox," held 
a foremost place. He was the grand sachem of the Sacs and Foxes, the chief 
pre-eminent over all the tribes. He was of commanding presence, but given 
rathi'r to the pleasures of the chase than the dangers of the battle-field. Still, 
he was not deficient in personal bravery, and held his place with firmness, both 
bv reason of his ability to lead on all occasions and his wonderful eloquence as 
a speaker. 

From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the "Annals of Iowa," 1865, by 
Uriah Bi^f^s, one of the pioneers of Van Buren, the following interesting 
extracts are made : 

^' Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the records of the country, 
and a trutliful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of 
one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he was called to rank with the most 
gifted of his race. In person he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his 
public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. He 
spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, 
culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- 
ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the 
I'nited States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social 
amenities of life, and was fond of displaying those agreeable traits of character 
in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most 
punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight 
into the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled 
by fiattery ; and in the field of wit, he was no mean champion. It is not my 
purpose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration 
of these traits of his character. 

" While residing near Uttumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- 
mon Prophet, Joe Smith, inviting Keokuk, as Kir|g of the Sacs and Foxes, to 
a royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest impor- 
tance to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a 
train of ponies was soon wending its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk 
and suite in stately procession and savage pomp. 

•• Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, 
and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience 
was given publicly in the Mormon Temple, and the respective chiefs were 
attended by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, 
and the Indian potentate by the high civil | and military functionaries of his 
tribes, and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. 

'* Tiie I'ropliet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, 
giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the 
Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct 
revelation he had received from a divine soui'ce, that the North American 
Indians were these identical lost tribes, and that he, the Prophet of God, held a 
divine commission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing 
with milk and honey.' After the Prophet closed his harangue, Keokuk ' waited 
for the words of his pale-fiiced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and in 
making his reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. 
He would not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered 
condition of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the 
Great Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 327 

his duty to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother 
had not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. 
The red men were not much used to milk, and he thought they would prefer 
streams of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good 
supply of honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether 
the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of 
whisky. Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk 
was not the proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and 
closed the conference in as amiable a manner as possible. 

" He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent de- 
gree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh ; 
but, unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he 
was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpretel's were unac- 
quainted even Avith the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious 
hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, 
who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, 
until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian 
of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches 
for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights 
of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their 
powers of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English tongue to 
make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling of 
mortification at the bungling eflbrts was depicted upon his countenance while 
he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an 
orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to 
those who understood his language, and where the electric effects of his elo- 
quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that 
by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the 
strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the 
influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black 
Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. 

" Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great 
disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following 
Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the 
Iowa River. But, after Stillman's defeat, the war spirit raged with such ardor 
that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved 
with the current of the rising storm, and when the dance was over, he called a 
council to prepare for Avar. In his address, he admitted the justice of his 
complaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration of 
their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, 
and the spirits of their braves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. ' I 
am your chief,' he said, 'and it is my duty to lead you to battle if, after fully 
considering the matter, you are determined to go. But, before you take this 
important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances for success.' He then 
represented to them the great power of the United States, against Avhom they 
would have to contend — that their chances of success Avere utterly hopeless. 
'But if you noAv determine to go upon the war-path, I Avill agree to lead 
you upon one condition — that before Ave go Ave kill all our old men and our 
wives and children, to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and 
that every one of us determine to leave his bones on the other side of the Mis- 
sissippi.' 



328 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" This was a strong and truthful picture of the i)roject before them, and was 
presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to 
abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- 
quence an<l tact in allaying a rising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not 
only in his own tribe, but also among neighboring tribes, where his people had 
been the a^t^ressors. Some of these incidents haye been preseryed by writers 
on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy 
upon Gen. Harrison at the Sac and Fox Agency, which was interpreted by 
Antoine Le Chiire, and considered by many who heard its delivery as one of 
his best eflbrts. This speech, however, was not written down, and is lost to his- 
tory ; but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved 
from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the high- 
est order, and furnish another positive refutation of Buffon's theory, on the de- 
terioration of men and animals on the American Continent." 

The occasion referred to by Mr. Biggs, in the foregoing paragraph, when 
Keokuk delivered so remarkable a speech, is one of the most entertaining anec-' 
dotes we have been able to secure. That it may be given in connection with 
this mention of the scene, we interrupt the order of the paper now being quoted, 
and insert it here. The story was preserved by Maj. Beach, who succeeded 
Gen. Street, upon the latter's death, as Agent of the Sacs and Foxes. The 
Agency was located about six miles east of the present site of Ottumwa, near 
whst is now known as Agency City. Maj. Beach published a series of hastily- 
written papers on the subject of his experience with the Indians, and from 
those articles (which are given in the Western Historical Company's History 
of Wapello County, 1878),. is taken the following sketch: 

"When Gen. Harrison became President of the United States, in March, 
1840, Hon. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, Avas appointed to 
replace Gov. Lucas as Governor of Iowa Territory. The office then included 
within its commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their agen- 
cies. For several months previous to this date, feelings of antagonism had 
existed between the old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the 
other bands, which spirit was mainly excited and kept alive by the traders, who 
were influenced by their rival interests. Gov. Lucas was characteristically 
obstinate, and leaned decidedly toward the Hardfish side of the controversy. 
Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an object 
with Keokuk to gain his favor, or. at least, to have him committed to a strictly 
impartial course ; while Hardfish's efforts would be put forth to induce him to 
foUow in the track of his j)redecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent 
to obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit the Gov- 
ernor at Burlinston. 

*' It was the wish, however, of the Indian Deparhnent to discountenance 
and prevent such pilgrimages of Indians through the settlements, and the 
Agent promised Keokuk that he would inform the new Governor of his desire. 
Maj. Beach told Keokuk that, owing to the wishes of the Dei)artment, the 
Governor might prefer to have the meeting take place at the Agency, in Wa- 
pello County. 

"The Hardfish band— or ratlier their instigators, Eddy and his satellites — 
less patient, and ignoring their proper channel of communication with the 
Superintendent through the Agent, hastened to Burlington in a large body, 
an(l, having encamped a short way from town, sent in a vvritten notice of their 
arrival and the purpose of their visit, with the request that the Governor would 
cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. Under the 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 329 

Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have soon satisfied 
the demand ; but Gov. Chambers forwarded word that when he wanted to see 
any of them, he would, of course, be prepared to have them fed ; that he had 
no intention of converting his executive headquarters at Burlington into a 
council-ground for his red children, and that it was his purpose to visit them 
in their own country at a very early day. Hardfish went home with a new 
idea in his mind concerning Governors. 

" Shortly after that failure, the agent received a communication from the 
Governor, informing him of the facts here related, and notifying him to use all 
means in his power to prevent the intrusion of his charge upon the white set- 
tlements. The letter also announced the Governor's intention to visit the 
Agency in a short time, due notice of which would be given. 

"• The Governor at last set his time, the bands were all informed, the Gov- 
ernor arrived at the Agency and a grand council was to be begun. Meanwhile, 
all the Indians except the Iowa River Foxes, who were indisposed to come so 
far on a matter that did not directly concern them, had gathered and were 
encamped about the Agency. The Keokuk band occupied the ground along the 
branch behind the mills, which was then full of plum, hazel and crab-apple 
thickets. The Hardfishes were on the edge of the river timber, south of the 
Agency. Long before the appointed hour, the latter tribes, arrayed in full tog- 
gery, arrived at the designated place of meeting. The men and ponies were 
caparisoned in their richest styles of ornamentation. They at once began a 
display of equestrianism, and performed for some time. They then dismounted, 
and, after securing their animals, formed in line and marched into the Agency- 
yard where the Governor Avas to receive them. Quite a respectable number of 
whites were in attendance, to witness the scenes and partake in the ceremonies 
of the occasion. Hardfish took the Governor by the hand, in a way of greet- 
ing, spoke a few words and sat down upon the grass, surrounded by his fol- 
lowers. 

"Now, it was a sacred duty with the Governor to clierish the memory of 
his friend, Gen. Harrison. He had been Aide-de-Camp to the General in the 
war of 1812, and rumor told that their mutual sentiments were more like those 
of father and son than those of simple friendship. Keokuk had been apprised 
of this fact, and, as subsequent events revealed, knew how to 'make it tell.' 
The appointed hour of assembling came and passed, but yet no sign of Keokuk 
or his party was made at the Agency. As time passed, the Governor, with his 
sense of promptness oflFended, grew impatient at the delay. He finally ex- 
pressed opinions approbatory of Hardfish and derogatory of Keokuk. 

" At length, when the council seemed about to prove a failure by default, 
the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came floating on the air. The notes 
grew more audible as the band approached, but never swelled up to the full 
tone of joyful marches. As the front of the procession wound slowly into view, 
ihe lances and staves, instead of being decked with gaudy ribbons and feathers, 
were seen to be wrapped about with withered grass, No sound of bells 
responded to the tramp of their ponies, and the Indian persons, instead of being 
painted with vermilion and dressed in bright colors, were streaked with the 
somber, funeral substitute of clay. In fact, all the paraphernalia of woe 
betokened some sad affliction. The Agent, after a hurried word with the inter- 
preter, told the Governor that this was a funeral march, and that some one of 
their leading men must have died during the night, and probably lay yet un- 
buried in their camp. The Hardfishes seemed as much at a loss as anybody, 
wondering Avho could have died without their knowing it. 



330 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

'• Tlic solemn dirge ceased, and, dismounting, the several hundred savages 
formed in line, on foot, and marched, with Keokuk at their head, into the 
yard. The chief advanced toward the Governor, who also moved forAvard to 
greet the Indians. Keokuk ordered his followers to halt, and, through his 
interpreter, said : ' Say to our new Father that, befoi-e I take his hand, I will 
explain what all this means. We were told, not long ago, that our Great 
Father, at Washington, was dead. We have heard of him as a mighty war- 
rior, who had passed much of his life among the red men, and knew their Avants. 
We believe that we would always have had friendship and justice at his hands. 
His death has made us very sad, and, as this was our first opportunity, we 
thought it would be very wrong if we did not use it to show that the hearts of 
his red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss. 
We have kept our Father waiting here Avhile we have performed that part of 
our mourning which we must always attend to before Ave leave our lodges Avith 
our dead.' Then, amid the murmurs of approbation from his people, he step- 
ped forward and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with which the Gov- 
ernor seized and clung to it shoAved that the chief had touched the right spot in 
his heart, and that the Hardfishes must thereafter be content to take a back 
seat. 

"When, years after, Maj. Beach Avas enjoying a day of the Governor's hos- 
pitality, at Maysville, Ky., the incident came up in conversation. The Gov- 
ernor Avas told that he must not credit Keokuk Avith the paternity of the entire 
plot, but that his ingenuity Avas put into requistion only to manage the details. 
The kind old gentlemen seemed greatly amused." 

Of the visit of the Hardfish band, in the summer of 1840, and of the 
rebuff received at the hands of Gov. Chambers, the local press of Burlington, 
of that date says nothing ; but an earlier visit paid Gov. Lucas by the same 
faction is recorded in the Patriot and Haivkeye. January 23 and 24, 1840, a 
large delegation, headed by Hardfish and Nasheaskuk — Black HaAvk's oldest 
son — encamped near the town and signified a desire to open council Avith the 
Governor. From the cordial reception tendered the Indians by the Governor, 
one is naturally led to believe that the ofiicial sympatliy Avas decidedly on the 
side of the Hardfish fiction, as asserted by Maj. Beach. There Avas a double 
grievance burne to the ears of the Father by his red children, for not only did 
the chief declare that a spirit of partiality had been manifested toward the 
Keokuk Aving, in the matter of trade and traders, but the young brave, 
Nasheaskuk, carried signs of mourning over the recent desecration of his 
father's tomb. The grave of Black Ha.Avk had been robbed of its dead (as Avill 
be shown further on in this chapter), and the Indians demanded the restoration 
of the body. 

With these tAvo causes of anger — the one supposititious, perhaps, and the 
other real — the Indians sought their Father for counsel. Gov. Lucas received 
them with every mark of respect, and prepared for a gre;.t demonstration. He 
assured Nasheaskuk that the spoliation of the grave of his father Avas a crime 
under the white man's laws, and Avould be sternly dealt with. This explana- 
tion of the code satis6ed the perturbed brave, Avho joined in friendly converse 
with the loaders during the remainder of .the council. The proceedings termi- 
nated Avith a mighty powAvoAv, and, strange to relate, the scene of the dance 
was none other than the historic church. Old Zion. The Governor is said to 
have provided for the occasion all necessary privileges, and a festive ceremonv 
betokened the friendliness of the natives. While the dancing was in progress, 
Hardfisli and Naslieasknk stood by. silent spectators of the scene. Neither of 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 331 

those great men esteemed it dignified for them to join in the dance. It is said 
that Nasheaskuk disapproved of all festivities, but undoubtedly that sentiment 
prevailed only when he was in the presence of white men. It is a fact that 
Indian leaders frequently refrained from demonstrations of any emotion when 
away from the seclusion of their lodges. 

Again taking up the thread of Mr. Biggs' recitals, we quote from the 
"Annals : " 

" We have thus far portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character ; but, 
like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the 
truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character 
thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared to the great Grecian orator ; 
but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- 
nate love of money ; and, toward its close, he became a confirmed inebriate. 
His withering reply to the Mormon Prophet was intended by him as a pure 
stroke of wit ; it nevertheless expressed his ruling passion. 

" A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe, during their time of resi- 
dence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated as ' Keokuk's 
band' and 'Black Hawk's band,' the latter recognizing Hardfish as their 
leader. This distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common 
intercourse when sober ; but when their blood was fired with whisky it sometimes 
assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An 
instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a 
return of a party making a visit to the ' half-breeds ' at the town of Keokuk, 
on the Mississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- 
gerous stab in the breast from a son of Black Hawk. The writer of the pres- 
ent sketch saw him conveyed by his friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unable 
to rise. 

"Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk's 
administration. The payments were made in silver coin, put in boxes, contain- 
ing $1,000 each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The several 
traders received each his quota, according to their several demands against the 
tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably -consumed the far greater portion 
of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs and dis- 
tributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made of these 
allowances to the traders, on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on the 
goods actually furnished; and it is alleged that some of these accounts were 
spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and above the character of 
the items exhibited in these accounts, an affidavit was filed with Gov. Lucas by 
an inividual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk 
had proposed to the maker of the affidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account 
against the tribe for the sum of $10,000, and he Avould admit its correctness, 
and, when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and share 
alike. To swell the traders' bills, items were introduced of a character that 
showed fraud upon their face, such as a large number of ' blanket coats,' articles 
which the Indians never Avore, and 'telescopes,' of the use of which they 
had no knowledge. This shows the reckless manner in which these bills were 
swollen to the exorbitant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly 
charged with being in league with the traders to defraud Hardfish's band. At 
this time, the nation numbered about two thousand three hundred souls, and 
only about one-third of the whole number belonged to Keokuk's party. Gov. 
Lucas warmly espoused the popular side in the controversy that arose in rela- 
tion to the mode and manner of making the annual payment, and the matter 



332 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

was referred to the Indian Bureau, and the mode was changed so that payments 
were made to the heads of families, approximating a per-capita distribution. 
This method of making the payments met the unqualified disapprobation of the 
traders, and, after one year's trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led 
his tribe west to the Kansas country, in 1845, and, according to reports, died 
some years after of delirium tremens." 

Maj. Beach tells of one of the numerous religious rites of Keokuk's band : 

" The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable; in fact, were 
very friendly and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal 
intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much of 
incident or marvel, until the final sale of their remaining Iowa domain. Sometimes 
incidents would occur possessing excitement or amusement enough to encroach 
for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become tedious, of 
which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two that may 
amuse the reader. 

" The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were very religious people in 
their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremonies 
and feasts in the worship of the Great Spirit. Fasts did not seem to be pre- 
scribed in any of their missals, however, because, perhaps, forced ones, under a 
scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impossible occurrence among 
people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take care of itself. Some of 
these ceremonies bore such resemblance to some of those laid down in the books 
of Moses as to have justified the impression among biblical students that the 
lost tribes of Israel might have found their way to this continent. 

" Maj. Beach was a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a 
ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to those Indians who took no part 
in celebrating it. A large lodge had been set up for the occasion on the level 
green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that a view of 
the proceeding was unobstructed from without. Close around was a circle of 
guards or sentinels, evidently in the secret, as they were near enough to hear, 
but far enough away from the center to prevent eavesdropping. Low tones were 
observed by the speakers. Inside of the first circle of sentinels was a still more 
numerous row of guards, and a strict watch was maintained. Keokuk seemed 
to be the chief performer among those who were actively engaged. One old fellow, 
who held rehations of importance with the tribe, seemed to be the one for whom 
all the display was made. He was distinguished from those about him by being 
clothed in a much scantier pattern of raiment than the rest. The first part of 
the ceremony seemed to be a general posturing of the subject, for the perform- 
ers would place the old Indian on his feet ; then they would force him to sit 
down, and then compel him to assume some other attitude. Meanwhile, they 
kept up a vigorous powwowing over him, gesticulating in their wildest manner. 
Finally, after they had placed him in a sitting position, with a pile of blankets 
at his back, Keokuk advanced toward him, pistol in hand, and apparently took 
deliberate aim at the fellow's forehead. There was an explosion quite audible 
to outsiders, followed by a little puff of powder-smoke, and the old savage fell 
over as though he was shot dead. The attendants quickly covered him with 
blankets, and the wise ones of the tribe gathered about in solemn manner 
Seated by the supposed dead man, the council indulged in many long talks. 
At last, Keokuk was inspired with some power from the Great Spirit, and, 
hastily stepping forward, he seized the hand of the prostrate man. He lifted 
the dead Indian to a sitting posture, and speedily restored him to full life. The 
outside witnesses looked on with mute surprise and awe throughout the entire 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 333 

performance. It was evident from their manner that they believed the old 
Indian had really been killed, and that their mighty chieftain had raised him 
to life and health. The ceremony was designed, doubtless, to represent the 
close relationship between Keokuk and the invisible forces of the Happy Hunt- 
ing- Grounds, but this is merely speculation, for no interpretation of the cere- 
mony was ever made, so far as Maj. Beach could learn." 

Catlin, in his work on the North American Indians, speaks of his visit to 
Keokuk's lodge, in company with the Indian Agent, Gen.. Street, probably in 
the summer of 1839. At that interview and at a subsequent one, Catlin found 
the chief to be an "exceedingly vain man." The artist-author sketched the 
chief's portrait, in full Indian costume. He also drew another picture of him, 
mounted on the "finest horse in the West." This animal is alluded to no less 
than three times by Catlin, and was so unusually beautiful as to create a degree 
of admiration for him that was general. Mr. LeClaire claimed to have sold the 
animal to Keokuk for $300, but that claim is disputed by Capt. Hillhouse, at 
present a resident of Burlington, who asserts positively that he was the original 
owner of the famous steed, and that he sold him to the chief for the sum 
stated. 

Catlin relates no specially interesting incidents or anecdotes of the Sacs and 
Foxes, but confines his letters mostly to descriptions of his own personal suc- 
cesses as an artist. He drew innumerable sketches of savage scenes and native 
Americans, many of which are accepted as standard works of art or reference. 
His letters were, however, of a superficial, desultory character, scarcely worthy 
of careful perusal, so far, at least, as this particular section is concerned. 

Of sundry general customs brief mention is made, as, for example, of the 
more common dances. From those portions of the work, we quote : 

" The slave dance is a picturesque scene, and the custom in which it is 
founded is a A^ery curious one. The tribe has a society which they call 'slaves,' 
composed of a number of the young men of the best families in the tribe, who vol- 
unteer to be slaves for the term of two years, and subject to perform any menial 
service that the chief may order, no matter how humiliating or degrading it 
may be ; by which, after serving their two years, they are exempt for the rest 
of their lives from all menial occupations. These young men elect one of their 
number to be their master. * * * q^ g^ certain day they give a great 
feast, and open it with this dance. 

" Another curious custom is called 'smoking; horses.' When Gen. Street 
and I arrived at Keokuk's village, we were just in time to see the amusing 
scene, on the prairie, a little back of his lodges. The Foxes, who were making 
up a war party to go against the Sioux, and had not suitable horses enough by 
twenty, had sent word to the Sacs, the day before, according to ancient custom, 
that they were coming on that day, at a certain hour, to ' smoke ' a number of 
horses, and that they must not fail to have them ready. On that day, the 
twenty men who were beggars for horses were on the spot, and seated them- 
selves in a circle on the ground, where they fell to smoking. The villagers 
flocked around in a dense crowd. Soon after, appeared on the prairie, at half 
a mile distance, an equal number of young men of the Sac tribe, Avho had each 
agreed to give a horse, and who were then galloping the horses about at full 
speed. Gradually, as they went around in a circle, they came nearer the cen- 
ter, until they were at last close upon the ring of young fellows seated on the 
ground. Whilst dashing about thus, each one with a heavy whip in his hand, 
as he came within reach of the group on the ground, selected the one to whom 
he decided to present his horse, and, as he passed him, gave him the most tre- 



334 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

mendous cut with his lash over his naked shoulders. This was repeated until 
the blood trickled down the fellow's back. Then the Sac placed the bridle of 
his horse in the sufferer's liands, and sa^d, ' I present you a horse ; you are a 
beggar, but you will carry ray mark on your back.' The privilege of marking 
the recipient of his bounty seemed ample compensation for the gift." 

The discovery dance, by which the approacli of enemies or wild animals was 
detected, was a notable ceremony ; also, the berdashe dance, which is performed 
about a man, dressed in woman's clothes, who submits to all sorts of degrada- 
tion, and thereby becomes a "medicine" or sacred man. 

The word "medicine " was so diversified in its meaning as to excite pro- 
found surprise among tlie Enilish-speaking races. All sacred, great or peculiar 
men or things were spoken of as medicine. No Indian would think of going to 
battle without his medicine-bag or charms. 

The medicine dance was performed for fifteen days before the wigwam of a 
fallen brave, by the survivors of a battle. The widow erected a green bush 
before her door, and under that she sat and cried, while the warriors danced 
and brandished the scalps they had taken, and at the same time recounted the 
brave deeds of the dead. 

The beggar's dance will be recalle.; to the minds of the earlier settlers of 
this region. The bedecked savages would dance and powwow from door to 
door, demajiding presents for the good of the tribe and the pale-foces. 

The list of dances was as varied as the superstition of the tribes was dense. 
No adequate description can be given in a work not exclusively devoted to the 
history of the red men. 

Catlin was at Rock Island on the day tha treaty was signed. He says 
(p. 216, Bohn's ninth edition,. 1857) : "As an evidence of the great torrent 
of emigration to the Far West, I will relate the following occurrence which took 
place at the close of the treaty : After the treaty was signed and witnessed, 
Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, addressed a few judicious and admonitory 
sentences to the chiefs and braves, which he finished by requesting them to 
move their families and all their property from this tract within one month, 
which time he would allow them to make room for the whites. Considerable 
excitement was created among the chiefs and braves by this suggestion, and a 
hearty laugh ensued, the cause of which was explained by one of them in the 
following manner : ' My Father, we have to laugh. We require no time to 
move. We have all left the lands already, and sold our wigwams to Chemo- 
kemons (white men), some for $100 and some for $200, before we came to this 
treaty. There are already 400 Chemokemons on the land, and several hundred 
more on the way moving in ; and three days before we came away, one Chemo- 
kemon sold his Avigwam to another Chemokemon for $2,000, to build a great 
town.' 

" The treaty itself, in all its forms, was a scene of interest. Keokuk was 
the principal speaker on the occasion, being recognized as the head chief of the 
tribe. He is a very subtle and dignified man, and well fitted to wield the des- 
tinies of his nation. The poor dethroned monarch. Black Hawk, was present, 
and looked an object of pity. With an old frock coat and brown hat on, and a 
cane in his hand, he stood the whole time outside the group, and in dumb 
and dismal silence, Avith his sons by the side of him, and also his quondam 
Aide-de-Camp, Nahpope, and the Prophet. They Avere not allowed to speak, nor 
even to sign the treaty. Nahpope rose, however, and commenced a very earnest 
speech on the subject of temperance ! But Gov. Dodge ordered him to sit 
down, as being out of order, which probably saved him from a much more per- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. • 335 

emptory command from Keokuk, who was rising at that moment with looks on 
his face that the devil himself might have shrunk from." 

Mr. Charles Negus contributed the following anecdotes of Keokuk to the 
"Annals of Iowa": 

" In the fall of 1837, the General Government called to Washington a dep- 
utation from most of the tribes residing in the Valley of the Mississippi. 
Prominent among others were delegations from the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, 
between whom at the time open hostilities existed. The ostensible object in 
calling these deputations to the seat of government, at this time, was alleged to 
be for the purpose of restoring peace among the hostile nations, but negotia- 
tions were held for the purchase of lands. Gary A. Harris, Commissioner of 
Indian affiiirs, under the direction of J. K. Pointset, Secretary of War, con- 
ducted the business. The council was held in a church, and the negotiations 
between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were spirited and attracted much 
attention. 

'' After the council was opened by a few remarks on the part of the United 
States, th^ representatives from the Sioux spoke. Their great effort seemed to be 
to show that it was useless to undertake to make a peace with the Sacs and Foxes, 
for they were treacherous and no confidence could be put in anything they 
might agree to do. ' M}^ father,' said one of their orators, 'you cannot make 
these people hear any good words, unless you bore their ears with sticks.' ' We 
have often made peace with them,' said another, ' but they would never observe 
a treaty. I would as soon make a treaty with that child (pointing to Keokuk's 
little boy) as Avith a Saukee or Musquakee.' 

" Keokuk did most of the talking on the part of the Stcs and Foxes, and 
with the spectators was the Cicero of the occasion, and in reply to these phi- 
lippics of the Sioux, he said : ' They tell you that our ears must be bored with 
sticks, but, my father, you could not penetrate their thick skulls in that way, it 
would require hot iron. They say they would as soon make peace with a child 
as with us ; they know better, for when they make war upon us, they find us 
men. They tell you that peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. 
How happens it, then, that so many of their braves have been slain in our 
country ? I will tell you, they invade us ; we never invade them ; none of our 
braves have been killed on their land. We have their scalps, and can tell where 
we took them.' 

"It may be proper here to notice some of the events in Keokuk's life. 
Keokuk was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born near 
or upon Rock River, about the year 1780. He, like Black Hawk, was not an 
hereditary chief, but rose, by his energy and skill in managing the Indians, to 
be the head man in the nation. The first battle he was ever engaged in he 
encountered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and 
he was presented with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the 
event. During the war of ]812 with Great Britain, a force was sent by the 
Government of the United States to destroy an Indian village at Peoria, on the 
Illinois River. A runner brought the news to the village that the same troops 
■were going to attack the Sacs, and the Avhole tribe were very much alarmed. 
A council was instantly called, and it was determined to immediately abandon 
their village. Keokuk, who as yet had not been admitted into their councils, 
was standing by and heard the result of their deliberations. He went to the 
door of the council-lodge and asked the privilege of addressing the council on 
the subject about which they had been deliberating. He was admitted, and 
expressed his regret at the conclusion they had come to, and argued the pro- 



386 • HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 

priety of preparing for a defense before a retreat, and concluded by saying, 
'Make me your leader, let your young men follow me, and the pale-faces shall 
be driven back to their towns. Let the old men and -women, ;ind all who are 
afraid to meet the wliito man, stay here, but let your braves go to battle!' 
This speech had its desired effect, and the warriors at once declared they were 
ready to follow Keokuk, and he was chosen their leader. The intelligence 
turned out to be a false alarm, but the conduct of Keokuk had its effect and 
raised him to the first rank among the braves. 

"On another occasion, Keokuk, with his band was hunting near the 
country of the Sioux. Very unexpectedly a mounted band of Sioux came 
upon them, fully equipped for a hostile attack. The Sacs were also upon 
horse-back, but they had not the force or preparation to openly resist the attack 
of the enemy, nor could they safely retreat. In this emergency, Keokuk 
immediately formed his men into a circle and ordered them to dismount and 
take shelter behind their horses. The Sioux raised their war-whoop and 
charged upon their enemy with great fury, but the Sacs, protected by their 
horses, took deliberate aim, gave them a warm reception ajid causecT tliem to 
fall back. The attack was repeated, and, after several unsuccessful assaults, 
the Sioux retired much the worse for the encounter. Subsequent to this, 
when the Sacs supposed the Sioux were on friendly terms with them, they 
went out on a buff"alo-hunt, leaving but few braves to protect their village. Unex- 
pectedly, Keokuk came upon an encampment of a large number of Sioux 
painted for war, and apparently on their w^ay to attack his village. His war- 
riors were widely scattered over the pi-airies and could not speedily be collected 
together. These circumstances called into requisition the tact of a general. 
Keokuk was prepared for the emergency ; he mounted his horse, and unat- 
tended, boldly rode into the camp of the enemy. In the midst of their camp, 
he saw raised the war-pole, and around it the Sioux Avere engaged in the war- 
dance and uttering expressions of vengeance upon the Sacs. Keokuk dashed 
into the midst of them and demanded to see their chief. At the approach of 
the chief, he said to him, ' I have come to let you know that there are traitors 
in your camp. They have told me that you were preparing to attack my vil- 
lage. I know they told me lies, for you could not, after smoking the pipe of 
peace, be so base as to murder my women and children in my absence; none 
but cowards would be guilty of such conduct.' When the Sioux had got 
a little over their surprise, they gathered around him, evincing an inten- 
tion to seize him. when he added in a loud voice, 'I supposed they told me 
lies, but if what I have heard is true, the Sacs are ready for you.' And 
immediately put spurs to his horse and left the camp at full speed. Several 
guns were fired at him, and a number of the Sioux mounted their horses 
and chased him but he escaped unhurt. Brandisliing his tomahawk, and 
making the woods resound with the war-whoop, he soon left his pursuers in the 
distance. 

"He immediately collected his warriors and prepared to defend his village. 
His enemies, finding that they had been discovered and fearing that Keokuk, 
by his bold adventure to their camp had planned some stratagem, abandoned 
their enterprise and returned home without molesting the Sacs. Keokuk 
was more distinguished as an orator and statesman than as a general. He 
was one of the most eloquent speakers in his nation, and was not surpassed 
by any in managing his own people, and others with whom he had inter- 
course." 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 337 

, BLACK HAWK, THE BRAVE. 

The most conspicuous figure in the list of noted Indians of the Northwest 
is Black Hawk. In many of his tastes and characteristics, he was more like 
the white man than the savage. In personal appearance, he was distinguished. 
He was five feet and eleven inches tall, weighed about one hundred and forty 
pounds, and had an eye black and piercing as a wild beast's. 

After his dramatic life-Avork was finished, the old man dwelt in solitude 
near the scene of his battle under Pashapaho, at lowaville, and while there 
became intimately acquainted with James Jordan, who still lives (1879) on the 
farm claimed at an early day. Mr. Jordan's name will be recognized by scores 
of the readers of this work, and his statements will be received by all as 
worthy of credence. Mr. Jordan's opportunities for knowing the Indian, and 
also for acquiring a thorough knowledge of the language in which he spoke, 
were unusual. For years, the two families lived side by side, and maintained 
a degree of intimacy peculiar and incidental to the isolated life then led. A 
feeling of friendliness sprang up between the native and the pioneer resident, 
which was but little removed from that of brotherhood. 

BLACK hawk's BIRTH. 

Mr. Jordan asserts that many errors have crept into history concerning 
Black Hawk. The most important one is that which fixes his birth in 1767. 
It will be observed in the State history, which precedes this sketch, that he was 
born in the Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River 
with the Mississippi, in Illinois, 1767. Mr. Jordan pronounces the date an 
error. From Black Hawk's own lips, he learned that the time of his birth was 
1775, but the day is not given. 

The date 1767 is given in no less an authoritative manner than that of 
■ Schoolcraft's standard work on the North American Indians, prepared under 
his supervision by order of Congress. The temerity of venturing to correct a 
statement made by so eminent an investigator, is not possessed by the compiler 
of these pages, but we feel that the duty of one who attempts to preserve his- 
toric fact is plainly of a character which necessitates apparent rashness. In 
the case in question, there is little doubt but that all writers subsequent to 
Schoolcraft have unhesitatingly accepted his conclusions, and have given less 
care to researches in that direction than would have been given had some more 
obscure man chronicled the event. Hence the general unanimity of belief that 
the brave began life in 1767. 

As it is a question — since here we venture to raise the doubt — which future 
historians will probably seek earnestly to solve, let us review the grounds we 
have for regarding Mr. Schoolcraft in error, and then leave the subject to be 
definitely determined by more competent writers. 

One can scarcely conceive of a more perplexing question than that of an 
Indian's age, if taken on general principles. Few among the more intelligent 
ones, are able to tell their years. Their methods of computing time are vague at 
best, and it is no uncommon thing to find an old Indian claiming greater age 
than is reasonably his allotted share. The birth of children among savage 
tribes is not a matter of record. Modern, as well as the more remote, events in 
the lives of such tribes partake of the traditionary character of recital, which 
leads to confusion. If, for example, a prominent figure in their history once 
becomes invested with qualities which distinguish hiro, he is ever afterward 
referred to by symbolic epithet. The names of Indian chiefs are chosen from 



338 HISTOHV OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

tlu'ir vocabuhirv, rich in natural similitudes. Is it not reasonable to suppose 
that if once aniiouncetl, even without authority, an Indian brave's age, like his 
name, will remain unquestioned among the people of his tribe ? Is it not also 
reasonable to believe that such an expression concerning Black Hawk's age 
mav have been made, and that Mr. Schoolcraft found that the prevailing opinion 
pointed to 1707 as the date ? Having thus understood it, and hearing it repeated 
irL'uuently, what more natural conclusion could he have drawn than that it was 
correct? Assuming (in the absence of positive proof either way) that Mr. 
Schoolcraft conversed with Black Hawk personally on this subject, it will 
undoubtedly appear to those who remember the Indian's reticent manner with 
the whites, that an acquiescence in the general belief would be more likely to 
f(»llow a casual inquiry concerning his age, than a refutation of the popular 
idea. It was only to those who could converse with him in his native tongue, 
and who were associated with him continually, that Black Hawk cast aside his 
customary reserve. He did dnot entertain an instinctive love for the whites, 
esi»ecially for Americans ; an there is no evidence at hand to convince us that 
Mr. Schoolcraft enjoyed the confidence of the bi'ave. So much can be said in 
negative argument of the case. 

As to affirmative argument, we have the positive assurance of Mr. Jordan 
that Black Hawk frequently talked upon this subject, and declared all state- 
ments fixing his birth in 1767 erroneous. The pioneer and the native families 
lived side by side. The two men associated almost like brothers. Mr. Jordan 
spoke the language of the Sacs as fluently as his OAvn, and thus inspired a 
degree of friendliness unattainable by those who were unfamiliar with the tongue. 
The whole question, in fact, resolves itself into one of veracity on the part of 
Mr. Jordan. If there exists documentary evidence, under Mr. Schoolcraft's 
hand, that Black Hawk told him positively of his age, then the matter lies 
between these men. If no such proof is extant, the reason for accepting the 
.statement made by Mr. Jordan are already defined. 

There is a physiological argument in support of Mr. Jordan. If Black Hawk 
was born in 1775, he was six';y-three years of age at the time of his death. 
Physicians will admit that there is no more critical peri(xl in man's life than 
that, and the breaking-down of a vigorous constitution would be likely to occur 
then, in the case of an active person like Black Hawk. We know of no rule 
which makes the Indian warrior, who has led a life of conflict and excitement, 
an exception to this apparent law of nature. 

The stories of Black Hawk's early battles, and especially his first one, may 
be offered in contradiction of the statement made by Mr. Jordan. Is there 
positive proof that his first scalp was taken in any particular year? It is said 
that he was sixteen years of age when that brave deed was performed ; but 
other traditions make him still older at that time, while some even cast a shadow 
on the truth of the story. Of course, if testimony fixing the date of any event, 
and the brave's age at the moment of its occurrence, can be produced, the 
simultaneous record will settle this question at once. Who will solve the 
enigma ? 

The age of Black Hawk is not the only point in his history upon wliich con- 
flicting evidence exists. His name in the original is variously given as to 
orthography. In Schoolcraft's history it is spelled Muc co-da-ka-*ka-ke. Catlin 
spelled it Mnk-a-tah-mish-o-kah-kaih. Jordan spells it Mu-ca-tah-mish-a-ka-kah. 
Maj. Beach spelled it Muck-a-ta-mish-e-ki-ak-ki-ak. 

Phis difference of spelling, however, is of no consequence, as it unquestion- 
ably resulted from an attempt to produce, with English letters, the peculiar pro- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 339 

nunciation of the Indian tongue. The literal translation into English is a hlach 
hawk. 

Another error exists concerning the official position of the man. He was 
not a chief, either by inheritance or election. His father was a leading spirit, 
perhaps a prophet or a man of commanding influence in the councils of the 
Sacs. At an early age, Black Hawk was allowed to don the war-paint, because 
of his having slain an enemy of his tribe. This rather traditionary statement 
comes unsupported, but is given for what it is worth. The story runs that the 
youth was but sixteen years old when he hung his first scalp upon his 
wigwam. 

In character, the Indian boy was brave, cautious and ambitious. He aspired 
to rank and sought the gratification of his passion for power by stealthy means. 
He possessed marvelous oratorical abilities, in that gift equaling the great 
speaker Keokuk. As a warrior, he was dependent more upon strategy than 
upon the qualities which white men deem essential to military proAvess; but Black 
Hawk was not a cruel or blood-thirsty man, who slew merely for the sake of 
slaughter. He was a paradox in some characteristics, and the report given by 
Mr. Jordan, of his latter days, contradicts the generally-believed accounts of his 
early methods of self-promotion. However, one can accept the statements of 
his friend without too great a tax on one's credulity, when it is remembered that 
the last years, and not the first, were spent in this vicinity. Black Hawk the 
youth was very different from Black Hawk the old and defeated man. 

History teaches that Black Hawk's efforts at generalship were fiiilures, when 
military method was required. His power lay in sudden and fierce attacks, with 
dramatic strategy and rush of mounted braves. It was by such means, and the 
employment of his great eloquence in council, that he gained his place as a 
leader. He assumed the place of authority over Keokuk, his ranking officer, 
and maintained his hold upon his men without ever claiming to be a chieftain. 
He called himself a Brave, and delighted in the title. 

The Sacs and B'oxes, according to their traditions, once dwelt upon the 
shores of the great lakes. Gradually they were pushed westward, until in time 
they came to occupy a large portion of Northern Illinois. In spite of the 
pressure of the whites, this band occupied a site on the east shore of the Missis- 
sippi, near Rock River. Here Black Hawk was, in 1832, the controlling spirit. 
" He was never a chief, either by inheritance or election," declares Maj. Beach, 
'•and his influence was shared by a Avily old savage, of part Winnebago blood, 
called the Prophet, who could do with Black Hawk pretty much as he pleased; 
and also by a Sac named Nahpope, the English of which is Soup, and whom 
the writer found to be a very friendly and manageable old native, as was also 
Black Hawk." 

The following graphic account of the slaughter of the lowas, by the warriors 
under Pashapaho and Black Hawk, is from a paper prepared by Uriah Biggs, 
and published in the "Annals of Iowa." The battle-field was on the present 
site of lowaville, which was long ago the principal seat of the Iowa narion of 
Indians, and was where Black Hawk afterward died. At the time of the mas- 
sacre. Black Hawk was a young man, and the graphic account of his first steps 
toward chieftainship, as related by Mr. Biggs, is made up of the details given by 
the Indians who participated in the battle : 

" Contrary to long-established custom of Indian attack, this battle was 
brought on in daytime, the attending circumstances justifying this departure 
from the well-settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle-field is a level river, 
bottom prairie, of about f )ur miles in length and two miles wide, near the middle, 



340 HISTOHV OF DES AIOINES COUNTY. 

nairnwiiig down to points at either end. The main area of the bottom rises, 
Iierhaps, twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom 
along the river, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river-side with 
a thick forest, and the river-bank was fringed with a dense growth of willows. 
Near the lower end of the prairie, and near the river-bank, was situated the 
Iowa vilhu'e, and about two miles above the town, and near the middle of the 
prairie, is situated a small natural mound, covered at that time with a tuft of 
small trees and brush growing on its summit. 

'• In the rear of this mound lay a belt of wet prairie, which, at the time 
here spoken of, was covered with a dense crop of rank, coarse grass ; bordering 
this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated and 
broken river-bluflFs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, por- 
tions of it thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for 
the stealthy approach of the cat-like foe. Through this forest the Sac and Fox 
war-jiarty made their way in the night-time, and secreted themselves in the tall 
grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush through the day and make 
such observations as this near proximity to their intended victims might afford, 
to aid them in the contemplated attack on the town during the following night. 
From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the situation of the 
village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they 
were soon convinced the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. 

"•At the foot of the mound above noticed, the lowas had their race-course, 
where they diverted themselves with the excitements of the horse, and skilled 
their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles 
are fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense, of victory and defeat, 
are carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship is ac(juired 
which is rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for 
these equestrian sports, and, wholly unconscious of the proximity of their foes, 
the warriors repaired to the race-ground, leaving the most of their arms in the 
village, and their old men and women and children unprotected. 

'' Pashapaho, who was chief in command of the enemy's forces, perceived 
at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of 
his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young 
warriors through the tall grass, and gain the cover of the timber along the 
river bank, and, with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the 
battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush, to make a simulta- 
neous assault on the unarmed men, whose attention was engrossed with the 
excitement of the races. The plan was skilfully laid and most dexterously 
prosecuted. Black Hawk, with his forces, reached the village undiscovered 
and made a furious onslaught upon its defenseless inhabitants, by firing one 
general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk 
and scalping-knife. aided by the devouring flames with which they engulfed the 
village as soon as the fire-brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. 

" On the instant of the report of fire-arms at the village, the forces under 
Pashapaho leaped from their couchant position in the grass, and sprang tiger- 
like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their racing sports. 
The first impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed to 
reach their arms in the village, and protect, if possible, their wives and children 
from the attacks of merciless assailants. 

" The distance from the place of the attack on the prairie was two miles, 
and a great number fell in the flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their 
adversaries, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 341 

they only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. 
Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in 
slauo;htered heaps amidst the devouring element, and the agonizing groans of 
the dying mingled with the exulting shouts of a victorious foe, filled their hearts 
with a maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the 
general massacre were prisoners, and, together with their arms, were in posses- 
sion of the victors, and all that could now be done was to draw off their shat- 
tered and defenseless forces and save as^many lives as possible by a retreat 
across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, 
and took a position among-the Soap Creek hills. 

" The complete success attending a battle does not always imply brave 
action, for, as in the present instance, bravery does not belong to a wanton 
attack on unarmed men and defenseless women and children. Yet it is due to 
Pashapaho, as commander of an army, to give him full credit for his quick 
perception of the advantages circumstances had placed within his reach, and 
for his sagacity in at once changing the programme of attack to meet occurring 
events, and the courage and intrepidity to seize these events and insure his 
success. The want of these essential qualities in a commander has occasioned 
the loss of many a battle in what is courteously termed civilized warfare. 

" The lowas, cut oif from all hope of retrieving their loss, sent a flag of truce 
to Pashapaho, submitting their fate to the will of their conqueror, and a parley 
ensued, which resulted in the lowas becoming an integral part of the Sac and 
Fox nation ; but experiencing the ill-usage that is the common fate of a con- 
quered people, they besought the United States authorities to purchase their 
undivided interest in the country, and thus allow them to escape from the tyranny 
of their oppressors. The purchase was accordingly made in 1825, and they 
removed to the Missouri River, and have so wasted in numbers as to scarcely 
preserve their existence as an independent tribe. The sole cause of this war 
was the insatiable ambition of the Sac and Fox Indians, as this was their first 
acquaintance with the Iowa nation or tribe." 

On page 74 of this volume, is given the generally accepted version of the 
causes Avhich led to the Black HaAvk war of 1830 ; but that story is vague and 
unsatisfactory. On page 157 another, and, in the main, a correct account is 
given. From Mr. Jordan we learn facts of more than local interest in this 
disputed case, and give them here. 

Somewhere about 1828-29, a man named Watts, while driving cattle through 
this region, about where lowaville now is, was beset by Indians. Watts had 
with him a man whose name is not remembered now\ This man was killed by 
a savage. The murder was committed on Indian territory, and a demand was 
made on Black Hawk for the criminal. He was delivered up to the United 
States authorities and taken to St. Louis, where he was tried and condemned. 
Some of the tribe went to St. Louis to intercede for their companion, but did 
not accomplish their purpose. The Indian was hanged. However, while the 
Indians were in St. Louis they fell victims of shai pers, who obtained a pro- 
fessed title to Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by presents of less 
value than the Government price of the land. When the embassy returned 
with their ill-o-otten trinkets, Black Hawk was wroth and denounced the fraud. 
Subsequently, probably the next spring, on the opening of the season of 1830, 
the men who had obtained such title to the land came on, and drove the Indian 
women and children from the village, during the temporary absence of the 
braves. Black Hawk made issue with the fraudulent possessors of his home, 
and offered to stake thirty of his braves against thirty white soldiers to test the 



342 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

(luestion of title by a fig''t- '^''♦^ "^^^' "^^''^ declined by the military, but the 
whites siiid they would pit the United States anny against the Indians of his 
tribe. Black (lawk took up the gauntlet, and hence the famous, but disastrous, 
Black Hawk war. This version, it will be seen, substantially corroborates the 
storv obtained by research in Illinois. 

Of the Black Hawk Avar, it is not within the province of this sketch to 
speak ; it belongs to the history of Illinois, and has been repeatedly written up. 
After tiie defeat of Black Hawk, in 1832, he was captured and taken to Prairie 
du Chien. After an imprisonment in Jefferson Barracks, and, subsequently, in 
Fortress Monroe, whither he was taken, he was returned, at the intercession of 
Keokuk, to this region. In his old age, Black Hawk sought the company of 
the "arrison, his band was broken up, and the once great chief was left alone in 
his declining years. 

Black Hawk's ])hrenological developments indicated large self-esteem, 
destructiveness and combativeness. An incident is related of his vanit}^ 
which goes to prove that his strong points were counterbalanced by weak ones, 
or rather that his undisciplined nature betrayed its weakness, as would not 
have been the case had conventionality produced its usual result of indifference 
in manner. The citizens of Fort Madison gave a ball, in the winter of 1838, 
and Black Hawk was one of the lions of the occasion. He Avas accompanied 
bv his squaw and son, and the two men were gaudily equipped in full-diess uni- 
forms, silver epaulets, etc., things presented to them while in Washington the 
preceding fall. This fine military outfit was made extremely ludicrous by being 
combined with coAvhide brogans and old-fashioned chapeaus. But Black HaAvk 
was Avholly complacent and satisfied, and the three received much flattery dur- 
ing the evening. 

Later during the festivities, Black HaAvk Avas seen contemplating himself in 
a large mirror at one end of the hall, quite unconscious that he Avas being ob- 
served. He Avas soliloquizing to himself, " Nish-e-shing (great or good) Black 
HaAvk one big Cap-a-tain. Howh, howh !" 

Black HaAvk evinced great fondness for military glory and display. There 
was an ardent love of fame that never ceased to burn in his spirit, even through 
the trial of Keokuk's ])romotion above him as chief of the tAvo tribes. When 
Black Hawk Avas captured after the battle of Bad Axe (his last battle), an 
officer in the army at that time relates that the agonized feelings of the 
concpicred Avarrior Avere peculiarly touching in their manifestations. He says: 
'' I shall never forget the appearance of Black HaAvk Avhen they brought him 
into the fort a captive-. He Avas clad in a dress of Avhite tanned deerskins, Avith- 
out paint or ornament, save one small feather attached to his scalp-lock. His 
fan was the tail of a calumet eagle. He sat doAvn, pale and dejected, his face 
in his hand, his legs crossed, and occasionally casting his eyes upon the officers. 
He felt that he Avas a prisoner, and was speechless." 

Being permitted to speak in his OAvn defense, he arose and said : 

" You iiave taken me prisoner, with all my Avarriors. When I saAv that I 
could not beat you by Indian fighting, I determined to rush upon you and 
fight you face to face. I fought hard ; but your guns Avere well aimed, and the 
ballets Hew like birds in the air, and Avjiizzed by our ears like the Avind through 
the tree-, in winter. My Avarriors fell around me. It began to look dismal. 
I saw ray evil day at hand. The sun rose dim on us in the morning, and at 
night it sank in a dark cloud and looked like a ball of fire. That Avas the last 
sun that shone on Black Ilawk. His heart is dead and no longer beats in his 
bosom. He is now a prisoner to the Avhite men; they Avill do with him as they 



HISTORY OF DRS MOINES COUNTY. 34S 

wish ; but he can stand torture, and is not afraid of death. He is no coward — 
Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing of which an Indian ought to 
be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, their squaw.s and papooses, 
against white men who came year after year to cheat them and take away their 
lands. He is satisfied ; he will go to the world of spirits contented ; he has done 
his duty; his father will meet him there and commend him. Blaik Hawk is 
a true Indian, and disdains to cry like a woman. He feels for his wife, his 
children and his friends ; but he does not care for himself. FareAvell, my 
nation ! Black Hawk tried to save you and avenge your wrongs. He drank 
the blood of some of the Avhites ; he has been taken prisoner, and his plans are 
stopped. He can do no more ; he is near his end ; his sun is setting, and he 
will rise no more. Farewell to Black Hawk." 

It seems that Keokuk had predicted downfall and disaster to Black Hawk 
for madly rushing into the war, which prediction was fulfilled. Yet Keokuk 
showed to his defeated rival the utmost consideration, and when the tribes were 
informed that the President considered Keokuk the principal chief, instead of 
showing a spirit of triumph over him, Keokuk rather aimed to soften the blow. 
Maj. Garland made the announcement, and said that he hoped Black Hawk 
would conform to the arrangement, and that dissensions would cease. From 
some mistake of the interpreter. Black Hawk understood that he was ordei'ed 
to submit to the advice of Keokuk. He instantly lost all command of himself, 
and arose, trembling with anger, and exclaimed, " I am a man, an old man ; I 
will not obey the counsel of any one ! No one shall govern me ! I am old. 
My hair is gray. I once gave counsel to young men — am I to be ruled by 
others ? I shall soon go to the Great Spirit, where I shall be at rest. I am 
done." 

A momentary excitement ran through the assembly. This show of spirit 
was not expected from one who had been so recently punished. Keokuk, in a 
low tone of voice said to him, " Why do you speak thus before white men ? 
You trembled ; you do not mean what you said. I will speak for you." 

Black Hawk consented, and Keokuk rose. " Our brother, who has lately 
come back to us," he said, ''has spoken, but he spoke in anger. His tongue 
was forked. He did not speak like a Sac. He felt that his words Avere bad, 
and trembled like a tree whose roots have been w'ashed by many rains. He is 
old. Let us forget what he has said. He wishes it forgotten. What I have 
said are his words not mine." 

Then Black Hawk requested to have a Mack line drawn over the words he 
had spoken in anger. 

Mr. Biggs did not entertain as high an estimate of Black Haw'k's character 
as some did. He wrote, concerning him : 

" My first and only interview with Black Hawk was at Rock Island, at the 
time of the treaty for the Iowa Reserve, in 1836, about one year before his 
death. I was introduced to him by his intimate acquaintance and apologist, 
the late Jeremiah Smith, of Burlington. He asked where I resided, and being 
told on the Wabash River, in Indiana, he traced on the sand the principal 
Western rivers, showing their courses and connections, and exhibiting a gen- 
eral knowledge of the prominent features of the topography of the Western 
States. 

" The interview occurred after his first visit to Washington, where he was 
taken by way of the Ohio River to Pittsburgh, and returned by Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, Albany, Buffalo and Detroit, affording him a good opportunity to 
form a salutary impression of the military resources of the United States, and 



344 illSTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

also to acquire a general knowledge of its geography. Its great military strength 
seemed to arouse his keenest observation, and furnished the main topic of his 
remaik.s upon the country as he passed through, as well as on his return to his 
trihe. The colloquy at this interview afforded an occasion to express his bitter 
retlectioiis upon this painful theme. Mr. Smith, unfortunately for the repose of 
Black Hawk's feelings, and unconscious of its effect, mentioned the writer of 
this sketc-h as a surveyor of public lands, a character always unwelcome among 
the Indians. This remark I much regretted, as Black HaAvk's countenance was 
instantly covered with gloom, and he rather petulantly said : • The Chemokeraon 
was strong, and would force the Indians to give up all their lands.' 

" The colloquy here ended, as this barbed arrow, inadvertently thrown by 
Mr. Smith, had occasioned a tumult in Black Hawk's mind that rendered fur- 
ther conversation on his part disagreeable. The impressions of the writer in 
regard to Black HaAvk's personal appeai'ance were those of disappointment. He 
was attired in a coarse cloth coat, without any semblance of lit or proportion, 
with his feet thrust into a pair of new stoga shoes that were without strings, and 
a coarse wool hat awkwardly placed upon his nearly bald pate, and presenting 
a very uncouth and rather ludicrous personal bearing. 

" This toggery, perhaps, had its share in low^ering my previously-estimated 
claims of lilack Hawk to distinction among the celebrated men of his race. 
' The fine head, Roman style of face and prepossessing countenance,' that so 
favorably impressed the distinguished author of the ' Sketch-Book,' on visiting 
hira while a prisoner in Jefferson Barracks, were no longer apparent to my dull 
comprehension. , 

" It w^ould, indeed, be difficult to find a name in history that attained so 
great a notoriety, associated with such limited mental endowment and true mili- 
tary skill. Every prominent act of his life gave evidence of the lack of sound 
discretion and prudent forethought. We find him as early as 1804 visiting the 
Spanish Governor at St. Louis, at the time the United States Agents called 
to accept the transfer of the authority of the country. Black Hawk being 
informed of the purpose of their visit, refused to meet these agents of the new 
government, he passing out at one door as they entered at the other, and 
embarking with his suite in their canoes and hastening away to Rock Island, 
saying he liked his Spanish father best. This was a mere whim, as he 
had, as yet, no acquaintance with the Government and people of the United 
States. He, however, at once determined on hostility to both ; and this ill-ad- 
vised and hasty determination was his ruling passion while he lived. 

"Lieut. Pike, on behalf of the Government, made him a friendly visit to 
Rock Island, the following year, and, as a token of friendship, presented Black 
Hawk Avith an American Flag, which he refused to accept. He embraced the 
first opportunity that offered to form an alliance with the British authorities in 
Canada, and eagerly attached himself and 500 warriors of his tribe to the 
British standard, at the commencement of the Avar of 1812. Here, his lack of 
capacity to command an army Avhere true courage and enduring fortitude Avere 
re(iuisitc to success, Avas fully demonstrated. His Avarlike talents had hitherto 
been only tested in stealthy and sudden onslaughts on unprepared and defense- 
less foes ; and, if successful a few scalps Avere the laurels he coveted, and he 
retired, exulting in the plunder of a village and these savage trophies. His 
cami)aign against the Osages and other neighboring tribes, lasted only long 
enough to make one effort, and afforded no evidence of the fortitude and patient 
skill of the able military leader. His conduct under the British flag as ' Gen. 
Black Hawk ' showed him entii'cly Avanting in the capacity to deserve that 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ' 345 

title. He followed the English army to Fort Stephenson, in expectation of an 
easy slaughter and pillage ; but the signal repulse the combined forces still met 
by the gallant Col. Croghan, completely disheartened him, and he slipped away 
with about twenty of his followers to his village on Rock River, leaving his 
army to take care of themselves. 

" He entertained no just conception of the obligation of treaties made 
between our Government and his tribe, and even the separate treaty by himself 
and his 'British Band,' in 1816, was no check on his caprice and stolid self- 
will, and its open violation brought on the war of 1832, which resulted in his 
complete overthrow, and ended forever his career as a warrior. 

" The history of his tour through the United States as a prisoner, is a severe 
reflection upon the intelligence of the people of our Eastern cities, in regard 
to the respect due to a savage leader who had spent a long life in butchering 
his own race, and the frontier inhabitants of their own race and country. His 
journey was, everywhere throughout the East, an ovation, falling but little short 
of the respect and high consideration shown to the nation's great benefactor, 
La Fayette, whose triumphal tour through the United States happened near the 
same period. But as an oifset to this ridiculous adulation in the East, when the 
escort reached Detroit, where his proper estimate w^as understood. Black Hawk 
and his suite were contemptuously burned in efiigy. But due allowance 
should be made for the ignorance concerning true Indian character, among 
the Eastern people, as their conceptions are formed from the fanciful crea- 
tions of the Coopers and Longfellows, immensely above the sphere of blood- 
thirsty War Eagles and the filthy, paint-bedaubed Hiawathas of real savage 
life." 

Maj. Beach relates the following incident derived from personal obser- 
vation : 

"Black Hawk's lodge was always the perfection of cleanliness — a quite 
unusual thing for an Indian. The writer has seen the old woman busily at 
work with her broom by time of sunrise, sw^eeping down the little ant-hills in 
the yard that had been thrown up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation 
seemed to pay him but little attention in the waning years of his life. Gen. 
Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more carefully than otherwise he 
would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow — 
an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of. The 
old squaw and daughter were instructed in the art of milking her, and she was 
held among them in almost as great reverence as the sacred ox Apis was held 
among the ancient Egyptians. 

" This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency was in process of 
erection, and Black Hawk had established his lodge on the banks of the Des 
Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close by was the trading-house of 
Wharton McPherson,-with whom the writer stayed one night in August of 
said year (1838), and, as he rode past the lodge, Mme. Black Hawk was 
complacently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under a heavily- 
branched tree, industriously brushing the flies and mosquitoes from the bovine, 
with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her 
daily occupation, in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed 
at a distance. This was the last occasion that ever the writer had an inter- 
view with Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (Septem- 
ber 15, 1838), and was even then so infirm that he could barely move about 
his wigwam." 



340 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

THE DEATH OF BLACK HAWK. 

The l.rave old Indian passed the last of his declining years in the immedi- 
ate companionship of James Jordan, near lowaville. He made occasional visits 
to Fort Madison and other towns, and even as late as the summer of 1838, but 
a short time prior to his death, he was in Fort Madison. He called upon Mr. 
Edwards, editor of the Patriot, who was an admirer of the Indian, and while 
there, the (juestion of the brave's age came up. Mr. J. M. Broadwcll, then an 
emj)love in the office, remembers that Black Hawk counted on his fingers the 
number sixty-three, thus corroborating the statement made by Mr. Jordan con- 
cerning the Indian's birth. 

The birth of Black HuAvk is not the only disputed date in his eventful 
career, for the ending as Avell as the beginning has been variously stated. We 
are glad to be able to give a correct account of the death, burial and final dis- 
position of the old warrior. The best authority on this subject is Mr. Jordan. 
From him the following statement was obtained : 

On the 1st day of September, 1838, Mu-ca-tah-mish-a ka-kah sickened 
with fever. The old brave requested Mr. Jordan to send to Fort Edward (now 
Warsaw) for Dr. l^eel. A letter was duly dispatched, in which the Doctor was 
promised the sum of -^300 if he would attend the summons. The message was 
slow in going, and before a response could be made the soul of the brave old 
Indian had passed to the happy hunting-ground. 

Black Hawk died September 15, 1838 (not October 1st, as has been fre- 
quently stated), and was between sixty-three and sixty-four years of age at the 
time of his decease. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he used to 
say just before his death, that he was sixty-three fingers and a part of a finger 
(meaning a year for each finger held up). Before he died, he requested Mr. 
Jordan to observe certain ceremonies in his burial. His body was to be clothed 
in full uniform, a suit ot military clothes presented him by Gen. Jackson, or 
by some high official in the administration, upon wliich were a pair of epaulets 
valued at §500. Three medals, which had been given him by the British, the 
French and the American Governments, respectively, and valued in the aggre- 
gate at §1,200, were to be placed upon his breast. He was to be buried in a 
sitting posture, with his feet placed in a hole a few inches deep, and his body 
held in position by a board at his back. About his corpse was erected a frail 
tomb made of wooden slabs set upon the ground in the form of an inverted V. 
His war-club — a shaved post four or five feet high — was placed in the front of 
his rude tomb, upon wdiich a great number of .black stripes were painted, cor- 
responding with the number of scalps he had taken during life. Openings were 
left in his tomb so that his friends and curious visitors could witness the process 
of decay. The locality was designated by Ulack Hawk himself, as the site of 
his last friendly council with the Iowa Indians. This- point was upon Mr. 
Jordan's farm, on Section 2, Township 70 north. Range 12 west. 

The injunction was faithfully carried out. The body was dressed as the 
Brave had directed, and blankets and gloves were added. Some time later, 
Mrs. Black Hawk came to Mr. Jordan with the alarming story that her hus- 
band's head had been stolen. Upon investigating the sepulcher, it was found 
that the head had dropped over from its own weight. Mr. Jordan replaced the 
mcml)er and repaired the tomb. 

The alarm thus given was not entirely groundless, however, for on the 3d 
of July, 1839, Dr. 'Turner, of Van Buren County, stole the body and made off 
with it. It was taken to Quincy, 111., and there the bones were cleaned by a 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 347 

professional anatomist. The accounts differ as to the place where the bones 
were cleaned ; one being given as above, and another that it was St. Louis first 
and then Quincy ; but Quincy was probably the scene of that deed. The 
bones were not "wired," but merely polished and varnished. 

When the family of Black Hawk learned of the robbery, they were uncon- 
trollable in their grief and anger. Nasheaskuk, the son, and Hardfish, the 
subchief who had succeeded to the leadership of Black Hawk's band, came to 
Burlington, with about fifty braves, and made formal complaint to Gov. Lucas 
about the desecration of the grave. The Governor assured Nasheaskuk that 
the laws of the land made the stealing of a body a penal offense, and that 
everything should be done that was possible to secure the return of the remains. 
The council was satisfactory to the Indians, and lasted two days, being the 28d 
and 24th of January, 1840. The ceremonies finally ended with a grand dance 
and powwow in old Zion Church, with the Governor as master of festivities. 
Such a record is ludicrous now ; but there was no alternative but to take pos- 
session of the numerously-employed edifice on such occasions. 

The following summer and fall were consumed in a search after the missing 
bones, and riot until the winter succeeding were they discovered. 

The Haioh-Eye^ of December 10, 1840, contains the follawing item : " The 
bones of Black Hawk, which were stolen from the grave about a year since, 
have been recovered and are now in the Governor's office. The wampum, hat, 
etc., which were buried with the old chief" [the editor evidently regarded 
Black Hawk as a chief, through misunderstanding of his position. — Ed.] "have 
been returned with the bones. It appears that they were taken to St. Louis 
and there cleaned ; that they w^ere then sent to Quincy, 111., to a dentist, to be 
put up and wired, previous to being sent to the East. The dentist was 
cautioned not to deliver them to any one until a requisition should be made by 
Gov. Lucas. The Governor made the necessary order, and the bones were sent 
up, a few days since, by the Mayor of Quincy, and are now in the possession 
of the Governor. He has sent word to Nasheaskuk, Black Hawk's son, or 
to the family, and some of them will probably call for them in a few days. 
Mr. Edgerton, the phrenologist, has taken an exact drawing of the skull, which 
looks very natural, and has also engraved it on a reduced scale, which picture 
will shortly appear on his chart. Destructiveness, combativeness, firmness and 
philoprogenitiveness, are, phrenologically speaking, very strongly developed." 

Thus it is shown that Black Hawk died in September, 1838 ; his body was 
stolen in July, 1839 ; his tribe made complaint to Gov. Lucas in January, 
1840, and in December of that year, the bones were recovered and brought to 
Burlington. 

The remains were packed in a small box and placed in the Governor's 
office. A message Avas sent to the bei;eaved family, then staying on the Des 
Moines, some ninety miles distant. A cavalcade was soon in motion, bearing the 
disconsolate widow and a retinue of her friends to Burlington. On the evening 
of their arrival, the Governor was notified of their readiness to wait upon him, 
and fixed the audience for 10 A. M. the next day. Several visitors were in 
attendance. The box containing the august remains opened Avith a lid, and 
when the parties were all assembled and ready for the awful development, the lid 
was lifted by the Governor, fully exposing the sacred relics of the renowned 
chief to the gaze of his sorrowing friends and the very respectable auditors who 
had ascended to witness the impressive scene. 

The Governor then addressed the widow, through John Goodell, the inter- 
preter of the Hardfish band, giving all the details of the transfer of the bones 



348 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

from the grave to Quincy and back to Burlington, and assured her that they 
wert' the veritable bones of her deceased husband ; that he had sympathized 
deeply with her in her great allliction, and that he now hoped she would be 
consoled and comforted by the return of the precious relics to her care, in full 
confidence that they would not again be disturbed where she might chance to 
entomb them. The widow then advanced to the lid of the box, and, without 
the least seeming emotion, picked up in her fingers bone after bone, and 
examined each with the seeming curiosity of a child, and replacing each bone 
in its proper place, turned to the interpreter, and replied that she fully believed 
they Avere Black Hawk's bones, and that she knew the Governor was a good 
oldman, or he would not have taken the great pains he had manifested to oblige her, 
and, in consideration of his great benevolence and disinterested friendship, she 
would leave the bones under his care and protection. She saw that the skeleton 
'was in a good dry place,' and concluded to let it remain there. Maj. Beach 
said that he notified the widow of the willingness of the authorities to surrender 
the bones, but that she seemed indifferent to the matter. At all events, nothing 
was done by the family to secure a re-interment of the remains. 

Shortly after the scenejust related transpired, Gov. Lucas was succeeded by 
Gov. Chambers, and the bones of Black Hawk were taken from his former office to 
the office of Dr. Lowe, on Main street. Drs. Lowe, Hickcock and Rock were 
then occupying rooms adjoining the three-story building used by A. Moore as 
a hardware store, A. D. Green in the second story, and the Historical and 
Geological Institute in the third story. The bones had been given to the 
latter institution, but had not been removed to a place in the the third story. 
On the night of January- 16, 1853, a fire consumed the whole building and 
the adjoining structure, in which Dr. Lowe's office was. The bones of the 
celebrated Indian were then and there cremated. Thus amid fire and tumult, 
Black Hawk found a final earthly resting-place in the ashes of the ruined 
structure, and the last act of his eventful career was not less dramatic than 
the first public appearance of the Brave. Literally and truthfully may we 
say, dust to dust, ashes to ashes ; and may they rest in peace. 

WAPELLO AND OTHER NOTABLES. 

It has been assorted that the bones were saved from destruction by Dr. 
Rock, but the Doctor positively declared to Judge Rorer that the rumor was 
an idle one. 

Wapello, the chief from whom that county was named, was a powerful ruler 
among his people, and was also a fast friend of the whites, especially of the first 
Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Incidents illustrative of his character are dis- 
persed throngh the following pages. He died in 1841, and was buried by the 
side of his friend, the General, on the Agency Farm. His grave was recently 
cared for by the Managers of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
which passes near by, and is now in a condition to withstand the shocks of time 
for years to come. 

He died at the forks of the Skunk River, on the loth of March, and his 
remains were brought from that place to the scene of burial in an ox-wagon, 
and buried toward evening of the same day, with the customary Indian cere- 
monies. It was his own request that he might be laid by the side of Gen. 
Street, who had been for many years in the Indian service, and was very popu- 
lar with them. Prior to the establishment of the Agency in Wapello County, 
Wapello and his band dwelt at the mouth of Crooked Creek, near Marshall, in 
llcnrv Countv. 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 349 

Poweshiek, a chief co-equal with Wapello, but of the Foxes, while the lat- 
ter was of the Sac tribe, was located on the reserve on the Iowa River, and 
does not figure in this particular region. He died before the Indians left the 
State, and thus escaped the humiliation of the scene. 

Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosh all play conspicuous 
parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last-named will serve as an 
illustration of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to either 
■of the others, but he seems to have held a prominent place in councils, because 
of his native talents. His full name was George Washington Kishkekosh (the 
last meaning cut-teeth, or savage biter), and he had accompanied Black Hawk 
as one of his suite of braves during the tour of that renowned chief through 
the East as a prisoner of war. 

With his leaders he had been hospitably entertained at hotels and other 
places, and had a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly-looking fare 
that was set before them. Ho*v he was enabled, after such an experience, to 
return with a good stomach to the frugal diet and indifferent cooking of his 
own people, we are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained his partiality 
for clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this respect, as the following 
instance "will show : 

One night, he, with his company of three or four braves, slept at the house 
of a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and they were to 
remain to breakft^st. Kish had an eye on the preparation of the meal, and 
observed one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the 
house (it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer 
of her savage guests), neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. 
Kish thought he would rather do without his breakfast than eat after such cook- 
ing, and privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they mounted 
their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at a house 
some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and related 
the circumstance. 

These people, though generally accustomed and limited to the poorest fare, 
were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made gluttons of them- 
selves whenever they could get enough of it. 

On another occasion, Kishkekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- 
inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, went to 
the house of a settler on a friendly visit, and he treated them to a feast. Besides 
Kish and his wife — who was a very lady-like person — the party consisted of 
his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello and his two wives (for polygamy was 
not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha Wapetine, his wife, and 
all their children. This old woman, on being asked how old she was, replied: 
" Mack-ware renaak-we-kauk " (may be a hundred), and, indeed, her bowed 
head and hideously shriveled features would justify the belief that she was 
fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than usually becoming 
style, probably out of respect to their hostess, who, knowing something of their 
voracious appetites, had made ample preparation for them. When the table 
was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as well as acquired 
cleanly tastes, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion before eating 
anything himself With an amusingly awkward imitation of what he had seen 
done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the others, showing the 
ladies special attention, and helped them to a part of everything on the table 
with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came to help himself his 
politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate like a person with a 



350 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

bottomless pit inside of him, instead of a stomach, taking everything Avithin 
his reaeli, -without regard to what should come first or last in the course, so that 
he onlv liked the tasfe of it. At length, after having drunk five or six cups of 
coftee/and eaten a proportionate amount of solid food, his gastronomic energy 
betran to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and with apparent 
concern for his want of appetite, said: ''Why, Kish, do you not eat your 
dinner? Have another cup of coffee and eat something." In reply to this 
hospitable urgency, Kish leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and 
drew liis finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. 
And tlien, in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his 
huge mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as 
much as to say he could almost touch tlie victuals. Of course the others had 
eaten in like proportion, making the most of an event that did not happen 
every day. 

kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which 
needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did 
he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated otli^r usages 
among the whites, even more radically different from those of his savage peo- 
ple. It is well, known that among the Indians, as among all unenlightened 
races, the women are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are 
made to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game 
after the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how far away 
it may be. he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his dignity to bear the 
burden. They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their 
masters to ride, pack up their tents and household goods when preparing to 
move, and set them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. 
Kishkekosh had noticed the different fashion of the white settlers in regard to 
their women, and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelli- 
gent being, and he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He 
made an effort to institute reform among his people by having the men do a 
fair share of the work that, according to ordinary usage, fell to the squaws. 
He set them an example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not 
probable that any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long- 
continued laziness of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province 
was alone that of the hunter or warrior,- yet the movement itself indicates a 
capacity in this savage chief for progress and enlighteinnent. 

Tiie Indians througliout this region had a novel way of dealing with drunken 
people. Aftei- the Black Hawk war, they chose rather to live upon their annu- 
ities granted them by the Government than upon the products of the chase, 
as they had hitherto been forced to do, and as this gave them a good deal of 
leisure, they spent most of their time in drunken orgies, which proved a great mor- 
tality to the tribes, since many accidents happened to life and limb from that 
cause. It was, therefore, a custom for a few of the red men and the squaws to 
keep sober, so that when the inebriates got too wild, there would be some 
one to keep a restraining influence upon them. When a poor wight became 
unsafely drunk, he was tied neck and heels so that he could be rolled about like 
a ball, which operation was kept up, despite his pleadings, until the fumes of 
lif(uor had vanished, when he was released. The sufferer would beg for mercy, 
but to no avail ; and after he was sobered he showed no resentment, but seemed 
to recognize the wisdom of the proceeding. 

The following anecdote of Pashapaho is worth preserving. Maj. Beach 
relates the incident as coming under his own knowledge, and, though not 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 851 

exactly relevant from locality, yet it illustrates the Indian characteris- 
tics : 

" Some time in 1832, a plan Avas laid to attack Fort Madison, then a United 
States garrison. Pashapaho, a noted chief of the Sacs, who loved a ' wee 
drap,' was the projector of the scheme, but the treachery of a squaw brought 
the plan to a sudden end, and the savages, on their approach to the fort, were 
met with the grim paraphernalia of war, ready for their reception. The plan 
was not original with Pashapaho, for in many respects in resembles the 
famous effort of Pontiac on the fort at Detroit, during the early days of Ameri- 
can settlement by the English ; and the plan was, like that, defeated by a 
squaw. 

" Under pretense of a counsel with the commandant, Pashapaho designed 
entering the fort with concealed arms, and at a given signal the Indians were to 
overpower the troops. However, because of the warning already given, when 
the procession marched toward the fort the gates were suddenly thrown open, 
and a loaded cannon was revealed in the path. The gunner stood beside the 
piece with lighted match, while just in the rear was drawn up the garrison in 
battle array. Old Pash deemed discretion the better part of valor, and the 
signal for attack was never given. 

" Some years later, Pashapaho, who was also called the ' Stabbing Chief,' 
made an attempt to effect a lodgment in Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island, uut 
his method was different from the plan on Fort Madison. During the year 
previous to the attempt, some of the braves of his tribe, while out on the prairie 
upon a hunting expedition, fell in with a body of hostile Sioux, the life-long 
enemies of all other tribes. The Sacs had the advantage in point of numbers, 
and captured a number of Sioux scalps. Complaint was made to the War De- 
partment, and orders were sent from Washington to Rock Island to demand of 
the chiefs the culprits, and t ) hold them prisoners in the fort. This was done. 
They were brought into the fort and surrendered, and throughout the winter, 
say for five months, they enjoyed the hospitality of Uncle Sam, in the shape of 
good quarters and plenty to eat, with no trouble of providing for it. In fact, 
they lived in an Indian's heaven, until released by some arrangement whereby 
blood-money was to be taken from the annuities of their tribe and paid over to 
the Sioux. 

"The next fall, old Pash, probably not finding his larder as well stocked 
for the winter as he desired, conceived the idea of imposing himself as a 
guest, indirectly, on his Great Father, the President. So, calling one day 
upon Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that, being out upon 
a hunt he had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, and had suc- 
cumbed to the morbid desire to lift his hair. The act was so contrary to his 
usual humane character that he mourned the deed, and acknowledged his wick- 
edness. He knew that his best of friend, the Great Father, whom he held 
in high esteem and affection, would hear of it and be very angry ; and, there- 
fore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter demand- 
ing his arrest, he had promptly come in to make a voluntary surrender of 
himself. Col. Davenport, who saw into the scheme, lauded him as an hon- 
orable Indian, and told him that his offer of surrender was ample evidence 
that he would respond whenever he was called to render account for the 
deed he had done. The Colonel could not think of making him a prisoner 
a day earlier that the Great Father commanded ! No more was ever heard of 
this matter." 



352 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

As incitUntal to the settlement of the region, we quote from Maj. Beach's 
history of tlie A<'cney such portions as refer to well-known settlers in the Indian 
territory adjacent thereto: 

" Un the Des Moines, a mile or so below the County Farm, where the bluff 
approaches nearest to the bank, was the trading-post of P. Chouteau, Sr., & Co., 
but later more iumiliaily known as the ' Old Garrison.' This was usually super- 
intended bv Capt. William Phelps. And just above the mouth of Sugar Creek, 
CD the creek-bank, at the old road crossing, lived the miller, Jeremiah Smith, 
Jr., with his family. This embraced all the whites lawfully living in the county 
at the time. 

"Through some unfortunate misunderstanding in regard to the boundary 
line, several persons had intruded upon the Indian land upon the lowaville 
bottom, and the ridges in the rear, as well as upon the south side of the river, 
and, as the Indians made complaint to the Government, it had no alternative 
but to remove them. This duty fell upon the writer to execute, and was a very 
unwelcome one, if only for the reason that several of the intruders were persons 
who Avould not willingly have violated any law. Among them was that fine 
old specimen of West Virginia hospitality. Van Caldwell; but by reason of his 
location, and his readiness by any reasonable arrangement to escape the terrors 
of fire and sword, the writer obtained permission from the Department that he 
should remain, upon the condition of his maintaining a ferry for access to Soap 
Creek Mills during high water. 

" For some years previous to the writer's appointment as Agent. Messrs. 
P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis, had been the only traders among the Sacs 
and Foxes, and the magnitude of their interests was enough to excite any 
rivalry. Col. George Davenport, of Rock Island, had been admitted as partner 
to their trade with that particular tribe, and he was looked to to reside among 
them and to carry it on. S. S. Phelps, Esq., of Oquawka, in connection w^ith 
his brother, Capt. William Phelps, of jovial memory, had been gaining a foot- 
hold on trade for two, three, or perhaps four years before the treaties of 1836 
and 1837, and, after the removal of the Agency from the Island, and its conse- 
quent effect of rendering a change in the location of the chief trading-post 
inevitable, Col. Davenport, who had already acquired a comfortable fortune, con- 
cluded to withdraw. Mr. S. S. Phelps fell into the position thus made vacant 
in the company, althougli he relied upon his brother to reside in the Indian 
country and maintain personal oversight of the company's affairs. A new 
trader now ajipeared in the field, with at least means enough to prevent the old 
company from being its monopolists. Of course, rivalry of feeling and interest 
would now spring up, and every occasion be employed by each rival to gain and 
secure what advantage he could. The writer is not intimating any idea of his own 
that any unfair or dishonorable appliances would be used by the gentlemen, heads 
respectively of the rival establishments; but their employes, or others, hoping 
advantage to themselves in the success of either party, might be less scrupulous. 

"It was, probably, through some such strategy that Gov. Lucas became 
impressed with the most sincere conviction that the Chouteau Company supplied 
whisky, with their other merchandise, to the Indians, and a conviction once 
fixed with the Governor was pretty apt to stay. So persuaded was he of the 
truth of his belief, that he was never disposed to the least reticence upon the 
subject; and it was generally believed in Burlington that if the Trading Com- 
pany could be ca.xijrhtjia(/rante delicto, it would prove a pretty good haul for the 
catclier — certainly not less than the transfer to his own pocket of the half value 
of a large stock of goods. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUIITY. 853 

"As the writer soon saw that any effort of his own, however reasonable, to 
lead the Governor to a different opinion was opening the Avay to suspicion 
against himself of some personal interest in the company's affairs, prudence 
naturally admonished him to desist. One morning, Mr. S. S. Phelps, to whom 
the Governor's belief — and propensity to express it — was no secret, being in 
Burlington, stepped into a place where the Governor happened at the moment 
to be engaged in his favorite pastime of denouncing Mr. Chouteau's establish- 
ment, etc., and the Governor, totally unacquainted with Mr Phelps, still kept 
up in his presence his conversation on the subject. 

"Now, if there Avas anything Capt. Billy Phelps loved better than another 
it was to play off" a trick ; or if anything he knew better than another, it was 
how to plan and play it. The company had on its license a man named Simp- 
son Vassar, who was better known at the Agency and its various dependencies 
under the sobriquet of ' Suggs.' When any deviltry lurked in Capt. Billy's 
mind, ' Capt. Suggs ' was his most reliable assistant in getting rid of it. So a 
scheme was planned. Suggs was sent over on a pretext of some message to 
Phelps, at Oquawka, with instructions not to leave Burlington until he had 
executed his part of the programme. 

" A person, Avho Avas either the City Marshal or attached to his official reti- 
nue, soon heard of Suggs in Burlington, and became so ambitious of his 
acquaintance as to introduce himself without delay. He learned from Suggs 
that the latter lived out in the Agency neighborhood ; that he knew the Trad- 
ing Company, in fact, sometimes Avorked for them Avhen an extra force was 
needed — clever people ; good paymasters, with the cash always in hand ; knew 
nothing of their dealing in whisky ; had never seen them supply it to the 
Indians ; and, even if he had, as he had heard they Avere accused of it, a'dollar, 
when needed, was not so easily made out there that a man could aff"ord to make 
enemies out of good-paying employers ! After several interviews, Suggs em- 
barked upon the ferry-boat. But his newly- made friend was not long in join- 
ing him, and, during the crossing, Suggs yielded to the potent arguments and 
promises that had already shaken his sense of personal honor and interest. 
He admitted that he had seen a large lot of kegs, and these not empty, landed 
by night at the trading-house from a boat, not long before, and immediately 
buried upon the bank, where most of them were ; and if he could be guaran- 
teed against suspicion as the informer, and terms arranged to suit — as he 
expected to remain about the place some time after his return — he would put 
his friend upon the right track. The boat having landed them, and all details 
being adjusted, each party Avent on his way rejoicing — Suggs' Avay being to 
Oquawka, and at once back to the trading-house to report to Capt. Phelps. 

" Not many days later, an hour or so before dinner-time. Col. Jesse Will- 
iams — later of Henn, Williams & Co., of Fairfield, but then Private Secretary 
to Gov. Lucas — rode up to the Agency. Besides doubtless himself disposed 
(as, indeed, the Agency hospitality would suggest) to consider that an expedi- 
tion Avhich would demand a three-mile ride and several hours of time, could be 
more satisfactorily completed as a post-prandial duty, he made no mention of 
his business. But, as soon as the meal was over, he handed to the Agent a 
package from the Governor, containing a deposition in full form, taken before 
Judge Mason, of the Territorial Supreme Court, by Suggs' Burlington friend, 
to the eff"ect that so many kegs of whisky, etc., etc., and were then secreted, 
etc., etc., in violation of the statute, etc., by the said P. Chouteau Jr.'s Com- 
pany, traders, etc., as aforesaid. And there was a line to the Agent, that, in 
the execution of so delicate a duty, which must involve judicial process, he 



354 HISTOUY OF DKS MOINES COUNTY. 

hail (Iceiiied it best to send out Col. Williams to assist the Agent. Whatever 
the motive may have been, it is certain that, until both were in their saddles, 
Col. Williams proved himself able to /ratch the Agent with untiring eye. 

" Reaching the trading-house, the person who took the deposition and a 
companion were found there waiting, they having ' forked off' by another trail 
so as not to be seen. Suggs was on hand, having taken the opportunity to post 
the Burlingtonians about the locality. And also Capt. Billy Phelps, called by 
the Indians Clie-che-pe-qua, or the 'Winking Eyes,' was there, those visuals 
fairly gleaming with joy over the anticipated fun. 

" The Agent proceeded at once to business, expressing to Capt. Phelps his 
I'cgrets that so unpleasant a duty should have devolved upon him ; his hope that 
it would prove that so serious a complaint had originated in some error, but 
suggesting that, if true, admission of the fact and production of the contraband 
article would be more apt to temper subsequent proceedings with leniency than 
efforts to conceal it would do. The Captain vehemently denied the impeach- 
ment, stating that it would demand a much wiser man than himself to discover 
where such an article then was, or ever had been kept upon their premises. 
The complainant Avas now appealed to, who led the party a short distance to a 
spot where, with a triumphant air, he pointed to an X that the edge of Suggs' 
boot-sole had made in the sandy bank. 

"They began digging, and soon reached some matting that was removed, 
and thus uncovered a lot of lard kegs, too greasy to suggest a thought of any 
other article being contained within them. The immediate 'sold, by thunder!' 
of one of the moiety gentlemen, and in accents too lugubrious to be listened to 
without exciting a sense of sadness. Suggs, meanwhile, had come up missing, 
and the ' Winking Eyes ' walked off with a most disdainful air, leaving the 
Agent and his party on the spot, whence they soon returned to the Agency, 
where the Agent made his report that the informer had pointed out a place, 
where, by digging, a large quantity of lard in kegs was found that had been 
buried to avoid loss by heat, and in the night to conceal the fact from vagabond 
whites and Indians. The disappointed informer and his companion hastened 
homeward ; but Col. Williams remained until next morning, and then returned, 
bearing the Agent's report. 

" But the unkindest cut of all was six months later, when, about the last of 
February, Capt. Phelps addressed a letter to Gov. Lucas in the most respectful 
and ollicial form, saying that having heard he had declared his determination 
not to continue in office under such an old Tory as Gen. Harrison, and fearful 
that whoever his successor would be, he might not feel so friendly toward the 
Company as he had proved in the matter of exhuming their lard, and as they 
would soon be much in need of some, and the ground was then very hard frozen, 
the Comi)any would be under great obligations if he would at once send some 
one out to dig up the rest of it ! 

" Previous to the treaty of 1842, some few changes w^ere made in their loca- 
tion, both by the Indians and among the whites. The house at the 'Old Gar- 
ri.son' was broken up, and one established in its stead up in the Red Rock 
region, near the mouth of White Breast ; and Keokuk, also, moved his village 
into the same neighborhood."' > 

A SCEXE OF THE BORDER. 

The following graphic sketch of a scene in armv life, at an early day, is 
from the pen of Eliphalet Price, and is introduced for the purpose of "^preserv- 
ing so capital a description of a common Indian custom. 




<5/-vr /icL^4^ ^f 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 357 

'' During the summer of 1827, soon after the war-cloud of difficulties with 
the Winnebago Indians had been adjusted by a visit of the chiefs to Washing- 
ton, accompanied by Gen. Cass, a Sioux Indian, while hunting upon the Iowa 
shore, near the mouth of Paint Creek, shot and scalped a Winnebago, believing 
him to be the murderer of his brother, but who proved not to be the murderer, 
but the brother of ' Big Wave,' a chief of the Winnebagoes. 

" The band of this chieftain, together with others of the nation, numbering 
about two thousand, becoming indignant it this act, immediately assembled at 
Fort Crawford and demanded of Col. Taylor (afterward President Taylor) the 
procurement and surrender of the murderer. The officers of the fort, appre- 
hensive that new difficulties might arise with this factious tribe if their demand 
was disregarded, concluded to make an effort to obtain the murderer. Accord- 
ingU^ an officer was dispatched to demand him of the Sioux nation, who imme- 
diately gave him up, and he was brought down the river and confined at Fort 
Crawford. Soon after his arrival at the fort, the Winnebagoes assembled again 
and insisted upon an unconditional surrender of the prisoner to them, which 
Col. Taylor refused, but dispatched Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise, the Sur- 
geon of the garrison, to have a talk with them and endeavor to preserve the 
life of the Indian by paying a satisfactory consideration in horses. At the con- 
ference, the Winnebagoes talked in a threatening and overbearing manner, 
declaring that nothing would satisfy them but the taking of the life of the Sioux 
in their own way and by themselves. 

" Reynolds, finding that no terms could be made with them that would con- 
form to the suggestions of Col. Taylor, determined to make a proposition of his 
ow^n, which was as follows : The Sioux should have a chance to save his life 
by being brought out upon the prairie, three weeks from that day, and, in a 
parallel line, seve"n paces to the rear of him, should be placed twelve of the 
most expert runners of the Winnebago nation, each armed with a tomahawk 
and scalping-knife, and at the tap of the drum the Sioux should be free to 
start for the home of his tribe, and the Winnebagoes free to pursue, capture 
and scalp him if they could. To this proposition the Winnebagoes acceded at 
once, and seemed much pleased Avith the anticipation of great sport, as well as 
an easy conquest of the prisoner, whose confinement in the garrison during the 
three weeks they believed would prostrate whatever running qualities he may 
have possessed. Their best runners were immediately brought in and trained 
every day, in full sight from the fort, and so accurate did they become in the 
hurling of the tomahawk that they could hit, with unerring aim, a tin cup 
swinging from the branch of a tree, at a distance of twenty-five feet. Lieut. 
Reynolds, who kept a pack of hounds and two or three fleet horses, and who 
was known throughout the hunting-range of the post as a dashing sportsman, 
having become warmly enlisted on the side of the Sioux, determined to have 
his Indian in the best possible condition for the contest. Accordingly, Dr. 
Elwise took him in charge, prescribing his diet, regulating his hours of repose and 
directing the rubbing of his body and limbs with flesh-brushes twice a day, immedi- 
ately before going upon the parade-ground, to perform his morning and even- 
ing trainings. So cai-efuUy was he trained for this race of life or death that 
he was timed upon the parade-ground, in the presence of the garrison and a 
number of spectators, the third day before the race came off, and performed 
the almost incredible feat of a mile in 3 minutes and 9 seconds. Reynolds 
had for some time been satisfied that the fleetest runner in the Winnebago 
nation could not overtake him, but to guard against the unerring aim of the 
tomahaAvk requii-ed a different kind of tra'ning. This Avas done by placing the 



358 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

druiniiicr behind a screen, some twenty paces in front of the Sioux, so that the 
sound would reach him an instant before it did his opponents, and upon receiv- 
ing the signal sound he was trained to make two quick bounds, in a direct line, 
to tiie riglit, and then start upon the race. 

•' The dav at lenc^th arrived. About three thousand Indians, French trad- 
ers and border hunters had assembled to witness the scene ; in fact, it was 
ret^arded as a gala-day by all — except the prisoner. Reynolds, on the part of 
the Sioux, and the celebrated chiefs, ' War-kon-shuter-kee ' and ' Pine Top,' 
on the part of the Winnebagoes, superintended the arrangement of the parties 
on the ground. 

" The point .agreed upon for starting was upon the prairie a little to the 
north of Prairie du Chien, and immediately in the vicinity of the residence of 
John Lockwood, an Indian trader, while the race-track lay along the level 
nine-mile prairie stretching to the north and skirting the shore of the Missis- 
sippi. The Sioux appeared upon the ground accompanied by a guard of 
soldiers, who were followed by his twelve opponents marching in Indian file 
and singing a low, monotonous chant, each being naked, with the exception of 
the Indian breechlet. Their ribs were painted white, while their breasts were 
adorned with a number of heiroglyphical paintings. Along the face, alternate 
stripes of white and black were painted in parallel lines, extending from the 
chin to the forehead. Their hair was platted into numerous thongs tasseled 
with a red or white feather, and fringed with small bells, while their moccasins 
were corded tightly around the hollow of the foot, as well as around the ankle, 
with the sinews of the deer; in the right hand, each carried his tomahawk, 
while the left grasped the sheath that contained the scalping-knife. 

" The prisoner Avas about twenty years old, a little less than six feet in 
height, of muscular, well-proportioned contour, and manifested in the easy 
movements of his body a wiry and agile command of his muscular powers ; his 
countenance presented a mournful and haggard appearance, owing partly to the 
rigid discipline he had undergone in training and partly to his having painted 
his face black, with the figure of a horse-shoe, in white, upon his forehead, 
which denoted that he was condemned to die, with the privilege of making an 
eftbrt to save his life by fleetness. Around his neck, he wore a narrow belt of 
wampum, from which dangled the scalp that he had taken from tiie Winne- 
bago. 

" Soon after the parties were formed in line upon the ground, Reynolds ap- 
proached the Sioux, and, taking oft" one of his moccasins, showed the chiefs that 
it contained a thin plate of steel, and asked if they objected to it, to which they 
replied vsith much merriment that he might carry as much iron as he pleased. 
The Lieutenant, observing that his Indian appeared restless and uneasy, 
requested Dr. Elwise to come forward, who, after examining his pulse, discov- 
ered that he was much excited, and that his nerves were in a tremulous condi- 
tion. Reynolds immediately took him by the arm and led him out some 
distance from the front of the line, where he asked him if he was afraid to run, 
to which he replied: 'I can outrun all the Winnelagoes ; but I am afraid 
that I cannot outrun all the horses that are mounted by armed Indians.' The 
Lieutenant saw at once the cause of his alarm, and informed him that they 
should not interfere ; he intended to ride the fleetest horse upon the ground and 
keep near him, and, as he was armed, would see that no horseman approached 
him with hostile intentions. At this announcement, the countenance of the 
Indian brightened up with a smile; his whole person seemed lifted from the 
ground as he returned to his position with a stalwart stride. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 359 

" The chiefs and Rf^ynolds soon aftei' mounted their horses and took a posi- 
tion each upon the right of his party. The spectators were removed from the 
front to the rear by tha guard, when the parties were ready for the start. 
Reynolds, Avho was to give the signal for the tap of the drum, had in this 
arrangement, planned a movement for which the Winnebagoes were unpre- 
pared. The drummer, by this arrangement, was not to give the drum tap 
until two minutes had expired, after the giving of the signal, which, as made 
known to the Winnebagoes, would be the elevation of his cap high above his 
head. 

" Reynolds, after taking a last view of the field to see that all was clear, 
gave the signal. In an instant the Winnebagoes threw themselves into posi- 
tion, with uplifted tomahawk, the eye intently fixed upon the prisoner; every 
muscle of the body and arm Avas forced to its utmost strain, and in this position 
they were held by the drummer for the full period of time prescribed by Rey- 
nolds. The gloating visage of the Indian, his excited mind, and the terrible 
strain upon his muscular powers, it was easy to discover, was fast exhausting 
him; at length the loud tap of the drum was given, Avhen the Sioux, with the 
crouching leap of the panther, bounded to the right while the whizzing whirl 
of the tomahawk sped its flight far to his left. The race was now fairly com- 
menced; three of the Winnebagoes ran with great fleetness for a mile, keeping 
within twenty yards of the Sioux. Reynolds, who rode a fleet animal and was 
a master horseman, could move his body upon the saddle with that commanding 
ease which enabled him to keep all parts of the field in view without changing 
the course of his animal, soon discovered that his Indian had entire command 
of the race. During the flight of the first half mile, it was with difficulty that 
he could restrain the Sioux from leaving his competitors far to the rear, and 
thus impair his powers of endurance that might be needed to guard against 
treachery in the distance. At length, discovering that a few of the Winneba- 
goes had fallen out of the race, he gave the signal for him to increase his 
speed, and in a moment after, the distance between him and his competitors 
began to widen rapidly, showing the superior speed and endurance of the 
Sioux, acquired mainly, through the discipline of the white man. At the end 
of two miles, the last of the contending Winnebagoes withdrew from the race. 
There was not an Indian horse upon the ground that could keep up with him 
after he had increased his speed, and at the end of the fourth mile, Reynolds, 
finding that his horse was much fatigued, and the prairie free from enemies, 
also withdrew from the race. The Indian did not look back or speak as far as 
he was followed or could be seen, but kept his eye fixed upon the white flags 
that had been placed in front of him at short distances apart, for several miles, 
in order that he might run upon a straight line. 

•'It was soon after reported by the Winnebagoes that he had been shot by 
one of their boys who had been placed in ambush near the upper boundary of 
the prairie. This, however, proved not to be true. The boy had shot a Win- 
nebago through mistake, who had also been treacherously secreted for the pur- 
pose of intercepting the Sioux. This mistake, however, was never known to 
Reynolds or Elwise, and it was not until several years after this event, and 
while Gov. Doty was holding a treaty With the Sioux nation, that this Indian 
appeared in the council as one of its chiefs, and, after briefly relating this 
adventure to the Governor, he inquired where Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise 
were at that time. He was informed ,that both had died in Florida. Upon 
receiving this information, he immediately withdrew from the convention, 
painted his face black, and retired to the gloom of the forest, nor could he be 



360 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

prevailed upon to return until lie had gone through the Indian ceremony of 
mourning for the <lead. 

THE TRIBAL RELATIONS OF THE SACS AND FOXES. 

Mr. Ne^us wrote the following sketch concerning the migrations, tribal 
relations and social customs of the, Sacs and Foxes and the affiliating bands: 

'•At the time of the acquiring by the United States of the country west of 
the -Mississippi River, most of the territory now embraced -within the limits of 
Iowa was in the possession of the Sac and Fox Indians, who at one time had 
been a powerful nation, and were in possession of a large tract of country. 
Those Indians were formerly two distinct nations, and resided on the waters of 
the St. Lawrence. 

"But for many years before they left Iowa, they lived together, and were 
considered one people (though they kept up some customs among themselves, 
calculated to maintain a separate name and language). 

•'The Foxes first moved to the West, and settled in the vicinity of Green 
Bay, on Lake Michigan. But they had become involved in wars with the 
French and neighboring tribes, and were so much reduced in numbers that they 
were unable to sustain themselves against their hostile neighbors. 

"The Sacs had been engaged in a w'ar with the Iroquois (or Six Nations), 
who occupied the country which now composes the State of New York, and 
had become so weak that they were forced to leave their old hunting-grounds 
and move to the West. They found the Foxes, their old neighbors, like 
themselves, reduced in numbers by the misfortunes of war, and from a matter 
of necessity as well as sympathy, they united their fortunes together and became 
as one people, and as such remained so long as they lived within the limits of 
Iowa, and probably will so long as they remain a nation. The date of their 
emigration from the St. Lawrence is not definitely known. Father Hennepin 
speaks of the Fox Indians being at Green Bay in 1680, which at that time was 
called the Bay of Puants. 

" After the union of the Sacs and Foxes at Green Bay, and w^hen their 
nation had become powerful, they crossed over and extended their hunting- 
grounds west to the Mississippi, and, uniting with other tribes, began to act on 
the oflensive. 

"All the valley from Rock River to the Ohio, on the east of the Mis- 
sissippi, and on the west to the Des Moines River was inhabited by a numer- 
ous and warlike nation of Indians called the Minneways, signifying 'men.' 
This great nation was divided into different bands known by various names 
(such as the Illinois, Cahokins, Kaskaskins, Peorias, etc.), and occupied sepa- 
rate parts of the valley. This nation had long been prosperous and ijowerful, 
and feared and dreaded by other nations; but a circumstance happened Avhich 
brouglit the vengeance of their neighbors upon them, and they in their turn 
were humbled. 

" Pontiac, a Sac chief, very much beloved and respected by his people, hnd 
been wantonly murdered by some of the Minneways. This act aroused the 
anger of the Sac and Fox nations, and, forming an alliance with other tribes, 
the commenced a fierce and bloody war against the different bands of the Min- 
neways. This war was continued till that great nation was nearly destroyed, 
and their hunting-grounds possessed by their enemies. 

" At the time the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the Sac and 
Fox nations were in possession of most of the State of Illinois, and nearly all the 
country west of the Mississippi, between the Upper Iowa River and the Jeffreon 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 861 

(in Missouri) west to the Missouri River. The Sacs had four large villages 
where most of them resided : one at the head of the Des Moines rapids, near 
where Montrose is now located, which consisted of thirteen lodges ; the second 
village was on the east shore of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Hender- 
son River, about half way between Burlington and Oquawka ; the third village 
was located on Rock River, about three miles from the Mississippi, which was 
their largest and principal village ; the other was on the west side of the river, 
near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes (or Reynards) had three vil- 
lages : one on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of 
Rock River; the second, 'twelvemiles intherearof the lead mines at Du Buque,' 
and the other on Turkey River. 

" The lowas, who may be regarded as a band of the Sacs and Foxes, at 
this time had one village near the mouth of the lower Iowa River, and another 
on the north side of the Des Moines, near where is now located the town of 
lowaville. 

" These Indians had their separate villages and different chiefs ; but they 
occupied in common the same hunting-grounds, were united in their Avars and 
alliances, and the Sacs, Foxes and lowas were generally regarded as one 
nation. 

•" It appears that the lowas at one time were identified with the Sacs, who 
lived on Rock River ; but, from some cause, at period not definitely known, 
there were eight families who left that village and started out as a band by them- 
selves, and for a long time ' they recognized eight leading families ' in their 
band. ' These clans bear the title or name of the particular animal or bird from 
which they are supposed to have sprung.' And they Avere known as the Eagle, 
the Pigeon, the Wolf, the Bear, the Elk, the Beaver, the Buffalo and the Snake 
families. 

" These families Avere knoAvn severally in the tribe by the peculiar manner 
in Avhich they cut their hair. The Eagle family Avas marked by tAvo locks of 
hair on the front part of the head, and one on the back-left part. The Wolf 
fjimily had scattered bunches of hair left, representing islands, whence their 
families were supposed to have sprung. The Bear family left one side of the 
hair of the head to grow much longer than the other. The Buffalo family left 
a strip of hair long from the front to the rear part of the head, Avith two bunches 
on each side to represent horns." The other families, Avith their peculiar bodies. 
were lost or had become extinct long before they left loAva. 

" In 1830, and for many years after, the loAvas Avere estimated at about 
1,100 souls ; but in 1848, they Avere stated to be a fraction under 750 ; and in 
1852, the Sacs only numbered about 1,300, and the Foxes about 700, which 
indicates that this once powerful nation Avill soon become extinct. When the 
loAvas left their village on the Des Moines, they ' ascended the Missouri River 
to a point of land formed by a small stream on its east shore, called by the 
Indians Fish Creek, Avhich floAvs in from the direction of, and not far from, the 
celebrated Red Pipestone Quarry, many hundred miles from their former vil- 
lage. The nation composed of the Sacs, Foxes and lowas, and particularly 
those about Rock River, raised large quantities of corn, beans and melons — 
more than they Avanted for their OAvn use — and frequently sold large quantities 
to the traders ; and probably cultivated the soil to a greater extent than any 
other Indians in the West. At this time, besides the Indian population, many 
portions of loAva had been traversed by the French, who had penetrated the 
Avilderness either in the pursuit of mineral or to carry on a trade Avith the 
Indians. The history of these operations is obscure and but little knnwn. 



302 HISTORY OF UES MOINES COUNTY. 

They must have carried on quite an extensive business in tlie valley of the Des 
Moines; for Gen. Pike, on his map of the Mississippi Valley, published ^vith 
the report of his tour up the river in 1805, lays down four forts on the Des 
Moines lliver — Fort Crawford on the south side, a short distance below, where 
the town of Portland, Van Bureri County, has been laid out; Fort Gelaspy, 
nearly opposite to lowaville; Fort St. Thomas, very near, if not on the very 
spot where the town of Chillicothe is now located ; and another fort a short 
distance below, on the north side of the river. And there were, long after 
this country was settled by the Avhites, many indications to be seen of settle- 
ments having been made by other people than the Indians along the banks 
of this beautiful river." 

MAJ. beach's INDIAN PAPERS. 

Although it is not, properly speaking, a part of the history of Des Moines 
County, we here insert a record of the final disposition of the Sacs and Foxes 
while they remained in low'a. Without these pages, the preceding scraps of 
personal history would be imperfect, and, as this work is designed to preserve 
for future reference matters which will become of importance as time progresses, 
we feel justified in inserting the following sketch of the last days of the tribes 
which once made Des Moines County their stamping-grounds. Maj. Beach, 
second and last Indian Agent for the Sacs and Foxes in Iowa, left a brief 
history of the origin of the Agency and his life there. But one copy of that 
record is extant, and the writer had the pleasure of making public, for the 
first time, the authentic account referred to.' The Major, just before his 
death, wrote : 

"The war of 1812 resulted in a treaty which left the Indians no further 
claim to any territory east of the Mississippi, and even to a strip in Eastern 
Iowa. A later treaty, in 1837, increased the extent of the cession to a line 
through lowaville, north and south. There was a reservation left for the Powe- 
shiek band of Foxes, on or near the Iowa River, the purchase of which was the 
object of a treaty made in the fall of 1836, on a spot now within the city of 
Davenport, but then belonging to the famous half-blood, Antoine Leclaire. 
Iowa was then attached, for Government purposes, to Wisconsin, and its Gov- 
ernor, the late Henry Dodge, was the Commissioner to negotiate the treaty, and 
tiie late Gov. Grimes, then a new settler, was the Secretary. This treaty is 
referred for the sake of an incident which shows that, whether common or 
not to the ' Lo ' family in general, the Sacs and Foxes, at least, possessed an 
honorable side to their character. 

" The country around was already quite thickly settled, and the Indians 
could easily have procured an unlimited supply of whisky. But Gov. Dodge, 
in his opening speech, had impressed upon them the necessity of strict sobriety 
during the negotiations, and had expressed a hope that his advice would be 
heeded. Keokuk and the other chiefs, in reply, had said that tiieir-fiither's talk 
about fire-water was good, and had given their word that none should be allowed 
among them during the proceedings. Immediately the council closed, they 
appointed a sufficient guard of the most reliable braves to prevent tiie introduc- 
tion or use of liquor, at whatever cost. In fact, the very bluest blood of the 
tribe was selected for the duty, and each one was instructed to carry a desig- 
nated badge of his authority. 

'• Before the conclusion of the treaty, a Sunday intervened ,and nearly all of 
the Indians assembled at Rock Island, at tiie trading-post. Meanwhile, a steam- 
boat came along and tied up at tlie bank. She was crowded with passengers, 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 3^3 

who were excited at the sight of so many savages. Black Hawk, who was con- 
spicuous, was soon recognized, and became the chief object of interest. A 
passenger stepped ashore and took the great brave by the hand and led him on 
board the boat, his wish being to invite him to a friendly glass at the bar. But 
Black Hawk, whether influenced by a sense of personal honor or by the pres- 
ence of the police, woukl not indulge, and shortly afterward went ashore. 
Next, the boat began to push off, and Black Hawk's friend, anxious not to be 
disappointed of his social design, had already procured and filled a bottle with 
liquor. He leaned over the guards of the boat and stood reaching the bottle 
toward the Indian. One of the Indian police, with quiet dignity, took the 
bottle, and a smile of satisfaction diffused itself over the donor's face. But that 
smile speedily changed to a very different look when the young brave hurled 
the bottle upon the rocks at his feet, and dashed it into countless atoms. The 
poor white man was glad to shrink away as the stentorian shout which followed 
sounded in his ears, a shout in which it was hard to determine whether the 
exulting whoop of the Indians or the no less vigorous and derisive laughter of 
the boat's company predominated. 

'' Gen. Street, in the fall of 1837, as Agent of the Sacs and Foxes, was 
ordered to take a party of about thirty of the chiefs and head Indians to Wash- 
ington. Wapello was accompanied by his wife and son, and there may have 
been three women in the party. Maj. Beach was with the company during a 
portion of the trip. At Boston they were a novelty, and were received with 
great attention and kindness. The military were ordered out to escort the line 
of carriages and clear the streets of the throngs which filled the way. Black 
Hawk and his two sons, splendid specimens of manly beauty and symmetry of 
form, were the most noticed by the people, their recent fame as warriors being 
yet fresh in the popular minds. The party was received with all due courtesy 
in old Faneuil Hall by the Mayor and city government, and welcomed to the 
city. On the succeeding day, the Governor, the Hon. Edward Everett, received 
them in the State-house, on behalf of the State. This ceremony was held in the 
spacious Hall of Representatives, every inch of which was jammed with human- 
ity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and appropriate address of 
welcome, it devolved upon the chiefs to reply, and Appanoose, in his turn, as, 
at the conclusion of his speech, he advanced to grasp the Governor's hand, 
said : ' It is a great day that the sun shines upon when two such great chiefs 
take each other by the hand ! ' The Governor, with a nod of approbation, con- 
trolled his facial muscles in most courtly gravity ; but the way ' the house came 
down ' was a Cftution, and Appanoose doubtless considered the applause the 
Yankee way of greeting his own fine speech. 

" There were two theaters then in Boston, and a struggle ensued between 
them to obtain the presence of the Indians, in order to draw houses. At the 
Tremont, the aristocratic and fashionable one, the famous tragedian, Forrest, 
was filling an engagement. His great play, in which he acted the part of a 
gladiator, and always drew his largest audiences, had not yet come off, and the 
manager was disinclined to bring it out while the Indians were there, as their 
presence alone was enough to insure a full house. Gen. Street, who was a 
strict Presbyterian, was rather opposed to the theater, and hence Maj. Beach, 
who had recently become his son-in-law, took the matter of arranging for the 
entertainment off his hands. The Major knew that the play referred to 
would suit the Indian taste far better than simply declamatory tragedies, 
spoken in a language they could not understand, and in which there was no 
action to keep them interested. Mr. Barry, the manager, was finally pre- 



364 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

vailed uj)on to present 'Spartacus,' on condition that the Indians would attend 
in a body. 

'• Everything went off favorably during the performance, and in the excit- 
ing scene in which the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the Indians man- 
ifested the deepest sympathy. As Forrest rose up to the magnificent propor- 
tions of the character, the savages gazed upon the vivid spectacle with breath- 
less anxiety. In the play, the hero fell, pierced by his adversary's sword ; and 
as the bloody weapon was drawn from the expiring victim, who lay heaving in 
convulsive throes, the Indians burst out with their fiercest war-whoop. It was 
a frightful yell to strike so suddenly upon unaccustomed ears, at a time when 
everv sensitive nerve was wrought to intense pitch by the play, and an answer- 
ing cry of terror ran through the building. In a moment the audience recov- 
ered its self-possession, and the rounds of applause which succeeded, compli- 
mented the great actor but little less than did the involuntary tribute of the dusky 
noblemen. 

" After ceding the belt of country upon the Iowa side of the Mississippi, as 
heretofore mentioned, and having considerably increased this belt by an addi- 
tional cession in 1837, the Sacs and Foxes still retained a large and valuable 
portion of Iowa. This last treaty was negotiated wi.h the party whose visits to 
Washington and other Eastern cities has been mentioned, and was concluded 
on the 21st of October. This was the first treaty ever made with the Sacs and 
Foxes in which the principle was incorporated that had just then begun to be 
adopted, of making the sum allowed the Indians for their lands a permanent 
fund, to be held in trust by the United States, upon which interest only, at the 
rate of 5 per cent, could be annually paid to them. Hitherto, it had been the 
custom to provide that the gross sum granted for a cession should be paid in 
yearly installments. For instance, $200,000, in twenty annual payments, 
would have left them at the exniration of that time, destitute ; but the more 
humane policy was chosen of placing that sum — the price of the cession of 1837 
— at 5 per cent, giving a constant income of $10,000. The last treaty of 1842, 
dispossessed them of all lands in Iowa, and brings them in an annual revenue 
of $40,000. The price of that cession was $800,000, besides certain minor 
claims allowed. The Indians were removed from the State in 1846." 

INDIAN TRADING-POSTS. 

It is not within the province of this work to give a detailed history of the 
original explorations of this region, or to investigate the priority of location by 
traders ; but a brief synopsis of the early attempts to deal with the Indians is 
necessary. 

On the 30th of March, 1799, Tenon Trudcau, then acting as Lieut. Gov- 
ernor of Upper Louisiana, officially issued the following order : 

"It is permitted to Mr. Lewis (Fresson) Ilonori, to establish himself at the 
head of the rapids of the river Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, 
notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him the 
commission of aspace sufficient to give value to said establishment, andatthe same 
time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country ; to watch 
the Indians and to keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." 

There were other privileges given in this grant in order to enable him to 
carry on a successful trade with the Indians, and possession of the land was 
immediately taken by Honori, which he retained till 1805. 
_ While he was here engaged in carrying on trade with the Indians, he became 
indebted to Joseph Robedoux, and not being able to meet the demand, Robe- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 365 

donx resorted to the process of the law, to enforce the payment of the debt ; 
judgment was obtained and the property sokl upon execution on 14th of May, 
1803, and purchased by Robedoux in satisfiiction of his claim. 

This property in these legal proceedings was described as being about six 
leagues above the river Des Moines. At the time of the sale, part of this tract 
of land had been improved by Honori, "by building houses, planting orchards, 
and a small piece was under fence and in cultivation." 

Robedoux died soon after he purchased the property, and by his will ap- 
pointed Agusti Choteau his executor, and authorized him to dispose of his 
property; who, by the authority vested in him, in i^pril, 1805, sold the prop- 
erty to Thomas F. Reddeck. Honori, notwithstanding the property had been 
sold in 1803, to pay his debts, occupied it till after it was sold to Reddeck. 
This claim, as first made by the Spanish Government, was a league square, but 
after this country came under the jurisdiction of the United States, it was 
reduced by the authority of the latter Government, to one mile square. 

This grant embraced the site on which the town of Montrose was built, and 
was within the limits of the Half-Breed Reservation. After the Half-Breeds 
sold their lands, the purchasers set up a claim to this tract of land, as being 
part of the Half-Breed Reservation, while the Reddeck heirs claimed a right to 
it by a regular chain of title from the Spanish grant. And the different claim- 
ants resorted to the law to settle their rights, and after several years of litiga- 
tion, it was decided in 1839, by the Supreme Court of the United States, in 
favor of the Reddeck heirs. 

The trading establishment near the site of Burlington was a branch of the 
American Fur Company, and had been under the superintendence of John W. 
Johnson, who was a native of Maryland. Johnson had acted in the capacity of 
an Indian Agent, and took up with a Sac and Fox squaw, by whom he had 
three daughters. Johnson was fondly attached to his children, gave them a 
thorough education at a Catholic convent, and all three of the girls married 
highly-respectable gentlemen. After leaving the Indian country, he settled in 
St. Louis, and in 1833 was elected Mayor of that city, \vhich office he held for 
three years. He died somewhere about 1852, and left a large estate, about 
which there was a hard-contested lawsuit. He had married a second wife, and 
it was claimed that the three half-breed girls could not inherit his property, be- 
cause they were bastards, and not his legitimate heirs. But it was shown before 
the Court that his marriage to the Indian squaw was in accordance with the 
Indian mode of celebrating marriages, and was decided by the Court to be valid, 
and the girls were held to be his legitimate heirs, and got their share of his 
property. 

^ ^ -^ AN EARLY VISIT TO SHOK-KO-KON. 

Isaac R. Campbell prepared the following account of a trip through this 
section, in 1821, for the " Annals of Iowa: " 

" I first visited this locality in June, 1821, it being then a wilderness and 
inhabited by the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. The first marks I observed 
indicating the proximity of the white man was at Puck-e-she-tuc, or 'Foot of 
Rapids,' now Keokuk. A log cabin had been erected here one year before this, 
under the supervision of Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States 
army, located at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111. The next settlement, and 
probably the first made by a Avhite man in this country, was six miles above, at 
Lemoliese, now Sandusky, a French trader occupying this post, being engaged 
in traffic with the natives ; his nearest neighbor, Blondeau, resided about one 
one mile above. Monsieur Lemoliese had a very amiable lady for a wife, who 



366 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

was fond of dress. She frequently, to please him, arrayed her person in 
gown, bonnet and shoes, but could not be prevailed upon to continue the cos- 
tume, as her native garb — the blanket and petticoat — were more congenial to 
her feelings and taste. 

" At the head of the llapids was Montrose, an Indian village. The chief's 
name, in English, was ' Cut Nose.' Below the creek running into the river, 
on the lower side of the Indian town, were the remains of a deserted trading- 
house, around which were growing a number of apple-trees. 

" On the opposite side of the river (Nauvoo), was another village of the Sac 
tribe, Quashquaw-me, chief. I have often heard it remarked that this digni- 
tary originally sold all the land embraced in the State of Illinois to the United 
States Government. The Nauvoo mansion, formerly the residence of the 
prophet, Joseph Smith, occupies a portion of their grave-yard, where many a 
warrior s bones have long since moldered into dust. 

''As we passed on up the river, the next place of atti\action was old Fort 
Madison, ten miles above the head of the Rapids, situated on the w^est side, 
half a mile below a sand-bluff, arising almost perpendicularly from the water's 
edge. This fort was constructed by Col. Zachary Taylor, and named in 
honor of James Madison, President of the United States. 

" After leaving this old fort, on the second day we arrived, by keelboat, at 
Shok-ko-kon (Flint Hills), now Burlington, situated on the west side of the river, 
about twenty miles above. Here was a trading-post, occupant's name I have 
forgotten, and at the mouth of Flint Creek, or River, a short distance above, 
was located a Fox or Musqnaivk a' y'lW^ge. Its ruler and law-giver was the 
patriarch chief, Tiviea. Fifteen or twenty miles further up the river, on the 
east side, was Oquawka (Lower Yellow Banks). This point I did not visit, 
and will not attempt to give any account of its early history. 

" I will now retrace my steps down the river, to the North Fabius, in Lewis 
County, Mo., eight miles west of Quincy, where I remained on a farm for four 
years. During this period, I had occasion to travel over Lee County more than 
once, and at one time in company with an Indian for my guide, I started for 
^Cut Nose Village ' (Montrose), and on arriving at the Des Moines we found it 
swollen so much as to compel us to swim our cattle and construct a raft to cross 
our wagon and load. After being securely landed on the east bank of the river, 
after packing up, we pursued our journey, ascending the high lands above 
Grave-yard Bluff (Buena Vista), and following the divide betAveen the Missis- 
sippi and Se-sa-pato-qua-sepo (Sugar Creek). Traveling east of north, we soon 
came in sight of a lone tree, standing upon the margin of the bluff, two miles 
southwest of our destination. This familiar landmark, to my guide, assured us 
we were traveling in the right direction, and by increasing our speed we were 
soon at our journey's end, completing the first trip made through Southern 
Iowa by wagon and ox-team. As an account of my residence in Missouri will 
not interest you so much as other localities with which you are more familiar, I 
will next refer you to my removal and settling at Commerce (Quas/i-qua-me 
Village), in the fall of 1825. . 

" Capt. James White, my father-in-law, having preceded me here some time 
before, purchased from Julien, a French trader, al). his improvements, consist- 
ing of an old, dilapidated trading-house, and all the land embraced in the 
Indian village, extending one and a half miles above and below the trading- 
house on the river. In this transfer, Monsieur Julien represented to Capt. 
White that this claim couUl be held as a Spanish grant, as he (Julien) had set- 
tled here in 1805, but eventually the claimants had to pre-empt to secure a good 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. St)7 

title. A substantial two-storj stone house, the first in Hancock County, 111., 
was erected by Capt. White, on the point near Ferry Landing, from Montrose. 
This building he gave free use of to the county, for a Court House, as no selec- 
tion had then been made for county seat, and after the Black Hawk war had 
commenced, settlers far and near resorted to this house as a safe place of refuge. 
It may be of some interest to you to hear the names of some of the first settlers 
at Nauvoo, the most of whom have gone to the bourn whence no traveler returns. 

"• White, Willson, Waggonner, Williams, Whitney, Gouge, Dunn, Coon, 
Dewey, Shoebridge, Hilderbrand, Rev. Mr. Robinson (among the first to preach 
the Gospel), Mr. Hibbard and Mr. Miller, who erected the first mill, which 
manufactured coarse meal, at the rate of three bushels per hour, its motive- 
power 'one horse.' Messrs. Forrest and Robinson were the first to teach the 
young prodigies their A B's. 

" While residing here, I formed my first aco[uaintance with Black Hawk, 
the Mus-quaw-ka (or Sac Brave), by agreeing with him to erect a stone wall 
for the sum of $8, around the remains of his daughter, buried near my house, 
and the compliance with this contract, upon my part, engendered a feeling of 
friendship for me which I reciprocated. It resulted, finally, in the strongest 
ties of friendship, and lasted until the day of his death. I have now many 
relics presented to me by him, which I hold sacred and dear — one memento in 
particular — a buckskin purse, made and given to me by him, the day before 
his death. 

" This renowned warrior possessed many sterling qualities, which could 
only be appreciated by those who knew him as intimately as myself. He 
never had but one wife, being opposed, personally, to the custom of polygamy, 
although never interfering with others of his tribe who approved and practiced 
this evil. His Met-a-mo (old woman) was a good housewife. The arrange- 
ment of the interior wigwam was systematic and clean, and the burnished camp* 
kettle her greatest pride. 

"I tried hard to dissuade him from the war-path in 1831, but he persisted 
in his determination, and paid dearly for refusing to profit by my counsel. On 
his return after his captivity, he paid me a visit, acknowledged his error, and 
pledged me never again to refuse good advice, which he observed the remainder 
of his life. His days were ended (1838) on the east bank of the Des Moines 
River, at Stump Town, a point where the railroad diverges from the river be- 
low lowaville, now Independent. 

" Our commerce, from 1821 to 1832, did not increase in tonnage to any 
extent. I made several trips during this time on keelboats, from St. Louis to 
Galena, 111. A number of these boats were owned by Capt. White, and navi- 
gated by him, as freighters, on the Upper Mississippi. 

"Capt. James White informed me that his first voyage up the Mississippi 
was on the steamboat Mandan, being forty days en route from New Orleans to 
the foot of the Rapids, which she attempted to ascend, but could get no higher 
than Filly Rock, on account of heavy draught and the want of a correct 
knowledge of the channel by the pilot. He informed me that the Indians, at 
several localities above St. Louis, were badly frightened, running in every 
direction when the boat first hove in sight. As they had never witnessed the 
like before, many of them thought this aquatic monster was the 3Ian-i-tou-he- 
suth (evil spirit or devil), coming to call them for a final reckoning. The next 
steamer that succeeded in ascending the Rapids was the Pike, which by many, 
has been considered the first steamboat that traversed the Upper Mississippi, 
which is correct so far being the first to go above the Des Moines Rapids." 



368 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



THYSICAL GEOGRAPPIY. 



The county of Des Moines is one of the most widely-known regions in the 
West, among scientists, because of its remarkable richness in fossils of a certain 
character. Palaeontologists have been attracted to Burlington, and the city 
now claims, as a resident, the most eminent authority on the subject of paleozoic 
crinoidea in America, if not in the Avorld. The fossils abound in the vicinity 
of Burlington more profusely than in any other locality in the world. Out of 
a possible number of about eleven liundred, some four hundred varieties have 
alreadv been discovered here. The gentleman who has distingushed himself by 
devoting nearly a quarter of a century to the study of the subject, Mr. Charles 
Wachsmuth, has made several collections of these fossils, the most complete one 
consisting of eight hundred varieties. The cabinet now in process of comple- 
tion, consists of many hundred specimens, from this locality and other portions 
of the world. The /)riginal collection was disposed of to Prof. Agassiz, for 
St), 000, some time before the Professor's death, and was arranged by Mr. 
Wachsmuth, at Cambridge, at the personal solicitation of Prof. Agassiz. 

Prof. Charles White also formed a collection, Avhich is now at Ann Arbor, 
Mich. Among others who have prosecuted like work are Rev. William H. 
Barris and Dr. Otto Thieme. Messrs. Frank Springer and James Love 
have gathered cabinets, the former's being a very fine one. The beauty of 
these fossils lies chiefly in the marvelous state of preservation in which they 
are found. Even the digestive system of the animal is, in many cases, plainly 
defined. 

There are also found six beds of fish fossils, two in each of the three groups 
— Kinderhook, Burlington and Keokuk formations of limestone. 

In a region so famous as this, a paper on the geologic formations would be 
worthless, unless it were purely scientific The popular character of our work 
precludes the possibility of entering into such an investigation or treatment of 
the topic. Those who desire to inform themselves upon the subject, are referred 
to the several works on geology by Profs. Owen and White, and the more 
exhaustive works of Mr. Wachsmuth. 

Des Moines lies in the second tier of counties, from the south, and is 
bounded on the north by Louisa County; on the east by the Mississippi River, 
on the south by Lee County, with Skunk River as the dividing line, and on the 
west by Henry County. 

There are twelve civil townships, as follows : 

Huron, fractional Town 72 north. Range 1 west, and the four eastern tiers 
of sections in Town 72, Range 2. 

Yellow Springs Township, the two western tiers of Town 72, Range 2, and 
lown (2, Range 3. 

Washington Township, Town 72, liaiige 4. 

Pleasant Grove Township, Town 71, Range 4. * 

Franklin Township, ToAvn 71, Range 3. 

Benton Township, Town 71, Range 2. 

Jackson Township, fractional Town 71, Range 1. 

Burlington Township, fractional Towns 69 and 70, Range 2, and islands at 
mouth of Skunk River. 

Flint River Township, Town 70, Range 3. 

Danville Township, Town 70, Range 4. 

Augusta Township, fractional part of Town 69, Range 5, which lies north of 
Skunk River, and fractional Town 69, Ran ere 4. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 369 

Union Township, fractional Town 69, Range 3, with fractional Town 68, 
which lies north of Skunk River. 



SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

The original settlement of Des Moines County and the settlement of Bur- 
lington are synonymous expressions. The first efforts to improve the lands of 
the Black Hawk Purchase were made on the site or in the vicinity of the 
metropolis of Southern Iowa. It is a matter for congratulation^ by both the 
writer and the reader, that the events attending tlie pioneer movement in this 
region are so well preserved, in authentic Avritten form, and also in the minds 
of the survivors of the days when Iowa was but a wilderness. 

The prosperity of Burlington was foreshadowed by the class of men who 
formed the advance army which invaded this section of the West. It is usually 
the case that the original locaters of new lands are from the " floating popula- 
tion " of the nation — a class indispensable in the social economy of a Repub- 
lic, but, nevertheless, an element noted rather for its attempts than for its 
accomjjlishments. It is not expected that the more refined and cultured people 
of the older regions will relinquish the comforts of society and voluntarily enter 
upon the laborious task of building up new centers of civilization. The van- 
guard of progress is ordinarily in harmony with the variety of work it is 
expected to perform. The operations of a natural social law govern this, nor 
does it detract one iota from the merit of the deed. That the work may be well 
done, it is necessary to place laborers in the field who are able to endure the 
heat and burden of the day. 

But Burlington's history offers a striking exception to the general rule. 
The first small colony which made the primal stroke in this region was com- 
posed of men of moral and intellectual strength, and no weightier argument 
need be used in support of this statement than the Scriptural test, " by their 
fruits shall ye know them." 

Burlington has furnished to the State and nation a most liberal quota of 
distinguished men. In fact, we may include the region west of this county in 
the vindication of the theory herein advanced; for from the germs planted on the 
western shores of the great river, has grown up a powerful community of men, 
■wise as legislators, brave as warriors and vigorous as thinkers and doers in the 
many vocations of life. 

Less than half a century has elapsed since the first cabin w'as erected in 
Des Moines County, and many of the settlers who came during the first decade 
of its existence still live to tell of the events of those days. But even now, at 
this comparatively early period, some conflicts of statement occur. It is a recog- 
nized fact, that witnesses of the same scene will not relate the occurrence exactly 
alike, if called upon to do so. Like the blind men of the East, in the fable, 
who attempted to describe the elephant by feeling of him, each tells part of the 
story aright, while each differs from the others through some mistaken sense of 
the whole subject. Besides, memory at best is treacherous, and incidents are 
oftentimes confused Avith more recent matters, until men are Avilling to state 
positively as truth what others are equally ready to pronounce erroneous. It 
is, therefore, impossible for a writer to satisfy all who contribute to his fund of 
information. In the preparation of these pages one rule, above all others, has 
been adhered to, and that is to give authorities for statements in dispute, and to 



370 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

express opinions onlv on the side of the preponderance of evidence. Facts are 
given as such, wlion substantiated by unquestionable records ; reminiscences 
are rehitcd on the strength of reliable recitals, and mooted questions are presented 
with the differing opinions of those who raise the doubt. 

As becomes the character of this work, which will hereafter form the stand- 
ard of historic fact in this county, more care has been given to the obtaining 
and compilation of data than in any previous work. Several brief sketches 
have been published, which w'cre more or less accurate, but none of them agree 
fully with the information gathered by the writer and given in order here. All 
possible sources of knowledge bearing upon the history of the county have been 
sought after, and liberal use, with ample credit, has been made of them. 

No effort has been made to please all, for such an attempt would prove 
futile ; but a decided effort has been put forth to make this an accurate work of 
future reference ; a readable work for present enjoyment, and a standard work 
of the history of Des Moines County. 

'"Had we realized, in t^ose early days," remarked one of the pioneers to 
the writer, " that we Avere making history, a detailed record of events would 
have been transcripted from week to week. But what incentive had we for 
such a task ? There were no startling incidents in our daily lives. Many of 
us came here supposing this would prove to be but a temporary abiding^place. 
It was a struggle for existence. For one of us to have predicted the develop- 
ment of Des Moines County to its present condition within the life-time of our 
little company, w ould have been ample ground for writing him down as either a 
silly dreamer or a positive lunatic. We began on so small a scale that the idea 
of preserving our movements in the form of a record never entered our minds. 
Had we the same experience to go through with again, we would profit by our 
mistakes of the past, and be able to produce reliable data for the historians who 
should come after us." 

Fortunately for the purposes of history, there still live Avithin accessible 
range of the writer many of the first settlers, and from them the unwritten 
part of the history of Des Moines County is gathered. 

The history of a county is usually little more than the compilation of im- 
perfect records, partial traditions and vague legends. Very few of the counties 
have preserved with proper care the archives of the earliest days of their exist- 
ence. Society was crude, and men were unsuited by experience to places of 
official responsibility. No one thought that the careless transcripts of primary 
meetings would one day form the staple of history. The duty of scribe was 
irksome to the pioneers, when necessity compelled some written evidence of 
organizing transactions ; and brief, indeed, were the minutes of almost every 
public assembly. 

History is but a record of the present when time has made it the past. 
Each act in one's life may be a topic of importance in the pages yet to be writ- 
ten. Nothing is too trivial or uninteresting in the routine affairs of those who 
mingle with public men, to be unworthy of a place in the diary of the local 
recorder of events. Some minor matter may serve to corroborate and affirm 
the time and method of a far mightier occurrence. 

The history of Des Moines County, however, differs from the general rule 
in this important particular. Instead of being dependent upon crippled records 
or unstable traditions, the story is composed of original statements, gathered 
e.xpressly for this work, from those principal participants in the thrilling scenes 
of the past who still live within the county, in the enjoyment of the blessings 
which accrue from lives of enterprising industry. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTF. 371 

Des Moines County is yet in its infancy so far as years are concerned ; but 
by its prosperity it holds a commanding place among the counties of the State. 
The brevity of its political life is not only favorable to the historian, affording 
him ample opportunities for communion with the original pioneers, but it is 
also significant in a material sense, inasmuch as it foreshadows a grander devel- 
opment of its inexhaustible resources within the life-time of those who are now 
partaking of the fruits'of their labors here. If but a generation, estimated by the 
popular standard, is required to redeem the wilderness from a primeval state, 
clothe the prairies with richest crops and dot them with modern dwelling- 
houses, may we not reasonably anticipate a far more rapid advancement toward 
wealth during the quarter of a century yet to come ? 

Those who entered upon the work of converting the wild lands into civil- 
ized abodes, began with no other assistance than strong hands and stout hearts. 
The patient ox, the sharp ax, the primitive hoe, the cradle and the scythe 
were man's only dependence. Mechanic art was then in its swaddling-clothes. 
Cumbersome mecbanism had been applied to the planting and harvesting of 
crops, but those who favored the innovation on time-honored customs were 
tabooed and looked upon with pitiful astonishment. 

But more than all else, the pioneers who made the first bold strokes for 
homes in the lovely land of Iowa were poor, almost without exception. Had 
there been unlimited numbers of improved appliances for agriculture at their 
very doors, they could not have availed themselves of the opportunities from 
lack of means. And therein lies* the pith and marrow of the credit due the 
noble vanguards of the West. From nothing but that which nature lavishly 
supplied, they builded strong and well. They labored with the energy of 
heroes, and deserve the reward of veterans. 

But half a century has passed since the Indians exercised high dominion over 
these broad prairies and shady groves. Here their feasts were celebrated, their 
todges established, their councils held, their dead buried, and, within that time, 
also, the painted bands of warriors have disappeared on their forced march 
westward, while the setting sun — typical of the waning glory of their race — 
threw grotesque shadows of their trains on the crude farms of the venturesome 
white man. 

Brief indeed, have been the days between the era of savagery and the era 
of civilization. But, short as that intervening space has been, it was ample for 
the sowing of seeds which will, beyond peradventure, bear marvelous fruitage. 
The hand of intelligent man was laid upon this region, as it were, but yester- 
day. To-day, one beholds the finest farms, the best tilled acres, the richest 
orchards, the most substantial buildings and the newest implements of hus- 
bandry that can be met with throughout the length and breadth of " Beautiful 
Iowa." 

Where once the fierce blasts of winter howled with increasing monotony 
over unobstructed plains, the dense grove now stands a barrier between man 
.md the elements, in silent protest against the forces of the air. Where once 
the single camp-fire of the lonely hunter wreathed its slender spire of smoke as 
he reposed, solitary and silent, near the beaten path of the deer, there now 
ascend the choking fumes of many furnaces, as they glow and roar in the busy 
centers of manufacture. Churches and schoolhouses — those edifices which pro- 
claim the moral development of a country and represent the two greatest factors 
in the problem of civilization — dot the prairie on every hand. At the centers 
of trade these institutions stand, eloquent evidences of the intelligence of the 
populace, and point to a still grander outcome. 



372 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Wealth has succeeded poverty, Ji»d privation has given way to comfort. 
The children of the pioneers have grown up, surrounded by refining influences, 
and hear the stamp of training in a broader school than their parents were 
privileged lo attend. Books and music have their appropriate places in the 
farmhouses, and social intercourse is no longer restricted to the range of ox-cart 
communication. The finest horses, the choicest animals, the largest herds graze 
in rich pasture-lands. It is no longer necessary to " turn the cattle into the 
bi" lot," as a jjioneer expressed his early method of caring for his patient 
oxen. Fences mark the boundaries of farms and subdivisions of farms. As 
vear succeeds year, the flocks increase in numbers and condition, and the 
markets of the East find profit in choosing the cattle from a thousand hillocks. 

Railroads stretch across the county, aftbrding the facilities for transportation 
so much desired a quarter of a century ago. Villages have sprung up along 
these lines of traffic and added to the market value of lands in their vicinity. 
Timber, which was so highly prized when first the region was sought out, now 
ranks far below the open prairie lands in point of value. Modern inventive 
genius has found a way to meet the requirements of the day for fences, and 
coal is rapidly becoming an article of general use as fuel. Hence, it is found 
that groves are prized more for the sake of their protective qualities than for 
the intrinsic worth of their products. 

AVhere formerly the settlers were compelled to traverse the country for flour 
and provisions — consuming days in the tedious journey — are now busy mills, 
which supply the local needs of the communities. Nor is it longer necessary to 
rely upon the uncertain visits of friends to a distant post office for unfrequent 
mails ; for the system of postal delivery reaches to the farthest limits of the 
country, and the rapid transit of news matter is an established affair, accepted 
without surprise, or even a second thought. Thirty years ago, there were few 
papers received by the settlers, and these few came from other and older localities, 
while now the press of Des Moines ranks high among the hosts of publications 
in the State and nation. Daily and weekly issues are scattered broadcast over 
the region, carrying news from the earth's four quarters, and enabling the 
pioneers, even, to read the transactions of Church and State simultaneously with the 
denizens of the great cities of the land. The telegraphic wires bring to their 
doors tidings from commercial marts, and tell them when and how to dispose of 
the enormous products of factory and farm. Banking institutions of solid worth 
exist, and monetary matters are conducted on as large a scale as in many an 
Eastern city. Social clubs and amusement societies relieve the routine of bus- 
iness after the approved methods of cosmopolitans. Secret societies flourish 
and celebrate their mystic rites in richly-appointed lodge-rooms, and hold hon- 
ored rank among the general bodies of their respective crafts. 

The social world is as brilliant in its state and as cultured in its character 
as that which graces the salons of the capitals of the East. Wealth and refine- 
ment are evidenced in the bearing of the people. The honest housewife of the 
olden time may look with distrust upon the giander display at civil ceremonies, 
but cannot stay the tide as it sets toward the obliteration of simple habits. 
There may be much truth in the often-repeated assurance, that " girls were 
worth more in the early days," if the estimate of excellence be based upon 
physical prowess and domestic " faculty;" but it must be remembered that each 
generation plays its separate part in the drama of life. As the poet writes of 

individuals, ^t * . ,, .,, ., 

* * " All the world s a stage, 

And all the men and women merely players ; 

They have they exits and their entrances, 

And one man, in his time, plays many parts," 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 373 

SO is society constructed upon a plan that places each succeeding division 
in a role different from that which preceded it. The standard by which to 
measure woman's might to-day is not that which tests her qualities as a pioneer, 
but rather that which proves the use she has made of the advantages of the 
present. It would be as just to condemn the young man of to-day because he 
is not drilled in woodcraft and able to read the marks of Nature like the red 
man. The fathers who paved the Avay for the introduction of modern ideas 
needed, perforce, to know the signs by which the Indian chief governed the 
warriors of his band ; but those symbols are obsolete now, and would lumber 
the mind Avith useless information. 

The man whose genius introduced the principles of mechanics into the 
working of farms, signed the last pages of the first volume of the history of the 
pioneers, and inaugurated a new era from which the present power of man must 
be calculated. The farmer who tills a thousand acres now is surely no weaker 
than he whose limits were a hundred in the " good old days." Yet the muscu- 
lar development has not increased during the half-century past. It is mind, not 
matter, which governs, and the tendency of this age, which is truly termed the 
mechanical is to produce maximum results from minimum forces. The laborious 
method of planting and harvesting by hand has given way to the more admir- 
able plan of employing mechanical devices in the work. 

Des Moines County ranks her neighboring counties in just the degree that 
her intelligence has progressed. The end is far away, for the improvements over 
the original settlement are insignificant compared with the capabilities of her 
men and the possibilities of her resources. Nature has lavished abundant wealth 
upon her, and it remains for man to extract it from the earth. The farms are 
inexhaustible in productive qualities, if rightly cultivated. The future promises 
much more marked changes in every branch of trade and commerce, and there 
remains for her inhabitants an enviable harvest of results. 

Pleasant for situation, rich in material wealth, peopled by intelligent men 
and abounding in an atmosphere of mental health, the county of Des Moines is 
destined to become a leading one in the Northwest, as it is to-day a leading one 
in the State. The responsibility of developing it is intrusted to good men 
and true, and the dawn of the twentieth century will behold in this fair region 
a source of constant pride. 

THE ORIGINAL SETTLERS' CLAIMS. 

The entire county of Des Moines was within the limits of the Black Hawk 
Purchase, the nature and cause of which cession is fully treated elsewhere in 
this work. The Indian title to the lands did not expire until June 1, 1833, 
and the United States troops stationed at Rock Island, were instructed to expel 
all white men who made an attempt to secure claims prior to that date. 

The region was, of course, unsurveyed and no private purchases could be 
made from the Government for several years after the formal occupancy of the 
domain by the United States. The only method of securing lands was by 
actual residence thereon, and the "blazing," or marking with blows of an ax, 
of timber, and the setting of stakes, with name and marks of claimant written 
upon them, as an indication of the boundary of the claim. An unenacted 
code existed among early settlers defining the rights of priority to such claims, 
and woe to the man who violated them, or became a "claim-jumper." 

The fame of the newly purchased territory spread rapidly throughout the 
East, and men who felt a desire to improve their condition by beginning life in 
a new country, were persuaded to venture over the imaginary boundary into 



374 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

tlie forbidden land of promise. Of the large number who undoubtedly risked 
personal comfort and safety in such an expedition, pending the expiration of 
the limit of Indian occupancy, no reliable list can be given. A portion of the 
hardy band can be named, however, on the authority of Dr. William R. Ross, 
whose name figures conspicuously in these pages further on. At the present 
time (January°1879), Mr. Ross is still living, having just passed his seventy- 
fifth birthday. His home is in Hamilton, Marion Co., Iowa. To him the 
writer is indebted for much valuable information. From his numerous letters, 
the following extracts are made apropos to the year 1832. 

"It may not be uninteresting," observes the Doctor, "to give some of the 
names of those who first explored Southern Iowa, in 1832, prior to making a 
permanent settlement in 1833. First, among others, were Maj. Joseph B. Teas 
and Joseph Morgan, afterward citizens of Albia; William Morgan, AVilliam 
Stewart, John Ward, Isaac Canterberry, Lewis Walters, Isaac Crenshaw, 
Benjamin Tucker, Ezekiel Smith and sons Paris and Lineas, John Bullard, 
/ Richard Land, Thomas Dovrell, David Tothero, S. S. Whit«, M. M. McCarver, 
Berryman Jenkins, William Wright, John Harris and Charles Teas, with oth- 
ers that were in Iowa when I came in July, 1833. Mrs. Sarah Hilleary, wife 
of Alexander Hilleary, near Burlington, came with her father, William Mor- 
gan, in February, 1832, to do the domestic work, while her father was improv- 
mv his claim, and building a house preparatory to moving his family, and was 
one of the families driven on the Big Island just below Burlington, by soldiers 
from Rock Island, as the Indian title had not been extinguished." 

While this statement is, in the main, correct, we are able to show in the 
chapter on Burlington, further on in this volume, that the ^rs^ claim, although 
illegal — as were all those made prior to June 1, 1833 — was selected in 1829. 

In the fall of 1829, Simpson S. White and Arazi Doolittle laid claim to 
the lands upon which Burlington stands, in anticipation of some day being 
able to enter them. Their hopes were realized in the fall of 1832. In the 
fall of 1832, David Tothero also made claim to the lands subsequently known 
as the "Judge Morgan farm," about three miles further on. These men were, 
beyond doubt, the original settlers of Des Moines County. It will be noticed 
that their names appear in the foregoing list of prospectors, and every item of 
information now obtainable, tends to the substantiation of this statement. 

The residence of these families was not an undisturbed reign of peace and 
plenty, for to the natural privations of pioneer life was added the constant 
peril of expulsion from house and home by the troops. The families were 
invaders of the Indian tract, and therefore, beyond the pale of lawful protec- 
tion. Their claims were made in defiance of the treaty signed by the Sacs 
and Foxes and the Government. Their only hope of escape from injury to 
themselves and destruction of property, rested upon the slight possibility of 
their presence not being discovered. The hope was, indeed, a meager one, 
since the unusual spectacle of a farm-cabin on the shores of the river, or upon 
the broad prairie, was sufficient to attract a less skillful eye than that of a 
native denizen of the region. 

As might have been expected, during the winter of 1832-33, a detachment 
of troops came down from Rock Island and burned the settlers' cabins. The 
families were driven across the Mississippi. 

Mr. Ross says : " In February, 1833, before the Indian title was extin- 
guished, William Morgan, son and daughter, Isaac Canterberry and family, 
Lewis Walters and family, Charles Teas, Joseph B. Teas, Benjamin Tucker, 
John Ward, son and daughter, Isaac Crenshaw and family, Morton M. McCar- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 375 

ver and family, Simpson S. White and family, with, perhaps, two or three other 
parties, whose names are not remembered now, made a venture on the Indian 
tract, within Des Moines County. The little company made claims, erected 
cabins, built rail fences, and, as soon as the seasor (which appears to have been 
an ' early ' one) would permit, planted corn and sowed some grain. The 
troopers, under orders from Col. Davenport, rustied down upon the colony, 
destroying cabins, laying waste the just-sprouting grain-fields, and driving the 
settlers from the claims they had made. The families took refuge in flatboats, 
and hastily conveyed what of their household goous and live-stock they could 
secure across the river to Big Island. 

" The title remained in the Indians until June 1, 1833. At this time, Rich- 
ard Chaney resided at Fort Madison, and Dr. Garland and Mr. Campbell, and, 
perhaps, a few others on the half-breed tract. After June 1, 1883, the country 
was settled very rapidly ; as every one then had tho liberty of taking to them- 
selves a claim of half a section of land, one-quarter of timber and one of prairie, 
and the right to purchase as many claims as he had the money for. This rule 
occasioned much disturbance by new emigrants coming into the country and 
finding one man holding more than one claim. It drove them back into the 
new region against their will." 

A " Citizen of Burlington " wrote to the Patriot, in June, 1839, the fol- 
lowing brief statement concerning the pioneer settlement of the county. After 
telling of the original claims made by M. M. McCarver and S. S. White on 
the present site of Burlington (which are spoken of more particularly in the 
chapter on Burlington), prior to the extinguishment of the Indian title the 
correspondent said : 

. " In October, 1832, there were some twelve or fifteen individuals who 
crossed the river in canoes, at the head of the Big Island, and landed at the 
claim of Smith, which extended two miles south of Burlington as it now is. 
The company made an excursion of a few miles around the edge of the timber 
in the town prairie, laying claims for future settlement. But little was done 
by them until February, 1833. At that time, they brought over their stock 
and commenced building and cultivating the soil ; but, to their great detriment 
they were driven by the Government soldiers, from Rock Island, across the 
river to the Big Island, taking with them their implements of husbandry and 
their stock. Their cabins and fences were set on fire and entirely destroyed. 
Notwithstanding all this, they held a council, and pretty unanimously agreed to 
hold on to their new homes. They built a flatboat, and resolved to watch for 
an opportunity to cross over the stream, and continue the cultivation of their 
claims. Many of these worthy individuals, after returning and making a small 
improvement, sold out, at a trifling advance, to such as were more able to carry 
on the work and preferred buying claims to going back and taking up wild 
lands. Some of the original settlers remained and placed their farms under a 
high state of improvement. 

" After a close, hard winter (1833-34), the river remaining blocked with 
ice until late in the spring, the prospects of the little settlement bewan to 
brighten, especially when boats began to arrive. During the winter, however 
we enjoyed ourselves with the Indians, in smoking the pipe and tellino- stories 
of war-skirmishes. Almost every day, we gave chase with our dogs after the 
wolves which appeared opposite our little village on the river. One morning, 
there were no less than half a dozen in a pack, and we started out. One of 
our dogs overhauled and killed three of the brutes before we could reach Jiim, 
and then started after the others ; but he was so exhausted when we overtook 



376 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

him, about two miles above the islands, that he could not keep his hold, and the 
wolf disappeared, after the loss of much blood. The dog belonged to Isaac Cren- 
shaw, who [subsequently] rented the Barret farm, and was one of the suffer- 
ers by the soldiers from Rock Island. 

" In rcard to the improvements of 1834, we had some accessions to our 
village, of very good citizens, and several frame and log buildings were 
erected. But our farmers went far ahead, in improvement, of any people I 
ever saw who were laboring under such disadvantages. Every one was trying 
to excel in making the largest improvement and planting the most grain. I 
can scarcely remember one Avho broke less than thirty acres, and some broke 
even sixty and eighty. Those who had the largest improvements and who had 
to stand the brunt of hardships in the new settlement were William Stewart, 
Richard Land, W. R. Ross, William Morgan, Lewis Walters, Isaac Canter- 
berry, E. Smith, Paris Smith, P. D. Smith, Isaac Crenshaw, B. B. Tucker, E. 
Wade and father, and some few others who sold out and went further west, or 
left the country. A few of the pioneers died early ; among them were John 
Harris and William Wright, with, possibly, a few whose names I have forgotten." 

There was a settlement near the mouth of Long Creek, northeast of 
Augusta, made by six or seven families from Indiana, in July, 1833, eight miles 
west of Burlington. 

In July, 1833, William R. Ross crossed the Mississippi River and landed 
on the Iowa side one-half mile below the mouth of Flint River. Morton M. 
McCarver and Simpson S. White were the only residents in that immediate 
vicinity at that time. When Mr. Ross arrived, he saw corn growing, but no 
fences were standing. Col. Morgan had fifty acres of corn on his farm, three 
miles southwest of Burlington, which was the first claim he made. These 
evidences of improvement were the remains of the attempts at settlement in the 
preceding spring. 

The claims made by Morton and White extended from the mouth of Hawk- 
Eye Creek to the mouth of Flint River, and were a half-mile in width. This 
territory included the site of the original trading-post with the Indians. 
j William Morgan arrived the second time, with his family, September 10, 
1833, from Sangamon County, 111. Among his children Avas Miss Matilda. 
He made a claim below Hawk-Eye Creek, called Lower Burlington, at a later 
date, where he built a cabin in September. 

The first death which occurred in the settlement was that of William Ross, 
father of William R. Ross. This death took place in October, 1833, 

Tlie first marriage solemnized in this region was that of William R. Ross 
and Matilda Morgan, which was observed on the 3d day of December, 1833. 
The ceremony took place under a sycamore-tree, on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi, and was performed by Judge Allen, of Monmouth. This wedding is 
referred to in the chapter on Burlington. 

Prior to the formal attachment of Iowa to Michigan Territory, which was 
accomplished in the winter of 1833-34, but was not enforced until some time 
in 1834, this region was governed by a primitive system of " claim laws," 
adopted^ by the settlers, and supervised by certain officers chosen for the pur- 
pose. This state of affairs lasted but a little more than one year. 

THE FIRST MILLS. 

In 1834, as nearly as can be learned, Levi Moffit built a mill on Skunk 
River, near the site of Augusta. It was claimed that this was the first mill 
erected in Southern Iowa; but, as is elsewhere shown, Mr. White claims 



HISTORY' OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 377 

priority for Donnel's Mill, on Flint River. Moffit was authorized, in 1837, 
to keep a ferry across the river. The mill was in operation as early as 1835, 
suj-ely, and probably in 1834. Mr. Donnel built a mill on Flint River, three 
miles from Burlington ; and Mr. Hughes built one eight miles from town. 
These, in the order named, are given us as the first three mills. They were 
primitive affairs, and barely served the purpose designed. 

HOW " CLAIMS " WERE MADE. 

The claim-making of the early settlers in Iowa was a mode of settlement 
peculiar to that portion of the public domain which was occupied prior to its 
being surveyed by the General Government. Newhall, in his " Sketches of 
Iowa," states that by mutual concession and an honorable adherence to neigh- 
borhood regulations, claim-making was governed by a pro-tem. law, which 
answered the purpose of general protection for the homes of the settlers until 
his land came into the market. So general did this usage become, and so 
united were the interests of the settlers, that it was deemed extremely hazard- 
ous as well as highly dishonorable for a speculator or stranger to bid upon a 
claim, even though it was not protected by a '' pre-emption right." More than 
one '' war " was waged when such attempts as that were made, almost invariably 
resulting in the rout of the interloper. Blood, in some instances, was shed in 
defense of these recognized rights. When it was clearly understood what 
improvements constituted a claim, and when the settler conformed to the " by- 
laws " of his neighborhood, or township, it was just as much respected for the 
time being as if the occupant had the Government patent for it. For instance, 
if an emigrant came into the country for location, he looked from county to 
county for a location. After having placed himself, he set about making an 
improvement. To break five acres of ground would hold his claim for six 
months ; or if a cabin was built, eight logs high with a roof, which was equiva- 
lent to the plowing, he held it six months longer. He then staked out his half- 
section of land, which was a full claim, generally one-quarter timber and one- 
quarter prairie, and then his home was secure from trespass by any one. If he 
chose to sell his " claim," he was at perfect liberty to do so, and the purchaser 
succeeded to all the rights and immunities of the first settler. As an evidence 
of the respect in which these claim-rights were held by the people of Iowa, we 
quote here an act of the Legislative Council of the Territory, passed January 
15, 1839, entitled, " An act to provide for the collection of demands growing 
out of contracts for sales of improvements on public lands." 

" Be it enacted, that all contracts, promises, assumpsits, or undertakings, 
either written or verbal, which shall be made hereafter in good faith, and with- 
out fraud, collusion or circumvention, for sale, purchase or payment of improve- 
ments made on the lands owned by the Government of the United States, shall 
be deemed valid in law or equity, and may be sued for and recovered as in other 
contracts. 

" That all deeds of quitclaim, or other conveyance of all improvements 
upon public lands, shall be as binding and effectual, in law and equity, between 
the parties for conveying the title of the grantor in and to the same, as in cases 
where the grantor has the fee-simple to the premises conveyed." 

Previous to lands being brought into market, each township, nearly, had 
its own organization throughout the Territory. This was to prevent unpleas- 
ant litigation and to keep up a spirit of harmony among neighbors, and the 
better to protect them in their equitable rights of "claim " purchase. A "-call- 
meetino; " was announced something; after this fashion: ''The citizens of 



378 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Township 72 north, Range 5 west, are requested to meet at 'Squire B 's, at 

Hickory Grove (or as the place or the time might be), to adopt the necessary 

measures for securing their homes, at the approaching land sales at B .'' 

After a short preamble and set of resolutions, suited to the occasion, a " Regis- 
ter " was appointed, whose duty it was to record the name of each claimant 
to his respective "claim." A "bidder" was also appointed, whose duty it 
was, on the day of sale, to bid off all the land previously registered, in the 
name of each respective claimant. Thus, everything moved along at the land 
sales with the harmony and regularity of clock-work ; but if any one present 
was found bidding over the minimum price (^1.25 per acre), on land registered 
in the township, woe be unto him ! 

When any controversy arose between the neighbors relative to trespassing 
(or, in common parlance, "jumping a claim "), it was arbitrated by a committee 
appointed for that purpose, and their decision was considered final, 

Newhall describes a land sale, which may bring up to the minds of some 
of the old settlers a remembrance of one of those absorbing periods. He 
says : 

" Many are the ominous indications of its approach among the settlers. 
Every dollar is sacredly treasured up. The precious ' mint-drops ' take to 
themselves wings and fly away from the merchant's till to the farmer's cup- 
board. Times are dull in the towns, for the settler's home is dearer and sweeter 
than the merchant's sugar and coffee. At length the wished-for day arrives. 
The suburbs of the town present the scene of a military camp. The set- 
tlors have flocked from far and near. Tl>e hotels are thronged to overflowing. 
Bar-rooms, dining-rooms and wagons are metamorphosed into bedrooms. Din- 
ners are eaten from a table or a stump, and thirst is quenched from a bar or a 
brook. The sale being announced from the land office, the township bidder 
stands near by, with the registry-book in hand, in which each settler's name is 
attached to his respective half or quarter section, and thus he bids off, in the 
name of the whole township, for each respective claimant. A thousand settlers 
are standing by, eagei'ly listening when their quarter shall be called off. The 
crier passes the well-known numbers ; his home is secure. He feels relieved ; 
the litigation of ' claim-jumping ' is over forever : he is lord of the soil. With 
an independent step he walks into the land office, opens the time-worn saddle- 
bags and counts out the $200 or $400, silver and gold, takes his certificate 
from the General Government and goes away rejoicing." 

A meeting of the claim-holders of lands in fractional Townships 69 and 70 
north. Range 2 west, was held in the Methodist Church in Burlington, June 
19, 1839, for the purpose of preparing for the impending land sales. Hon. 
Charles Mason presided, and George W. Kelley acted as Secretary. 

On motion of Joseph Morgan, the meeting resolved to elect two sets of 
oflBcers to conduct the business of entering the lands at the proper time. The 
meeting adopted the order of procedure, which follows: A Register was 
chosen for each township, whose duty it was to prepare a map, Avith the several 
claims indicated thereon; a bidder and assistant bidder were chosen to attend 
the sale and make the purchases. Conflicts of claimants were submitted to a 
comniit^ie of tiireo, who had the power to settle all disputes. In event of a 
refusal by both parties to arbitrate, the case was to be submitted to a committee 
of five. Claimants were authorized to take as much as 320 acres. An equable 
arrangement was made between adjoining claimants, Avhere their claim-lines 
and the Government survey failed to coincide. All persons over eighteen 
years of age were entitled to the privileges of claimants. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 379 

Benjamin Tucker was chosen Register for Township 69, and George W. 
Kelley, Register for Township 70. William Stewart and James Anderson 
were bidders for the former; George W. Eight and Royal Cottle, for the 
latter town. 

The standing committees were: John Darbyshire, Joseph Morgan, E. 
Wade, Peter Smith, Jesse Hunt — Township 69; William R. Ross, Levi Scott, 
James Hatcher, Oliver Cottle, Henry James — Township 70. All claims were 
required to be registered before August 1, 1839. 

By proclamation of President Martin Van Buren, the lands were to come 
into market October 1, 1839, but the sales were postponed in part of the dis- 
trict until March, 1840, when the tract on which Burlington stands was sold. 

The following is a statistical table of monthly receipts at the Burlington 
Land Office, during the first year and four months of its existence. Perhaps 
no safer criterion can be drawn of the pre-eminent character that Iowa had 
already attained, than the receipts which this table exhibits of a country that 
only so late as June, 1833, was first subject to occupancy by the white man. 
Of every hundred acres, it was estimated that ninety fell into the hands of the 
actual settlers. 

November 19, 1838, sold by public sale §295,495 61 

January, 1839, by private entries and pre-emption 60,751 14 

February, 1839, " " " " 28,047 31 

March, 1839, «' " " " 8,778 46 

April, 1889, " " " " 12,706 77 

May, 1839, ^' " " " 15,675 93 

June, 1839, " " " " 14,356 52 

July, 1839, " " " " 24,909 16 

August, 1839, " " " " 8,216 32 

September, 1839, " " " " 8,836 56 

October, 1839, by public sales 47,487 91 

November, 1839, by private entries 10,564 72 

December, 1839, " " 3,868 11 

January 1, 1840, " " 4,644 80 • 

February, 1840, «' " 5,420 56 

March, 1840, by private entries and public sales inclusive 382,222 42 

April, 1840, by private entriesand pre-emption 29,834 22 

June, 1840, by private sale and pre-emption 62,170 62 

Total ^68,987 14 

HOW PIONEERS LIVED. 

In choosing his home the pioneer usually had an eye mainly to its location, 
and for that reason settlers were oftener than not very solitary creatures, with- 
out neighbors and remote from even the common conveniences of life. A desir- 
able region was sure to have plenty of inhabitants in time, but it was the 
advance-guard that suffered the privation of isolation. People within a score of 
miles of each other were neighbors, and the natural social tendencies of man- 
kind asserted themselves even in the wilderness by efforts to keep up communi- 
cation with even these remote families. 

The first business of a settler on reaching the place where he intended to 
fix his residence, was to select his claim and mark it off as nearly as he could 
without a compass. This was done by stepping and staking or blazing the lines 
as he went. The absence of section lines rendered it necessary to take the sun 
at noon and at evening as a guide by which to run these claim-lines. So many 
steps each way counted three hundred and twenty acres, more or less, the then 
legal area of a claim. It may be readily supposed that these lines were far 
from correct, but they answered all necessary claim purposes, for it was under- 



380 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Stood among the settlers that wlien the lands came to be surveyed and entered, 
all inequalities should be riglited. Thus, if a surveyed line should happen to run 
between adjoininf claims, cutting off more or less of the other, the fraction was 
to be added to whichever lot required equalizing, yet Avithout robbing the one 
from which it was taken, for an equal amount Avould be added to it in another 
place. 

The next important business was to build a house. Until this was done, 
some had to camp on the ground or live in their wagons, perhaps the only shel- 
ter thev had known for weeks. So the prospect for a house, which was also to 
be home, was one that gave courage to the rough toil, and added a zest to the 
heavv labors. The style of the home entered very little into their thoughts — 
it was shelter they wanted, and protection from stress of weather and wearing 
exposures. The poor settler had neither the money nor the mechanical appli- 
ances for building himself a house. He Avas content, in most instances, to have 
a mere cabin or hut. Some of the most primitive constructions of this kind 
were half-faced, or, astheyAvere sometimes called, "cat-faced" sheds or "wike- 
ups," the Indian term for house or tent. It is true, a claim cabin was a little 
more in the shape of a human habitation, made, as it was, of round logs light 
enough for two or three men to lay up, about fourteen feet square — perhaps a 
little large or smaller — roofed Avith bark or clapboards, and sometimes with the 
sods of the prairie; and floored Avith puncheons (logs split once in tAvo, and the 
flat side laid up) or with earth. For a fire- place, a wall of stone and earth — 
frequently the latter only, when stone was not convenient — was made in the 
best practicable shape for the purpose, in an opening in one end of the build- 
ing, extending outward, and planked on the outside by bolts of Avood notched 
together to stay it. Frequently a fire-place of this kind was made so capacious 
as to occupy nearly the whole width of the house. In cold Aveather, when a 
great deal of fuel Avas needed to keep the atmosphere above freezing point — for 
this wide-mouthed fire-place was a huge ventilator — large logs were piled into 
this yawning space. To protect the crumbling back wall against the effects of 
fire, tAvo back logs were placed against it, one upon the other. Sometimes 
these back logs were so large that they could not be got in in any other way 
than to hitch a horse to them, drive him in at one door, unfasten the log before 
the fire-place, from Avhence it was put in proper position, and then drive him 
out at the other door. For a chimney, any contrivance that Avould conduct the 
smoke up the chimney would do. Some were made of sods, plastered upon the 
inside with clay; others — the more common perhaps — were of the kind we 
occasionally see in use now, clay and sticks, or " cat in clay," as they were 
sometimes called. Imagine of a Avinter's night, Avhen the storm was having its 
OAvn wild Avay over this almost uninhabited land, and when the wind was roar- 
ing like a cataract of cold over the broad wilderness, and the settler had to do 
his best to keep Avarm, what a royal fire this double-back-logged and well-filled 
fire-place would hold ! It must have been a cozy place to smoke, provided the 
settler had any tobacco ; or for the wife to sit knitting before, provided she had 
needles and yarn. At any rate, it must have given something of cheer to the 
conversation, which very likely was upon the home and friends they had left 
behind when they started out on this bold venture of seeking fortunes in a new 
land. 

For doors aval Avindows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the 
purposes were brought into requisition. The door Avas not always immediately 
provided with a shutter, and a blanket often did duty in guarding the entrance. 
But as soon as convenient, some boards were split and put together, hung upon 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 381 

wooden hinges, and held shut by a wooden pin inserted in an auger-hole. As 
a substitute for window-glass, greased paper, pasted over sticks crossed in the 
shape of sash, was sometimes used. This admitted the light and excluded the 
air, but of course lacked transparency. 

In regard to the furniture of such a cabin, of course it varied in proportion 
to the ingenuity of the occupants, unless it was where settlers brought with 
them their old household supply, which, owing to the distance most of them 
had come, was very seldom. It was easy enough to improvise tables and chairs; 
the former could be made of split logs — and there were instances where the 
door would be taken from its hinges and used at meals, after which it would be 
rehung — and the latter were designed after the three-legged stool pattern, or 
benches served their purpose. A bedstead was a very important item in the 
domestic comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : 
A forked stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the 
room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. 
The wall ends of the poles either rested in the openings between the logs or 
were driven into auger-holes. Barks or boards were used as a substitute for 
cords. Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a 
home-made feather bed, she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it 
with her whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behind it for tapestry added to 
the coziness of the resting-place. This was generally called a " prairie bed- 
stead," and by some the ''prairie rascal." In design, it is surely quite equal 
to the famous Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe, in an 
artistic sense, as one could wish. 

The house thus far along, it was left to the deft devices of the wife to com- 
plete its comforts, and the lather of the family was free to superintend out-of- 
door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some 
ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in 
the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. Here 
the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to 
break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness of timber offered greater con 
veniences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the 
groves afforded protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally 
swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, 
yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the 
prairies. Yet by these fires much of the young timber was killed from time 
to time, and the forest kept thin and shrubless. 

The first year's farming consisted mainly of a "truck patch," planted in 
corn, potatoes, turnips, etc. Generally, the first year's crop fell far short of 
supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought 
with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frugal living, 
such as flour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible, 
and once used were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go be- 
fore another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke out 
their limited supplies. 

But even when corn was plentiful, the preparation of it was the next diffi- 
culty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that 
every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some grated it on 
an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet- 
iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rough side out. 
Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be 
done when the corn became so dry as to shell off when rubbed. Some used a 



382 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

coffee-mill for crrinding it. And a very common substitute for bread was 
hominy, a i)alatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in a weak lye 
till the hull or bran peeled off, after which it was well washed, to cleanse it of 
the lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use, as 
occasion required, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of 
preparing hominy was by pestling. 

A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the even end of an 
upright block of wood. After thoroughly clearing it of the charcoal, the corn 
could be put in, hot water turned upon it, w^hen it was subjected to a severe 
pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which 
was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would 
soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. 

AVhen breadstuff's were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. 
Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was 
more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And 
as the time may come when the settlers' method of threshing and clearing 
may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. 
The plan was to clean off a space of ground of sufficient size, and if the earth 
was dry, to dampen it, and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then 
the sheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be 
ui)permost, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to 
stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then, as many horses or 
oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these 
were kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several " floor- 
ings " or layers were threshed, the straw was carefully raked off, and the wheat 
shoveled into a heap to be cleaned. This cleaning was sometimes done by 
waving a sheet up and down to fan out the chaff as the grain was dropped 
before it ; but this trouble was frequently obviated when the strong winds of 
autumn were all that was needed to blow out the chaff from the grain. 

This mode of preparing the grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is 
not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with 
it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, wdth the addition of smut, often 
rendered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread than of mud ; yet 
upon such diet the people were compelled to subsist, for want of a better. 

Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of 
settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was 
made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a 
thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of. The distance to be traversed was 
often as f;ir as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and 
creeks offered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods and the 
breaking-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. 
To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncom- 
mon occurrence, and that too, when time was an item"^ of grave import to the 
comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families. Often a 
swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to 
whoever should attempt to ford it. , 

With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. 
Indian trails were common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. 
They are described as mere paths about two feet wide — all that was required to 
accommodate the single-file manner of Indian traveling. 

An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by 
many of our public highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 383 

years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths 
trodden by them were, as a matter of convenience, followed by the Indians, and 
lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were found neces- 
sary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the buf- 
faloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes and fords in th ir 
migrations from one pasture to another. Then, the Indians following, possessed 
of about the same instinct as the buffaloes, strove to make no improvements, 
and were finally driven from the track by those who would. 

When the early settlers were compelled to make these long and diSicult 
trips to mill, if the country was prairie over which they passed, they found 
it comparatively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By travel- 
ing until night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without 
much difficulty. But in winter, such a journey was attended with no little dan- 
ger. The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal 
was reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and 
risks, and the poor man yras impatient to immediately return with the desired 
staff of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that 
his turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to 
pay expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the 
day or job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own 
flour, as, in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of the 
other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to endure the 
trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the affairs of 
home. 

These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month 
each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered 
the cost of breadstuffs extremely high. If made in the winter, when more or 
less grain-feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so con- 
siderably reduced on reaching home that the cost of what was left, adding other 
expenses, would make their grain reach the high cost figure of from $3 to $5 
per bushel. And these trips could not always be made at the most favorable 
season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could hardly be 
spared from other essential labor ; yet, for a large family, it was almost impos- 
sible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. 

This description of early milling applies rather to the pioneers west of this 
county than to those who settled near the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, but it 
was not uncommon for people here to cross over into Illinois to get their grind- 
ing done. 

Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, was the 
prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which 
was the wolf. While it was true, in a figuiative sense, that it required the 
utmost care and exertion to "keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as 
true in a literal sense. 

There were two species of these animals — the large, black, timber-wolf, and 
and the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first, it was 
next to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve 
as a prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not deemed safe property until 
years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exterminated. 
Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement 
— as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, 
which was not uncommon, particularly during the winter, they were too indis- 
creet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot of the 



384 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their Avild, plaintive yelp or bark could 
be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating intense excitement 
aniung the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal melody. 

It lias been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species — the 
hound — has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the 
wolf Attempts were often made to capture him with the common cur, but this 
animal, as a rule, proved himself Avholly unreliable for such a service. So long 
as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being apparently 
acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place him- 
self in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that " discretion is 
the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of sur- 
render. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these 
two scions of the same house ; and, not infrequently, dogs and wolves have been 
seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recog- 
nize a flag of truce; his baying seemed to. signify "no quarter," or at least 
so the terrified wolf understood it. 

Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and polecats 
were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding source 
of annoyance was the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the trials of the 
settler in the most exasperating degree. Persons have been driven from the 
labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. 



ORGANIZATION OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

GOVERNMENT IN 1833. 

For more than a year after the original pioneer ventured to reclaim the 
Black Hawk Purchase from its native wildness, it may be truthfully said that 
the brave little company was beyond the confines of civilization. There were 
no laws, there Avere no oificers, there were no social or political regulations 
within the limits of the colony, except such laws as dAvelt in the hearts and 
minds of the intrepid band, which smiled at privation and looked hopefully 
forward to the realization of their desires. The handful of men and women 
wlio wintered on the bleak banks of the Mississippi during the season of 
liS3o-34, were a laAv and gospel unto themselves; controlling their, actions by 
the innate standard of an experience derived from associations among older and 
more cultivated communities. LaAvs were needed only for protection of the 
virtuous against the vicious, and Avhen a band of men combine to do as nearly 
right as they can, a simple code suffices to. regulate the lives of all. From the 
sparse records of 1833 are gathered sufficient suggestions of the intent and 
expectations of the pioneers to form the basis of these conclusions. For 
example, an association Avas formed in the fall of 1833, composed of the citizens 
of the county, and rules were adopted for the general government of the region. 
Among those rules AA^ere the folloAving : 

'' Resolved, That any person or persons alloAving the Indians to have 
whisky on any account whatever, shall forfeit all the whisky he or they shall 
liave on hand, and likcAvise the confidence and protection of this Association. 

" Resolved, That any person harboring or protecting a refuge, Avho, to evade 
justice, has fled from other sections of the Union, shall be delivered, with such 
refugee, on the other side of the river." 

These resolutions are but a part of the list, but the remainder are beyond 
rcinoduction here, since the original record-book has gone the Avay of earthly 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 385 

things. Sufficient is given, however, to show that the community wished to 
avoid two great evils — demoralization of the Indians, and an influx of outlaws 
from the older States. The evidence still extant proves that the dreaded dan- 
gers to prosperous development were averted. 

Thus do we see that the first step toward organization was a self-imposed 
law, which nothing but the popular will sustained, as, in fact, that alone had 
created it. The people desired to be law-abiding citizens, and as a formal code 
could not be ofiered them from the East, they satisfied their own consciences 
by taking the matter into their own hands. It may be inferred from some 
vague rumors still in the air, that all who came to Burlington were not above 
the average in honesty ; but the inference that the community, as a whole, was 
strongly in favor of proper conduct is weightier than the first impression, and 
may be relied upon as a just conclusion. Burlington began right, and escaped 
many of the unpleasant scenes which occurred in some other new localities. 

RE-ORGANIZING THE LAW IN 1834. 

When the colony at Burlington had assumed sufficient size to warrant the 
thought of adopting legal restraints, the pioneers found themselves under the 
governmental control ot the Territory of Michigan. In that year, this region 
was attached to Michigan Territory, for judicial purposes, and, in the spring of 
1834, instructions were sent to Mr. Ross, from Detroit, to organize Des Moines 
County. The new county Avas composed of the territory south of Rock Island 
to the mouth of the Des Moines River, and thence west, along the Missouri 
line, for fifty miles. The tract was fifty miles wide. The necessary laws and 
documents were received by Mr. Ross, and, as organizing officer, he gave notice 
of the impending election by advertising in suitable manner. The offi- 
cers chosen at the first election, in the fall of 1834, were as follows : Col. 
William Morgan was elected Supreme Judge, and Henry Walker and Young 
L. Hughes, Assistants of District Court, Avhich was the highest court in Iowa 
at that time ; Col. W. W. Chapman was Prosecuting Attorney ; W. R. Ross, 
Clerk; Solomon Perkins, Sheriff"; John Barker, Justice of the Peace ; W. R. 
Ross, Treasurer and Recorder ; John Whitaker, Probate Judge ; Leonard 
Olney, Supreme Judge ; John Barker and Richard Land, -Justices of the 
Peace, the latter appointed by the Governor of Michigan Territory. 

In October, 1835, Hon. George W. Jones was elected Delegate to Congres.s 
from the Territory of Michigan. Mr. Jones was interested in the development 
of the great Western wilderness, and favored the erection of a new Territory 
west of the lakes. He worked for that purpose in Congress, and was successful. 
Apropos of his achievement in that direction is here given an anecdote con- 
cerning his adroit avoidance of Mr. Calhoun's opposition to his bill : 

The Hon. George W. Jones, or the General, as he is more familiarly 
known at home, was a great ladies' man. Knowing the opposition to his terri- 
torial bill on the part of Mr. Calhoun, and that a speech from that distinguished 
statesman would defeat it, he set his wits to work to procure the absence of Mr. 
C. when the bill would be called up. To accomplish this, he paid vei-y marked 
attention to a lady friend of Mr. Calhoun, then at the capital, and was so kind, 
polite and entertaining that she, feeling under obligations to him for the same, 
inadvertently expressed the hope that circumstances might throw it in her way to 
render him some service. This was just what the General wanted, and he 
immediately said, " You can, if you will, do me the greatest favor in the world," 
and went on to explain the " Territorial Bill," and the opposition of Mr. Cal- 
houn thereto. "Now," said the General, " it will come up on such a day, and 



38f) HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

when I send you my card, call out Mr. C, and, on some pretext, keep him out 
an hour or two." She consented and carried out the arrangement, and during 
that absence the bill was passed, and Mr. Calhoun did not have an opportunity 
to oppose It. WISCONSIN TERRITORY FORMED. 

April 20, 183(3, the bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin was approved. 
Got. Henry Dodge was appointed to the Executive office by President Jackson. 
The first proclamation was issued by him September 9, 1836, convening the 
Legislature at Belmont on the 25th of October. A delegate in Congress was 
ordered elected at the same time as the legislators Avere chosen. 

The counties of Dubutjue and Des Moines then contained 10,521 popula- 
tion, as was shown by the census ordered by Gov. Dodge. 

BELMONT LEGISLATURE. 

The election was ordered to be held on the second Monday (not the first, as 
stated by some writers) in October. The Belmont Legislature convened, as 
required, October 25, 1836, and was composed of the following members, as 
shown by the official report printed in 1836 : 

Brown County — Council. Henry S. Baird, John P. Arndt ; House, 
Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis, Alexander J. L'win. 

Milwaukee County — Council, Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Svveet ; House, 
William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall, Charles Durkee. 

Iowa County — Council, Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. Vine- 
yard ; House, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas Mc- 
Knight, T. Shanley, J. P. Cox. 

Dubuque County — Council, John Foley, Thomas McCraney, Thomas Mc- 
Knight ; House, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. 
Engle, Patrick Quigley. 

Des Moines County — Council, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, 
Arthur B. Inghram ; House, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, 
John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. 

WISCONSIN JUDICIARY. 

The second act passed by the Legislature provided for the establishment of 
Judicial Disti-icts. Charles Dunn was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
of Wisconsin, and performed judicial duties in the First District; David Irwin, 
Associate Justice, in the Second District ; and William C. Frazier, Associate 
Justice, in the Third District. 

THE TEMPORARY SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 

The eleventh bill passed was one fixing upon Madison as the permanent 
seat of government of Wisconsin, and selecting Burlington as the temporary 
seat, pending the erection of suitable buildings in Madison. The story of 
this bill is interesting, since it effected the destiny of Burlington in no slight 
degree. 

When Wisconsin was created, Dubuque sought to secure the seat of govern- 
ment. Those engaged in that effort were not far-seeing enough to perceive the 
transient character of the boundaries of Wisconsin, as first defined. The loca- 
tion of Dubucjue was, by chance, near the geographical center of the immense 
region embraced in the original Territory, and failed to realize that the ultimate 
division of the country would be marked by the two great rivers. The paper 
at Dubuque, and the leading men, endeavored to persuade the Legislature that 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 38T 

the proper locality for the seat was there ; but wiser councils prevailed. Bur- 
lington, by uniting with the eastern counties, held the power necessary to 
decide the question. Perhaps reciprocal promises were made by the Burlington 
delegation, and perhaps not ; of that we have no clear evidence ; but one thing 
is certain, when the voting came on, Des Moines County, with its ten votes, 
joined the eastern counties and carried the bill, fixing the permanent seat at 
Madison. A clause was inserted in the bill providing, " That, until the public 
buildings at the town of Madison are completed — that is to say, until the 4th 
day of March, 1839 — the sessions of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin 
Territory shall be held at the town of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines, 
provided the public buildings are not sooner completed." Congress had appro- 
priated a sum of money for the erection of those buildings and the purchase of a 
library. 

The clause was a wise one for Des Moines, since nature had foreordained the 
division of Wisconsin at the Mississippi River, and the creation of a Territory, 
and ultimately a State, out of Des Moines and Dubuque. By forfeiting all 
pretense of claim to permanency, Burlington secured the temporary seat of 
Wisconsin, and thereby held the nine points of possession on the capital of the 
future State. Of course, no one asserted the possibility of Burlington holding 
the seat of Iowa after the development of the region ; but the purpose was to 
advertise Burlington to the country, and profit by the prestige of being the most 
prominent locality at the start. It was a shrewd piece of figuring, and worked 
great good to the new aspirant for settlers' favor. At the same time it secured 
the seat away from its natural rival, Dubuque. 

THE FIKST ROAD WEST OF THE RIVER. 

Act No. 20 of the Legislature provided for the establishment of a territorial 
road west of the Mississippi River, commencing at the village of Farmington, 
then to be the seat of Van Buren County ; thence to Moffit's Mill ; thence 
direct to Burlington ; thence to Wapello : thence to Dubuque, and thence on to 
Prairie du Chien. The Commissioners were Abel Galland, Solomon Perkins, 
Benjamin Clarke, Adam Sherrill, William Jones and Henry F. Lander. 

SUBDIVISION OF OLD DES MOINES. 

Act No. 21 was the next important bill (after the one locating the seat 
of government) passed by the Legislature so far as the county of Des Moines 
was concerned. It is here given in full : 

An Act dividing the County of Des Moines into several neiv Counties: 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of 
Wisconsin, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning at the most 
southern outlet of Skunk River, on the ^lississippi : thence, a northern dirtection passing through 
the grove on the head of the northern branch of Lost Creek ; and thence, to a point correspond- 
ing with the range line dividing Ranges Seven and Eight ; and thence, south with said line to the 
Des Moines River ; thence, down the middle of the same to the Mississippi, and thence up the 
Mississippi to the*place of beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, 
by the name of Lee. 

Sec. 2. Be it furthtr enacted, That the country included in the following boundaries, to wit : 
Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, south with the west line of said county, to the 
river Des Moines ; thence, up the same to where the Missouri line strikes the same ; thence, west 
with the said Missouri boundary line to the Indian boundary line ; thence, north with the said 
boundary line twenty-four miles ; thence east to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set 
off into a separate county, by the name of Van Buren. 

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to 
wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence, up said river 
to a point fifteen miles above the town of Burlington, on the bank of said river ; thence, on a 



388 HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 

westerly direction to a point on the dividing ridge between the Iowa River and Flint Creek, 
being twenty miles on a due west line from the Mississippi River ; thence a southerly direction 
so as to intersect the northern line of the county of Lee at a point twenty miles on a straio-ht 
line from the Mississippi River ; thence, east with the northerly line of the said county of Lee to 
the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oflF into a separate county, by the name of Des 
Moines. 

Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : 
Beginning at the southwest corner of Des Moines ; thence, northwest with the line of the said 
county of Van Buren, to the Indian boundary line ; thence north with the boundary line, twenty- 
four miles ; thence, southeast to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, 
south with the west line of the county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby 
set off into a separate county, by the name of Henry. 

Skc. 5. JJe it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit : 
Beginning at the .Mississippi River, at the northeast corner of Des Moines ; thence, up the said 
river twelve miles above the mouth of Iowa ; thence, west to the Indian boundary line ; thence, 
with said boundary line to the northwest corner of Henry ; and with the line of the same to 
the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence, east with the line of the same 
county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oft" into a separate 
county, by the name of Louisa. 

Sec. G. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following boundaries", to 
wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence 
up said river twenty-five miles on a straight line; thence west to the Indian boundary line; 
thence with said boundary line south to the northwest corner of the county of Louisa; thence 
east with the line of said county of Louisa to the beginning, be and the same is here1)y set off 
into a separate county, by the name of Musquitine. 

Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following boundaries, 
to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River, at the northeast corned of the county of Musquitine , 
thence up said river to the southeast corner of Du Buque ; thence with the line of the said county 
of Du Buque to the Indian boundary line; thence with said line south to the northwest corner of 
the county of Musquitine; thence east with the said line of the said county of Musquitine to 
the beginning, be and the same is hereby set oft" into a separate county, by the name of Cook. 

Sec. 8. Be it further enacted. That the District Court shall be held at the town of Madison, 
m the county of Lee, on the last Monday in March and on the last Monday in August in each 
year ; in the town of Farmington, in the county of Van Buren, on the second Monday in April 
and the second Monday in September of each year; in the town of Mount Pleasant, in the county 
of Henry, on the first Friday after the second Monday in April and September in each year; in 
the town of Wapeilo, in the county of Louisa, on the first Thursday after the third Monday in 
April and September in each year ; in the town of Bloomington, in the county of Musquitine, 
on the fourth Monday in April and September in each year. 

Sec. 'J. Be it further enacted. That the county of Cook be and the same is hereby attached 
to the county of Musquitine, for all judicial purposes. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted. That the proper authority of the several counties hereby 
established, so soon as the said counties shall be organized, shall liquidate and pay so much of 
the .Jeht now due and unpaid by the present county of Des Moines, as may be their legal and 
equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable property which 
shall be made therein. f c j 

Sec. 11. This act to be in force from and after its passage and until the end of the next 

annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and no longer. 

P. H. E.VQLE, Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

Henry S. Baird, President of the Council. 

A^ 1 T^ . - H. DODGE. 

Approveil December 7, ISoO. 



Act No. 38 authorized Matthias Hamm and Horace Smead to establish and 
operate a ferry across the Mississippi River from a point on the east side, on the 
8r,uthea..t quarter of Section 20, Township 1 north, Range 2 west of the Fourth 
Jt-rmcipal Meridian, across to Eagle Point, or Hamui's Landing, on the west 

On the 12th of June, 1838. Gen. Dodge, as delegate in Congress from 
Wisconsin, succeeded in getting an act passed entitled "An act to divide the 
leiritory ot Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial Government of Iowa." 
1 his act took effect on the 3d day of July following. In accordance with the 
provisions of the act, Ex-Gov. Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed Governor 
ot the ierritory by Mr. Van Buren, then President of the United States. Gov. 







^T^^/iyi'ie^.A/'tyui^ 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 391 

Lucas, on his arrival in the Territory, immediately issued a proclamation for an 
election of members to the first Legislative Assembly, and dividing the Terri- 
tory into suitable districts for that purpose. It is stated by one authority that 
Secretary Conway arrived a day or two before Gov. Lucas, and that the 
proclamation was, in fact, issued by him. 

The election was held on the 10th day of September, 1838, and the Legis- 
lature, in accordance with the proclamation, met at Burlington on the first day 
of November of the same year. 

The Assembly was composed of a council of thirteen members, and a 
House of Representatives of twenty-six members. 

One of the members returned elected, Cyrus S. Jacobs, of Des Moines 
County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter in Burlington before the meet- 
ing of the Legislature, and George H. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. 
Samuel R. Murray, of Camanche, Clinton County, was returned as elected 
from the district composed of the counties of Scott and Clinton, but whose seat 
was successfully contested by J. A. Birchard, Jr., of Scott County. With 
these two exceptions the members returned elected, and proclaimed as such by 
the Governor, held their seats during the session. At that day national politics 
was little thought of in the Territory. 

Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the 
Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen, Jesse B. Brown, of Lee Co. (Whig), was 
elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (afterward 
delegate from Idaho, and first Governor of that Territory), Whig, of Henry 
County, was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, the former 
unanimously, and the latter with but little opposition ; nevertheless, the session 
in many respects was a stormy one. Under the provisions of the organic law, 
the Governor had an unqualified veto, if he chose to exercise it, of all bills 
passed by the Legislature. 

The members thought he used the power rather too freely, and an exciting 
controversy was the result. The seat-of-government question, also, gave rise 
to much excitement. The friends of a central location favored the plan of the 
Governor, as recommended in his message ; namely, the appointment of Com- 
missioners, with a view of making a central location, while the southern mem- 
bers were in favor of Burlington, but finally withdrew that place, and united 
their forces on Mount Pleasant. The parties were very equally divided, and 
much excitement prevailed. The central party finally succeeded, however, and 
Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and 
Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County, were appointed Commissioners, under the 
law, who met at Napoleon, in Johnson County (the location chosen as the orig- 
inal county seat, but now a farm,) the following spring, and located the capital 
at Iowa City. 

The law provided that the seat of government should remain at Burling- 
ton till suitable buildings could be erected at the new location. 

At the election in September, for members of the Legislature, a Delegate to 
Congress was also elected. There were four candidates in the field for this 
office, viz. : William W. Chapman and David Rorer, of Des Moines County, 
B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque County. 
Mr. Chapman was elected, having beaten P. H. Engle by 36 majority. 
Mr. Engle afterward removed to St. Louis, where he was elected Judge of the 
Court, and died a few years since. He was a man of character and talent, and 
would have been elected, but that his opponents circulated the report (which 
they doubtlessly believed) that he had been drowned in swimming the Maquo- 



392 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

keta, to meet one of his opponents. An Indian rescued him from a watery 

grave. The vote at this election stood : 

Chapman 1,490 

Enple 1.454 

Walhice 913 

Horer 605 

Talliaferio 30 (?) 

Total 4,492 

There were fifteen counties. Des Moines casting the highest — 854. John- 
son, Linn, Jones, Washington (then Slaughter) casting from thirty-five to 
twenty-seven votes each. Eigle, Chapman and Rorer were Democrats, and 
Wallace was a Whig. The Territory included all the region to the northern 
boundary of the United States. Gen. Talliaferio lived at St. Peters (now St. 
Paul, Minnesota), and received the northern vote. 

The Federal appointments in the Territory, in addition to the Governor, 
were as follows, viz. : Charles Mason, of Burlington, Joseph Williams, of 
Pennsylvania, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, Judges of the Supreme 
and District Courts ; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, United States Attorney ; 
Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, United States Marshal ; William B. Conway, of 
Pittsburgh, Secretary of the Territory ; A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Register, 
and V. P. Van Antwerp, of Terre Haute, Iowa, Receiver, of the land office at 

Burlington ; Thomas McKnight, Receiver, and Worthington (?), Register, 

of the land office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Attorney, died at Rock- 
ingham, Scott Co., soon after his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was 
appointed in his place. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington 
during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the 
Gazette, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The first Register of the land 
office at Dubuque served but a short time, and resigned, and B. Rush Petrikin, 
of Pennsylvania, was appointed in his place. Many of these names are yet 
familiar to the people of Iowa, the gentlemen having since then filled stations 
of trust and honor. 

Politics did not enter into the elections till 1840. In that year, the Whigs 
and Democrats both held Territorial Conventions at Bloomington (Muscatine), 
and nominated candidates for Delegates to Congress. The Whigs nominated 
Alfred Rich, of Lee Co., and the Democrats, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Des Moines 
Co., both popular and talented men. The contest was spirited on both sides, 
each party being thoroughly united. Gen. Dodge was elected. 

THE FIRST STATE HOUSE. 

Something of a history attaches to the first State-house erected in Iowa, 
although the existence of the structure was brief and brilliant. When the Leg- 
iskture voted to come to Burlington in 1837, there was no suitable place in 
which the noble body could meet. It became necessary to erect a building. 

Now, it chanced that, in the early days, two men of the same name located 
in Burlington. Botii were known as Jeremiah Smith. They were cousins in 
relatioii.ship. To distinguish the one from the other, it became customary to 
speak of the younger as Jeremiah Smith, Jr., while the elder accepted the less 
respectful title of " Old Jere." 

Jeremiah, Jr., sought after and obtained the job of building the State-house, 
and during the summer of 1837 he carried out his agreement. When the Leg- 
islature assembled, the two houses convened in a two-story frame which did credit 
alike to the city of Burlington and the contractor. The house was heated by a 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY, 393 

large fire-place. In December, the heating apparatus proved too much for the 
general building, and, after the Legislature had adjourned for the night, the 
boasted State-house disappeared in flame and smoke. The building was located 
on Main street, between Court and Columbia. 

Smith made application to Congress for relief, and his claim was allowed. 
The amount exceeded $4,000. 

A fatality seemed to follow Mr. Smith's work, for, soon after the allowance 
of his claim, Old Jere visited the capital. He there met Delegate Jones, who 
told him, through misapprehension of his identity, that his claim had been allowed 
and that he could get the money by making the necessary application and receipt. 
Old Jere was quick to see the possibility of making his trip to Washington a 
profitable one, and hastened to draw the funds, receipting for them in the name 
of " Jeremiah Smith," which he could legally do. 

It speedily became known that Old Jere had secured the money, but that was 
all the good it ever did the rightful owner, for he could never make the old man 
disgorge. He never obtained a dollar of the allowance. 

TEMPORARY QUARTERS. 

After the burning of the State-house, the Legislature occupied temporary 
rooms on opposite sides of Main street, corner of Columbia street. 

The next session was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, " OldZion." 
The " Upper House " occupied the lotver room, and the " Lower House" the 
upper. The " Third House " was held in numerous lawyers' offices, we infer 
from the manifest influence exerted by the able bar of those days. 

From apaper published in the " Annals of Iowa," from the pen of Mr. Charles 
Negus, we quote the following concerning the first session of the Legislature in 
Burlington : 

" At the first Legislature of the Territory, there was a great deal of sparring 
between the members of that body and the Governor and Secretary. This diffi- 
culty first commenced with the Secretary. The Council passed a resolution 
requiring the Secretary to furnish their body with knives, stamps, folders, tin 
cups, etc. The Secretary not being able at the time to furnish these articles, 
addressed a communication to the Council on the subject, in which they were 
informed that the Secretary had made arrangements to procure the necessary 
stationery for the use of the Legislature, in Cincinnati, but owing to the low 
stage of water in the Ohio, the things ordered had not been received. The 
Secretary, in his communication, said, ' The navigation of the Ohio was entirely 
suspended ; this was the act of God, whose holy name is pronounced with deep 
reverence, and to Avhose holy will it is our duty to submit. Human power can- 
not resist the dispensation of His providence, nor can human wisdom counter- 
act His unfathomable designs.' The Secretary informed the Council that he 
had been to St. Louis, ' and returned in spite of every peril ; ' that ' much exer- 
tion had been made to procure knives in Burlington, but,' said he, ' knives of 
suitable finish and quality could not be procured in town, nor can sufficient 
knives of any quality be obtained ; and the Secretary cannot make knives — if 
he could, he would do so with expedition and pleasure ; ' that ' it was the earnest 
and anxious wish of the Secretary that all the members should have knives, and 
stamps and folders, and all and singular such thing or things, device or devices 
whatever, as may facilitate the operation of the hands in yielding assistance to 
deliberations of the heads ; ' that in relation to ' that part of the resolution 
which related to extra inkstands and tin patty-pans, can, and shall be promptly 
complied with.' 



394 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

•' This communication of the Secretary greatly insulted the dignity of the 
Council, and the matter was referred to a special committee, of whom Stephen 
Hempstead (afterward Governor) was Chairman. The committee, after due 
deliberation, made their report, in which they set forth that the Secretary's 
communication was ' of such a nature as to call forth a severe animadversion 
upon its tone and spirit ; ' that ' the evident intent of that communication was 
not only to treat the resolution adopted by the Council with irony and con- 
tempt, but at the same time to convey the idea that the articles asked for by the 
resolution were unnecessary and unimportant.' The report went on to show 
that the house in which they held deliberations was not properly furnished ; 
that the Secretary had used his influence to prevent the Council from obtaining 
thini^s without his sanction, and ' that the honorable Secretary of the Territory 
mif^ht rest assured that the present Legislature will not tamely submit tothe insults 
and derisions of any officer of the Territory, and they at all times will defend 
to the last their honest rights, and the liberty ol the people, whom they have the 
honor to represent.' This report of the committee was unanimously adopted. 

" The controversy about knives, etc., though fiercely commenced, did not 
last lone The Secretary, through the intervention of Judge Wilson, apolo- 
gized to the Council, and withdrew the objectionable paper, and the Council let 
the insult to their dignity pass without further notice. 

•' But this matter had hardly been adjusted before another difficulty arose, 
implicating the Governor with the Secretary. The Legislature passed a joint 
resolution that the Secretary of the Council and Chief Clerk of the House 
should receive $6 per day for their services in this assembly, and each of the 
additional clerks, sergeant-at-arms, door-keepers, messengers and firemen should 
receive ^3 per day, to be paid by the Secretary of the Territory upon the pre- 
sentation of a certificate of their services, signed by the presiding officer of the 
house in which they served, and countersigned by the Secretary or Clerk.' The 
Secretary, doubting whether this would be a sufficient authority for him to pay 
out money, referred the matter to the Governor, and the Governor gave him his 
opinion in writing, in which he took the ground that the Secretary ought not to 
disburse the public moneys under that authority. And the Secretary, being 
sustained in his views as to the disbursing of the public moneys by the written 
opinion of the Governor, sent to the Legislature a communication, informing 
that body that he did not feel authorized to pay out money under such authority, 
and to sustain his views, sent with the communication the written opinion of the 
Governor. 

" This counseling of the Governor was considered by most of the members 
of the Legislature as interfering with their prerogatives, and a matter of so great 
importance that there was a joint convention of the two Houses held to devise 
ways and means by which to protect their rights against the supposed encroach- 
ments of the Governor. This convention passed resolutions expressive of what 
they considered to be the rights of the Legislature, and in their discussions 
many of the members severely animadverted upon the part which the Governor 
had taken in this matter. 

'' The attacks made upon the Governor at the fore part of the session prob- 
ably caused him to be a little prejudiced in his feelings toward the members, 
and less disposed to yield his opinion of what he conceived to be right to the 
wislies of tliat body, than he would have been had there been no misunderstanding 
between them. And from the time of this joint convention, instead of recon- 
ciling the strife which had been engendered between His Excellency and the Leg- 
islature, the quarrel became sharper and more bitter, until the adjournment. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 395 

" Gov. Lucas being an old man, and having occupied the gubernatorial chair 
in Ohio, thought himself better versed in making laws and what was for the 
best interests of the Territory than most of the members of the Legislature, 
who were young men and inexperienced as legislators, and all laws which they 
passed that did not entirely meet with his approbation, he vetoed. And by the 
provisions of the organic act of the Territory, it was necessary that the Gov- 
ernor should approve of all bills passed by the Legislature before they could 
become laws, so that his veto was absolute, and no act of that body could become 
a law without his consent. 

" For the purpose of harmonizing differences, there was a joint committee 
appointed by both branches of the Legislature to consult with the Governor and 
prepare a bill to regulate the intercourse between the legislative and executive 
parties of the Territorial Government. After a consultation with His Excellency, 
a bill was prepared by the committee, with such restrictions and provisions as 
met with his approbation ; but when it was brought before the Legislature, 
there were some very material alterations made in the bill which were very 
obnoxious to the Governor, and when it was presented to him for his approval, 
he refused to sign it, and returned it to the house in which it originated ; and 
in his veto message, he laid down the rules by which he would be governed in 
relation to acts presented to him for approval. 

" He informed the Legislature that all bills submitted to him would be care- 
fully examined, and if approved, would be deposited in the Secretary's oflSce ; 
but he said if ' special objections are found, but not suflScient to induce me to 
withhold my assent from the bill, a special note will be indorsed with my 
approval. Bills that may be considered entirely objectionable, or of doubtful 
policy, will be returned to the Legislative Assembly with my objections, at such 
times and in such manner as I may from time to time deem most advisable.' 
This veto message fanned the flame of strife already enkindled, and many of the 
members became very bitter toward His Excellency. 

" Among the many acts vetoed by the Governor Avas an act requiring him, 
when a bill was presented for his approval, to inform the Legislature of his 
approval thereof, or if he did not approve of it, to return the bill with his 
objections ; an act authorizing the Postmaster at Davenport to have the mail 
carried from that place to Dubuque twice a week in two-horse post-coaches ; a 
joint resolution, making the Secretary of the Territory a fiscal agent of the 
Legislature, authorizing him to pay out money, without an appropriation, to the 
members and oflScers of the Legislature. 

" The feelings of the members were so bitter toward the Governor because 
• he kept them in check by his vetoes, that there was a Special Committee 
appointed in the House, on Vetoes, of which James W. Grimes (afterward Gov- 
ernor and United States Senator) was the Chairman. The organic act provided 
that the Governor ' shall approve of all laws passed by the Legislative Assem- 
bly before they shall take enect.' On this provision of the law, the Committee 
made a lengthy report, in which they took the ground that the words ' shall 
approve all laws' meant that it was his imperative duty, under the organic law, 
to approve of all acts passed by the Legislature of the Territory ; and that the 
mere fact of the Governor vetoing them, or withholding his approval, did not 
prevent the acts of the Legislature from becoming laws, but was a neglect of 
duty on the part of the Governor. 

" And this report of the Committee was concurred in by the House by a 
vote of 16 to 6 — Bailey, Beeder, Brierly, Coop, Erierson and Patterson voting 
against it. 



396 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" These acts, and the abuse of the Legislature, did not intimidate the Gov- 
ernor in tlie discharge of liis duties, being actuated with a desire to do what he 
supposed was riglit, and let those of the future judge of the wisdom of his 
course. 

'• When the members of the Legislature found they could not control the 
Governor by resolutions, reports of committees and abusive speeches, their next 
move was to remove him from office. 

" Bankson introduced a resolution in the House, in which was set forth that, 
whereas it was known to the Legislature ' that Gov. Lucas had been writing 
notes and explanations on sundry laws adopted by the Legislature,' and also 
setting forth that these acts of his Avere ' an unwarrantable encroachment upon 
the judicial department of the Territorial Government, as well as an insult and 
rude invasion of the rights of the Legislature,' 'Therefore, Resolved, That 
Robert Lucas is unfit to be the ruler of a free people, and that a Select Com- 
mittee be appointed to prepare a report and memorial to the President * * * 
* praying in strong terms for his immediate removal from office.' 

" This resolution was adopted by a vote of 12 to 10, and Bankson, Hall, 
Summers, Taylor and Nowlin were appointed the Committee. The Committee, 
after due deliberation, made their report, requesting the President, for various 
reasons, to remove the Governor from his office. 

" There was a majority in both branches of the Legislature who were opposed 
to the Governor, and the memorial was adopted and forwarded to the President. 

" In these proceedings, the Governor was not without some friends who 
strongly opposed the adoption of the report of the committee, and they claimed 
the privilege ' to forward a counter-memorial to the President on the same sub- 
ject, and to spread their protest on the journal of the House ; ' but their request 
was refused, when eight of the members of the House, in their private capacity, 
got up a protest, in which they reviewed the memorial, and denied or explained 
most of the charges preferred against the Governor, so that from the protest, or 
some other cause, President Van Buren did not see proper to remove the Gov- 
ernor form his office, and he held it until there Avas a change in the administra- 
tion of the Federal Government. The difficulties which had arisen between 
Gov. Lucas and the Legislature, from his too frequent use of the veto power, 
and the complaints made by the latter, induced Congress to make some amend- 
ments to the law organizing the Territory ; and on the 3d day of March, 1839, 
they passed two acts, by which it was provided that every bill passed by the 
Council and House of Representatives should be presented to the Governor, and 
if he approved it, the same sh:uld become a law; if not, he should return it 
with his objections to the House in which it had originated, for reconsideration, 
and if both branches of the Legislature passed it by a two-thirds vote, it should 
then become a law without the approval of the Governor. They also made pro- 
visions for authorizing the Legislature to pass laws permitting the people to elect 
Sheriffs, Judges of Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors. 

" There was likewise a law passed authorizing the Delegate (William W. 
Chapman), who was elected at the time of organizing the Territory, as Repre- 
sentative to Congress, to hold his seat till the 11th day of October, 1840, and 
made provision that the next Representative, after Chapman's term expired, 
should only hold his seat till the 4th of the next March, after which the term 
should be the same as other Members of Congress — for the period of two years. 

'' The Legislature was not slow in taking advantage of these acts of Con- 
gress, for at their next session about the first thing that claimed their attention 
was to make provisions authorizing the people to elect their Sheriffs, Judges of 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUIITY. 397 

Probate, Justices of the Peace and County Surveyors ; and by these acts the 
Governor was very much curtailed in his power and influence in the Territory." 

RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Having thus given an outline of the general history of the Territory of 
Wisconsin, at its earliest period, we take up the thread of Des Moines County 
records. 

The Territorial Legislature, at Burlington, passed a bill, which was approved 
January 18, 1838, re-establishing the boundaries of the five original counties 
[p. 210 Session Laws Wis. Ter, Leg., Burlington, 1838]. Hereafter is quoted 
the bill in full, because of the scarcity of the old records. It may prove of value 
for reference in days to come : 

An act to establish the boundaries of Lee, Van Buren, Des Moines, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine 
and Slaughter, to locate the seats of justice in said counties, and for other purposes: 
Section I. Be it enacted by the Council and the House of Represe?itatives of the Territory of 
Wisconsin, That the boundaries of Lee County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the 
main channel of the Mississippi River, due east from the entrance of Skunk River into the 
same, thence up said river to where the township line dividing Townships Sixty-eight and Sixty- 
nine north leaves said river ; thence with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and 
Five west; thence north with said line to the township line between Townships Sixty-nine and 
Seventy north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight 
west; thence south with said line to the Des Moines River; thence down said river to the mid- 
dle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence up the same to the place of beginning, 
and the seat of justice is hereby established at the town of Fort Madison. 

Sec. 2. The boundaries of the county of Van Buren shall be as follows, to wit: Begin- 
ning on the Des Moines River, where the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight inter- 
sects said river; thence north with said line to the township line dividing Townships Seventy 
and Seventy-one north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eleven f.nd 
Twelve west; thence south with said line to the northern line of Missouri; thence east with 
said line to the Des Moines River; thence down said river to the place of beginning, and the 
seat of justice of said county is hereby retained at the town of Farmington, until it may be 
changed, as hereinafter provided. For the purpose of permanently establishing the seat of 
justice for the county of Van Buren, the qualified electors of said county shall, at the election 
for County Commissioners, vote by ballot for such places as they may see proper for the seat of 
justice of said county. The returns of said election shall, within thirty days thereafter, be 
made by the Sheriff of the county to the Governor of the Territory, and if, upon ex-amination, 
the Governor shall find that any one point voted for has a majority over all other places voted 
for, he shall issue a proclamation of that fact, and the place so having a majority of votes shall, 
from the date of such proclamation, be the seat of justice of said county. But if, upon an 
examination of the votes, the Governor shall find that no one place has a majority of the whole 
number of votes polled on that question and returned lo him, he shall issue a proclamation for 
a new election in said county, and shall state, in his proclamation, the two places which were 
highest in vote at the preceding election, and votes at the election so ordered, shall be confined 
to the two places thus named. The Governor shall, in his proclamation, fix the time of holding 
said second election, and it shall be conducted in the same manner, and by the same officers as 
conducted the election for County Commissioners; and the Sheriff of the county shall, within 
thirty days thereafter, make return of said second election to the Governor, who shall thereupon 
issue a second proclamation, declaring which of the two places named in first proclamation was 
the highest in vote at such second election, and declaring said place from that time to be the 
seat of Justice for Van Buren County, provided that the spring term of the District Court for 
said county shall be held at Farmington, the present seat of justice of Van Buren County. 

Sec. 3. The boundaries of Des Moines County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the 
northeast corner of Lee County ; thence west with the northern line of said county to the range 
line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the township line dividing 
Townships Seventy-two and Seventy-three north ; thence east with said line to the middle of the 
main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and 
the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Burlington. 

Sec. 4. The boundaries of Henry County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning on the range 
line between Ranges Four and Five west, where the township line dividing Townships Seventy- 
three and Seventy-four north intersects said line ; thence west with said line to the range line 
between Ranges Eight and Nine ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Town- 
ships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thenceeast with said line to the range line between Ranges 
Seven and Eight west ; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Townships Sixty- 



398 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

nine and Seventy north ; thence east with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five 
west ; thence north with said line to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is 
hereby established at the town of .Mount Pleasant; and all the territory west of Henry is hereby 
attached to the same lor judicial purposes. 

Sec. a. The boundaries of Louisa County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the north- 
east corner of Des Moines County ; thence west to the northwest corner of said county ; thence 
north with the range line between Ranges Four and Five west to the township line dividing 
Townships Seventy-tive and Seventy-six north; thence east with said line to the Mississippi 
River; thence down the same to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county 
is iiereby estaldished at the town of Lower Wapello. 

Skc. ti. The boundaries of Muscatine County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning at the 
northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence west with the northern line of said county, to 
the range line between Four and Five west; thence north with said line, to the township line 
dividing Townships Seventy-eight and Seventy-nine north; thence east with said line, to the 
range line between Ranges One and Two east; thence south with said line to the Mississippi 
River; thence down the main channel of the said river to the place of beginning; and the seat 
of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Bloomington. 

Skc. 7 The county included within the following boundaries, to wit, beginning at the north- 
east corner of the county of Henry; thence west to the northwest corner of the same; thence 
north to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-six and Seventy-seven north ; thence 
east with the said line to the line between Ranges Four and Five west; thence south with the 
said line to the place of beginning, is hereby set oifinto a separate county by the name of Slaugh- 
ter, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Astoria; and all 
the territory west is hereby attached to the county of Slaughter for judicial purposes. 

Sec. 8. That the .-everal counties hereby established shall liquidate and pay so much of the 
debt, as was due and unpaid bj' the original county of Des Moines, on the first day of December, 
eighteen hundred and thirty-six, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, 
according to the assessment value ol the taxable property therein. 

Approved, January 18, 1838. 

It will be seen that the natural southern boundary of Des Moines was not 
regarded, and township lines were chosen as the dividing lines. The present 
division at Skunk River was a more recent matter, as will hereafter be shown. 
On the 29th of December, 1838, the Territorial Legislature approved of an 
act providing for the establishment of a road from the " town of Du Buque to 
the northern boundary of Missouri, via of the Territorial seat of government," 
which was Burlington. It was either to be located in Johnson County, or on 
the nearest and best route to Keosauqua, thence southward to where Keokuk 
now stands. Simeon Clark, of Dubuque County, William Chambers, of Mus- 
catine County, and Henry Filkner, of Johnson County, were appointed Com- 
missioners to lay out the road as far as the southern line of Johnson County ; 
and David Goble, of Washington County, John Williford, of Henry County, 
and William Billups, of Van Buren County, were appointed to locate the road 
from the point where the other Commissioners stopped, to the line of Missouri. 
The County Commissioners of the several counties through which the road 
pa.ssed were to pay the expenses in their respective proportions to the amount 
of the road laid out in each. The Road Commissioners were to receive each 
^•J.50 per day for their services, and were to mark the road as it was laid out 
by blazing trees in the woods and setting stakes in the prairies. 

January 18, 1838, Levi Moffit was authorized to maintain a ferry across 
Skunk River, near Augusta. 

THE EARLY COURTS. 

The first judicial tribunal ever convened in old Des Moines County assembled 
at the house of William R. Ross, in Burlington, on Monday, the 13th day of 
April, 1835. Present : William Morgan and Young L. Hughes, Justices. These 
gentlemen were a part of the judicial bench selected under the first election, 
held in pursuance of an order by the Governor of Michigan Territory. The 
third Justice was John King, of Dubuque. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 399 

William R. Ross was the Clerk of the Court. William W. Chapman was 
appointed United States Prosecuting Attorney, and took his office. The fol- 
lowing persons were summoned to appear as grand jurymen : Thomas W. Tay- 
lor, George Southward, John Roberts, Hugh Wilson, David C. Hunter, John 
M. Forrest, Jacob Westfall, James Hatcher, Mathew W. Latty, James Dawson, 
Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, Francis Redin, Henry 
Walker, Daniel Chance, Arthur Inghram, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, 
George Leebrick, Jeremiah Smith. The Sheriff reported that he had served 
the required notice on all the foregoing, except John Roberts and George 
Southward. On the day of Court, the following jury was impaneled : Arthur 
Inghram, Foreman ; Hugh Wilson, David C. Hunter, James Hatcher, Mathew 
W. Latty, James Dawson, Solomon Osburn, William Deakins, John Chandler, 
Francis Redin, Daniel Chance, Enoch Wade, Jonathan Morgan, George Leebrick 
and Jeremiah Smith. 

The first victim was John Tooper, who was fined $3 and costs" for " reasons 
satisfactory to the Court," but not now shown, and he was put in durance vile 
from lack of funds. 

John M. Forrest, Henry Walker, Thomas W. Taylor, John Box and 
Nathaniel Knapp were ordered to appear at the next term of Court and answer 
to a charge of contempt, for failing to respond to the summons to appear as 
grand iurors. 

=■ '^ THE FIRST FERRY. 

On the 14th day of April, 1835, being the second day of the first session 
of Court ever held here, Amzi Doolittle and Simpson S. White were licensed 
to keep a ferry, at Burlington, across the Mississippi. The rates of ferriage 
were as follows : 

One horse and carriage, or wagon 50 cts. 

For each person or horse 25 " 

For each footman 18| " 

For two-horse wagon, or yoke of oxen and wagon 75 " 

For each additional horse or ox 12j " 

For each head of neat cattle 6^ " 

For each head of hogs, sheep, goats, sucking pigs excepted 3 " 

All children belonging to the wagon free of ferriage. 

Three hands ordered to each ferry-boat and banisters required. The 
boat to run from sunrise to half after sunset. No person to be 
detained longer than thirty minutes. 

The Court also licensed John Box to establish a ferry across the river at 
Fort Madison. 

James Gipson (probably Gibson) was licensed to keep a ferry across Skunk 
River, "at his premises." 

THE FIRST DIVORCE CASE. 

The case of William Wade vs. Abigail Wade, suit for divorce, was decided 
in favor of the complainant, by default. 

April 15, James C. Dinwiddle was authorized to maintain a ferry across 
the Mississippi River, at his claim, on the same terms as those granted Doolittle 
and White. Paris and Anderson C. Smith were accorded like privileges. 

THE FIRST PETIT JURY 

was impaneled on the 15th of April, and was composed of the following: 
William Walter, Henry Parish, Jonathan Casterline, Benjamin Simmons, 
Robert H. Ives, Samuel Kinney, Thomas Boemer, Daniel Strang, Amos Dun- 
ham, Benjamin Tucker, Levi Scott, Isaac Crenshaw, Samuel Lewin, James 



400 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

McDowell, Lewis Walters, John Lewin, Harrison Brooks, Isaac Canterberry, 
Alexander Hilleary, Jesse Hunt, Nicholas R. Teas, Samuel Smith, Riley Dris- 
col and Israel Pliilips. 

Numerous indictments were returned for assault and battery, adultery, etc., 
some of the parties were fined. 

Matrimonial infelicity was not uncommon in those early days, evidently, 
since Jeremiah Cutbirth was divorced from his wife Mary; also Salina Dotson 
from lier iiusband Williiyn ; and Anna Turner from her husband Hickman. 

The Sheriff, at that time, was Solomon Perkins, and Z. C. Inghrara, deputy. 

The September term began on the 14th of that month. J. B. Teas was 
sworn in as Prosecuting Attorney. 

Isaac Leftier was that day admitted to practice as an attorney. Robert R. 
Williams, Sidney H. Littell, James AY. Woods, W. W. Chapman, were ad- 
mitted to practice. 

The first acknowledgment of a deed is here mentioned. E. Boishnell and 
wife deeded property to M. F. and E. Tesson, in open court. 

Indictments for riot, assault and battery, and the granting of ferry privi- 
ileges across the Mississippi, filled the pages of the records at this session. 

THE FIRST MURDER TRIAL. 

James P. Dinwiddie was the first man indicted in the county for murder. 
He was tried September, 1835, before the Court and the following jury : Hiram 
P. Casey, William Carpenter, Richard T. Land, Claiborn Wright, Reuben 
Chance, William Walters, Jonathan Farris, John Harris, Isaac Crenshaw, Royal 
Cottle, David G. McKnight, Jonathan Donnell, and was acquitted. 

A NEW BENCH. 

The April session of this Court, which convened on the 11th day of that 
month, 1836, found a new bench. Isaac Leffler, Chief Justice; Arthur 
Inghram and Henry Walker, Associate Justices ; W. R. Ross, Clerk ; W. W. 
Chapman, Prosecuting Attorney. 

David Rorer was was admitted to practice at this term. 

The business of this session was of a character not to interest the general 
reader of to-day, nor does it form an important part in the history of the 
county. 

THE COURT UNDER WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 

The first session of United States District Court for the county of Des 
Moines, Wisconsin Territory, convened at Burlington April 3, 1837. Hon. 
David Irvin, Judge of the Second Judicial District, and Associate Justice of 
the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, on the bench ; W. W. Chapman, District 
Attorney; W. R. Ross, Clerk; Francis Gehon, Marshal. 

The first United States grand jury under this system was composed of the 
following : Jesse B. Webber, Mathew W. Latty, George Leebrick, Isaac Can- 
terberry, Abraham Sells, Sulifand S. Ross, George W. Hight, Michael C. Har- 
ris, Stephen Gearhart, Jonathan Morgan, Israel Robinson, James G. McGuffie, 
David R.^ Chance, John Darbyshire, James Hatcher, Royal Cottle, Richard 
Land. The jury found no indictments and was discharged. 

On motion of James W. Grimes, Robert R. Williams was admitted to 
practice. 

The first district grand jury was composed of the following: George W. 
Hight. Foreman; George Leebrick, M. W. Latty, Abraham Sells, James 
Hatcher, L. Maxwell, Isaac Canterberry, Stephen Gearhart, Richard Land, M. 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 401 

C. Haines, Isaac Basy, William Stewart, J. G. McGuffie, J. A. Lewin, John 
Moore and Robert Chalfin. 

The Court ordered that the temporary seal of the Court for Des Moines 
County should be the impression of the reverse side of a United States dime, 
made in wafer and covered by thin paper. 

On motion of David Rorer, a license was granted Jeremiah White to main- 
tain a ferry across the river. 

FIRST STEAM FERRY. 

On motion of W. W. Chapman, the Court ordered that a license be issued 
to David James, for the establishment of a steam ferry across the river from 
Burlington. The rates were like those given in the account of the original 
ferry. 

At the June session, 1838, before Judge Irvin, John Ross, a native of Don- 
nock, Scotland, and John Cameron, a native of Lochaber, Scotland, were nat- 
uralized as citizens of the United States. 

John S. Dunlap was appointed Deputy Clerk. 

THE COURT UNDER IOWA TERRITORY. 

The first session of the United States District Court for Des Moines County, 
Iowa Territory, assembled in Burlington, November 26, 1838. The Court con- 
sisted of Hons. Charles Mason, T. S. Wilson and J. Williams. Hon. Thomas 
S. Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, on the bench ; John S. 
Dunlap, Clerk ; Alfred Rich, District Attorney. 

The first grand jury under this Court was composed of the following per- 
sons : Alfred Clark, Foreman ; Henry Moore, Thomas Ballard, Alexander 
Hilleary, Samuel B. Jagger, William Smith, James A. Ogle, John Pierson, 
Daniel Duvall, Daniel Lewis, John Wort, Henry Sublette, Wiley Ballard, 
Benjamin Tucker and Henry Parish. 

•lUDGES, CLERKS, ATTORNEYS AND SHERIFFS. 

Under the State Constitution of 1846, the judiciary of the First District, 
which was composed of Des Moines, Henrv, Lee and Louisa Counties, was as 
follows: 1847, George H. Williams; 1852, Ralph P. Lowe; 1857, John W. 
Rankin (by appointment for short termV, 1857, Thomas W. Clagett; 1858 
(under Constitution of 1857), Francis Springer; Judge Springer resigned in 
October, 1869, and was succeeded by Joshua Tracy ; 1874, Judge Tracy 
resigned and was succeeded by P. Henry Smyth; September, 1874, T. W. New- 
man; 1879, A. H. Stutsman. 

' CIRCUIT COURT. 

1869, John C. Power; 1873, J. B. Drayer ; 1878, Charles H. Phelps. 

District Attorneys. — 1858, Joshua Tracy ; 1869, Francis Springer ; 1870, 
G. B. Corkhill; 1871, D. N. Sprague; 1879, T. A. Bereman. 

Clerks.— 18S5, William R. Ross ; 1838, John S. Dunlap ; 1847, Oliver 
Cock ; 1850, Oliver C. Wightman ; 1852, Denise Denise ; 1854, A. J. Mes- 
senger; 1860, John Lahee; 1862, William Garrett; 1874, T. G. Foster. 

Prosecuting Attorneys. — 1835, W. W. Chapman; 1835, J. B. Teas ; 1836, 
W. W. Chapman ; 1838, Alfred Rich ; 1841, William R. Starr ; 1842, H. T. 
Reid; 1843, L. D. Stockton; 1846, J. C. Hall; 1847, James W. Woods; 
1848, David Rorer ; 1852, Charles H. Phelps ; 1854, C. Ben Darwin ; 1854, 
Charles H. Phelps ; 1856, C. B. Darwin. In 1858, the ofiice became a Dis- 
trict one. 



402 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Sheriffs.— 1SS5, Solomon Perkins ; 1840, James Cameron ; 1844, J. H. 
McKennv; 1846, Anthony W. Carpenter; 18-^0, EdAvard H. Ives; 1853, 
William Garrett ; 1857, Allen J. Hillhouse ; 1861, M. Heisey ; 1865, Alex- 
ander S. Perry; 1867, James H. Latty; 1872, William Schaffner. 

THE COMMISSIONERS' COURT. 

The first business transacted by the county, after its formal organization in 
1887, was bv a Board of Commissioners. These officers corresponded to the 
present Board of Supervisors. The Board was composed of Gen, George W. 
llii^ht and Jonathan Morgan. W. R. Ross was Clerk, as well as Clerk of the 
District Court, Assessor and Treasurer. The original record-book cannot be 
found, but no specially important business was done, if the memory of several 
old settlers can now be relied upon. The county was kept free from debt. The 
Board, in 1839, consisted of George W. Hight, John D. Wright and Richard 
Land. The first record begins June, 1840. In 1840, at the June session, the 
Board consisted of John D. Wright, Richard Land and George W. Hight ; J. 
S. Dunlap, Clerk. 

At that session, John N. W. Springer and Comfort Barnes contracted for 
the erection of a County Jail. 

The place of holding Court was the Methodist Church, and the Board 
ordered the payment of $35 to the Trustees thereof for the use of the building 
for the last session of the District Court. 

At the October session, in 1840, George W. Hight, John Wright and Jona- 
than Morgan were the Commissioners, the latter having been chosen to succeed 
Richard Land. A special meeting Avas held for the purpose of allowing Springer 
and Barnes §150 for digging a public well in Burlington. 

January 4, 1841, Levi Scott succeeded John D. Wright, and the Board con- 
sisted of Jonathan Morgan, George W. Hight and Levi Scott. 

TOAVNSIIIPS ORGANIZED. 

At the January session, 1841, Burlington Township, composed of fractional 
Towns Nos. 69 and 70 north. Range 2 west, was organized. Also, the follow- 
ing : Union Township, composed of Town 69 and fractional Town 68, Range 
3, and Town 68, Range 2 ; Augusta ToAvnship, composed of fractional Town 
69, Range 4, and 69, Range 5 ; Danville Township, composed of Town 70, 
Range 4 ; Flint River Township, composed of Town 70, Range 3 ; Tamey 
Township, composed of ToAvn 71, Range 2 ; Franklin Township, composed of 
Town 71, Range 3 ; Pleasant Grove Township, composed of Towns 71 and 72, 
Range 4, and Yellow Springs Township, composed of Town 72, Range 3, Town 
72, Range 2, and fractional 72, Range 1. All previous acts of organization 
were repealed at that date. 

July, 1841, Tamey Township was renamed, and called Benton Township. 

At the October session, 1841, Jeremiah Lamson succeeded Levi Scott on 
the Board, making it Messrs. Hight, Morgan and Lamson. 

August, 1842, the Board consisted of Jonathan Morgan, William Edmund- 
son and Luke Palmer ; Presley Dunlap, Clerk. 

The Board rented the M. E. Church building for 1843, for the sum of 
3100, and .$100 addition to be paid for use of two basement rooms. This was 
for District Court purposes. 

In 1843, the Board was composed of Jonathan Morgan, John Ripley and 
Luke Palmer. 

In 1844, of John Ripley, M. W. Robinson and Luke Palmer. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 403 

In October, 1844, the Board was made up of Luke Palmer, M. W. Robin- 
son and Gordon McCanley, with John R. Woods as Clerk. 

August, 1845, Daniel Haskell succeeded Luke Palmer,and the Board stood : 
Messrs. Robinson, McCanley and Haskell. The Clerk, John R. Woods, died 
August 10, and Samuel D. Colburn was appointed to the office on the 12th of 
that month. 

August, 1846, R. W. Dolbee was appointed Clerk. The Board remained 
unchanged till August, 1847, at which time it stood : Daniel Haskell, M. W. 
Robinson and B. M. Clark, with William M. Wallbridge, Clerk. 

At the April session, 1848, the original township of Yellow Springs was 
divided as follows : Township 72, Range 1, and all that part of Town 72, 
Range 2, which lies east of the section line dividing Sections 32, 33, 29, 28, 20, 
21, 16, 17, 8, 9, 5 and 4 was stricken off of the original township, and known 
as Huron Township. 

In 1848, the Board stood : M. W. Robinson, B. W. Clark, W. F. Cool- 
baugh. 

In 1849 it stood : B. W. Clark, W. F. Coolbaugh, Levi Hager. From 
April until October, Charles Mason served instead of Mr. Coolbaugh. 

October, 1850, the Board was composed of but two members, Levi Hager 
and William Gr. Hackett. William M. Wallbridge was Clerk until 1851. 

THE COUNTY COURT. 

On the 1st day of September, 1851, the County Judge system succeeded 
the original Commissioner system. Hon. Charles Mason, Judge. The first 
business transacted by him was the issuance of a marriage license to James H. 
Taylor and Miss Amelia J. Gibban. Seven licenses were issued in succes- 
sion. 

The Clerk of the District Court was ex-officio Clerk of the County Court. 
0. C. Wightman was Clerk. 

Prosecuting Attorney D^vid Rorer was, by virtue of his office, authorized to 
act as County Judge during Judge Mason's absence. 

August, 1852, Hon. 0. C. Wightman became County Judge, and Denise 
Denise, Clerk. 

August, 1855, Hon. Thomas W. Newman became County Judge. 

August, 1857, Hon 0. C. Wightman was elected Judge. 

SUPERVISOR SYSTEM. 

In 1861, the County Court was abolished by act of the General Assembly, 
and a law passed providing for a Board of Supervisors, one from each township. 
From that date until the plan was again changed, the Board was composed of 
the following members : 

1861 — Thomas Hedge, Burlington ; John Sawyer, Augusta ; S. Hebard, 
Danville ; G. W. Marchand, Flint River ; James Bruce, Yellow Springs ; 
Franklin Wilcox, Union ; Charles M. Garman, Jackson ; the foregoing were 
chosen for one year. J. P. Sunderland, Burlington ; Alexander W. Gordon, 
Benton ; G. W. Smith, Franklin ; J. S. Dolbee, Huron ; Samuel Packwood, 
Pleasant Grove ; Edward Enkee, Washington. The last six were chosen for 
two years ; F. Wilcox, Chairman. 

1862 — James Bruce, Chairman ; Edward Enkee, A. W. Gordon, C. M. 
Garman, Thomas Hedge, C. Hughes, S. Hebard, L. Lefforge, H. W. Mc- 
Cormick, Samuel Packwood, J. C. Rankin, John Sawyer, J. P. Sunderland. 



404 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

1863 — James Bruce, Chairman ; L, Lefforge, Thomas Hedge, John 
Sawyer, S. Hebard, S. Packwood, C. Hughes, H. W. McCormick, C. Garman, 
C. H. Snelson, John Penny, T. L. Parsons, S. D. Coonrod. 

1864 — John Penny, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, J. Clark, S. D. Coon- 
rod, M. Gladden, C. Hughes, L. Lefforge, H. W. McCormick, W. D. McCash, 
T. L. Parsons, John Sawyer, C. H. Snelson, M. C. Long. 

1865 — William D. McCash, Chairman ; W. H. Cartwright, Justus Clark, 
M. Gladden, C. M. Garman, C. Hughes, R. C Kendall, H. W. McCormick, 
J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, J. C. Rankin, J. Sawyer, C. H. Snelson. 

1866 — W. D. McCash, Chairman; John Bryson, W. H. Cartwright, J. 
Clark, E. N. Delashmett, R. B. Foster, C. M. Garman, John Tnghram, R. C. 
Kendall, J. R. Kline, J. W. Orr, James C. Rankin, C. H. Snelson. 

1867 — W. D. McCash, Chairman ; J. Clark, J. Burkholder, J. Bryson, 
W. H. Cartwright, R. B. Foster, John Inghram, J. R. Kline, J. C. Rankin, 
A. J. Smith, E. Woodward, R. C. Kendall, John Ballard. 

1868 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Burkholder, John Bryson, John 
Ballard, Justus Clark, F. Heizer, R. C. Kendall, H. Metzger, J. C. Rankin, 
A. J, Smith, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, E. Jones. 

1869 — John Inghram, Chairman; John Bryson, John Burkholder, F. 
Heizer, E. Jackson, H. Metzger, Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snel- 
son, N. P. Sunderland, B. Van Dyke, W. Wolverton, A. S. Yohe. 

1870 — J. L. Backus, Chairman ; Thomas A. Barnes, J. Burkholder, R. B. 
Foster, Robert Grimes, Nathan Huston, Christian Mathes, William C. Moore, 
Thomas Sheridan, Samuel Smith, A. P. Snelson. N. P. Sunderland, A. S. 
Yohe. 

THE SUPERVISOR PLAN AGAIN MODIFIED. 

In 1870, the Board was reduced from thirteen to three members. A vote 
was taken upon the question of making the number five, but the people chose 
the smaller number. The roster is given : 

1870 — Thomas Hedge, Sr., R. B. Foster, James Bruce. 

1871 — Same. 

1872 — Thomas Hedge, James Bruce, J. J. McMaken. 

1873 — J. J. McMaken, Thomas Hedge, W. Lynch. 

1874 — J. J. McMaken, William Lynch, George Robertson. 

1875 — George Robertson, William' Lynch, D. Melcher. 

1876 — George Robertson, D. Melcher, W. P. Willard, who was appointed 
to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mr. Lynch. 

1877— George Robertson, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. 

1878 — Thomas French, D. Melcher, F. A. Tiedemann. 

PROBATE RECORDS. 

The first probate records are dated April 16, 1835. John Whitaker, Judge. 

The original entry was made under the laws of Michigan Territory, in the 
matter of the estate of Peter Williams, deceased. John Wagoner was granted 
letters of administration on that estate, the deceased having died intestate. 
The inventory of the estate showed property valued at $693. 18|. 

The first will admitted to probate, was that of Joshua Palen, filed Decem- 
ber 31, 1835. 

THE MARRIAGE RECORDS. 

The first marriage license recorded was issued to Jonathan Donnel and Miss 
Lydian Wright, on the 18th of March, 1835, bv W. R. Ross, Clerk. The 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 405 

ceremony was performed on the 22d day of March, by John Baker, one of the 
first Justices of the Peace. 

Rev. John H. Ruble, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was the first 
clergyman who filed a certificate of his authority to solemnize marriage in 
Des Moines County. It was dated September 13, 1835, and was signed by 
Bishop R. R. Roberts. The document was filed October 30, 1835, by W. R. 
Ross. 

There were thirty-four licenses granted under the laws of Michigan, and 
eighty-nine under the laws of Wisconsin. 

Judges of Pro^a/g— 1835, John Whitaker; 1837, Robert Cock; 1840, 
Charles' Madera ; 1842, John W. Webber; 1846, 0. H. W. Stull ; 1847, 
J. P. Wightman. In 1851, the probate business passed into the hands of the 
County Judge, who continued to exercise the duties of that office until the 
establishment of the Circuit Court, in 1869. The County Judgeship, as a 
business office, ceased to exist in 1860, upon the establishment of the Super- 
visor system of government. In 1860, Judge 0. C. Wightman was in pos- 
session of the office. In 1861, H. C. Ohrt was elected; in 1865, John C. 
Power; in 1868, Emory S. Huston. The last was legislated out of office. 

DES MOINES COUNTY LEGISLATORS. 

Under the Territory, the list was : 

Council. — 1838, Arthur Inghram, Robert Ralston, George Hepner; 1839, 
the same; 1840, J. C. Hawkins; 1841, Shepherd Leffler, elected to fill 
vacancy, and re-elected to the four remaining sessions. 

House — 1838, James W. Grimes, George Temple, V. B. Delashmutt, 
Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler ; 1839, William R. Ross, Shepherd Leffler, 
L. N. English, Isaac Fleenor, Joseph C. Hawkins ; 1840, Shepherd Leffler, 
M, D. Browning, Alfred Hebard, Robert Avery, David Hendershott ; 1841, 
Alfred Hebard, Isaac Leffler, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Mor- 
gan ; 1842, David E. Blair, George Hepner, James M. Morgan, who was 
elected Speaker, Abner Hackleman, David J. Sales ; 1843, Alfred Hebard, 
Abner Hackleman, James W. Grimes, John Johnson, John D. Wright ; 1845, 
James M. Morgan, John Johnson, E. W. Davis, George Chandler, Richard 
Noble. Mr. Morgan was again elected Speaker. 1845, December session, 
James M. Morgan, John D. Wright, John Ripley, A. McMichael, Joshua 
Holland. 

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. 

The Representatives in first Constitutional Convention, which convened at 
Iowa City, October 7, 1844, and lasted until November 1, were : James Clarke, 
Henry Robinson, John D. Wright, Shepherd Leffler, Andrew Hooten, Enos 
Lowe, John Ripley and George Hepner. 

The Constitution adopted by this Convention was rejected by the people, at 
an election held on the 4th day of August, 1845, there being 7,235 votes cast 
for its adoption and 7,656 against its adoption. 

The second Constitutional Convention met at Iowa City, May 4, 1846. 
Des Moines County was then represented by Enos Lowe, Shepherd Leffler and 
G. W. Bowie. The Constitution adopted by this body was sanctioned by the 
people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1846, there being 9,492 
votes in its favor, to 9,036 votes against it. This Constitution was presented 
to Congress in December, 1846, and, on the 28th day of the same month, an 
act was passed by that body for the admission of Iowa into the Union. The 
first election for State officers was held on the 26th day of October, 1846, in 



406 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

anticipation of the act of Congress, pursuant to a proclamation of Gov. James 
Clarke, when Ansel Briggs, of Jackson County, was elected Governor ; Elisha 
Cutter, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor; and Morgan Reno, 
Treasurer. 

The third Constitutional Convention was held at Iowa City January 19, 

1857. Des Moines County was represented by J. C. Hall and M. W. Robin- 
son. The Constitution adopted by this Convention was sanctioned by the peo- 
ple at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1857, there being 40,311 
votes cast for, and but 38,681 votes against the change. The Constitution took 
effect September 3, 1857. 

^ STATE LEGISLATORS. 

Under the State Constitution, the legislators from Des Moines County have 
been: 

Senate.— 1S4:6, M. D. Browning, S. Fullinwider ; 1848, M. D. Browning, 
Alfred S. Fear; 1850, George Hepner, Enos Lowe; 1852, M. D. Browning, 
George Hepner ; 1&54 and extra session in July, M. D. Browning, William F. 
Coolbaugh; 1856, W. F. Coolbaugh, Lyman Cook; 185 ^ same; 1860, W. F. 
Coolbaugh ; 1862, John G. Foote ; 1864, same ; 1866, Fitz Henry Warren ; 
1868, Charles L. Matthies ; 1870, Charles Beardsley; 1872. same; 1874, J. 
W. Williams; 1876, same; 1878, John Patterson. 

Rouse.— 1846, Alfred Hebard, D. E. Blair, G. W. Bowie, Joshua Holland ; 
1848, T. L. Sargeant, George Davidson, John Penny, J. L. Corse ; 1850, Will- 
iam Harper, George Temple, M. W. Robinson ; 1852, James W. Grimes, Jus- 
tus Clark, W. Seymour, J. W. Williams ; 1854, T. L. Sargeant, J. L. Corse, J. 
Tracy, G. S. Albright ; 1856, Thomas J. R. Perry, J. W. Williams, E. D. Rand ; 

1858, Justus Clark, W. H. Clune ; D. N. Sprague for Des Moines and Louisa ; 
1860, J. Clark, M. W. Robinson, J. C. Hall ; 1862, J. W. Williams, Franklin 
Wilcox, Calvin J. Jackson ; 1864, J. J. McMaken, James Bruce ; 1866, J. W. 
Williams, C. B. Darwin, S. A. Flanders; 1868, Robert Allen, A. G. Adams; 
1870, Thomas J. Sater, William Harper; 1872, John H. Gear, B. J. Hall; 
1874, J. H. Gear, William Lamme ; 1876, J. H. Gear, William Lynch; 1878, 
W. Seymour, M. Kopp. 

For roster of State and Congressional officers, see general history. 

OFFICIAL ROSTER. 

The perfection of the official roster of Des Moines County is attended with 
considerable difficulty, because of the absence of all positive records prior to 
1852. The subjoined lists have been made up with care from the several vol- 
umes of miscellaneous records in the Clerk's and Auditor's offices, and may 
be relied upon as accurate, in nearly, if not quite, all cases. Some of the 
earlier officers— as School Fund Commissioner and Collector, under the old law 
—are omitted, since full lists of incumbents cannot be given. The offices of 
Treasurer and Recorder were generally held by the same person, up to the year 
1864. The matter is rather clouded, however, in this county, and as ample 
explanation is given of the duality as could be ascertained. The Recorder's 
books do not show the names of the incumbents. It is only from the casual 
mention of changes, made in the old Commissioners' records, that we are able 
to be as precise as we are. We give the offices not appearing in the foregoing 
pages : 

Treasurers and Recorders.— 18S5, William R. Ross ; 1838, Thornton B. 
Bayless; 1840, Charles Neally ; 1841, John Johnson; 1842, Henrv Moore; 
1844, George Blickhahn ; 1848, J. F. Tallent ; 1850, J. W. Webber ; 1853, 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 407 

Charles Madera ; 1854, Jacob Arrick ; 1855, James P. Chapman ; 1857, John 
A. Ripley ; 1861, W. B. Remey, The offices of Treasurer and Recorder were, 
in most counties, held by the same person until 1864 ; but there are certain 
conflicting entries here on the minute-book of the County Commissioners. For 
example, in 1840, we find that John M. Garrigus was Recorder, and in 1842, 
William B. Remey is spoken of as holding the office ; while the Treasurer's 
books show that Mr. Moore was Treasurer. Further on, we find that Presley 
Dunlap was Recorder, and that be resigned in 1846. The Board appointed 
Henry Moore to fill his place. From that time on there is no mention of the 
officers' names until the register of 1852. Then the two offices were made 
distinct. 

Treasurers. — W. B. Remey retained the office ; 1867, William Horner ; 
1875, A. C. Hutchinson. 

Recorders. — 1864, Samuel Pollock ; 1874, Fisher Morrison. 

Auditors. — This office was created in 1868, and the first officer took his 
desk in 1869. Emory S. Huston ; 1871, T. J. Copp. 

Surveyors. — Robert Avery was the first Surveyor, but we cannot give a full 
list from the expiration of his term. He held the office several years. In 1853, 
William Thompson was elected ; 1854, Joseph K. Scott ; 1857, T. L. Sar- 
geant ; 1859, A. McMichael ; 1861, Oliver Hall ; 1863, C. Handler ; 1868, 
W. H. Gillespie ; 1873, R. C. Waddle ; 1875, John Naw. 

■Superintendents of Public Instruction. — 1854, James D. Eads; 1857, M. 
L. Fisher; 1858, R. J. Graff; 1859, William Harper; 1861, W. Gregg, Jr.; 
1863, William Harper ; 1865, J. K. McCollough ; 1867, T. J. Trulock ; 1871, 
T. B. Snyder ; 1875, E. Burris ; 1877, John Paisley. 

School Fund Qommissioner. — 1852, William H. Manro. 

Coroners. — 1855, John Kirkpatrick ; 1857, Jacob Weider ; 1859, William 
Thompson; 1861, Jacob Weider ; 1865, S. B. Burge; 1867, W. A. Haw ; 
1873, Jacob Weider; 1875, F. Brydolf; 1877, Jacob Weider. 

Drainage Commis-noners. — 1853, J.W.Williams; 1859,*^ R. S.Wilson; 
1861, C. M. Garman ; 1863, J. W. Williams ; 1871, John W. Orr ; 1873, 
Hugh L. Creighton ; 1875, J. W. Orr; 1877, J. W. Williams. 

POPULATION. 

The population of Des Moines County, from 1836 to 1875, as shown by the 
several census reports, is given below : 

1836 (original county, comprising one-half of Iowa) 6,257 

1838 (under Territorial division) 4 605 

1840 ;;;.; 5;546 

1844 9J09 

1846 9,391 

1847 (State) lo!o71 

1849 11,649 

1850 12,914 

1851 14,488 

1852 12,575 

1854 16,700 

1856 20,198 

1859 20,781 

I860 19,611 

1863 21,213 

1865 19,894 

1867 23,444 

18ti9 25,989 

1870 27,256 

1873 34,691 

1875 35,106 

F 



408 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



The population of 1875 is here given in detail, showing the number returned 
at that date 





o 

a 


WHITE 
POPULATION. 


COLORED 
POPULATION. 




NAMES OF TOWNSHIPS. TOWNS AND CITIES. 


6 


"3 

1 


1 


"3 


"3 

i 


"3 
1 


a 

p. 

o 

Ah 


A 


108 
244 
534 
280 
243 
242 
165 
26 
209 
271 
182 
335 


287: 
679! 
1416 
7991 
699 
726 
464 
84 
538 
751 
536 
798 


250 
623 
1376 
741 
627 
722 
397 
64 
508 
697 
462 
828 


537 
1302 
2792 
1540 
1326 
1448 

861 

148 
1046 
1448 

998 
1626 








537 




"n 

2 
10 


1 

6 
1 
6 


1 
17 

3 
16 


1303 




2809 




1543 




1342 




1448 










861 










148 




""*5 

1 


1 

3 


1 
8 
1 


1047 




1J56 




999 




1626 












Total 


2839 


7777 


7295 


15072 


29 


18 


47 


15119 






Burlington, city of, C. H. 

** First Ward 


885 
321 
540 
34^ 
244 
482 
434 


2688 
1127 
1867 
1183 
858 
1097 
1026 


2905 
998 
1735 
1163 
876 
1131 
1033 


5593 
2125 
3602 
2346 
1734 
2228 
2059 


25 
29 
60 
11 
13 
4 
10 


26 
19 
50 
18 
18 
8 
9 


51 
48 
110 
29 
31 
12 
19 


5644 


** Second Ward 


2173 


** Third Ward 


3712 




2S75 


" Sixth Ward 


1765 
2240 




2078 








3255 
! 6094 


9846 


9841 


19687 


152 


148 


300 


19987 








17623 


17136 


3475? 


181 


! 166 


347 


35106 



The population of Burlington has largely increased since 1875, and is now 
estimated at 25,000 and upward, 

VALUATION OF COUNTY IN 1878. 

Auditor T. J. Copp reported to the Auditor of State the following valuation 
of property in Des Moines County for 1878 : 

Lands §:], 584,510 

Town property 3,659,125 

Personal 1,682,529 

Railroad 358,133 



Total valuation $9,284,297 

Total tax levied 310,343 



STATISTICAL ITEMS. 

The country west of the bluff lands of the river is exceedingly fine. The 
county is well watered and well timbered. It is a county rich in natural 
advantages. 

In a State which might be made the granary of the nation, and which has 
the capacity of producing breadstuffs sufficient to feed the people of the United 
States, if a system of cultivation equivalent to that of many of the countries of 
Europe were to be inaugurated, one unconsciously falls into the habit of accept- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 409 

iiig marvels in the form of development with a sang froid which none but Amer- 
icans can exhibit. An invention which is destined to revolutionize methods 
and expand capabilities in almost an infinite degree, produces a momentary 
ripple on the surface of society, and then is accepted with a practical estimate 
of its applicability to the machinery already employed. 

In no quarter of the inhabited globe is this spirit of progressiveness more 
manifest than here in Iowa. We are willing to go even further than that, and 
honestly affirm, after a careful investigation into the characteristics of the people 
of this State, which the work of preparing a detailed history peculiarly enables 
us to prosecute, that no section of Iowa evinces a more marked air of intelli- 
gent industry than does the rich county of Des Moines. 

That the reader may fully understand the present high state of improve- 
ment attained by this county, a summary of its products is given, as shown by 
the census reports of 1856, 1866 and 1875. The early history will be more 
fully appreciated if one has in mind the greatness of the work accomplished 
within the past half-century. 

In 1856, there were 79,833 acres of improved land in the county ; 14,599 
of which were devoted to spring wheat, yielding a crop of 154,839 bushels ; 
4,198 acres of winter wheat, yielding 66,270 bushels ; 10,660 acres of oats, 
yielding 359,938 bushels ; 30,033 acres of corn, yielding 1,456.491 bushels ; 
514 acres of potatoes, yielding 64,493 bushels. 

The hog crop was : 32,375 head sold ; value, $214,160. The cattle sold 
were valued at $114,680, being 4,801 head. 

The dairy product was 206,026 pounds of butter and 24,551 pounds of 
cheese. 

Domestic manufactures were valued at $11,810 ; general manufactures at 
$241,176. Wool clip, 20,056 pounds. 

In 1866, the census showed the products to have been : Spring wheat, 
10,916 acres, yielding 116,760 bushels ; 4,789 acres winter wheat, yielding 
43,235 bushels; 8,349 acres oats, yielding 249,752 bushels ; 47,028 acres corn, 
yielding 1,547,549 bushels; 1,144 acres rye, yielding 14,554 bushels; 720 
acres barley, yielding 15,534 bushels ; 418 acres sorghum, yielding 37,729 
gallons ; 19,377 acres tame grasses, yielding 19,121 tons and 887 bushels grass- 
seed ; 410 acres potatoes, yielding 40,374 bushels. There were 1,767 bushels 
of sweet-potatoes and 2,096 bushels of onions raised. There were, besides the 
foregoing, 4,667 acres in other crops. 

There were 114,152 fruit-trees in bearing. 

The hog crop was 38,600 head ; cattle, 17,459 head ; sheep, 26,278 head. 

There were 366,453 pounds of butter and 3,025 pounds of cheese made. 

The assessed valuation of property was 256,846 acres at $12.54 per acre. 
Value of town lots and farms, $5,234,926 ; personal property, $2,504,524 ; 
total valuation of county, $7,739,450. 

In 1875, there were 143,665 acres of improved land ; 58,168 of unimproved 
land. Spring wheat, 10,615 acres, yielding 113,396 bushels ; winter wheat, 
8,688 acres, yielding 117,310 bushels ; corn, 102,924 acres, yielding 2,307,938 
bushels ; rye, 539 acres, yielding 5,499 bushels ; oats, 9,242 acres, yielding 
287,392 bushels; barley, 196 acres, yielding 3,400 bushels; buckwheat, 157 
acres, yielding 2,843 bushels ; 1,647 acres potatoes, yielding 160,235 bushels. 
There were 14,235 gallons of sorghum made ; 16,484 tons of tame grass cut, 
and 3,027 bushels of hay-seed gathered. 

There were 132,557 apple-trees in bearing, which yielded 129,996 bushels. 
The fruit yield was good. 



410 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

There were 39,978 head of hogs returned, 1,734 of which were blooded. 
From 7,409 milch cows, 464,483 pounds of butter and 4,397 pounds of chepse 
were made. There were, besides, 219,344 gallons of milk sold. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

While the question of how to get a living was the foremost one in the minds 
of the pioneers, the less direct though none the less important one of how to 
educate their children was not overlooked. Almost cotemporaneous with their 
own dwellings, they began the building of such schoolhouses as they could, 
crude and primitive in the extreme, for such only would their appliances admit, 
and put together without regard to externals. 

These same pioneer schoolhouses will, in the future, be a theme for the 
artist — quite equal in every way to those supplied by the peasantry in the old 
world, with their quaint, simple fashions and unperverted lives. The eye of 
the connoisseur delights in those realistic representations of still life — the white- 
haired old grandfather, whose toil of years has only brought him his cottage 
and bit of land; the still hard-working "gude wife," with bent body and 
withered but cheerful old face ; the next generation just in the prime of labor, 
rouf^h, uncouth, and content to have for recreation a pipe and a mug of ale ; and 
the children with rosy cheeks and stout limbs, dressed in veritable costumes 
their grandmothers wore before them. And no wonder such a picture pleases 
and charms the jaded senses of the worn-out worldling. But even that is not 
more fresh and unaccustomed than his log shanty, with its one small room, a 
window of but few panes of glass, and possibly a dirt floor ; and with rough- 
hewn benches ranged round the walls for seats, over which the pupil made a 
fine gymnastic flourish Avhenever he felt it necessary to reach his teacher, with 
his forefinger firmly planted on the knotty word or sum that puzzled him. 

These are the picturesque features for the artist's pencil. And what " learn- 
ing " there was must have been a "dangerous thing," for it was certainh* 
" little ;" the grading was far from exact ; the system was a kind of hit-or-miss 
affair; but, nevertheless, it was "school," and from the first there was a deeply- 
rooted prejudice among the Iowa setclers in favor of schools. School for week- 
days and a meeting-house for Sunday ! this same little pen of a house served 
two purposes. And could anything except the groves themselves — " God's 
first temples " — be nearer to nature as a tabernacle than was this, where some 
chance circuit preacher would have for his congregation every man, woman and 
child in the entire settlement ? None of those hypercritical listeners there, you 
may be sure, who gauge the preacher by his " intellectuality," his " magnetism " 
or his "culture." It was the Word preached — welcome, pure and life-giving 
always — and not the preacher, which these listeners crowded to hear. If he 
but had the good Methodist zeal, then he was sure of devout hearers. He did 
not need to have " traveled," except upon his lone circuit over the prairie ; nor 
did he feel it necessary to use his pulpit in the interest of politics — if he knew 
his Bible he was qualified ; nor did his flock feel called upon to put their hands 
into their pockets and contribute toward sending their Pastor on a summer 
vacation to the sea-side or to Europe. All these improvements have come in 
with better churches and more advanced ways of thinking. That was the old 
way, and a direct contrast to the new. 

Now, nothing which the architect's taste can devise is too good for school- 
house or for church. Look at the plenitude of tidy, commodious buildings in 
every county, and not designed for double service, either, but dedicated solely 
to the use of the schoolma'am, who hereabouts is thoroughly skilled in her pro- 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 411 

fession. She has had, aside from such education as her means have enabled 
her to obtain, good practical drill in the normal institutes. She not only knows 
her text-books, but she knows how to teach. And then, the ingeniously-devised 
school-book, in which every point of information is adjusted to such a nicety 
that they are rather works of art and books of entertainment than but the dull 
means to a desired end. 

The little flocks of children who run along the country road in their bare 
feet and sun-bonnets and chip hats, do not have to squirm and twist their 
uneasy legs all day over a page in the English reader which they cannot under- 
stand. They begin their morning's work with a chorus, which puts them all in 
good humor to start with. Then they come to timed classes, at the tinkle of 
the bell ; they are entertained and diverted as well as instructed at every step. 
Before there is any possibility of restlessness, they go through a five-minutes 
round of calisthenics, which put a wholesome quietus upon their muscles and 
their mischief. Wise play is so mixed with teaching that they never really dis- 
cover which is which until they find themselves ready to teach school themselves 
in turn. 

This is the case of the present compared with the labor of the past. And 
in this way is the generality of education secured. The ways are smoothed, 
the tediousness beguiled and the deprivation supplanted by an afiiuence of aids. 

In 1854, Gov. Grimes, in his inaugural message said: "The safety and 
perpetuity of our Republican institutions depend upon the diffusion of intelli- 
gence among the masses of the people. The statistics of the penitentiaries 
and alms-houses throughout the country show that education is the best 
preventive of crime. They show, also, that the prevention of these evils 
is much less expensive than the punishment of the one and the relief of the 
other." 

So, with all our new-fangled methods, our ornamental, well-ventilated and well- 
furnished schoolhouses, our accomplished instructors with modern notions, we 
are not extravagant. We are simply taking from the expenses of crime and 
pauperism and putting it into enduring and beautiful shape. We are helping 
to sustain the Government by rearing up in every town and in every country 
neighboorhood a generation of enlightened and intelligent people, cosmopolitan 
in the sense of schools, if not in that wider cosmopolitanism which comes alone 
from actual contact with the great world. 

The following statement is compiled from last annual report of the County 
Superintendent of Schools, E. S. Burrus : 

Number of subdistricts 26 

Number of ungraded schools 79 

Number of graded schools 11 

Average number of months taught 8.51 

Number of teachers employed, male 79 

Number of teachers employed, female 143 

Average compensation per month, male $48 04 

Average compensation per month, female 36 43 

Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, male 6,023 

Number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 in county, female 6,041 

Total number enrolled in county 6,829 

Average cost of tuition per month for each pupil $1 76 

Number of frame schoolhouses 57 

Number of brick schoolhouses 22 

Number of stone schoolhouses 16 

Value of schoolhouses $190,548 00 

Value of apparatus 4,310 00 

Number of volumes in libraries 204 

Total amount of money received from all sources for school purposes. ..f 34, 546 36 



412 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



THE COUNTY BUILDINGS. 

The first public building erected by the county was a Jail, built in 1840, on 
the site of the present Jail, by Springer & Barney. The present Jail was built 
during the administration of County Judge Newman. 

In 18.")0, E. D. Rand and H. W. Starr erected Marion Hall, which the 
county leased of the proprietors and used as a Court House for many years. 
In 1.S66, the Supervisors purchased and fitted up Mozart Hall, on the corner 
of Main and Columbia streets, and thither the court was transferred at its first 
session in January, 1868. This building, together with a portion of the records 
and other documents, was destroyed in the fire of June 17, 1873, and Marion 
Hall again became the temporary county building. At the January term of 
the Board of Supervisors, in 1879, plans were adopted for the erection of a 
Court House, on the site of the old Mozart Hall. The building will probably 
cost ^70,000. 



THE PRESS. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

John King, from Ohio, who moved to Dubuque in 1834, and had the 
honor of being the Presiding Judge of one of the two first courts ever estab- 
lished within the limits of the Territory which afterward composed the State 
of Iowa, brought a printing press to Dubuque, and started a newspaper, which 
was the first paper printed on the west side of the Mississippi River, north of 
the boundary line of Missouri. The first number of this paper was headed 
Dubuque Visitor, and the motto was : " Truth Our Guide ; the Public Good Our 
Aim." The paper was dated, "Dubuque Lead Mines, AVisconsin Territory, 
May 11, 1836." On the first page there was an article entitled, " The Worth 
and Devotion of Woman's Love ; " on the second page was an article on " The 
advantages of Dubuque and the surrounding country, by a citizen : " on the 
third page was an article by Hannah More entitled " Good Housewives : " 
on the fourth page was a speech of Hon. George W. Jones, then a Delegate 
in Congress, on the propriety of dividing Michigan Territory into three separate 
governments, the new one to be called Wisconsin. The paper was printed by 
William C. Jones, on a Smith press, manufactured in Cincinnati by Charles 
Mallett. Though Jones was regarded as the publisher of the paper, " the first 
type-setting in Iowa was done by Andrew Keesecker," who for many years 
afterward was associated with the Iowa press. 

There seems to have been a pioneer charm attached to this printing press, 
for after remaining at Dubuque about six years, it was sold and taken to Lan- 
caster, in the western part of Wisconsin ; after having been used there awhile, 
it was taken to St. Paul, Minn., and, in 1858, it was again moved to Sioux 
City Falls, a town on the Big Sioux River, in Dakota. On this press was 
printed the first paper published in Iowa, the first in Western Wisconsin, the 
first in Minnesota and the first in Dakota. 

In March, 1802, after the press had been used at Sioux City Falls about 
four years, a band of Sioux Indians made a raid upon the place, set fire to the 
town, killed a large portion of the inhabitants, and among other buildings 
burned was the one in which the old press was used. There being no one to 
rescue it from the devouring flames, it was rendered unfit for further use as a 
pnnting press. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 413 

Soon after the appearance of the Dubuque Visitor, Dr. Isaac Galland com- 
menced the publication of a paper at Montrose, in Lee County, which was 
called The Western Adventurer; but. this location for a newspaper did not 
bring to its aid the requisite patronage for support, and the publication was 
suspended before it had been in existence two years. This office was sub- 
sequently purchased by James G. Edwards, who came from Jacksonville, 111., 
and moved the material to Fort Madison. On the 24th of March, 1838, 
Mr. Edwards issued the first number of the Fort Madison, Patriot. About 
this time, there was much interest felt in the States on political issues, and the 
two dominant parties were known by the names of Democrat and Whig. 

THE BURLINGTON "GAZETTE." 

The first newspaper issued in the county of Des Moines was the Territorial 
Gazette and Burlington Advertiser, which was established in 1837. It is a 
source of increasing regret that no files of this paper, during its early years, 
and, in fact, up to as recent a date as 1867 are now in existence, so far as the 
most diligent search and inc^uiry are able to reveal. If stray copies are dis- 
covered among the dusty papers of old Settlers by future investigations, we 
earnestly suggest their careful preservation. A century from this time, even 
one issue of the old G-azette may be the means of establishing a mooted point 
in the history of the Territorial days. A vagrant item, or the cursory men- 
tion of some trifling fact in those columns, may flood a dark question with 
light. 

It is not so much the character of the opinions expressed in early papers, as 
it is the simple fact that dates and cotemporaneous events are fixed by them, 
that gives the real value to newspaper files as works of reference. The care- 
lessness of publishers, which resulted in the omission of consecutive copies of 
their newspapers, is one of the many lapses which now occasion regret in the 
record of the press of this county. 

There is little difficulty in following the line of successive editors of the 
Gazette ; but that is a mere skeleton of fact, upon which should be placed 
copious extracts from the columns, to show the character of the paper as an 
exponent of the then dominant political party, and as the first advocate of 
this region as regards settlement. We are forced to omit these desirable 
details. 

The founder of the Gazette was James Clarke, a practical printer, who was, 
prior to his coming West, engaged on the Harrisburg, Penn., Meporter. When the 
Territory of Wisconsin was carved out of that of Michigan, and the temporary seat 
of government of the former located at Belmont, a newspaper was established 
at that place by Clarke & Russell, and called the Belmont Gazette. This was 
effected sometime in the summer of 1836, but the exact date is not obtainable. 
The establishment of a newspaper in that embryotic place was, doubtless, a part 
of the scheme entertained by John Atchison, the founder of Belmont, who 
naturally appreciated the influence of a public journal in furthering his plan of 
creating a city there. 

On the 6th of December, 1836, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin 
appointed "Messrs. Clarke & Russell, publishers of the Belmont Gazette, 
printers to said Territory for the first Legislative Assembly, and ordered that 
all printing necessary for said Territory and Legislative Assembly be done by 
them, and that they be allowed such compensation for said printing as is allowed 
the printers to Congress." 



414 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

In the "bill to provide for the compensation of the oflScers of the Legisla- 
tive Assembly," etc., passed by that Legislature, appears the following item : 

•' To Clarke & Russell, Printers to the House of Representatives, fifteen hun- 
dred and eighty-nine dollars and fifty cents ; also. Printers for the Council, 
nine hundred and seventy-eight dollars and ninety-one cents." 

The following item also appears in the same bill : '-To Clarke & Russell, 
j)ublishers of the Belmont Gazette ; to John King, publisher of the Dubuque 
Visitor; to Daniel B. Richards, publisher of the Milwaukee Advertiser; to C. 
C. Sholes, publisher of the Wisconsin Democrat^ the sum of ^75 each, for 
publishing laws enacted at this session of the Legislative Assembly, in their 
respective journals." 

These items prove two facts : (1) that the Territorial Gazette was first 
established by Mr. Clarke, at Belmont, which was near Galena, on the east side 
of the Mississippi River, in 1836 ; and (2) that the first paper established on 
the west banks of the Mississippi was at Dubuque, by John King, and was 
called the Dubuque Visitor. That journal was begun in 1836. 

The Belmont Legislature blasted the bright hopes of Mr. Atchison, and 
moved the temporary seat of government of Wisconsin Territory to Burlington. 
With the transfer of the archives was also effected the transfer of the official 
paper. In 1837, the Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser succeeded 
the Belmont Gazette. In 1838, the firm was James Clarke & Co., Cyrus S. 
Jacobs being the editor of the paper. In November, 1838, Mr. Jacobs was 
killed in an unfortunate personal encounter. He had, just prior to his death, 
been appointed United States District Attorney, and had also been elected to 
the Legislature. 

The next change in the proprietorship Avas made either in the fall of 1839 
or the following spring, when John H. McKenny purchased an interest. Mr. 
McKenny subsequently was connected with the Burlington Telegrajyli, as is 
shown further on in this sketch, and afterward removed to Minnesota, where 
he edited the Chatfield Democrat. He died about two years ago. 

In 1842, Messrs. Bernhart Ilenn and James M. Morgan became ownei-s. 
Morgan was a very witty writer and a smart politician, and was commonly 
known as '* Little Red." Mr, Henn was twice a Member of Congress and 
declined a third term. Mr. Morgan was repeatedly elected to the Legislature, 
served as Speaker, and held other responsible positions. 

In 1845, Clarke k Tizzard were the proprietors. Mr. Clarke was soon 
after appointed Governor of the Territory, and was succeeded on the Gazette 
by Mr. Thurston, a lawyer from Maine, who afterward went to Oregon, and 
was sent to Congress from there. Mr. Tizzard was for eight years Postmaster 
of Burlington. Mr. Thurston sold out to Dr. Gates in 1847, who early in 
1848 sold his interest to Gov. Clarke. In the election of 1848, the Democracy 
swept the State, to which result the Gazette largely contributed. In 1850, 
the cholera broke out in Burlington and Gov. Clarke became one of its first vic- 
tims. A young lawyer of the name of Child took his place. 

After Iowa became a State, in 1846, the name of the paper was changed to 
the loiva istate Gazette. 

In 1851, Dr. Harvey, an eminent citizen of Burlington, took charge, in 
company with Tizzard k Woodward. Dr. Harvey was the editor for five years,, 
and being a man of intelligence and convictions, exerted a wide influence. 
The Gazette was at this period the State organ of the Democratic party, and 
the champion of the Iowa Senators, Hons. A. C. Dodge and G. W. Jones, and 
ably defended these Senators in the great struggle over the Kansas-Nebraska 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 415 

act. Dr. Harvey was for several years Surveyor of the Port of Burlington, 
and afterward an eminent surgeon in the United States Army. 

In 1853, the tri-weekly issue was commenced. 

In July, 1855, the paper was sold to Col. William Thompson, who associated 
with himself David Sheward, and began a daily issue. Col. Thompson was 
elected to Congress and held a captain's commission in the regular army. 

In 1860, Mr. Taylor took control, but he died a short time afterward. He 
was an excellent man, greatly beloved and esteemed. 

In 1882, Messrs. Todd & Bentley took control. The name of the paper 
had been changed from the Gazette to the Argus and was known some time 
after as the Gazette and Argus. It was very properous under this manage- 
ment. Mr. Todd was a good manager and good writer. He published a paper 
previous to that in Des Moines, with Stilson Hutchins, now editor of the St. 
Louis Times. Under these gentlemen, the Gazette attained a large circulation, 
its weekly edition being among the most widely circulated papers in the West. 
Mr. Todd was afterward the head of the large furniture house of Todd, Pollock 
& Granger. He was for two years Chairman of the Democratic State Central 
Committee, and among the most active and influential politicians in the State. 
He has recently removed to Kansas City. Mr. Bentley is now in California, 
engaged in fruit culture. 

In 1866, Mr. H. R. Whipple bought Mr. Todd's interest, but only remained 
for a few months as active partner with Mr. Bentley. 

In September, 1867, Richard Barret and Charles I. Barker bought Mr. 
Bentley 's interest. Mr. Barret sold out in 1867 to Mr. Barker, and went to 
St. Louis, where he became connected with the St. Louis Times. Mr. Barker 
became sole manager of the paper. He soon purchased Mr. Whipple's interest 
and became sole proprietor, and on June 1, signalized his possession by coming 
out in a handsome new dress of type ; dropping the word Argus, the paper 
being known as the Gazette. Mr. Barker remained in possession until May 1, 
1874, when he sold one-half interest to Mr. Charles H. Playter, of the Daven- 
port Democrat. 

September 24, 1874, Mr. W. R. Finch, of the Cedar Rapids Republican, 
W. W. Blake, then on the staff of the Burlington Haiok-Eye, and Mr. Playter 
bought out Barker & Playter and established the Gazette Printing Com- 
pany. It is due Mr. Barker to say that his administration of the Gazette 
was prosperous and of benefit to the party. Being a practical and experienced 
newspaper man, he knew how to run a paper and make it pay. He was an 
active man in the party and contributed much toward the maintenance of the 
organization through the dark days of continued Democratic defeat. He is 
now engaged in job printing in Burlington, and takes, as ever, an active part in 
politics. 

In October, 1874, Mr. Playter, who was business manager, retired, and Dr. 
Miller, a physician of the county, with a taste for journalism, came in. Mr. 
Finch soon retired, and the D octor, not finding the path of journalism one of 
roses, sold out to Col. John Bird, a leading lawyer of Wapello, in this State, 
who, in connection with Mr. Blake, became sole owners. Dr. Miller afterward 
moved to Texas, and was killed, last year, in a personal encounter with a citi- 
zen of Breckenridge. 

January 1, 1875, a handsome new dress was purchased, and the paper 
started on a new career of prosperity. C. Y. Wheeler, formerly of the Hawk- 
Eye, was business manager in 1875. Col. Bird and W. W. Blake conducted 
the paper until March 25, 1876, when the whole concern was bought by Hon. 



416 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

J. Wesley Barnes, Louis Melius and W. W. Blake. Mr. Barnes is a capitalist 
at Burlington, and was the candidate of the Democratic party in 1874 for State 
Treasurer. Mr. Louis Melius, the editor-in-chief, came to the Gazette in Feb- 
ruary, 1875. He was connected with the Cincinnati press for three years ; 
mana<:'ing editor of the Christian World, of that city, the Western organ of 
the Reformed Church; was editor of the Ottawa (Kan.) JbwniaZ; afterward, 
ortranized the independent or opposition party of that State, and became editor 
of its State paper, the Kansas Daily Trihmie, at Lawrence ; was connected 
with the St. Louis Dispatch, and latterly on the staff of the St. Louis Times, and 
came from there to the Gazette. Mr. G. 0. Pearce was admitted into the Gazette 
Printing Company in April, 1876, taking charge of the advertising and sub- 
scription department. Mr. Pearce only remained with the Gazette three 
months. He has been, since then, connected with various papers, and is now 
in the antiquarian business, studying the works of the Mound-Builders around 
Muscatine. 

Mr. Melius retired in the fiill of 1876, and Blake became the editor-in-chief, 
which position he yet holds. Since his departure from Burlington, Mr. Melius 
has been connected with the Moberly Enterprise, Sioux City Tribuiie and 
other papers. He is now in business at Denison, Texas. 

The corporation under the name of Gazette Printing Company w^as suc- 
ceeded by the Gazette Company, which is now the corporate name. 

In the autumn of 1877, Mr. Seth Eggleston, who had served very accept- 
ably as superintendent of advertising for about one year, became a one-third 
owner and business manager. He retired last November, having disposed of 
his interest to Mr. D. M. Hammack, the well-known attorney, who succeeds to 
the management of the paper. 

In politics the Gazette has, from its birth, been an unwavering advocate of 
the principles of the Democratic party as enunciated by the great apostles 
of that organization. It has Avielded a w^ide influence as the leading paper of 
that party, and is to-day in the very foremost rank of Iowa journals. The 
several departments are filled by men of experience and ability, and the purpose 
of its managers is to present to the people a lively, aggressive journal — a pur- 
pose successfully accomplished. 

At present, the local department is in charge of Mr. Frank Phelps, who is 
known by the profession as a gentleman of newspaper experience. Under his 
supervision, the columns given up to city news are spicy, readable and of general 
advantage to the material interests of Burlington. 

THE BURLINGTON HAAVK-EYE. 

Mr. .lames G. Edwards, the founder of the journal which has become known 
thi-oughout the land because of its sparkling columns, and which has from its 
earliest days been a recognized power because of its able editorial management, 
was originally engaged in the newspai)er business in New York City. He had 
acijuired a proficiency in the work of reporting which made him the associate of 
of tiie leading journalists of that city. He was also a practical printer and a 
skillful proof-reader. His first venture into the field of publisher was the 
establishment of the original Sunday morning journal in New York. In those 
days, public sentiment was not as it is at the present time, and Mr. Edwards was 
induced to abandon his fine opportunities for a more approved plan of work. 
Had he continued on with his journal there is every reason for believing that his 
name would -to-day be as widely known as is that of his contemporaries. James 
Gordon Bennett was an assistant proof-reader under him— although his senior 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 417 

in years — and Horace Greeley was unknown, poor and friendless. Mr. 
Edwards was the equal of those men in many respects, and the opportunity 
which offered itself to him was such as to fully justify the belief that he would 
have achieved grand success. He was a devotee to principle ; radical in opinion 
on the leading questions of the day ; a strict temperance man, and an advocate 
of that most unpopular of ideas, universal freedom. In temperament he was 
sensitive, and in tastes refined. It is a curious study of destiny to trace such a 
man's life. Circumstances changed his field of operations, and led him -to 
a wilderness, while nature had molded him for more cultured localities. His 
early death is a source of regret, for in the ordinary mete of human life, 
he should still be living to witness the triumph of his theory of freedom. In 
just the degree that he failed of pecuniary success, he showed the man of gen- 
erous impulses and the mind of ideas. The world at large never learns the 
value of such a man's presence until death has removed him from his earthly 
sphere. Then is it that the individuality, the eccentricity, or the superabundant 
positiveness of his nature is forgotten, and the petty enmities which were engen- 
dered by those characteristics which marked his daily intercourse with men no 
longer rankle in the public breast. The good alone remains apparent. 

We who write these lines of eulogy knew nothing of Mr. Edwards during 
his life-time. We judge him solely by the monument he erected to his memory 
— the paper which he so ably conducted. He was an intense partisan, or he 
allowed his journal to become so — an evidence of his tendencies. His political 
opponents were worthy of the sharpest steel, and right manfully did he array 
himself against them. When one reads critiques upon the methods and acts of 
such men as Charles Mason, Augustus C. Dodge, Jonathan C. Hall and their 
contemporaries, one is forced to admit that a journal opposed to them must 
have been strong to resist the crushing weight encountered. 

One feature is noticably conspicuous : there is almost a total absence of 
personal vituperation in the columns of the Hmvk-Eye in those days. A spade 
was called a spade, but abuse did not form a staple in the vocabulary of the 
editor. Local journalism was not as common then as now, and politics was the 
absorbing theme. In the intensity of his feeling, the editor must frequently 
have wounded the sensibilities of the gentlemen whose political principles he 
fought ; but it was always Democracy, and not the personal adherents of that 
faith, which received the verbal darts from his trenchant pen. He dealt with 
gentlemen of the old school, before it was fashionable to confound men with 
ideas, and assailed theories rather than individuals. He talked to men of 
national rank, and discussed with them the creeds they severally entertained. 

Such was the man, if we rightly judge "by the fruits," who came into the 
West in early days, and established a paper at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830. His 
first venture was the Western Obse7'ver, a journal devoted to temperance and 
social reforms. This missionary labor was a strange undertaking, and one 
which proved unremunerative to the originator of the plan. A year later, Mr. 
Edwards gave up that paper, and substituted therefor the Illinois Patriot^ a 
Whig journal. 

In 1838, certain parties in Fort Madison, then a place of unpromising size 
for a newspaper, induced Mr. Edwards to locate there. He was just beginning 
to'realize some benefit from his work in Jacksonville, but he felt that it waS his 
duty to accept the new call, and accordingly sold out his ofiice and moved into 
Lee County. He was disappointed in getting printing materials from the East. 
At that time, Dr. Isaac Galland had a small outfit on hand, as the result of his 
attempt at publishing the Western AdveMturer at Montrose, Lee County. Mr. 



418 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Eilwards bought that office, and March 24, 1838, issued the first number of the 
Fort Madison Patriot. He continued the publication of his paper until Sep- 
tember 2, 1838, and then, from lack of cordial support, suspended the issue. 
Meanwhile, lie had profited by a portion of the Territorial patronage. He was 
a practical book-printer, and obtained, at one time, the session laws to print. 

In November, 1838, Mr. Edwards responded to the requests of parties in 
Burlington, and moved his office to this place. December 13, of that year, 
he i.ssued a ''specimen number of the Burlington Patriot.'' It was a 28-column 
sheet, 22.\x34 inches in size, and was given up entirely to reading-matter, 
except a small space on the fourth page. There was inserted a notice of a two- 
days religious meeting in the State-house (as Old Zion was sometimes called), 
at which "Revs. Scott and Arrington were expected to be present." Messrs. 
Lamson, Bridgeman & Co. had a few small advertisements of general stock of 
merchandise for sale. Drs. Ransom and Knapp announced that they " had a 
full set of surgical instruments, and were ready to do all kinds of surgery." 
The Burlington Drug Store, by William S. Edgar & Co. Philip Viele, attorney 
at law. Fort Madison, presented his card. Henry Eno, Judge of Probate, 
published a notice. That comprised the list of advertisers. The patronage 
solicited did not ofier itself, and the Burlington Patriot died on the day of its 
birth. 

On the (Jth day of June, 1839, Mr. Edwards issued the first number of the 
loiva Patriot at Burlington. The new candidate for public favor was a 24- 
column paper, 21x31 inches in size. Its first page contained no advertising 
matter ; was given up entirely to miscellaneous selections, and set in large, clear 
type. The second page was also made up of reading-matter, but four columns 
were set in smaller type, and contained editorials and communications. The 
third page gave nearly one and a half columns of advertisements, of which the 
following gives an idea: "Bridgeman & Partridge, wholesale and retail for- 
warding and commission merchants, brick block. Burlington, Iowa Territory." 
Smaller announcements detailed what they had for sale. Charles J. Starr had 
opened a " new store; " H. W. Moore & Co. were dealers in groceries ; Will- 
iam S. Edgar owned the " Burlington Drug Store." James W. Grimes, W. W. 
Chapman and Philip Viele were attorneys at law, with modest announcements 
of the fact. The fourth page was given up entirely to reading-matter, except 
the last column, which contained an elaborate argument in favor of Moftat's 
Life Pills and Phoenix Bitters. The beginning was surely not a very auspicious 
one for an ambitious newspaper man. As the Aveeks rolled by, the advertising 
increased slowly. Among the professional men we see J. D. Learned and C. 
J. Learned, H. Robb and W. J. A. Bradford, Messrs. Rorer & Starr appear 
in the issue of July 11, 1839, and August 1st appeared the card of D. Rorer 
alone. Cyrus Olney was also a candidate for patronage in the law. 

The suspended Patriot of Fort Madison that day re-appeared as an exponent 
of Whig principles in the future metropolis of the Territory. Mr. Edwards 
observed in his leading editorial in the first paper : " The Patriot is the only 
Whig paper in the Territory. * * * We have not started it so much with 
the intention of making converts to the Whig cause, as to correct the misrepre- 
sentations so lavishly heaped upon the members of the party." The paper was 
from the first a most radical, outspoken and fearless advocate of the principles of 
the party it affiliated with. While it is not the purpose of this work to elaborate 
the political controversies of those days, we find it impossible to ignore the 
mfluence exerted upon all matters of public interest by the numerous politicians 
who located in Burlington and made that town the center from which emanated 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. , 419 

all controlling thought, social, commercial and political, for many years. This 
record shall give an impartial statement of the political complications of the 
early times, as viewed from the standpoint of a disinterested observer, who gazes 
upon the results of conflict — not upon the immediate processes of accomplish- 
ment — at a period far removed from the date of their occurrence. 

September 5, 1839, a change was made in the title of the paper. Mr. 
Edwards had, as is shown elsewhere in this work, suggested the adoption of the 
term " Hawk-Eye " as a distinctive name for Iowa and her people. Mrs. 
Edwards was appealed to by her husband for a name appropriate and peculiar, 
and at once proposed " Hawk-Eye " as the most desirable. Mr. Edwards 
accepted the very judicious advice of his wife and honored her by placing the 
name over his columns. The paper appeared as the Hawk-Eye and loiva ■ 
Patriot. The original manner of writing the word was with the hyphen, and 
that styles is still adhered to by the owners of the journal, so far as head-lines 
are concerned; but in their business papers, and also in the body of the journal, 
itself, the name is given in one word. When applied to the State or people, 
the name " Hawk eye " should be given without the hyphen, in accordance with 
modern orthography. 

October 17, 1839, the paper was enlarged to a sheet 22ix34 inches. A 
question has been raised as to the temporary suspension of the paper early in 
1843. The files are not perfect, and we are obliged to speculate a little as to 
that matter. The volume which follows in order after the foregoing enlargement 
begins wnth a small sheet, 18x24 inches in size, which is dated November 30, 
1843, and is No. 17 of Vol. V, but is also "No. 27, New Series." From this 
the inference is drawn that the paper was suspended for a brief period, and was 
then begun on a reduced scale, about the first of June. The numbering shows 
that the paper must have been suspended twelve weeks ; for, since it was estab- 
lished June 6, 1839, Vol. V, No. 17, would have taken it to the 5th of Sep- 
tember, 1843. The date of Vol. V, No. 17 is, however, given as November 
30, or twelve weeks later than the regular time. It is also shown that the issu« 
of November 30 was No. 27 of a " new series," which places the issuance of 
that revival at June 1, 1843. Hence, we conclude that, prior to June 1, the 
paper was suspended for three months. With the beginning of the new series, 
the name was changed to The Hawk-Eye., and the price reduced to $1.50. 
December 21, of that year, the paper was enlarged to 21|x30 inches. 

December 5, 1844, Col. Fitz Henry Warren became associate editor with 
Mr. Edwards. 

About March 13, 1845, the paper was enlarged to 36x46 inches. July 24, 
1845, J. M. Broadwell bought an interest in the paper, and the firm became 
Edwards & Broadwell. In the summer of 1848, the Hawk-Eye received its 
first special telegraphic dispatches, the line having been extended to the city 
during that season. There was much complaint over the poorly-operated 
wires. 

August 10, 1850, a paper was established at Burlington, and called the 
Burlington Tri- Weekly Telegrajjh, having also a weekly issue. The origi- 
nators were Morgan & McKenny. This firm inaugurated a new system of 
journalism in Iowa, presenting the first tri-weekly edition ever issued in the 
State, and making, altogether, one of the finest appearing and most ably con- 
ducted papers it has been our pleasure to examine in the West. Both of the 
gentlemen associated with the Telegraijli were originally Democrats in pol- 
itics ; but the new paper was Conservative Whig, inclining toward the extension 
of, or, at least, the non-interference with, slavery. It supported the Fugitive- 



4-20 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Slave Law, and was a direct opponent, in many things, of the Haivk-Eye. 
"Where the Hawk-Eye was radical, the Telegraph was conservative. The fact 
that such a journal was able to servive at all speaks well for the intelligence 
of 15urlin"ton. as well as of the education Avhich their taste had received in 
newspapers. There must have been a field for the journal to have operated in, 
or it could not have lived. 

The Haivk-Erje had shared the first official patronage of Legislature and 
Government with the G-azette, and both of those papers were able to bridge 
over the chasm which always yawns at the feet of a new paper ; but the Tele- 
ip-aph was not so favored. It began with light support, but gradually worked 
into the plan of "small advertisements," as it is now called. Its columns were 
well filled after a few months. Still, its expenses must have been heavy, and 
it could not have made its accounts balance. June 14, 1851, a daily edition 
was begun. 

June 23, 1851, Mr. Edwards retired from the Hawk-Eye. That paper 
passed into the hands of Stockton & Pierson, with the former as editor. 
Shortly aftei'ward, Mr. Stockton retired, leaving Mr. Pierson owner. A tri- 
weekly edition had been begun in May. 

Mr. Pierson was succeeded by Mr. C. Dunham, who associated with Mr. J. 
L. Brown, as partner. 

In August, 1851. the cholera raged in Burlington, and, on the 5th of that 
month, Mr. Edwards died. 

Thus, in 1852, the rival Whig journals were waging w'ar upon their common 
enemy. Democracy, and upon each other. Some changes had taken place on 
the Telegraph. John H. McKenny had entered the firm, making it Morgan, 
McKenny k Co. In June, 1853, the " Co." was dropped. February 11, 
1854, the "Burlington Telegraph Printing Co." took the office, the officers of 
the new concern being: Trustees, J. F. Tallant, James W. Grimes and Har- 
vey Ray, Jr. ; actuary, John G. Foote; editor, James M. Morgan; printer, 
J. Smith McKenny. 

July 4, 1855, Messrs. Dunham & Bjown purchased the office of the Tele- 
graph and consolidated it with their journal, forming the Hawk-Eye and Tele- 
graph. 

The sudden suspension of the Telegra2:>h was a serious blow to Gen. Mor- 
gan. He had nursed the creation of his brain and hand through all its feeble 
years, sacrificing personal comforts that his pet might live. When the com- 
pany was formed, he was obliged to admit the expediency of the move, because 
the office was burdened with debt. In the first issue of the consolidated 
papers, he published an address to his former readers, that shows the bitterness 
of his feeling. 

The editors of the consolidated journals admitted the address of Gen. Morgan 
to its columns with "some regret." They entertained the highest personal 
regard for that gentleman, and intended to do him no injury by purchasing the 
office and "good-will" of the defunct Telegraph. The editorial concluded 
thus: "The two papers have occupied almost identically the same ground 
on political questions. * * * While we have political feelings and prefer- 
ences, and expect to express them independently, we do not feel that we shall 
print a partisan paper. There is no call at present for such a publication. Old 
landmarks and old parties have been obliterated and crushed out. The 
two great parties that have hitherto divided the country exist only in name. In 
the reforming of political elements it is somewhat difficult to tell exactly how 
things are to shape themselves. For the present there is but one question 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 421 

which agitates the political world ; that question is slavery. We unhesitatingly 
declare ourselves in favor of resisting the further aggressions of slavery, and 
opposed to its extension over any more free territory. We would confine it to 
its present bounds, giving it no more rights and privileges than are vouchsafed 
in the Constitution." 

March 26, 1856, John L. Brown, the junior partner, retired from the paper, 
leaving Charles Dunham sole editor and proprietor. The journal became a 
strong Republican paper, nominating Col. John C. Fremont for the Presi- 
dency, subject to the action of the first Republican National Convention, as 
early as June 9 of that year. The success achieved in the Convention 
by the nomination of Fremont was joyously announced on the 25th of June. 

Mr. Dunham continued as editor and publisher of the Hawk-Eye (having 
dropped the word Telegraph from the heading June 26, 1857) until 1864, 
when Messrs. Edwards & Beardsley became proprietors. 

In October, 1874, "The Hawk-Eye Publishing Company " became proprie- 
tors of the institution. The editorial staff was composed of the following gen- 
tlemen : Frank Hatton, editor-in-chief; R. J. Burdette, J. S. Waite, C. 
Beardsley, associate editors ; Allison Leadley, city editor ; C. Y. Wheeler, 
business manager. J. W. Burdette succeeded Mr. Leadley, and Richard 
Stockton succeeded Mr. Burdette as city editor. Newton Snyder has been 
added as subeditor to the staff. Mr. H. W. Hall is now business manager. 

GERMAN JOURNALISM. 

The first German paper published in Burlington was called the Burlington 
VoJkshlatt. It was established in the spring of r853 by Mr. Mertz, who 
is now Postmaster at Garibaldi, Keokuk County, Iowa, and edited by Adalbert 
Loehr, who afterward became a prominent German editor in St. Louis, where 
he died. His successor was Henry Kompe. Dr. Scholer had owned and 
edited the paper for some time, when H. C. Ohrt became associated with .him as 
editor in 1853, remaining until 1854, when F. Goll assumed the proprietor and 
editorship of the same. In 1855, it was purchased by Weber and Wolf, and 
the name was changed to that of Freie Presse, edited by Mr. Mader until July, 
1856, when H. C. Ohrt succeeded him. After the October election in 1856, 
Henry Binder, of Chicago, became editor, remaining until March, 1857. 
Weber & Wolf, under foreclosure of mortgage, sold the paper to C. Kues- 
tenraacher, when H. C. Ohrt became editor until Prof. Seybold, of Milwaukee, 
took his place. Then came Mr. Bittman and again H. C. Ohrt as editors. In 
1860, Mr. Vanzelow became proprietor and editor, but, on account of ill-health, 
was obliged to give up the editorship to H. C. Ohrt. Upon the death of Mr. 
Vanzelow in 1861, Daldorf & Guelich purchased the paper from the former's 
estate. At this time the name was changed to lotva Tribune, and edited 
by Theodore Guelich. During this journal's career, under its various manage- 
ments it had been alternately Democratic, Abolitionist and Anti-Temperance. 
Under the new management it became Republican. In 1863, Theodore 
Guelich sold out his interest to John Daldorf, but remained editor until 
the summer of 1864. His successors were M. Langeloth, Conrad Greiner 
and Prof. E, Poppe. In 1868, John Daldorf formed a partnership with 
E. Schilling, whose father. Dr. G. Schilling, became editor. In February, 
1871, a company styling itself the Iowa Tribune Company was incorporated, 
and consisted of Paul Lange, Prof. E. Poppe, Fred Becker and Theodore 
Guelich. In the spring of 1874, said company included Theo. Bischof, whose 
father, E. Bischof, was engaged as editor. In 1875, the Tribune Company dis- 



422 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

solved, and the paper went into the hands of Paul Lange & Co., Theodore Guelich 
being the only partner. At this time L. Mader was editor. In 1877, L. 
Weinstein, the* present editor, succeeded Mr. Mader. The present circulation 
of the Iowa Daily Tribune is 475, and of the Weekly 1,700 copies. 

Other German papers have been published in Burlington at different periods, 
but are now all dead. Such have been : Ber National Adler, Democratic ; Die 
Iowa Tribuene, Democratic; Die Freie Presne, in 1876, Democratic; Das 
Volksblatt, in 1877, Democratic. 

OTHER PAPERS. 

The Mediapolis Enterprise is spoken of in the chapter devoted to that town. 

Among the graves of dead newspapers, one is able to distinguish the unpre- 
tentious tombstones of several Burlington ventures. The Burlington Daily 
started out as an evening paper, sixteen columns in size, and independent in 
politics, on the 12th day of August, 1873. Mr. Frank Phelps grasped the 
chief pen and ran his name in small type under the heading as proprietor. 
George Jamison was his associate, and W. Boecklin served as financial editor. 
The vigor which those men infused into its columns was sufficient to carry the 
frail youngster along and cause its enlargement to twenty-four columns in size ; 
but when the chilly winds of November, 1874, blew around the street corners 
and filled men's eyes with dust, the proud yearling took advantage of the tem- 
porary blindness of the people and quietly lail down and died. 

TJie Critic came among the Burlington people on the 1st of January, 1875, 
and told them what it thought of their doings. W. Boecklin was the editor. 
The old saying has it settled beyond doubt that even a worm will turn when 
trodden on. How much more likely are intelligent men and women to resent 
conspicuous mention of matters and things. Albeit the tales are told on fine 
book-paper, indignation runs rampant where society's toes are stepped upon. 
And 60 the society paper was noiselessly folded away, after a single month's 
existence. 

The Evening Star arose June 9, 1875, and looked down brightly, but inde- 
pendently, on all things. Mr. Seth Eggleston was editor-in-chief; W. Boeck- 
lin and Frank Phelps, associates. The paper was twenty columns in size, and 
those columns were brimful of entertaining reading. But a cloud passed over 
the Star December 14, 1875, and when the vapor was blown away, the news- 
paper sky of Burlington presented a fine field for astronomers to wonder in. 
The Star had disappeared. 

Every Sunday Morning came out to shock the good people and terrify the 
bad in September, 1875. C. Y. Wheeler was proprietor, and Frank Phelps 
held the pen in one hand and a spy-glass in the other. Charles Beardsley, W. 
Boecklin, George Jamison and INIrs. E. S. Huston composed the corps of asso- 
ciates. Thirty-six columns were filled each week with pungent paragraphs and 
editorials. But when the new year came, the life-giving ducats failed to drop 
into the till. Few in number, but brilliant in kind, were the issues that 
appeared. Aged three and a half months. 

As one man said, with true Western pride in the little newspaper ventures 
which never reached that goal of publishers — "a paying basis " — " they called 
things by their right names, and died with their boots on." Which may be 
a mixed metaphor, but a very correct description of their life and death. 




CVl^^^. ^ /W6V^ 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 425 



THE NAME " HAWKEYE. " 



The title " Hawkey e," as applied to a resident of Iowa or to the State itself, 
first appeared in print, so far as we have been able to ascertain, in the Fort 
Madison Patriot of March 24, 1838. That issue was the first one of the paper 
founded by James G. Edwards in this region. In an editorial, the following 
suggestion was made : 

" If a division of the Territory [Wisconsin] is effected, we propose that the 
lowans take the cognomen of Hawkeyes. Our etymology can then be more 
definitely traced than can that of the Wolverines, Suckers, Gophers, etc., and 
we shall rescue from oblivion a memento, at least, of the name of the old chief 
(Black Hawk)." 

September 5, 1839, Mr. Edwards, who had moved his office to Burlington, 
gave the name of Hawk-Eye to his paper, as is shown in the history of the 
press. He was familiarly styled " Old Hawk " by his friends throughout the 
W^est, even to the day of his death. It is quite likely that the Indians had used 
their synonym of Ilawkeye as a distinctive title for some of their associates, but 
there is no evidence to show that the name had been offered prior to Mr. 
Edwards' suggestion of it, to apply to Iowa at large. It has been stated that 
the Indian trader S. S. Phelps was ailed *' Old Hawkeye " by the red men ; 
but if he was, the cognomen went no further. 

Until conclusive evidence is adduced to the contrary, the people of Iowa will 
be disposed to accredit Mr. Edwards with the honor of having affixed to the 
State a name which will live as lonsj as Iowa itself endures. 



THE SENATORIAL SUCCESSIONS. 

The Territory of Iowa was admitted into the Union as a State in accordance 
with the provisions of the law regulating the increase of the national sisterhood, 
and under the Constitution adopted by the second Constitutional Convention of 
the Territory, held at Iowa City, May 4, 1846. The organic law was approved 
by the people on the 3d day of August, 1846, by a vote of 9,492 in its favor 
to 9,036 in the negative. The indorsed Constitution was presented to Congress 
in December of the same year, and, on the 28th day of that month, a formal 
bill was passed, admitting Iowa as one of the States. 

In anticipation of this action of Congress, the Territorial Governor, Hon. 
James Clarke, issued a proclamation, ordering an election to be held for the 
purpose of choosing State officers and a State Legislature. The election was 
held on the 26th day of October, 1846. 

Of the several branches of government provided for at that time, this 
sketch has only to deal with the legislative. When the action of Congress 
confirmed the proceedings of the people of Iowa, it already found the ma- 
chinery of the State in motion. The first General Assembly convened at 
Iowa City November 30, 1846, and remained in session until February 25, 
1847. 

One of the most important duties which devolved upon the people at the 
first State election, was the selection of a Congressional delegation. The law 
provided for the election of two members of the Lower House of Congress 
directly, and, in accordance therewith, S. Clinton Hastings, of Muscatine, was 
chosen to represent the First District, or northern half of the State, and Shep- 



426 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

herd Leftler, of Burlington, to represent the Second, or Southern District. 
But the task of electing two Senators was delegated to the Legislature, and that 
body was invested with moi-e than ordinary interest to the aspiring men of the 
newly-created coram on wealtii. Those days are not so far removed in the past 
as to be materially different from the present in respect to personal ambitions ; 
and the beautiful region of Iowa had attracted to it many of the rising men of 
the West. The legal profession was distinguished by the ability of its members, 
and the bar, as is admitted in all sections, whether new or old, is famous for its 
CDHtributions to the legislative bodies of the country. 

The Legislature which met in November, 1846, was, therefore, the object of 
more than ordinary interest and curiosity. It held in its hands the unusual 
power of choosing two United States Senators. The State Senate consisted of 
nineteen members, and was organized by the election of Thomas Baker, from 
Marion, Polk, Dallas and Jasper Counties, as President, and the election of 
John B. Russell as Secretary, on the 1st day of December. The House was 
composed of forty members, and elected Jesse B. Brown, of Lee, Speaker, and 
Silas A. Hudson. Chief Clerk. The political complexion of the majority of 
both Houses was Democrat. 

The Congress to which the Legislature was to elect Senators was the 
Twenty-ninth, and only the last session of that. It may be well to explain 
that tiie United States Senate is so composed as to be a perpetual body — one 
third of its members only retiring at the expiration of each Congress (lasting 
two years). Thus, when a State is admitted to the Union, it chooses two 
Senators, who are not designated for any specific term by the Legislature choos- 
ing them. When the Senators-elect reach Washington, the Secretary of the 
Senate prepares three slips of paper, upon one of which is written " class first," 
ui)on another, "class second," and upon the other, "class third." These slips 
represent the three divisions of the Senate, which are as equal, numerically, as 
the whole Senate membership is divisible by three. If, however, recent 
additions to the list have made one of the classes larger than the others, that 
enlarged class is omitted from the slips prepared by the Secretary, and but two 
(being first and second, first and third or second and third, as the case may be) 
are furnished. When these preliminaries are arranged, the new Senators, or 
friends acting for them, see the slips placed in a box or hat, and draw one of 
the slips. The lot thus drawn determines the class to which the drawer is to 
be assigned. Ever afterward, the successors of those men take their places in 
the classes so decided upon. Vacancies caused by death, resignation or impeach- 
ment are filled for the unexpired term of the regular incumbent, and not for 
six years, or the full term. The purpose is to preserve, as nearly as possible, 
three equal divisions of the Senate. 

The Senatorial aspirants were numerous, and the friends of the respective 
candidates were firm in their determination to see their favorites succeed. An 
element which entered into the contest in a powerful degree was that known 
as the " 'Possum " faction from the Half-Breed Tract, or, as it was lamiliarly 
called, " The Tract," in Lee County. This faction arose from the complications 
growing out of the sale of lands in the Tract by half-breed Indians to white 
men. Tliose settlers who had located on the disputed section were banded 
together for political and judicial purposes, with the one view of securing their 
own titles at whatever hazard. The Tract was thickly settled, and, as a conse- 
quence, held a controlling influence in the politics of the county. The " 'Pos- 
sums " were able to elect their own candidates, and were also determined to 
choose only such men to office as favored their claims. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 427 

It chanced that the " 'Possums " held the balance of power in the first State 
Legislature. There were two Senators and six Representatives from Lee 
County, and if these men were to cast their ballots with the Whigs, the latter 
party would secure a majority of one over any Democratic Senatorial candidate. 
It is said that the Whigs and " 'Possums " effected a coalition, and agreed upon 
Mr. McCarty as their choice for Senator, as opposed to the Democratic candi- 
date, Augustus C. Dodge. When the separate Houses had balloted and failed 
of a choice, the two bodies came together in Joint Convention and proceeded to 
ballot for Senator. It is said that, upon the first ballot, Senator Samuel Fullen- 
wider, of Des Moines County, a Whig, refused to carry out the caucus plan of 
voting for McCarty. The result was an equal number of votes for McCarty 
and Dodge. 

When the Democrats saw how the " 'Possums " were playing a game that 
was corroborative of their title, they instituted a series of petty diversions from 
the regular business, by repeated adjournments, and thereby prevented a re-as- 
sembling of the Joint Convention. Week after week elapsed without any 
change in the feeling of the parties, and ultimate adjournment of the Legisla- 
ture arrived before a choice had been made. 

The result of these complications was a total failure to elect Senators, and 
the first Legislature adjourned without performing its most important task. 
Thus it transpired that Iowa, although justly entitled to Senatorial representa- 
tion in the last session of the Twenty-ninth Congress, and the first session of 
the Thirtieth, does not appear as having a full delegation in the national body. 

On December 4, 1848, the Second Assembly convened at Iowa City. On 
the 7th of that month, Hon. Augustus C. Dodge, of Burlington, and Hon. 
George W. Jones, of Dubuque, were agreed upon as Senators. This election 
filled the delegation from Iowa during the winter of 1848-49. The Represent- 
atives from Iowa during the Thirtieth Congress were Hon. William Thompson, 
of Mount Pleasant, and Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of Burlington. 

Senator Jones drew the slip assigning him to the term expiring with the 
Thirty-second Congress, which ended in 1853, while Senator Dodge drew the 
short term, which lasted but the single session of the Thirtieth Congress, in 
1849. He was, however, re-elected January 10, 1849, for a term of six years, 
and retired from the seat at the close of the Thirty-third Congress, in 1855. 
Senator Jones was re-elected December 21, 1852, and served until the close of 
the Thirty-fifth Congress^ in 1859. 

The vacancy caused by the expiration of Senator Dodge's term, created a 
profound excitement in political circles, because of the changed condition of 
State politics. The Whig party was fast gaining ascendency over the old-estab- 
lished Democratic organization. The Legislature was composed, in 1854, of a 
Senate which was Democratic by but one majority, while the House had a clear 
Whig majority. 

It is a well-known fact that the law governing Senatorial elections provides 
for a preliminary ballot in each House, when, if the two divisions are found to 
have voted for different men, a joint convention is authorized, consisting of both 
branches of the Legislature, assembled in either of the halls devoted to leg-isla- 
tive business, and presided over by the President of the Senate, with the 
Speaker of the House sitting by his side. The Secretary of the Senate acts as 
Secretary of the Joint Convention, and the Chief Clerk of the House serves as 
Assistant Secretary. Thus organized, the Convention proceeds to vote for 
United States Senator, by roll-call. If a clear majority of the Convention does 
not then agree upon a man, an adjournment is made, from time to time, until 



428 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

a decision is reached. This plan presupposes the formal organizations of the 
two Houses, and during the interval between the sessions of the Convention 
the regular legislative business is duly proceeded with. However, when the 
time for the assembling of the Joint Convention arrives, the Clerk or Secretary 
of the branch in whose room the Convention meets, formally notifies the other 
branch of the arrival of the hour at which the Convention is to assemble. This 
notice has to be given by one body to the other during the formal organization 
of the branch receiving such notification. 

As has already been remarked, the House was Whig in politics, and the 
Lei'islature was also Whig on joint ballot ; but the Senate had a Democratic 
pre°iding officer and official organization, because of its majority of one on sep- 
arate bdlot. When the time arrived for the election of a Senator, which is 
always the first business on those years when a Senator is chosen, after the 
leo-al organization of the Legislature — a separate ballot was taken. The mem- 
bers had followed the usual preliminary custom of "going into caucus," for the 
purpose of making nominations, and the Democrats had selected Hon. A. C. 
Dodge as their candidate. The Whigs Avere supposed to favor Hon. Fitz 
Henry Warren, and on this account the delegation from Lee County refused to 
join the caucus. This delegation numbered nine members, and literally held 
" the balance of power." It proved, however, that the Whigs foresaw the inev- 
itableness of defeat if they persisted in retaining the name of Mr. Warren, and 
prudently withdrew him from the caucus. In his place, they named the Hon. 
James Harlan, of Mount Pleasant. When the first ballot was cast, in separate 
session, the Lee delegation naturally felt obliged to maintain its attitude tOAvard 
the caucus nominee, although the gentleman proved to be one Avhom they could 
heartily indorse, were it not for a certain sense of pride engendered by their 
hasty determination to "fight the caucus." The result of the first ballot, con- 
ser^uently, was a failure to elect a Senator. The next proceeding was to 
assemble in joint convention and ballot on a more extended plan. This 
requirement of the law was duly complied with, but without the achievement of 
success for either faction. The disaft'ected members were obdurate, and the two 
partisan divisions adhered, with commendable tenacity, to their favorite candi- 
dates. 

Thus, the meetings were held, ballots taken, and adjournments ordered 
from day to day and week to week. At last, overtures were made to the Lee 
delegation, which were honorable, and which were such as could be entertained 
by men of high character. They consisted of nothing more than slight con- 
cessions on the part of both wings of the Whig party, being an agreement to 
meet informally and discuss the merits of the regular nominee. This social way 
of obviating the terrors of " King Caucus " was consented to by those who 
really admired the candidate and opposed him simply because they felt called 
upon to sustain their dignity. 

A reconciliation was effected, and the Lee County men agreed to support 
Mr. Harlan. The proceedings of this meeting, although informal, were designed 
to be of a secret nature. At all events, one would naturally suppose that polit- 
ical diplomacy would teach parties to such an agreement to retain inviolate their 
compact until the moment came for action. It proved otherwise in this 
instance, however, and through some one of the members, who was more voluble 
than discreet, the Democrats learned of the contemplated union of forces. The 
consultation meeting was held Friday evening, January 5, 1855, and the 
adjourned session of the Joint Convention was appointed for Saturday morning 
following, at 10 o'clock. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 429 

In the case under consideration, the Senate used to meet with the House in 
the Hall of Representatives, because of greater convenience, and it therefore 
devolved upon the Chief Clerk of the House to notify the Senate of the arrival 
of the hour for convening. On the morning of Saturday, January 6, the Clerk 
proceeded on his mission, and found, to his surprise, that the Senate had 
adjourned until the following Monday. The members were all in the Senate- 
chamber, but the Senate, as a legal body, had no existence for the time being. 
The Clerk read the formal notice required by law, and repaired to the hall to 
report upon the condition of affairs. 

It subsequently transpired that the intended action of the Whigs had been 
made known to the Democrats of the Senate, and they, to thwart the purpose 
of their opponents, had adjourned just before 10 o'clock. They expected that 
this bit of diplomacy would defeat the selection of a Senator that day, and pos- 
sibly open an opportunity for a Democratic victory by compromise. 

The Whigs were not dismayed at the outlook ; but, being under the guid- 
ance of Whigs in the House, proceeded to ballot for Senator. There were 
present the Whigs of both branches of the Legislature, who formed a majority 
of the entire body on joint ballot. These members elected Mr. Harlan, and 
the Convention announced its result, and adjourned. 

Gov. James W. Grimes was then in the Executive Chair of the State. 
From the Governor, Mr. Harlan obtained a certificate of election to the Senate, 
and duly presented his credentials at the opening of the Thirty-Fourth Con- 
gress, in 1855, or as soon thereafter as he could reach Washington, when he 
was sworn in and took his seat. 

The Democrats of the Iowa Legislature at once drafted a resolution of pro- 
test against the admission of Senator Harlan, on the ground of his election 
being illegal. The matter did not come up in that body, however, during the 
first session, and the Senator filled the seat undisturbed. 

At the beginning of the second session, in December, 1856, Senator Jones 
called the attention of the Senate to the protest, and apologized for his own 
neglect in havintj failed to take earlier cognizance of the document. Upon his 
motion, the protest was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, with 
instructions to investigate the subject and report as speedily as possible. 

The Senate was, at that time. Democratic. The Committee reported 
adversely to the seating of Senator Harlan, and the body voted, January 12, 
1857, to sustain the report. The Senator at once returned to Iowa. The Leg- 
islature was then in session, at Iowa City; but local elections subsequent to 
1854, had so changed the character of that body as to give it a Whig majority 
in both branches. The Republican party was just coming upon the scene, and 
it may be termed a Republican majority instead of Whig. At all events, the 
body was opposed to Democracy ; and when Senator Harlan laid his case before 
the Legislature, with certified transcripts of the United States Senate journal, 
he met with hearty and instant support. On the 17th day of January, 1857, 
or just five days after the Senate had voted to oust him. Senator Harlan held 
in his hands indisputable credentials of his legal election. He returned to 
Washington, and was admitted to the councils of the nation. 

The action of the Senate in refusing to admit Senator Harlan was very dif- 
ferent from the formal adjudication of a knotty problem by the Supreme Court. 
When a case is carried before such a tribunal, the parties thereto are admitted 
to a full discussion of its merits, and the Court is obliged to express not only 
its findings, but the processes by which its conclusions were reached. The 
privileges of the Senate exceed those of the Supreme Court, so far as the 



430 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

metliods of its decisions are concerned. A committee is not required to render 
account of why it does thus and so ; and a report is generally adopted without 
much debate. Discussion is permissible, to be sure; but so important a com- 
mittee as that upon the Judiciary is almost always selected with an eye to pos- 
sible partisan exigencies. Wlien a report is made by it on any question touch- 
ing party strength, the ruling power is thrown in support of the report. 

For these reasons, one is at no loss to determine why Senator Harlan was 
unseated, and Senators Bright and Fitch, of Indiana, were snugly lodged in 
the Senate, the very next session. The Indiana election was far more ques- 
tionable than the Iowa ; but the action of the Senate was in favor of the 
former, while it condemned the latter. The spirit is manifested by an anecdote 
told at the expense of a prominent Democratic member. 

It is said that a friend of Senator Harlan's, who had watched the Democrat 
during both contests, and noticed that he voted against Senator Harlan, while 
he voted for the Indiana representatives, asked the Democrat why he did so, 
and how he could reconcile those diametrically antagonistic votes. 

"Why," responded the gentleman, "you see, I aimed to observe a strictly 
honorable and consistent course. When Harlan's case came from the commit- 
tee, I had never considered it ; but I knew that the committee had done so, and 
with every possible means of ascertaining its real merits. For that reason, I 
accepted the report, and voted merely to sustain the committee. And so it was 
with the Bright-Fitch case. I knew nothing of its merits, and the committee 
did. I voted neither for nor against those gentlemen, but simply to sustain the 
committee ! " 

That " sustaining the committee " idea is a very good one for men of tender 
sensibilities. 

But the real merits of the Harlan case probably may be summed up in this 
manner : The Constitution of the United States provides that the Senate 
thereof shall consist of two members from each State, and these members shall 
be elected at certain times and in certain manner, as is specified, " by the Leg- 
islature " of each State. 

The question turns upon the meaning of the word " Legislature." That is 
defined in the State Constitution to mean "a Senate and a House of Represent- 
atives," chosen by the people. 

It will be observed in the foregoing pages that the Senate was not in session, 
I. e., had no existence for the time being, when Senator Harlan was elected at 
the so-called Joint Convention. That Convention could legally exist only when 
composed of the Senate and House, which left their regular session, without 
adjournment as a Senate and a House, and united as a joint committee of the 
wliole. There can be no doubt but that the Judiciary Committee reported 
aright; for it would be establishing a dangerous precedent to recognize in- 
formal elections by State Legislatures. The fact that the same Committee 
stultified itself by reversing its decision for partisan motives ; or, even, that 
it reported as it did on the Harlan case purely with malignant intent (which 
we do not claim that it did, but cite that possibility for sake of establishing a 
point), in no way affects the merits of this "case. Two wrongs never make one 
right 

The case is an historic one of great value, since it has established a prece- 
dent for the government of future Senates. 

January 26, 1858, Gov. James W. Grimes was chosen to succeed Senator 
Jones. Senator Harlan was re-elected January 11, 1860, for six years. Sen- 
ator Grimes was re-elected for a term of six years in 1865. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 431 

Senator Harlan was appointed Secretary of the Interior by President Lin- 
coln, and his appointment was confirmed by the Senate just before the assassina- 
tion of Mr. Lincoln, in the spring of 1865. Mr. Harlan accepted the port- 
folio on the 1st of May, of that year, and, consequently, resigned his seat in 
the Senate. As there was no impending session of Congress, and as the Leg- 
islature would meet in regular session in the following January, Gov. William 
M. Stone, then in the Executive office of the State, did not appoint a successor 
to fill the unexpired term, which ended March 4, 1867. The Legislature, 
when it met in January, 1866, was therefore called upon to elect two Senators, 
one for the short term, and one for the regular term, beginning March 4, 1867. 

The Legislature was Republican in sentiment, and, consequently, chose the 
distinguished War-Governor, Samuel J. Kirkwood, for the short term, and 
honored Secretary Harlan by returning him to the Senate for the full term. 

Senator Grimes died in 1869, and the vacancy was filled by Hon. J. B. 
Howell, of Keokuk. Senator Howell was succeeded by Senator George G. 
Wright, whose term expired March 4, 1877, and who was, in turn, succeeded by 
Senator Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose term will end March 4, 1883. Senator 
Harlan was succeeded, March 4, 1873, by Senator William B. Allison, whose 
term will expire March 4, 1879, and who has been chosen to succeed himself 
in the Senate for the term ending March 4, 1885. 

HON. JAMES W. GRIMES. 

Among the long list of eminent men, who claim Des Moines as the county 
of adoption or birth, the name of James W. Grimes stands forth with peculiar 
distinctness. He was not only a great man in the limited region of Des 
Moines, but he was a great man in the State and nation. If one were to ask 
a resident of some distant point to name a representative man from Iowa, we 
do not hesitate to affirm that the one which would spring forth spontaneously 
is James W. Grimes. 

The delicate task of preparing an historical work during the early years of 
a county's existence is heightened by the living presence of many prominent 
actors; and it is realized by the writer, that not until the lapse of time has 
removed the first generation, or even the second, can impartial history be trans- 
cribed. Data may be preserved for the benefit of a future historian, but the 
full meed of credit due so many participants in early events sounds like fulsome 
flattery while yet the actors live. Justice cannot be done the faulty, nor can 
honor be accorded the deserving. A cautious hand must lift the veil of the 
past, disclosing only that which may be safely told. 

When a man enters the arena of public life, he voluntarily accepts the hazard 
of criticism. If he fails in the performance of his full duty, there are those stand- 
ing by to prod him with the heated iron of censure; if he differs from those 
who surround him, as perforce he oftentimes must, his acts are spoken of only 
with words of condemnation. 

When a man dies, the personal animosities his individuality has created 
are forgotten, and his deeds are weighed by the effect they have had upon 
events. In spite of the poet, one is forced to admit that the good, as well as 
the evil deeds, live after them. 

Senator Grimes possessed the elements which compose human greatness. 
Born of honorable and independent ancestry, who thought for themselves, and 
believed in the essential doctrines of personal and religious liberty, the son 
inherited the tendencies to leadership which made him famous. He was 
born in the town of Deering, Hillsborough County, N. H., October 20, 



4:32 HlrfTOKV OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

1816. He entered Darmouth College in August, 1832, when but 16 years 
of age. In the spring of 1836, he came West, and landed at Burlington May 
15. ''His life became an active one in politics, as in his profession; for the 
people recognizeil tlie power of the man. 

It is impossible for us to fairly represent the life and services of Mr. 
Grimes, in this brief paper. A volume has been devoted to his letters to per- 
sonal friends, merely to show, by inference, his character. His friend and ad- 
mirer. Rev. William Salter, has done the public a noble service in preparing a 
semi-autobiographical work, entitled " Life of James W. Grimes, Governor of 
Iowa, 1854-1858 ; a Senator of the United States, 1859-1869." Therein are 
preserved the materials for the student and writer of history. 

These brief lines are penned by one who recognizes the breadth of char- 
acter, the force of intellect, and the quality of mind of one who made Iowa's 
name a power in the Senate. We pay a passing tribute to his worth. 



THE MILLER-THOMPSON CONTESTED ELECTION. 

The most noted contest over an election to Congress which appears in the 
annals of this State is that known as the Miller-Thompson case, which trans- 
pired in 1848, in the then First District. From the date of the admission of 
Iowa into the Union as a State until the assembling of the Thirty-eighth Con- 
gress, in 1863, the State was divided into but two Congressional Districts, with 
an equal number of Representatives. The first delegation sent to the Lower 
Hous3, in 1846, consisted of Hon. S. Clinton Hastings, of Muscatine, from the 
nortliern half of the State ; and of Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of Burlington, from 
tlie southern half. At that time the State was not designated as distinct 
districts. At the succeeding elec*^ion for the Thirtieth Congress, which began in 
1S47, a formal districting was observed. The influence of locality was apparent 
in the choice of candidates at this period; for while Hon. William Thompson, 
of Mount Pleasant, was elected from the newly-created First District, Burlington 
was also represented by the selection of Hon. Shepherd Leffler, of that place, 
ostensibly as the member from the Second District. This uneven distribution 
of honor as between the original settlements in the old Dubuque and Des 
Moines Counties, continued until 1851, when Dubuque asserted its rights 
by sending Hon. Lincoln Clark to the House. Thereafter the two districts 
were marked as north and south sections, rather than as river and interior 
counties, as at the time of the contest hereafter described. When this struggle 
occurred, the issue was apparently between the west and east. 

In 1848, the dominant party in Iowa found itself confronted by a foe of no 
insignificant proportions. Tlie politicians who had for years held the reins of 
power found it necessary to exert themselves if they would retain possession of 
the offices, or continue to dictate the policy of the infant commonwealth. 
A new faction had made not only an appearance on the scene, but it had gained 
so firm a foothold in the estimation of the people that it asserted its presence 
with alarming boldness. The Democrats realized the necessity of retaining an 
unbroken delegation in Congress, and made speedy preparation to repel the un- 
welcome party. But in a new region, where voters are numbered by scores, 
instead of by thousands, it is far easier to plan or desire than it is to accomplish 
marked changes in the popular will. Ncav counties were being formed and new 
settlements made each year, and what was appalling to the Democrats was the 
fact that many of those additions to the population were strongly tinctured with 



HISTORY OF DES MOINRS COUNTY, 433 

Whig sentiments. It became evident that something must be done to offset the 
Whig influx. At this critical moment a scheme for the relief of the old party 
was presented. It is impossible to say just who was the father of the idea, but 
it undoubtedly had its origin in one of the several able and fertile brains of the 
leaders who dwelt in Burlington or Mount Pleasant. The plan was none other 
than that of securing the vote of the hundreds of Mormon refugees who were 
then resting for a time on the east bank of the Missouri River, where Council 
Bluffs now stands. 

The combination of events which placed the Mormons within ihe boundaries 
of Iowa long enough to legalize them as voters is a part of this record possess- 
ing no slight interest. In the winter of 1846, the Latter-day Saints suffered 
overthrow in their stronghold at Nauvoo, 111. Their leader, Joseph Smith, was 
assassinated by a mob, and the vacancy caused by this violent deed had been 
filled by Brigham Young. President Young ordered his followers to prepare for 
flight across the continent to Utah, where he had divine commands to erect an 
empire beyond the reach of temporal powers. The Mormons obeyed the man- 
dates of their ruler, but accepted their fate with great bitterness of spirit, 
blaming the United States Government for the harshness they had experienced 
at the hands of the authorities, and manifesting the usual perversity of ignorant 
wrong-doers against an outraged law. Young hastened on to Utah, but his fol- 
lowers were too destitute to press forward with equal speed. To overcome the 
obstacles of a concerted movement, Young decreed that his people should start 
out in numerous bands, by different routes, and thereby economize the forage 
upon which they must subsist. The objective point of all the parties was the 
present site of Council Bluffs ; and that place was to be reached by circuitous 
ways through the best sections of the State. The Mormons were dependent 
upon such game as they could kill, and upon whatever food nature placed 
in their paths. This exodus was not, like the Israelites, from choice, but 
was compulsory. The Government had commanded them to relinquish their 
immoral beliefs, or suffer as violators of the law. Young had interpreted this 
order to mean a curtailment of personal liberties, and had instilled into the 
minds of his weak flock the belief that they were an oppressed people. Hence 
it was that the Mormons saw their homes despoiled and themselves driven out of 
the land at the point of the bayonet. It is not strange that such a class was 
blinded to its own wickedness, and accepted the words of its prophet as highest 
authority. 

The exodus of the Latter-day Saints began in the year 1846. Iowa was 
the scene of unwonted activity, occasioned by the flight of the refugees from the 
law. Some bands moved through the State on the line of the forty-second 
parallel ; some went through the southern tier of counties, and some passed over 
the territory now composing the range in which Monroe County is located. 
Many of the Mormons did not reach the river in 1846, nor even in 1847. Hun- 
dreds camped in Marshall County during that year, and scores of the poor wretches 
died from actual starvation. Those who passed through the second tier of 
counties reached Lucas County in the winter of 1846-47, and located a few 
miles southeast of the present town of Chariton. There rude huts were 
erected, and a party sojourned for several months. Subsequently, these passed 
on to the Missouri River, where they also tarried for a time. A portion of the 
band did not remain in Lucas that year, but pushed westward in hopes of gain- 
ing the place of rendezvous designated by Young. Their hopes were blighted, 
however, for the weather was so inclement that they could not proceed. They did 
not reach a point beyond Clarke County. Three men, John Conyer, James and 



434 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

John Longley, became separated from the party and lost their way. They con- 
cluded to encamp for the winter (of 1846-47) where they were, and constructed 
a lu" imt. In this they lived, and attached to it the name of " Lost Camp," a 
title^bv which the locahty is still known and pointed out. In the spring, these 
men found other Mormons but a few miles from them, in the same county. 
Ultimately tiie greater number of the survivors of these several divisions reached 
the Missouri, where a general halt was made, for the purpose of recuperating their 
exhausted strength before setting out on the dreary march over the plains. 

It was thus that the year 1847 found a large settlement of men in the 
extreme western part of Iowa. By virtue of their sojourn in the State, they 
liad become legal voters. A town had been by accident, as it were, created 
there, under the Mormon authority of Orson Hyde. The location of that sect, 
in so large a body, had naturally attracted to the spot other pioneers, and, in 
1847, the colony did what all American pioneers hasten to do, asserted its right 
of independence as a county. That year, a delegation of representative men 
came east, and proposed the erection of a new county on the Missouri River. 

Here was the aid for which the Democrats had been so earnestly praying. 
Gen. Dodge became much interested in the matter, forseeing the possible 
strength such an organization might bring them. Nothing was then done, how- 
ever, to effect the formation of the county, but the Democrats did not lose sight 
of the tide of Mormons moving westward, and halting for breath on the shores 
of the river. In Nauvoo, the Mormon vote had been a powerful ally to the 
Democrats at general elections, and a continuance of their support was both 
desirable and reasonable, according to the logic of Gen. Dodge. The organiza- 
tion of the new county rested with Judge Carleton, of the then Fourth Judicial 
District, and there is evidence which warrants the belief that the Judge counseled 
with the General in this matter. 

Of course, so serious a matter as the creation of a Democratic county could 
not be proposed without the Whigs learning of it, and taking council concern- 
ing its influence on their destiny. The cautiousness with which the Democrats 
approached the subject naturally awakened a belief that there was a question 
as to the partisan feeling of Elder Hyde ; and that doubt was equivalent to an 
admission of weakness on the part of the Democrats. So it transpired that 
the leaders of both parties set to work at once to test the temperament of the 
Elder. Now ensued a sharp encounter of wits. Gen. Dodge felt that he held 
the key to the situation, since through him alone could the desired organization 
be -compassed. Tlie Whigs, on the other hand, apprised themselves of the fact 
that the Mormons were becoming anxious to show their ill-will toward the 
Democratic party, as a means of avenging themselves for their expulsion from 
Nauvoo. 

At the time of the occurrence of the events written above, the county of 
Monroe Wiis composed of all the territory from the west line of Wapello County 
to the ^Iissouri River. The unorganized counties of Lucas and Clarke had been 
defined in a manner preliminary to permanent establishment, but the latter, how- 
ever, was entirely unsettled by white men. The former contained not more 
than eiglit or ten families. Practically, Monroe County was political dictator 
of all that region, and, what was significant, it was in the hands of Democratic 
county officials. 

Such was the political condition of Iowa, when the time arrived to choose 
a successor to Representative Thompson, in 1848. The Democrats honored 
the incumbent with a renomination, and the Whigs opposed him with Daniel F. 
Miller, of Fort Madison. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. - 435 

In spite of their sore need of help, the Democrats were evidently afraid to 
establish the new county in the West, and, as they alone had the power to do so, 
the opportunity passed without the Mormons gaining their point. This distrust 
of the result may have had its weight with Orson Hyde, as the sequel will show. 

As the time of election approached, both parties began to feel carefully for 
the coveted vote ; but still the Democrats felt secure, since the failure to create 
the new county did not prevent the extension of the franchise to the Mormons 
in another way. Monroe County had the power to create a precinct at the 
river, and thereby bring the Mormons within the pale of citizenhood. Ihe 
problem to be decided was still as to the advisability of the step. To determine 
this, messengers were dispatched from both camps to feel the pulse of the people 
in the West, and each faction returned bearing metaphorical bunches of huge 
grapes, while their reports were that the land flowed with oil and honey for 
their respective candidates. In all this bartering there was evidently an under- 
standing between the Whigs and the Mormons ; for a flat refusal on the part of 
the latter to vote the Democratic ticket would certainly have prevented their 
voting at all. The powers that were had to be mollified, and a go-between was 
found to represent to the Democrats the solidity of the proposed precinct. The 
Whigs, of course, did not openly claim the success of their embassy, but rather 
played off coyly, with intent to deceive. 

But even after the character of the vote was determined satisfactorily to the 
Democrats, there still remained the question of its legality. If the territory lay 
west of the last organized county, which was then Monroe, that county had the 
power to create a precinct. If it did not, then there was an opportunity to 
contest the validity of returns from the river precinct. The Democrats believed 
that Kanesville, as the Mormon settlement was called, did lie within the legal 
territory of Monroe, but a survey was deemed necessary to settle the point. In 
accordance with that idea, a party was engaged to ascertain the geographical 
whereabouts of the village, and a random line was run. Subsequent surveys 
have shown that the line was, indeed, a random one, but that point did not come up 
in the contest which followed. For all practical purposes, the place lay west of 
Monroe. In the decision of this question, the Whigs wisely submitted to the 
Democrats, and the work of establishing the locality was performed by such 
means as the Democrats could, under no circumstances, thereafter dispute. It 
was considered highly important for the Democrats to locate Kanesville in Mon- 
roe territory, because Monroe was then Democratic, and they feared that the 
Whigs would oppose the organization of so strong a precinct, if they had it in 
their power to do so. If the village lay north of the upper line of Monroe, it 
belonged to Marion County, which was then a Whig stronghold. The eager- 
ness with which the Democrats labored to prove that Kanesville really was several 
miles south of its actual location, forms one of the grim humors of this contest. 

The Whigs, meanwhile, confident of the victory they were to win, offered 
no objections to the formation of the precinct, but seemed quiescent in the mat- 
ter. On the 3d of July, 1848, the Monroe County Commissioners issued the 
following order : 

Ordered, by said Board, that that portion of countrj called Pottawattomie County, wliich 
lies directly west of Monroe County, be organized into a township, and that Kanesville be a 
precinct for election purposes in said township, and that the election be held at the Council- 
house in said village ; and that Charles Bird, Henry Miller and William Huntington be 
appointed .Judges of said election; and that the boundaries of said townsliip extend east as far 
as the East Nish-na-bat-na. 

This public announcement of the plan warned the Whigs to unmask. Greek 
met Greek. It was known that the Board, then consisting of Andrew Blswick, 



436 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

William McBride and George R. Holliday, with Dudley C. Barber as Clerk, 
was Democratic. The latter officer made out the poll-books and sent them to 
the new precinct. Both parties sought the field of battle, and for a time the 
Mormon element became the fiivorites of the politicians, since they held the 
balance of power. The Mormons at home in Nauvoo were Democratic in 
sentiment, it was argued, and the Democrats were confident of their co-opera- 
tion in the time of need. 

The election took place on the 7th day of August. To the consternation of 
the Democrats and the joy of the Whigs, the vote of the new precinct was cast 
almost solidly for Daniel F. Miller, the Whig candidate, and the Democratic 
candidate, William Thompson, was left out in the cold. 

No sooner was the result of the election made known than the Democratic 
leaders took counsel, one with another, what to do. J. C. Hall, brother-in-law 
to Thompson, went to Albia from Mount Pleasant, and it is asserted that he 
and others advised the rejection of the poll-books. The messenger with the 
returns arrived in Albia, and the canvass of the votes was held on the 14th 
day of August. Dudley C. Barber, as Clerk of the Board, had a deciding 
voice in the matter. The canvass was made at his log cabin, one of the three 
or four buildings then standing on the town plat. 

Among the prominent Democrats of Albia at the time was Dr. Flint, who 
subsequently removed to Wapello County, and became County Judge and State 
Senator for that county. He was brother-in-law to Barber, and exercised a 
great influence over him. He urged the arbitrary rejection of the books. Be- 
side Mr. Hall and Dr. Flint, there was present Israel Kister, now of Bloom- 
field. 

During the heated controversy over the canvass — in which, it is said, an 
unpleasant suspicion of pistols prevailed — the disputed poll-books suddenly dis- 
ajtpeared from the table. The confusion which followed the announcement of 
their loss can be imagined. The men who were nearest the table dared not 
accuse one another of having stolen them, but there was, unquestionably, con- 
siderable display of feeling. Of course it was clear that the Whigs had not 
stolen the books, since it was for their interest to retain them. It rested, conse- 
quently, with the opposing faction to explain the mysterious disappearance of 
the documents. 

The evening of that day, Barber called to his aid two Justices, and, it is 
said, with locked doors, made a canvass of the vote of Monroe, throwing out 
the books from Pottawattamie entirely. This rejection of the western vote 
secured the election of Thompson, and'he accordingly took his seat in the first 
session of the Thirty-first Congress. 

If we may be allowed to parody a classic quotation, uneasy sits the Con- 
gressman who is not soundly elected I No sooner was he there than the Whigs 
made an effort to oust him. The case was laid before a proper committee, and 
voluniinous discussion ensued. Miller proposed to Thompson to submit the 
(piestion again to the people, but the proposition was rejected. The action of 
Congress was somewhat governed by well-known precedents, and finally the 
whole matter was remanded to the United States District Court at Keokuk. 
Before a decision could be reached, an election took place in the State for State 
officers and member of the Thirty-second Congress. The campaign was a hot 
one. 

It may be here incidentally remarked that the August election resulted in 
the seatmg of Bernhart Henn, of Fairfield, in the Thirty-second Congress from 
this district, his term beginning in 1851. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 437 

It transpired one day, pending the decision of the case, that Mr. Miller 
called at Judge Mason's office, in Keokuk. The Judge signified a desire to 
serve certain papers on him, and the two gentlemen stepped to the rear of the 
room. There were two or three other men present. Judge Mason handed 
Mr, Miller, as he supposed, some papers relating to the suit, when, to the sur- 
prise of Mr. M., he found them to be the long-lost poll-books from Kanesville. 
Explanations followed, in which Judge Mason proved, conclusively, that the 
papers came honestly into his possession. 

This startling denouement completely upset the Democratic case, and a new 
election was ordered, to " fill vacancy " in the First District. The election took 
place September 24, 1850, and resulted in the choice of Mr. Miller, who filled 
the seat in Congress one session. The vote stood as follows: Miller, 5,463; 
Thompson, 4,801 ; Smith, 365. 

The question reverts to the cause of the Mormon change of front in 1848. 
All manner of rumors were afloat at the time, some of them even charging that 
the Democrats had offered but $1,000, while the Whigs had paid $1,200 for the 
vote. On the authority of one who admits that he was a party to the barter, 
we state as fact that the only gift presented to Elder Hyde by the Whigs was a 
printing office and some ten reams of printing paper and a keg of ink. Hyde 
wanted an office, and the Whigs were willing to give him one. The materials 
for the office were shipped to him by the Whigs prior to the casting of the vote. 
Hyde had a grudge against the Democrats, which he desired to pay, and there- 
fore refused to listen to overtures of a financial character from them. It was a 
case of diamond cut diamond, in which the Whigs proved the hardest. It is a 
fact that in 1848, Orson Hyde began the publication of a paper called the 
Frontier Grtiardian, at Kanesville. The county of Pottawattamie was organ- 
ized in 1848. All the officials were Mormons. 

As to the missing books: It is a matter of evidence that Israel Kister placed 
them in Mr. Hall's saddle-bags, during the heated discussion, probably with no 
real intent to steal them at the time, but supposing that they would be dis- 
covered before Hall left. They were not detected and the lawyer rode away 
with them. It was then too late to acknowledge the error, and so the case 
stood until accident brought them to light. 

The Whig papers made furious onslaught against the Democrats over the 
affair, and there is but little doubt that it caused a decidedly good political war- 
cry during those days. Dr. Flint was openly charged with having burned the 
books, and Barber was figuratively drawn and quartered continuously. The 
vigorous attacks upon Barber finally undermined his health and he died, a 
victim of mistaken sense of duty. Dr. Flint is now dead. 



THE STATE BOUNDARY DIFFICULTY. . 

Although the county of Des Moines, as now defined, does not extend to the 
southern limits of the State, and cannot, therefore, be strictly classed among 
the counties affected by the celebrated case growing out of the complications 
which arose over the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa, the fact that 
the original county of Des Moines included all of the southern half of the 
Territory makes the subject an appropriate one to inti'oduce into this volume. 
Besides, some of the most prominent participants in the controversy or its 
adjudication resided in Burlington. This was the seat of government at the 
time the affair originated, and some of the events in the history transpired here. 



488 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Ill fact, no furtlier explanation need be offered for the presentation of the mat- 
ter here than tlie statement tliat Hon. Charles Mason, Gen. A. C. Dodge, 
Jud^e David Rorer, and other Burlington men, took conspicuous action as 
counsel in the case. It is valuable as a work of reference, and the following 
clear presentment of the matter, from the pen of Mr. Charles Negus, is given, 
with the feelini' that many will read it who have but an imperfect understanding 
of the subject now. 

" Soon after the organizing of the Territorial Government of Iowa, there 
arose a dispute between Missouri and Iowa about the jurisdiction of the State 
and Territoral authorities over a tract of country in the southern part of Iowa, 
wiiich Missouri claimed as being within the boundary of that State as defined 
by Congress. 

" The act of Congress, passed March 6, 1820, authorizing the Territory of 
^lissouri to form a State government, provided that (if the State should ratify 
the boundaries) the State of Missouri ' should consist of all the territory within 
the following boundaries : Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, 
on the parallel of 36° north latitude ; thence west, along that parallel of lat- 
itude, to the St. Francis River ; thence up and following the course of that 
river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of 36° 30'; 
thence west along the same to the point where the said parallel is intersected 
by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas 
River, where the same empties into the Missouri River ; thence, from the point 
aforesaid, north along the west meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel 
of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making 
said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line, etc. ; thence east, from 
the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the 
middle of the channel of the main fork of the said River Des Moines ; thence 
down and along the middle of the said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the 
same, where it empties into the Mississippi,' etc. These boundaries, as defined 
by Congress, were adopted by Missouri through the Convention which formed 
the State Constitution. 

" The northern boundary of the State, which was defined as ' the parallel 
of latitude wliieh passes tIiro}(</h the rapids of the river Des Moines,' though 
it might have been well understood at the time, was vague and uncertain, and 
subsequently gave grounds for an open dispute. 

" In the treaties made with the Sacs and Foxes and the Iowa Indians, on 
the 4th of August, 1824, for the purchase of a portion of their lands, it is set 
forth that they sold to the United States all their lands within the limits of the 
State of Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Missis- 
sippi and Missouri Rivers, and a line running from the Missouri at the mouth of 
the Kansas River, north 100 miles to the northwest corner of the State of Mis- 
souri, and thence east to the Mississippi. The line, as defined in this treaty, 
commencing at the mouth of the Kansas River, thence running 100 miles due 
north, and thence east until it strikes the Des Moines River, had been run in 
1816, by John C. Sullivan, and duly marked by blazing trees, driving stakes 
and erecting mounds. 

" But in a period of between twenty and thirty years, those marks had 
become so obliterated that they were not easily to be found, and the rapids 
of the river Des Moines was so uncertain a place that it was hard for 
those first settling the country, at the time Iowa was first opened for white 
settlement, to designate where the northern boundary of Missouri was 
located. There being several rapids in the Des Moines River, and one of 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 439 

considerable fall, near Keosauqua, in Van Buren County (a fall in eighty rods 
of twenty-one inches), the Missourians claimed that the latter were the rapids 
referred to in the act of Congress authorizing Missouri to form a State 
Constitution as a point in defining their boundaries. And in 1837, the 
authorities of Missouri, without the co-operation of the United States, or of 
the Territory of Iowa (then Wisconsin), appointed Commissioners to run and 
mark the northern boundary. 

" The Commissioners so appointed, instead of commencing to run the line 
upon the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des 
Moines in the Mississippi, proceeded to search for rapids in the Des Moines 
River itself, from which to commence. They finally fixed upon the ripples in 
the great bend in the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, which they 
assumed to be the rapids of the Des Moines River named in the act of Congress 
of 1820, and in the Constitution of Missouri, notwithstanding those ripples had 
never been known as the 'rapids of the river Des Moines.' From this point, 
the Commissioners proceeded to run and mark a line, which the authorities of that 
State claimed was the northern boundary, while the early history of the West 
showed, and it was subsequently decided by the Supreme Court of the United 
States, that the rapids of the river Des Moines were in the Mississippi River. 

" Gen. Pike, who first explored the Upper Mississippi, after the acquisition 
of the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, in his journal, kept while 
ascending the river in 1805, says he ' arrived at the foot of the rapids Des 
Moines at 7 o'clock,' and thus goes on to give an account of the difficulties he 
had in getting over those rapids with his boat, on his way up the Mississippi 
River. And, after passing the rapids, in writing to Gen. Wilkinson, he dates 
his letter, ' Head of the Rapids Des Moines." Also, in his map of the Upper 
Mississippi, Pike lays down the Rapids Des Moines as being in the Mississippi 
River, a short distance above the mouth of the Des Moines River. And, before 
the United States acquired possession of this territory in 1779, Zenon Tendeau, 
acting as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in one of his official acts, 
says : ' It is permitted to Mr. Lewis (Fesson) Honore to establish himself at the 
head of the rapids of the river Des Moines.' Upon this grant, Honore made 
an actual settlement and improvement immediately upon the banks of the Mis- 
sissippi River, at the head of the Des Moines Rapids in that river, some 
eighteen or twenty miles above its mouth. 

" These, with other references, go to show that, at an early day, the rapids 
in the Mississippi opposite the southern extremity of Iowa, were known as the 
' rapids of the river Des Moines,' but the authorities of Missouri claimed and 
contended for many years that the rapids referred to by Congress, and in their 
Constitution were in the Des Moines River and near Keosauqua. The northern 
boundary of that State, as long as there were no settlements there, was a matter 
of little consequence to her citizens, and there was no one to dispute their claims 
until after the Black Hawk Purchase, which was made in 1832. 

" The Territory of Wisconsin, in organizing the county of Van Buren, 
made her southern boundary extend to the southern line, and the same bound- 
aries were claimed by Iowa as soon as she assumed a territorial government. The 
territorial government of Iowa went into operation on the 4th day of July, 1838, 
and at that time the boundaries between Missouri and Iowa had not been settled, 
and there was a strip of Government land about ten miles wide which both 
governments claimed. The county of Van Buren, as organized by the Legis- 
lature of Wisconsin, before Iowa assumed a territorial government, embraced 
within her boundary a portion of this disputed tract of land. 



440 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" The County Court of Clarke County, Mo., in levying the taxes for that 
county, enrolled the .settlers on this disputed tract, as being citizens of that 
State and belonging to that county, and, having placed their names upon the 
tax-list, ordered Uriah S. Gregory, the Sherift' of that county, to collect the 
taxes. Accordingly, the Collector of Clarke County went on the disputed tract 
to collect the taxes, but the tax-payers refused to pay, and the officer undertook 
to collect them by levying upon their property ; but while endeavoring to do 
this, some of the citizens of Van Buren County sued out a warrant from a 
magistrate and placed it in the hands of Henry Heffleman, the Sheriff of Van 
Buren County, who arrested the Missouri officer, and, there being no jail suit- 
able for retaining prisoners nearer than Muscatine, he was taken to that county 
and there lodged in jail. 

•'This act aroused the citizens of Clarke County, and an application Avas 
made to Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, for the military power of the State to aid 
the civil officers in maintaining their authority, and to enforce the law of Mis- 
souri over the disputed tract. He accordingly dispatched Gen. Allen, with a 
thousand men, to the place of contention. 

" Gov. Lucas, of Iowa, was as determined and fixed in his purpose to main- 
tain the rights of his State as the authorities of Missouri were to exact theirs, 
and for this purpose, ordered Maj. Gen. J. B. Brown to call out the militia 
and march with his forces to Van Buren County to protect the citizens. 

'• At this time, the militia of Iowa was poorly organized ; but Gen. Brown 
gave orders to his subordinates to beat up for recruits, and the citizens were not 
backward in enrolling themselves by voluntary enlistment, and, in a short time, 
about five hundred men, with arms, were assembled in Van Buren County, and 
others were on their way, amounting, in all, to about twelve hundred men, and 
the gathering of military forces had all the appearance of a fierce and bloody 
civil war. But before there was any collision between the two forces, Gen. 
Brown, from his officers, selected Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. 
Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Ft. Madison, as an embassy to the 
enemy to try to negotiate a peace. 

" On arriving at Waterloo, the county-seat of Clarke County, they found that 
the County Court of that county had rescinded the order to the Sheriff' to collect 
the taxes on the disputed tract, and had sent a special delegation to wait upon 
Gov. Lucas and the Legislature of Iowa, then assembled at Burlington, for the 
purpose of making some amicable adjustment of the difficulties, and that Gen. 
Allen, with his forces, had withdrawn from the contest. Upon receiving this 
information, the embassy returned to their headquarters, and the Iowa forces 
were disbanded and permitted to return to their homes. 

'* Col. McDaniels and Dr. Wayland, the representatives of Clarke County, 
came to Burlington and waited upon Gov. Lucas, who, not evincing much dispo- 
sition to adjust matters, they then went before the Legislature, which body, after 
hearing their proposition, passed a set of resolutions, with a preamble, express- 
ing their views. In the preamble, they set forth the difficulties existing between 
Iowa and Missouri, and that Iowa, under any circumstances, deprecated any 
imlitary collision between the forces of the State of Missouri and the Territory 
of Iowa, and reci])rocated the kind feelings evinced bv the delegation from the 
County Court of Clarke County, and Resolved, That the officers now on the part 
ot Missouri be respectfully requested to suspend all further military operations 
on the part of said State until these resolutions can be submitted to His Excel- 
lency, Gov. Boggs; that His Excellency, Gov. Boggs, be requested to authorize 
a suspension of hostilities on the part of the State of Missouri until the 1st day 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 441 

of July next, with a view to having the unfortunate difficulties now existing 
between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa adjusted by the act of 
Congress ; that His Excellency, the Governor of Iowa, be requested to suspend 
all further military operations until the decisions of His Excellency, Gov. Boggs, 
may be obtained relative to the proposition herein contained ; that the Governor 
be requested forthwith to forward a copy of these resolutions to the Governor of 
Missouri, one to the County Court of Clarke County and copies to the officers in 
command on the disputed grounds, to be by them presented to the officers of the 
Missouri forces. 

" These proceedings on the part of the Legislature had a tendency to quiet 
things for a time. The Sheriff of Clarke County was, however, indicted at the 
next term of the court in Van Buren County for his attempt to collect taxes in 
the disputed tract ; but the Prosecuting Attorney entered a nolle prosequi^ and 
he was discharged from custody. 

" On the 10th of November, 1841, Thomas Reynolds, Governor of Missouri, 
who was the successor to Gov. Boggs, addressed a letter to John Chambers, who 
was at that time Governor of Iowa,|in which he informed him that the Legisla- 
ture of Missouri, at their last session, passed an act directing the Governor of 
Missouri to bring a suit on behalf of Uriah S. Gregory, the late Collector of 
Clarke County, against Henry'Heffleman,^the Sheriff of Van Buren County, for 
the purpose of having the question of boundary between Iowa and Missouri 
finally adjusted in the Supreme Court of the United States. As Heffleman 
and others who arrested' Gregory resided in Iowa, such a suit should have been 
commenced in Iowa. Gov. Reynolds wished to know, if suit was thus commenced, 
whether the authorities of Iowa would consent to make such an agreed case on 
the record as would insure a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States 
on the question of boundary. 

" To this Gov. Chambers replied that this question, as it appeared to him, 
was on« over which the Territorial authorities had no control ; for, ' by an 
express reservation in the laws organizing the Territory of Iowa, the boundary 
remained subject to the future control of Congress.' And Gov. Chambers also 
expressed his doubts whether, under the Constitution of the United States, the 
Supreme Court, even upon an agreed case and by consent of parties, would take 
jurisdiction of an alleged controversy between one of the States and a Territory 
remaining subject to the laws of Congress. But he assured Gov. Reynolds 
that he would lay his communication before the next Legislature of the Territory, 
and if that body should differ from the views he had entertained upon the sub- 
ject, their decisions should immediately be made known to him. But it appears 
that the Legislature concurred with the views of Gov. Chambers, for there were 
no steps taken to comply with the request of Missouri as made by Gov. 
Reynolds. 

" The expenses of Iowa in calling out the militia to maintain her rights and 
enforce the laws on the disputed tract were upward of $13,000. Some of 
those expenses were borne by individuals whose circumstances were such that 
they could not well afford to lose the amount justly due them. Congress was 
memorialized by the Territorial Legislature to make an appropriation to meet 
these expenses, and on two occasions a bill was passed through the House pro- 
viding for their payment, but both bills failed to pass the Senate. 

" Samuel C. Reed, of Van Buren County, who lived near where the troops 
were rendezvoused to defend and maintain the rights of Iowa against the intru- 
sion of Missouri, having furnished to them provisions to the amount of nearly 
$200, being a man in limited circumstances, and having waited several years 



442 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

with the hope of getting something from the General Government, and not 
succeeding, petitioned the Territorial Legislature to allow and make an appro- 
priation for his claim. 

"■ Reed was regarded as a patriotic and generous man, and he did all he could 
to sustain the riglits of Iowa in her troubles with Missouri, and having met 
with misfortunes, and being much reduced in his circumstances, his appeal to 
the Leofislature elicited their sympathy, and they passed a bill allowing his 
claims, with 6 per cent, interest, and made an appropriation for paying it ; but 
this did not meet with the approbation of Gov. Clark, at that time Governor of 
the Territory, and he returned the bill with his veto. His objections were that 
the Legislature should make no discrimination among those who aided the au- 
thorities in the troubles with Missouri ; if the Territory undertook to pay one 
thev should pay all ; that if Iowa should assume these debts the United 
States, which Avas in duty bound to pay them, would not ; that Iowa was soon 
to become a State, when she would have a representation and vote in both 
branches of Congress, and then, in all probability, would be able to get an 
appropriation to defray those expenses. But for one cause or another, neither 
Reed nor any of the others who furnished means or rendered services in the war 
with Missouri, got pay for that which was justly their due. 

"For the purpose of ascertaining and defining the southern boundary of 
Iowa, Congress, on the 18th of June, 1838, passed an act in which it was pro- 
vided that the President should cause to be surveyed, and distinctly marked, 
the southern boundary line of Iowa ; and for that purpose he was required to 
appoint a Commissioner on the part of the United States, who, with the neces- 
sary surveyors, was to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed 
by the State of Missouri, and one to be appointed by the Governor of Iowa, in 
'running, marking and ascertaining' the boundary line; and it was made the 
duty of the Commissioner who was to be appointed by the President, to prepare 
three i)lats of this survey, one of which was to be returned to the Secretary of 
State of the United States, one to the office of the Secretary of State of Mis- 
souri and one to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa. 

"And it was also provided that if the Commissioner on the part of Missouri, 
or of Iowa, should fail to attend, or if either or both the State of Missouri or 
the Governor of Iowa should fail to appoint, then the Commissioner of the 
United States, by himself, or such Commissioner as did attend, should proceed 
to run the boundary line between Missouri and loAva. But the line so run 
and marked was not to be fully established until the survey should be submitted 
to, and the boundary thus ascertained and marked be approved of and ratified 
by Congress. 

"In pursuance of this act, the President appointed Maj. A. M. Lee as 
Commissioner on the part of the United States, and Dr. James Davis was 
appointed for Iowa, but Missouri failed to make any appointment. Maj. Lee, 
in company with Dr. Davis, proceeded to make the survey as required by Con- 
gress, and made their report to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, on the 
ir>th of January, 1839, about the time the difficulty was taking place on the dis- 
puted tract in Van Buren County. But it seems that the line surveyed by Lee 
and Davis was never approved of by Congress, and consequently did not become 
the boundary between Missouri and Iowa. 

" Soon after the troubles in A^in Buren County, the Legislature of Iowa 
passed a law that if any person should exercise any official function within the 
jurisdiction of the Territory, or within the limits of any of the counties therein, 
by virtue of any commission or authority not received from the Territory or 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 443 

Government of the United States, every person so offending should be fined, not 
exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. That if any per- 
son residing within the limits of the Territory should accept of any ofiice or 
trust from any State or authority other than the United States or the Territory 
of Iowa, every person so offending should be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be 
imprisoned not exceeding five years. 

" Soon after the organization of the county of Davis, this law was called 
into requisition. The county of Adair, as it was then organized, embraced 
within its boundaries a portion of what now composes Davis County. The Sheriff 
of Adair County, Preston Mullinix, and his Deputy, William P. Linder, were 
indicted in Davis County ; the Sheriff for exercising his ofiice within the bound- 
aries of Iowa, without legal authority and contrary to the statutes, and the Dep- 
uty for an assault and battery and kidnapping and falsely imprisoning one 
Frederick Acheson, a citizen or Iowa, which acts were none on the disputed 
tract. 

" Mullinix and Linder were both arrested and held under bail to answer to 
the indictment at the next term of Court. At that time they both appeared and 
Linder went to trial, which resulted in his conviction and a sentence of a fine 
and ten days' imprisonment in the Penitentiary. The trial of Mullinix, the 
Sheriff, was continued to the next terra of Court, and he was required to enter 
into a recognizance (without security) for his appearance, which he refused to 
do, and the Court ordered him to be committed to prison. 

" As soon as these transactions were made known to Gov. Chambers, he 
pardoned Linder and remitted his fine, and also pardoned Mullinix for the 
offense for which he stood committed, and ordered him to be discharged from 
prison. After the arrest of Mullinix and Linder, the county of Adair was 
divided, and the territory adjoining Davis County was embraced within the lim- 
its of Schuyler County. 

"After the county of Schuyler, Mo., was organized, about the 1st of Janu- 
ary, 1846, Samuel Riggs, the Sheriff of Davis County, Iowa, hal put into his 
hands a writ of attachment against the property of an individual on the tract 
of land in dispute, and while attempting to serve the writ, he was arrested by 
the Sherifi" of Schuyler County on a charge of attempting to execute the func- 
tions of his office in Missouri, and was required to give security for his appear- 
ance at the next term of the Court in that county. A few days after this, 
another attempt was made by a large number of men from Missouri to resist the 
execution of a process in the hands of the Sheriff of Davis County, but without 
success ; for the Sheriff and his posse, though inferior in numbers, executed 
the writ and secured the property attached. This dispute, as to who had juris- 
diction over this country, had a bad influence in the community, and caused 
many reckless and desperate characters to rendezvous in that vicinity, with the 
hope that in the contest with the authorities they might escape the puishment 
justly due their crimes. 

The arrest of the Sheriff of Davis County called forth a special message 
from Gov. Clark, then Governor of the Territory, to the Legislature of Iowa, 
which was then in session, and they passed a special law authorizing the Gov- 
ernor to draw upon the Territorial Treasurer for the sum of $1,500, and that 
the sum, or any amount thereof, which he might think proper, should be placed 
at his discretion for the employment of counsel to manage and defend all cases 
growing out of this difficulty, in which the Territory, or any of the citizens 
thereof, should be a party on the one side, and Missouri, or the authorities of 
that State, upon the other. The Court of Schuyler County convened at Lan 



444 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

caster, the county seat, on the 9th of May, and an indictment was found 
against Riggs, who immediately appeared and answered thereto in discharge of 

his bail. ^ , . , i ^ ^ 

" David Rorer, of Burlington, a gentleman of high legal talents, was em- 
ployed by Gov. Clark, on behalf of Iowa, to defend Riggs. Rorer attended 
this term of Court for the purpose of defending him, but from a desire on the 
part of both parties to defer judicial action in the case until an adjustment of 
the disputed boundary question could be eftected, the case was continued until 
the next term of Court, and Riggs was discharged upon his own individual 
recognizance, and he was subsequently discharged entirely. To compensate 
him lor his trouble and expense, the Iowa Legislature passed a law authorizing 
him to file his petition in the District Court of Davis County, claiming compen- 
sation for his time and expenses in defending himself against all prosecutions 
which had been commenced against him by the authorities of Missouri, for 
exercising his office on the disputed territory ; and they provided that the 
Court should hear the case and determine the amount which was justly due 
Riggs, and the amount so determined was directed to be paid out of the State 
Treasury. 

'" On the 17th of June, 1844, Congress passed an act respecting the north- 
ern boundary of Missouri, in which it was provided that the Governor of Iowa, 
by and with the advice and consent of the Council of the Territory, should 
appoint a Commissioner to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be 
appointed by the State of Missouri, and the two were to select a third person, 
and it was made their duty to ascertain, survey and mark out the northern 
boundary of Missouri, and to cause plats of their survey to be returned to the 
Secretary of the United States, and to the Secretaries' offices of Missouri and 
Iowa — which plats were to be accompanied with their proceedings in the 
premises. The Commissioners were empowered to employ surveyors and other 
hands necessary to accomplish the survey, and the line established and ratified 
by them, or any two of them, was to be final and conclusive, and to be and 
remain as the northern boundary line of the State. But it was provided that 
this act should not go into effect until it should be assented to by Missouri and 
Iowa. Iowa was willing to accede to this proposition, and the Legislature of 
Missouri passed an act assenting to this mode of settling the difficulty ; but the 
Governor of Missouri, John C. Edwards, placed his veto on the bill, and it 
failed to become a law. The Governor's objection to this mode of settling the 
difficulty seemed to be, that it involved legal rights, and should be adjudicated 
by a judicial tribunal. 

" After this, application was made by both contending parties to Congress 
to pass a law authorizing them to institute a suit in the Supreme Court of the 
United States and have the controversy judicially settled. This application 
was made on the part of Missouri by an act passed by the Legislature, on the 
25th of March, 1845, and on the part of Iowa by a memorial of her Council 
and House of Representatives, passed on the iTth of January, 1846, in which 
both parties asked for ' the commencement and speedy determination of such a 
suit as might be necessary to procure a final decision by the Supreme Court of 
the United States, upon the true location of the northern boundary of the 
State.' Congress respected these re(|uests and passed the necessary law.' 

" After the passage of the law by Congress, authorizing the settling of the 
dispute in the Supreme Court, the Legislature of Iowa passed an act empower- 
ing the Governor to agree with Missouri for the commencement of such a suit 
as might be necessary to procure from the Supreme Court of the United States 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 445 

a final decision upon the true location of the southern boundary of the State. 
This act made it the duty of the Governor to cause to be procured all evidence 
which might be necessary to the legal and proper decision of such a suit, and to 
employ counsel and do whatever else might be necessary to maintain the rights 
of the State. Charles Mason was employed on the part of Iowa, who hunted 
up and prepared the testimony of the trial, and he got "Thomas Ewing, of 
Ohio, to assist him in arguing the case before the Court. The State of Mis- 
souri filed the original bill against the State of Iowa, and Iowa filed a cross-bill 
against Missouri. 

" This case was tried at the December term of 1848, and the Supreme 
Court decided that the line as surveyed by Sullivan was the northern boundary 
of Missouri, which decision gave Iowa all the territory she claimed. The Court 
appointed Henry B. Hendershott, of Iowa, and Joseph C. Brown, of Missouri, 
Commissioners to run out and mark the boundary line. Brown having died 
before the work was commenced, Robert W. Wells was appointed in his place, 
but he resigned the trust, and William G. Minor received the appointment on 
the part of Missouri. 

" The Commissioners, for the purpose of making the necessary arrange- 
ments for the survey, met at St. Louis in March, 1850, and selected their sur- 
veyors. William Dewey was selected on the part of Iowa, and Robert Walker 
for Missouri. The Commissioners made their arrangements to meet with their 
surveyors and other parties, at the point where Sullivan had established the 
northwest corner of Missouri. They left their respective homes on the 10th of 
April and met on the 28th. To aid them in their work before they started, 
they obtained from the office of the Surveyor General at St. Louis a copy of 
the field-notes of Sullivan's survey ; but the space of nearly thirty-four years 
having elapsed since this work was done, the marks of the survey being nearly all 
obliterated, they could not readily find the spot they sought. No precise traces 
of the old northwest corner remained ; the witness-trees to it were on the margin 
of a vast prairie, and had apparently been destroyed years before ; consequently 
its exact position could not be ascertained from anything visible near the spot. 

" The point known as the old northwest corner of Missouri was the northern 
termination of Sullivan's line, running north and south, run by him in 1816, and 
was 100 miles north of the mouth of the Kansas River, and the point at which 
he turned east run to the Des Moines River. His field-notes showed that his 
miles were numbered north from the Kansas River, and east from the northwest 
corner of the State, beginning anew at that corner. Finding no conclusive evi- 
dence of the exact site or the required corner, they undertook to trace those 
lines for the purpose of finding some evidence of the old survey. 

"Near the supposed spot of the location of the ninety-ninth mile-corner, on 
the north line, they found a decayed tree and stump, which corresponded in 
course, distance and description with the witness-trees to that corner, and cutting 
into the tree, they saw what they supposed to be the remains of an old blaze, 
upon which was preserved a part, apparently, of the letter M. This supposi- 
tion was verified by their measuring two miles further south to a point which 
they found to be Sullivan's ninety -seventh mile-corner, from one witness-tree, 
which was perfectly sound ; the marks upon it two or three inches beneath the 
bark, were plain and legible. On the east line they found the witness-tree to 
the third mile-corner ; the wood upon which the marks had been inscribed was 
decayed, but their reversed impression appeared upon the new growth which 
covered the old blaze, and was cut out in a solid block. Prolonging these lines 
three miles from the point thus determined, their intersection was assumed as 



446 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

the desired corner, and at that point was planted a monument, designating the 
northwest corner of Missouri as the boundary existed before acquiring that tract 
of hind known as the ' Plat Purchase,' lying between the old west line of that 
State and tiie Missouri River, which point was found to be in the northeast 
quarter of Section 35, in Township 67 north. Range 33 west, in latitude 40°, 
34', 40" north, and in longitude about 94° 30' west from Greenwich. 

" At this point they planted a large cast-iron pillar, weighing between fif- 
teen and sixteen hundred pounds, four feet six inches long, twelve inches square 
at the base, and eiglit inches at the top. This pillar was legibly marked with 
the words ' Missouri on the south side, ' Iowa ' on the north side, and ' Stare 
Line ' on the east. From this corner they ran one west, keeping on the same 
parallel of latitude on which the pillar was erected, till they reached the Mis- 
souri River. They commenced the survey on the 24th of May, and reached 
the river, a distance of sixty miles and sixty-one chains, on the 12th of July. 
At the terminus of the sixtieth mile, as near the bank of the Missouri River as 
the perishable nature of the soil would permit, they planted a monument similar 
to the one erected at the old northwest corner of Missouri, the words ' State 
Line ' facing the east. 

'' The Commissioners then returned to the old northwest corner, and com- 
menced to run the line east, and, by close examination, they were enabled to 
discover abundant blazes and many witness-trees of the old survey, by which 
they easily found and re-marked the line run by Sullivan in 1816. The sur- 
veying of the eastern portion of the line was commenced on the 13th of August, 
and terminated on the 18th of September, it being a distance of one hundred 
and fifty miles, forty-one chains and eight links, which, with the sixty miles and 
sixty-one chains first surveyed, makes the southern boundary of the State, be- 
tween the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, two hundred and eleven miles, 
thirty-two chains and eight links. 

" Near the west bank of the Des Moines River, where the boundary termi- 
nates, on the line was planted a cast-iron pillar, similar to the other two, with 
the words " State Line '" fronting the west. The line was also designated by 
cast-iron pillars, four feet long, eight inches square at the base and five inches 
at the top, placed at intervals of thirty miles apart ; and one four feet long, 
seven inches square at the base and four at the top, at intermediate spaces of 
ten miles apart ; all of which pillars mark in iron monument every ten miles 
the whole length of the boundary line. 

" Sullivan's line was found in some places to deviate from a true east and 
west line, which was corrected by the surveyors. The iron pillars were planted 
in Sullivan's line, as found at the particular points ; but as the line was bend- 
ing in the ten-mile spaces between the pillars, it was found necessary to erect 
wooden posts at the termination of each mile, in order to mark the line with 
more accuracy. In the prairies, the mile-posts were marked with the letters ' B. 
L.' facing the cast, the letter 'I.' facing the north, and the letter ' M.' facing 
the south, and the numl)er of miles on the west fiice of the post. Where tim- 
ber exists, the number of the mile is marked on witness-trees, or pointers, with 
letters appropriate to each stake, there being one tree marked on each side of the 
line wlierever it was possible to do so. The front of each witness-tree is marked 
with the letters ' B. L.' In all cases where the posts are set in mounds, the 
post is invariably nine links west, to designate it from other surveys. This 
line, as surveyed and designated under the direction of the Commissioners 
Hendershott and Minor, was adjudged and decreed by the Supreme Court to be 
the true and proper boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. And thus closed 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 447 

a long and vexed dispute between the two authorities about the extent of their 
jurisdiction. To defray the expenses of establishing and running this line, the 
State of Iowa and the State of Missouri, each placed at the disposal of the Com- 
missioners the sum of ^2,000. But this was not sufficient to meet their expenses, 
for they were engaged in the work 180 days, and the Supreme Court allowed 
the Commissioners each the sum of $10 per day for their services, and $2 per 
day for their expenses, and each of the surveyors $8 per day. These allowances, 
with other expenses, cost over $10,000, which left over $3,000 apiece for each 
of the States to pay. The Legislatures of both States made up the deficiencies, 
and that was an end to the boundary war." 



DES MOINES COUNTY DURING THE WAR. 

The honor of writing the history of Des Moines County from 1861 to the 
close of the war should fall to the lot of one of those brave men who partici- 
pated in the scenes of those days. The value of the history will depend upon 
the exhaustiveness of the work undertaken. In such cases, details form the 
chief interest, and no one is able to furnish those except the men who help to 
perform the acts. We offer this suggestion : let some one who has a knowledge 
of the events compile them before it is too late. As time rolls on, the difficul- 
ties of doing so desirable a labor will be increased, and speedy preparations 
should be made to preserve the grand record of the county from oblivion. It 
is true that the history of the regiments is saved in the Adjutant General's 
Reports, and many sketches have been written concerning life in the field ; but 
we refer now not so much to the history of the regiments as to the history of 
people who inspired the formation of those regiments. Let some one who can 
write the story of the heroism of fathers, mothers, sisters and wives — that vast 
host of loyal men and women who said : '' Go ; and may God protect you and 
our nation ! " Tell of the devotion of the women, who, while their hearts were 
bleeding, smiled a farewell, lest the soldier be disheartened ! Tell of the long 
weeks of anguish which followed the departure of the loved one ; write of the 
deeds of bravery that have never been told. The soldier who sleeps beneath 
the Southern sod, in an unknown grave, deserves the plaudits of his fellow-men ; 
and does not the grief-stricken widow merit a share in the volume of praise? 

The youth, who so readily accepted the trust of defending the nation from 
its foe, learned the meaning of patriotism from the history of the Revolution. 
The artist's pencil, the poet's pen, the historian's glowing words, portrayed to 
his mind the duties of an American. Shall we not, then, expect the future 
strength of loyal men to grow by feeding upon the record of patriotism during 
the days of the rebellion ? 

The people of Des Moines are worthy of especial praise. Dwelling upon 
the border of a Slave State, and holding daily intercourse with those who main- 
tained the righteousness of slavery, they naturally imbibed the sentiments 
peculiar to the South on that grave subject. But when the stroke was made 
which aimed the dagger at the nation's heart, there was no wavering between 
two opinions. The Union must be preserved, even if slavery perished in 
the attempt to perpetuate the nation. When the war was forced upon the 
country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing 
whatever their hands found to do — working the mines, making farms or culti- 
vating those already made, erecting houses, founding cities and towns, building 
shops and manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and 



448 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and 
losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and 
promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free 
States were buoyant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans 
for the insureraent of comfort and competence in their declining years ; they 
little heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave 
States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times 
that tried men's souls" — the struggle for American Independence — they never 
dreamed that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of 
the Union of their fathers— a government baptized with the best blood the 
world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, 
they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived 
and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even 
trafficking in the oflFspring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, 
with all its attendant horrors. 

April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander- 
son, U. S. A., Commandant, was fired on by rebels in arras. Although basest 
treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed, was looked upon as the 
mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional 
bias and hatred were crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxicating pota- 
tions. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that 
Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had first been regarded ae 
a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams 
of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to realize that 
behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized purpose to destroy 
the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave 
oligarchy, wherein no one should dare to question their right to hold in bondage 
the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, 
through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the 
color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they " reckoned 
without their host." Their dreams of the future, their plans for the establish- 
ment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from their inception to sad 
and bitter disappointment. 

When the Southern rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, they found this vast North 
unarmed, untrained in the art of war, and in a state of such profound peace 
as to warrant the belief that hostilities could not be begun by those who had, 
since the foundation of this Union, boasted loudly of their loyalty to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. The rumors of disaffection that had alarmed 
the more watchful had aroused but trifling fears in the breasts of the great mass 
of Northern citizens. War between the States had, prior to that time, been 
deemed an impossibility. The sentiments of fraternal unity were so deep- 
altiding in the hearts of the North that treason was regarded as an improbable 
crime, and overt acts of antagonism to the Government too ba^e in their 
intent to be worthy of serious consideration. 

But the hand of the aged Ruffin, as he laid the blazing torch upon the gun 
within Stevens' battery, lighted a flame which spread throughout the land with 
electric rapidity, and illumined the nation with a glare that revealed the truth 
of rebel threats The boom of the first gun awakened the passive people to 
the dread reality of their position. From Maine to Oregon, from Superior to 
the Oiiio, the country arose, as with a single impulse, to respond to the demands 
ot the hour. Tliere was no need of prompting them, no need of canvassing 
for strength, no hesitating as to measures, no thought of compromise. But one 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



449 



course could be pursued, and that the people comprehended as though inspired 
by some higher mentor. The Union must be preserved. Each individual 
member of society felt the urgent necessity of prompt and concerted action. 
Towns did not wait to hear tidings from sister-towns ; each heard in the roar 
of brave old Sumter's guns a summons direct, imperative and irresistible, for 
aid in the defense of the nation's honor. Rivals in business and in politics 
grasped each other's hands and hurried forth, side by side, rivals no longer, save 
in their eagerness to enroll first their names upon the list of citizen-soldiery. 

Almost simultaneous with the news of the attack upon Sumter came the call 
from President Lincoln for troops. In the remote towns and rural localities, 
where telegraphic communication had not then penetrated, the appeal and the 
response were recorded at the same time. 

On the 15th of April, the President issued his call for 75,000 ninety-days 
troops. The State of Iowa was particularly fortunate in having for its Chief 
Executive Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose loyalty and unceasing devotion to the 
cause of the Union have embalmed his name forever in the annals of the State. 
Within thirty days after the President's demand was made public, Iowa had a 
regiment in the field. 

If it was within the province of this work to relate the story of Des Moines' 
loyalty, the limits of this volume would be extended far beyond those anticipated 
by the publishers. Some future historian, we have no doubt, will find a fruit- 
ful topic in this record of war, and lay before the people of this county a narra- 
tive of unsurpassed interest. Surely the opportunity exists and awaits the 
patient labors of a competent writer. 

The county lay so near the line of the Slave States that party feeling ran 
high throughout all the war. Local agitations were frequent over rumored 
invasions. The loyalty of the county was all the more marked because of the 
hazard of entertaining such sentiments. 

The long list of brave men who formed the volunteer companies from Des 
Moines County is here appended : 



VOLUNTEER ROSTER. 

TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FROM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. 



-ia.BBEaETT'I.A.I'IOliTS- 



Adjt Adjutant 

Art Artillery 

Bat •. Battle or Battalion 

Col Colonel 

Capt .'. Captain 

Corp Corporal 

Comsy Commissary 

com commissioned 

cav cavalry 

captd captured 

desrtd deserted 

disab disabled 

died discharged 

e enlisted 

excd exchanged 

hon. disd honorably discharged 

inv invalid 



inf infantry 

I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry 

kid killed 

Lieut Lieutenant 

Maj Major 

va. o mustered out 

prmtd promoted 

prisr prisoner 

Regt Regiment 

re-e re-enlisted 

res resigned 

Sergt Sergeant 

trans transferred 

vet.. veteran 

V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps 

wd wounded 



FIRST INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This Regiment was mustered out rit St. Louis, 
Aug. 26, 1861.] 

Company D. 

Capt. Charles L. Matthies, com. May 9, 1861, prmtd. lieut. 

col. 5th Inf. 
Capt. Matthias Keller, com. let lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd. 

capt. July 25, 1861. 
First Lieut J. Enderle, comd. 2d lieut. May 9, 1861, prmtd. 

1st lieut. July 25, 1861. 



Second Lieut. Theo. Wakischmidt, e. as sergt. April 23, 

1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. July 25, 1861. 
First Sergt. Wm. A. Haw, e. April 23, 1861. 
Musician Wm. Christ, e. April 23, 1861. 
Bates, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. 
Bickler, Lewis, e. April 23, 1861. 
Bonitz, Edmond, e. April 23, 1861, wd. Wilson's Creek, 

Mo. 
Bouquet, Nicol, e. April 23, 1861. 
Bruokner, C, e. April 23, 1861. 
Feiertang, Lawrence, e. April 23, 1861. 
Griese, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. 



450 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



■Grothp, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. 

Henn, John. c. April 23, 1861. 

Hillr, Frank, e. April 2.3, 1861. 

Hohkiinip, <•., C-. April 23. 18C1. 

Hohnihr.-ch.r, G., e. .^pril 23, 1861. 

Hohcunip, Hi-nrv. c April 23, 1861. 

HoBchle, v., c .\i)ril 23, 1861. 

Huppriik, A., e. April 23, 1861. 

Jockcrrs. Clmi)., o. April 23. 1861. 

KainphorntT, F., e. April 21, 1861. 

Kaairtke, U-»is, ... April 23, 1861. 

Kiwhfl. Julius \V., e. April 2.3, 1801. 

Keltnor. ll.iinan, e. April 23, 1801. 

Klein, T., e. April a. 1861. 

Kli'in, H.-nrv, e. April 2.1, 1861. 

Klett, S., e. April 23, 1861. 

Knaup, The..., e. April 23, 1861. 

Kohll.ttU.-r. M., e. April 23, 1861. 

Leopold, Chaa., e. April 23, 1861. 

Mersch, Cispiir, e. .\pril 23, 1861. 

Miller, AuKUst, e. April 23, 18G1. 

Mohn, IVter, o. April 23, 1861. 

Ne8.selbaus, August, e. April 23, 1861. 

Pit-per, Jolin C, e. April 22, 1861. 

Rager, Christ, e. April 23, 1801. 

Roniinger, John, e. April 23, 1861. 

RohtenbcTger, John, e. April 23, 1861. 

Rufl', (Jeorgp, e. April 2:1, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo. 

Schaeffer, (i., e. April 23, 1801. 

Scholl, Jacob, e. April V3. 1861. 

Scheueniiaii, J., e. April 23, 1801. 

Schramm, F., e. April 24, 1861. 

Sihrev, Christ, e. April 23, 1861. 

Schuftz, August, e. April 23, 1801. 

Wagner, John C, e. April 23, 1861. 

Wasnier. John, e. April 23, 1861. 

Weber, M.. e. April 23, lh61. 

AVildo, Christ, e. April 23, 1801. 

Willett, G., e. April 23,1861. 

Wolhaf, G., e. April 23, 1861. 

Company E. 

Capt. G. F. Streeper, com. May 9, 1861. 

First Liout. John C. Abercrombie, com. May 9, 1861. 

Second Lieut. G. W. Pierson, com. May 9, 1801. 

First Sergt. Jos. Utter, e. April 20, 1861. 

Sergt. John Reed, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. and promtd. 

sergt. in regular army. 
Sergt. A. A. Harbach, e. April 20, IsOl, re-e. and prmtd. 

sergt. in regular army. 
Sergt. Spencer Johnson, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. as sergt. 

in 2.'ith Inf. 
Corp. J. O.Shannon, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., 

capt. C... K. 
Corp. Robt. N. Heiaey, e. April 20, 1861. 
Corp. Wm. J. Fuller, e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's 

Creek. 
Corp. B. T. Ryan, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 14th Inf., Ist. 

lieut. Co. C. 
Musician Henry M. Kelmartin, e. April 20, 1861, prmtd. 

fife niaj. 
Musician Wm. T. Tizzard, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 25th 

Inf., Bulis. lieut. 
Armstrong, Robt. R., e. April 20, 1861. 
Bradley G., e. April 2o, 1801, r.-e. in Uth U. S. Inf. 
Bradley, Jacob, e. April 20, 1861. 
Barnar.l, John, e. April 20, IKOI. 
Bnickiier, J , e. .\pril 2(i, 1801. 
Brandebiirg, Wm. F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Bush, Lorin F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Creighton, Hugh L., o. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30tU Inf. 

2d lieut. 
Collins, John, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 11th U. S. Inf. 
Carter, John, e. .\pril 20, 1861. 
(Campbell, Wm. I., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., 

capt. O.. K. 
Cousins, H. C. e. April 20,1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, 

Mo., r.-e. in 30th Inf. 
Cameron, Chus. A., e. April 20, 1861, prmtd capt. Co. G, 

39tli Inf. 
Chapman, Samuel M., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th, 

sergt C... K. 
Crowd.r, John E., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 11th Inf., 

sergt. Co. I. 
Can field, Thos. S., e. April 20, 1861, wd. at Wilson's 

Cr.-ek, corp. Co. C, 30th Int. 
Drcalard, J., e. April 20, 1861. 
lielaplane, John W., e. April 20, 1861. 
Drculanl, James, e. April 20, 1861. 



Dansages, Chas., e. April 20, 1861, private Co. 16th Inf. 
Deaderick, F., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. of German 

Hussars at Madison. 
Espv, John, e. April 20, 1861. 
Eads, Oliver P., e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in the 14tli Inf., 

Corp. Co. K. 
English. John, e. April 20, 1861. 
Fairbanks, Augustus, e. April 20, 1861. 
Field, H. A., e. April 20, 1801. 
Galon, Peter, e. April 20, 1801. 
Grimes, Jacob M., e. April 20, 1861 . 
Gregory, Wm., e. April 20, 1861. 
Guthrie, James U., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Uth Inf., 

sergt. Co. K. 
Gans, William, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in West. Eng. Regi.; 

corp Co. K. 
Heustis, Wm. P., e. April 20, 1861. 
Hiser, Saml. B., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in Co. C, 30th Inf. 

sergt. 
Hills, H. A., e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in West. Eng. Kegt. 
Hart, Thos. H., e. April 20, 1861. 
Johnson, Augustus, e. April 20. 1861. 
Johnson, Frank, e. April 20, 1801. 
Jaggar, M. M., e. April 20, 1801. 
Jordan, Wm. F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Johnson, F. B., e. April 20, 1861, in 57th 111., wd. ShiloU, 

died from exposure. 
Kimball, C. H., e. April 20, 1861. 
King, Charies P., e. April 20, 1861, in Uth Inf., 2d 

lieut. Co. K. 
Linton, Ira, e. April 20, 1861. 

Lawrence, Geo., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, after- 
ward adjt. 16th Inf. 
Merrill, A. L., e. April 20, 1861, in 6th Inf. 
Mathews, I. P., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 25th Inf., sergt. 
Mathews, John P., e April 20, 1861, re-e. in 30th Inf., Ist 

lieut. 
Martin, Stephen, e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 34th 111. Inf. 
Mateon, Dan., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th 111. Inf., was 

sergt. maj., prisr. Shiloh. 
Miles, B. M., e. April 20, 1861, wd. Wilson Creek, Mo. 
McClure, Joseph D., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 14th Inf., 

sergt. Co. K. 
McLane, Richard, e. April 20, 1861. 
Nesselhous, Philip, e. April 20, 1861. 
Newland, John E., e. April 20, 1801. 
Payne, Wm. R., e. April 20, 1861. 
Pollock, Robert M., e. April 20, 1861, re-e. in 3d Mo. Cav., 

afterward disd. disab. 
Rhamey, R. M., e. April 20, 1801. 
Rogers, N. P.,e. April 20, 1861, re-e in 15th Inf., 2d lieut. 

Co. E. 
Robinson, H. N., e. April 20, 1861. 
Riggs, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. 
Roberts, A., e. April 20, 1861, com. capt. Co. C, 30th Inf., 

July 25, 1862. 
Sty pes, Chas., e. April 20, 1861. 
Syster, Wm. H., e. April 20, 1861. 
Strasler, Mark, o. April 20, 1861. 
Schaar, Joseph, e. April 20, 1861. 
Swaggart, John F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Schmann, Ernest, e. April 20, 1861. 
Seeger, John G., e. April 20, 1801. 
Smith, James, e. April 20, 1801, re-e. in 21st Mo. Vol. 
Shiffert, Reuben, e. April 20, 1801. 
Shedd, James A., Jr., e. April 20, 1S61, re-e. in West. 

Eng. Regt. 
Ulrich. Albert, e. April 20, 1861. 
VannicG, R. R., e. April 20, 1801. 
Ware, E. F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Wetrel, J. K., e. April 20, 1861. 
Wall, A. F., e. April 20, 1861. 
Williams, Clarence, e. April 20, 1861. 

Company F. 

Conklin, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. 

Holland, Jas. C, e. April 23, 1861. 

Tibbetts, Jas. M., e April 23, 1861, 2d sergt 25th Inf. 

Virgin, A. C, e. April 23, 1801, re-e. 4th Cav., sergt Co. C. 

Virgin, Wm. T., e. April 23, 1801, re-e. 4th Cav. 



SIXTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regimeiU was mustered ctU at Louisville, July 
21, 1805] 
Col. John M. Corse, com. maj. July 6, 1861, prmtd. lieut. 

col. May 21, 1802, prmtd. col. March 13, 1803, brig. 

gen. Aug. 11, 1803, brevet maj gen. Oct. 5, 1864. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



451 



Col. Wm. H. Clune, e. as Q. M. sergt., trans, to Co. H 
Nov. \, 1861, as 2d lieut., prmtd. Ist lieut. Co. I, 
prmtd. capt. Oct. 26, 1862, prnitd. maj. July 29, 1864, 
wd. Griswoldville, Ga., prmtd. lieut. col. Dec. 30, 1864. 
com. col. June 18, 1865. 

Maj. Thos. J. Ennis, com. adjt. July 1, 1862, prmtd. maj. 
March 14, 1*:63, wd. Missionary Kidge, kid. At- 
lanta, Ga. 

Adjt. Newby Chase, e. as private July 23. 1861, prmtd. 
sergt. maj., prmtd. adjt. Oct. 24, 1863, died of wds. re- 
ceived at Dallas, Ga. 

Q. M. Orrin P. Crichton , e. as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. 
com. sergt., prmtd. Q. M. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 
26, 1864. 

Musician Chas. Heit, e. Aug. 2, 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1861. 

Company C. 

Capt. Stephen J. Gahagan, e. as private Co. K, prmtd. 

sergt., prmtd. capt Dec. 30, 1864. 
Bennett, H. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 

Company E. 

Sergt. John H. Key, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Missionary 
Kidge and Big Shanty. 

Company C. 

Shearer, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1861. 

Mcintosh, Hiram, e. Aug. 16, 1861, died March 14, 1862. 

Company H. 

Corp. Jesse Carter, e. Aug. 8, 1861. 

Company I. 

Capt. Fabian Brydolf, com. 1861, wd. at Shiloh, lieut 

col. 25th Inf. 
First Lieut. Jos. S. Halliday, com. 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd 

Nov.l, 1862, disab. 
First Lieut. Geo. D. Smiley, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, prmtd. 

to sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 4, 1863, prmtd. 1st 

lieut. Jan. 1, 1864, resd. 
First Lieut. Geo. W. Clark, e. as corp. July 12, 1861, wd. 

Jones' Ford, Miss., prmtd. Ist lieut. Oct. 24, 1863, com. 

capt., but declined, wd. at Griswoldville, Ga. 
First Lieut. Z. Thomas, e.as corp. July 12, 1861, prmtd. 1st 

lieut. Dec. 30, 1863, wd. Griswoldville, Ga. 
Second Lieut. Samuel B. Philips, com. 1861, resd. Jan. 

3, 1863. 
Second Lieut. Oliver F. Howard, e. as sergt. July 12, '61, 

prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864, 

term ex 
Second Lieut. Harvey B. Linton, e. as private July 29, 

1861, wd. ifenesaw Mountain, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 

1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. 
Musician Noyes W. Wadsworth,e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. Shiloh, 

died May 20, 1862. 
Sergt. John Hannum, e. July 12, 1861, wd. at Missionary 

Ridge, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Kenesaw Mountain. 
Sergt. Louis Schwarz, e. July 12, 1861, vet. ,Tan. 1, 1864. 
Sergt. Charles Fleming, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, 

wd. March 18, 1865, died April 20, 1865. 
Wagoner Calvin Havbia, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 27, 

1861, disab. 
Bradley, Wm., e. Sept. 11, 1861. 

Bostrund, Oscar, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. Big Shanty, Ga. 
Conroy, Thomas, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at 

Jackson, Miss. 
Debray, Jacob, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Donsays, C, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Gris- 
woldville, Ga. 
Bicholtz, I., July 12,1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Erickson, Chas. A., e. Sept. 11, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Hamilton, Frank, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Johnson, Gustavus,e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. Shiloh. 
Kirtland, Jas. N., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died 

at Chicago. 
Lestrom, P. G., e. Feb. 6, 1864. 

Lowry, Oliver H., e. Aug. 6, 1861, wd. Jones' Ford, Miss. 
Lowry, 0. W., e. Dec 29, 1863. 

Monroe, Joseph H., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. 
Mahler, Henry, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. 
Moline, Frederick, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. 
Mathews, Benj., e. July 12, 1861, vet. J»n. 1, 1864, kid. at 

Griswoldville, Ga. 
McMullin.A., e. Dec. 30, 1863. 

Partridge, Andrew, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Patterson, Wm. P., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 



Peterson, Chas. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw 

Mountain, died July 20, 1864. 
Reid, Samuel, e. July 12, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, disab. 
Randall, James M., e. July 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 19, 1861, 

disab. 
Siitherland, Wm. W., e. Sept. 11, 1861. 
Urich, Albert, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Urich, Tobias, e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, kid. May 

11, 1865, by lightning. 
Williams, Jas.S., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
White, John, e. March 29, 1864. 

Company K. 

Harris, Wm., e. July 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Linton, Ira, e. Aug. 21, 1861, kid. at Atlanta. 
Moore, A. C, e. July 12, 1861. 



SEVENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louitville, Ky., 
July 12, 1S65.] 

Col. Jacob. G. Lauman, com. July 11, 1861, wd. Belmont, 

brig. gen. March 21, 1862. 
Chaplain I. Harvey Clark, com. Aug. 5, 1861, resd. Sept. 

16, 1862. 

Company D. 

Bloom, John. 

Grubb, Wm., e. July 23, 1861, disd. Aug. 26, '61, disab. 

Long, Lewis. 

Redding, N. M , e. July 25, 1861, disd. April 6, 1862. 

Redding, F. M,, e. July 25, 1861, wd. Fort Donelson and 

Shiloh. 
Reem, Daniel, e. Aug. 6, 1861. 

Company E. 

Heiney, Peter A., e. Feb. 28, 1862. 

Huffman, Alonzo, e. July 28, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, '61, disab. 
Rouse, James, e. July 28, 1861, captd. at Belmont, died at 
Corinth July 28, 1862. 

Company f-. 

Stevens, H. T., e. 1861. 

Company C. 

Graham, John A., e. 1861, wd. at Donelson and Corinth, 
died Oct. 17, 1862. 

Company I. 

Corp. Columbus G. Renfro, e, Aug. 22, 1861, wd. and died 

at Mound City Nov. 11, 1861. 
Corp. Allen B. Collins, e. Aug. 22, 1861,'disd. April 26, '62. 
Bartow, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1861, died Oct. 21, 1861. 
Bodger, E., e. Aug. 22, 1861, trans, to Co. K. 
Cunningham, Samuel, e. Nov. 24, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
Groth, John J., e. Jan. 9, 1804. 
Hindmanj Samuel, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
Young, Hugh, e. Feb. 9, 1864, wd. Atlanta. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Kitner, Herman, e. Feb. 19, 1864. 



ELEVENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mu$tered out a Louisville, Ky., 
July 15, ISOS.'] 

Col. John C. Abercrombie, com. maj. Oct. 10, 1861, prmtd. 
lieut. col. Sept. 1, 1862, com. col. Aug. 7, 1864, m. o. 
Nov. 5, 1864, as lieut. col., term expired. 

Company C. 

Glasgow, John C-, e. Sept. 23, 1861. 

Company F. 

Doran, Edward, e. Sept. 23, 1861, died Feb. 21, 1862. 

Company C. 

Springer, Abraham, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Winder, Thos. C, e. Oct. 17, 1861. 



452 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Company I. 

Crowder, ThoB. N.,e. Nuv. J, 18G1. 

Cruw.ler. John K., e. Nov. 2, 1»01, was prisr. in Co. E, 

l8t Inf. 
Price, Jus. S , e. Jan. i!0, 1864. 
SU-vens, C. E., i-. Oct. I'.i, IM",]. 

Company K. 

First Lieut. Geo. W. Stucker, e. aa priv. Oct. 4, '61, pnntd. 

Ist lieut. Oct. 27, 1804, tiisil. June 3, 18G5. 
Gallllicr, Geo., e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Gecrlmrt, Stephen, c. Sept. 22, 1861, wd. and disd. Oct. 

14. 1^61. 
Newli.iuse, John, e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Shormate, Wni., e. Oct. 6, 1861. 
Stucker, Geo. \V., e. Oct. 4, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 



FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. 

I'NoTK. — ITiis regiment, except veterans and recruits, was 
miutered out at Davenport Nov. 16, ISO/t ; the veterans and 
reeniUs icere consolidated into two companits and called the 
Jieriduary Battery, Fourteenth Infantry, which was mus- 
tered out at Davenport Aug. S, 1S6''.] 

Maj. Hiram Leonard, com. Nov. 6, 1861, reed. Feb. 26, '62. 
Sert't. Maj. Daniel Matson, e. Oct. 18, 1861, trans, to 2d 

Tenn. H. Art. Col. Oct. 29, 1803. 
Fife M«j. Milton J. Seeds, e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. April, 

8, 1863. 

Company C. 

First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24. 1861, trans, to 
4lst Inf. Sept. 1, l.SOJ. 

Company E. 

Cant. Jos. 0. Shannon, com. Nov. 4, 1861,captd.at Shiloh, 

' read. April 8, 1862. 
First Sergt. Jos. Pa.xton, e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. Jan. 8, 

1802, disab. 
Flemry, Alfred, e. Sept. 23, 1861, wd., died at St. Louis. 

Company G. 

Jesper, Peter, Sr., e. October 3l(, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. 

Sept. 9, 1862, disab. 
Lawrence, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 12, 1861. 
Pierson, John A., e. Oct. 11, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 
Young, \Vm., e. Oct. 9, 1861. 

Company K. 

Capt. Wm. J. Campbell, com. Sept. 16, 1861, missing at 

Shiloh April G, 1862. 
First Lieut. Chas. P. King, com. 2d lieut. Nov. 16, 1861, 

wd. at Yellow Bayou, La., prmtd. Ist lieut. Feb. 

16, 1863. 
Second Lieut. Jos. D. McCUire, e. as private April 20, 1861, 

in Co. E, Ist Inf. prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 16, 1863. 
Ser^t. Wm. MiMakin, e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 
Sergt. Jas. H. Guthrie, o. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, 

disd. June 2.'), 1863. 
Sergt. John R. Braden, o. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 4, 1863. 
Sergt Samuel H. Chapman, e. Oct 18, 18G1. 
CoH). Wm. Grey, e. Oct. 18, 1861. 
Corp. Pierson Carman, e. Oct. 28, 1861. 
Corp. John W. Hemphill, e. Oct. 10, '61, disd. Jan. 27, '63. 
Corp. Wm. H. Thomp,son, e. Oct. Ici, 1861. 
Con'. Josiah T. Statler, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, 

trans, for promotion to Ist Mo. Vols. Dec. 11, 1863. 
Corp. John S. Wortz, e. Oct. 22, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 
Corp. L. H. Bruce, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. 

at Yellow Bayou, La., died Sept. 14, 1864. 
Ariel, Jas. A., <■. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, wd. at 

Pleasant Hill, La. 
Agler, Wm. H., e. Oct. l.'j, 1861, kid. at Old Oaks, La. 
Ashlock, Cha». C, e. Nov. 16, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 18G3, 

disab. 
Baker, Lorenzo, e. Nov. 16, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd 

March G, 1863, disab. 
Barton, 51. V., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 

Bridges, Jas. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. 
Bridgis. Arthur, e. Oct 10, 1861, disd. Jan. 20, 1862, disab. 
Bishop, J., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Bell, Wra. R., e. March 13, 186:5, wd. at Tupelo, Miss. 
Baker, Benj.. e. Oct. 26, 1861, died May 18, 1862. 
Bowen, Jas. A., e Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 
Bell, Alex., e. Oct. 14, 1861. 



Cartright, Jas. R., e. Feb. 28, 1863. 

Carmean, Joshua, e. Oct. 28, '61, disd. March 27, '63, disab. 

Calkins, M. B., e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, disd. Feb. 
6, 1863, disab. 

Dolbee, Peter A., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 
15, 1862, dieab. 

Daum, Geo., e. Oct. 22, 1861, disd. April 19, 1862, disab. 

Driskell, E., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Corinth. 

Downer, Eraamiis, e. March 26, 1863. 

Eads, 0. P., e. Nov. 7, 1861. 

Fullenwider, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Fritz, Jacob, e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Gregory, John W., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Grier, Jas. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd at Shiloh. 

Gillet, F., e. Nov. 16, 1861, died at Mound City, 111. 

Goben, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh and Pleas- 
ant Hill, La. 

Hamilton, Reuben, e. Nov. 16, 1861. 

Hamilton, David, e. Nov. 16, 1861. 

Hurd, J. A., e. Oct. 15, 1861, died at Pittsburg Landing. 

Holcraft, John H., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Hemphill, Dan. E., e. Nov. 4, 1861. 

Hopkins, Dan. T., e. Oct 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Haight, Henry, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Hannam, Jos., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Heiser, D. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Hukill, Edward, e. Oct. 28, 1801, wd. at Shiloh. 

Irwin, S. G., e. Oct. 19, 1864, died at Memphis. 

Johnson, Jos. M., e. Oct. 28, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Kimerer, Wm. S., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Littler, H. S., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died May 23, 1864. 

Lewis, Oscar, e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Leonard, H. p., e. Oct. 26, 1801, died Mound City, III. 

Lentz, Wm., e. Oct. 26, 1861, wd. at Donelson, died at 
Mound City, 111. 

Long, Harrison, e. Nov. 4, 1861, disd. Dec. 15, '62, disab. 

Larue, F. B., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

McCIure, E. P.,e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd at Shiloh. 

McClure, Jno. A., e. Oct. 26, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

McClure, James, e. Dec. 25, 1863, died May 11, 1864. 

McCullough, Jno., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Matthews, Wm. A., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

McChesney, Jno., e. Oct. 18, 1861. 

Miller, T., e. Oct. 23, 1861, vet. Dec. 1, 1863. 

Proctor, C. C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Robinson, Lemuel, captd. at Pleasant Hill, La. 

Robeson, J C, e. Nov. 16, 1861. 

Robeson, Jas. H., e. Nov. 16, 1861. 

Robeson, Charles, e. Feb. 28, 18G3. 

Sutherland, Jno. W., e. Oct. 10,1861. 

Sherwood, Wm., e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. July 8, 1862, disab. 

Stall, James, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Sept. 5, 1862, disab. 

Storks, Wm. D., e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Smith, Hopkins, e. Oct. 19,1861. 

Shofe, John, e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 29, 1862, disab. 

Sater, M. J., e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Pleasant Hill, La. 

Stilwell, Charies, e. Oct. 10, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Tubbs, M., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Tennant, D. L., e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

TennanI, Wm. T., o. Oct. 22, 1861. 

Tilton, W. P., e. Oct. 10, 1801, wd. at Shiloh. 

Tyson, Isaac C, e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Trober, Wm., e. Oct. 18, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 

Tracy, Wm. H., e. Oct. 21, 1861. 

Vannice, Abraham, e. Oct. 10, 1861. 

Wall, Thomas M., e. Nov. 16, ISGl, captd. at Shiloh, disd. 
July 22, 1862, disab. 

White, Wm. J. A., e. Oct. 9, 1861. 

W^olch, Jas. D., e. Oct. 6, 1861, died Savannah, Tenn. 

Tearnun, Harvey, e. Oct. 31, 1861. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Sypherd, Jos. S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 



RESIDUARY BATTALION OF THE 
FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. 

Company A. 

First Lieut. Joseph D. McClure, com. Nov. 19, 1864. 
Corp. Joseph H. Sypherd, e. Jan. 5, 1864, from Co. K. 
Bell, Wm. R., e. Jan. 21, 1863, from Co. K. 
Blair, Wm. II., e. Dec. 2, 1863, from Co. K. 
Banta, Jno. C, e. Jan. H, 1863, from Co. K. 
Cartright, Jas. K., e. Aug. 30, 1862, from Co. K. 
Chambers, A. J., e. Dec. 7, 1863, from Va>. K. 
Dowener, E. H., e. March 16, 1863, from Co .K. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



453 



Fullenwider, Jno. H., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. 
Frame, M. J., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. 
Haight, H. C, e. Dec. 1, 1863, from Co. K. 
Johnson, F. M., e. Jan. 18, 1863, from Co. K. 
Miller, T. C, e. Dec. 1,1863, from Co. K. 
Robinson, Charles, e. Aug. 28, 18G3, from Co. K. 
Kobinson, Lemuel, e. Jan. 20, 1863, from Co. K. 
Tyson, Jno. H., e. Dec. 3, 1863, from Co. K. 
Ware, Edw. H., e. Dec. 25, 1863, from Co. K. 

Company B. 

Barrow, James, e. Jan. 4, 1864, from Co. H. 

Chalmers, Geo., e. Jan. 14, 1864, from Co. H, disd- Nov. 

19, 1864. 
Duval, Russell, e. Feb. 2, 1864, from Co. H. 
Jennings, J. B., e. Jan. 1, 1864, from Co. H. 



FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mtistered at Louisville, Ky., 
July U, 1865.] 

Company E. 

Capt. Newton J. Rogers, e. as sergt. Oct. 21, 1861, prmtd. 

2d lieut. July 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Dec. 26, 1862. 
Sergt. Chas. Cady, e. Dec. 2, 1861. 
Sergt. James N. Roberts, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. near Atlanta, 

died at Rome, Ga. 
Corp. Albert Hunter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, wd. 

at Atlanta. 
Corp. Year Porter, e. Oct. 21, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Oct. 

15, 1862. 
Abbott, Jas. A , e. Aug. 19, 1862. 

Anderson, Wm. H., e. Oct 21, 1861, died at Vicksburg. 
Arnold, Jos., e. Oct. 29, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863. 
Arnold, Jas. M., e. Nov. 4, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863, prmtd. 

Corp. 
Chambers, John "W., e. Aug. 29, 1862. 
Clingman, Wm., e. Oct. 21, 1861, died Sept. 12, 1862. 
Clinaman, Aaron, e. Oct. 21,1801, wd. at Shiloh, disd. July 

8, 1862. 
Corkayne, Wm., e. Aug. 29, 1862. 

Davis, Benj., e. Oct. 21, '61, wd. at Shiloh, died at Corinth. 
Doolittle, C, e. Oct. 2, 1861. 

Daily, H. B., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. June 10, 1862, disab. 
Doolittle, Jones, e. Oct. 21, 1861, died June 10, 1862. 
Elliott, F. I., e. Sept. 8, 1862. 
Hickley, H.H., e. Aug. 23, 1862. 
Hall, Wm. e. Nov 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Jagger, Douglas, e. March 6, 1862, died July 15, 1862. 
Jordan, Frank, e. Dec. 29, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
McCord, John, e Oct. 20, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. 
Robinson, H. N., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Rose, Jas. H., e. March 28, 1864. 
Sanders, Wm., e. Oct. 21. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Syster, Lewis M., e. Oct. 21, 1862, wd., died July 14, 1862. 
Smith, John, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died Nov. 13, 1862. 
Seymour, H. C, e. Aug. 23,1862. 
Stuart. Oscar E., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. near 

Atlanta. 
Watson, Otis, e. Oct. 29, 1861. 

Wright, Thomas, e. Feb. 18, '64, wd. and died at Atlanta. 
Warren, Christ, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. 
Warchine, Andrew, e. Dec. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, captd. 

at Canton, Miss. 

Company F. 

Boyer, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Jan. 1, 
1864, prmtd. corp. 

Company H. 

Roth, Fred, e. March 24, 1864. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Middleton, M., e. Feb. 6, 1864. 
Middleton, G., Feb. 6, 1864. 



SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at LouisvilU July 

19, 1865.] 

Adjt. Geo. Lawrence, com. 1st lieut. Co. E Dec. 17, 1861, 
com. adjt. June 1, 1862, kid at luka. 



Company E. 

First Lieut. John A. McElhany, e. as priv. Nov. 14, 1861, 

prmtd. 1st lieut. May 12, 1865. 
Sergt. Austin A. McDowell, e. Nov. 14, '61, kid. at Shiloh. 
Sergt. Wm. S. Stafford, e. Nov. 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. 

June 19, 1862. 
Musician Hugh McLellan, Oct. 7, 1861, disd. Dec. 10, '62, 

disab. 
Brown, Mathew, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died July 26, 1862. 
Johnson, John, e. Nov. 26, 1861, disd. Nov. 4, 1862. 

Company F. 

First Lieut. Wm. S. Sawyer, e. as 1st sergt. Feb. 21, 1862, 
wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 19, 1862, prmtd. 
l8t lieut. Jan. 12, 1863, m. o. March 26, 1865. 

Company K. 

Wollhaf, Gottleib, o. Dec. 22, 1861, died May 7, 1862. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Hanson, Charles, e. Nov. 18, 1864. 
Shepperd, A. C. e. Oct. 4, 1864. 
Tracy, Wm., e. Nov. 28, 1864. 



SEVENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — Thit regiment was miutered out at Louisville July 

S.5, 1865.] 

Col. Clark Russell Weaver, comd. capt. Co. D March 26, 
1862, prmtd. lieut. col. Oct. 15, 1862, prmtd. col. June 
3, 1863, brvt. brig. gen. U. S. V. Feb. 9, 1865, resd. 
June 3, 1865. 

Company C. 

Corp. Thos. Stafford, e. March 26, 1862. 
Spencer, L. W., e. March 3, 1862. 

Company D. 

Capt. John F. Skelton, e. as sergt. March 26,1862, prmtd. 
1st lieut. Dec. 11, 1862, wd. and captd. at Jackson, 
Miss., prmtd. capt. Feb. 11, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga., 
capt. and com. subs. U. S. V. Jan. 23, 1865. 

Second Lieut. Geo. S. Patterson, com. April 3, 1862, dis- 
missed April 17, 1863. 

Sergt. John M. Pringle, e. March 8, 1862. 

Sergt. Wm. Smith, e. March 18, 1862. 

Sergt. A. Clark, e. March 23, '62, wd. at luka, vet. March 
25, 1864, prmtd. com. sergt. 

Corp. C. P. Morris, e. March 9, 1862, wd. at luka. 

Allison, Andrew, e. Feb. 29, 1862. 

Clark, Curtis, e. March 5, 1862, disd., 1862. 

Edington, A. R., e. March 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 11, 1862. 

Lyons, A. E., e. March 23, 1862. 

Lydell, John F., e. March 15, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863. 

Riggs, Jas., e. March 9, 1862. 

Scott, Thomas, e. March 23, 1862, trans. Feb. 15, 1864, to 
Inv. Corps. 

VauHyning, Wm. R., e. March 12, 1862, captd. Tilton, Ga. 

Company F. 

Barns, C, e. April 1, 1862, died April 20, 1862. 
Coleman, E. C, e. March 28, 1862, disd. Oct. 5, '62, disab. 
Coad John A., e. March 28, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
Deburn, Hiram, e. March 28, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 
Logan, D. H., e. Feb. 24, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 

Company I. 

Milner, Theoiore, e. Dec. 7, 1863. 
Smith, Reuben, e. Dec. 8, 1863. 

TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. 

[Note.— This regiment wis mustered out at Washington, D. 
C, June 6, 1S65.] 
Lieut. Col. Fabian Brydolf, com. Sept. 6, 1862, resd. Jan. 

8, 1863. , . „ 

Maj. John L. Perkins, com. capt. Co. D, prmtd. maj. May 

Adit.'samuel W. Snow, com. 1st lieut. Co. E Sept. 27, 
1862. prmtd. adjt. March 1, 1863, wd. Ringgold, Ga., 
capt. and A. A. G., U. S. V., Feb. 3, 1865. 



454 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



A<ljt. Jos. P. Wightman, Jr., e. as private Aug. 22, 1862, 

prmtil adjt. April 20, 1865. 
Serpt. Maj. William F. Conrad, t. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. 

Miiy IS, 18C;5. 
Q. M. S. William Gregg, p. Aug. 22,1862. 
F. Maj. Chaa. Clarke, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Company B. 

Hall, E. C, e. Feb. 10, 1hC4. 

Hebard, E. A., c. Aug. 15, 18112, wd. Vicksburg, trans, to 

Inv. Corps March 15, 1864. 
Laux, Jfihn, e. Jan. 5, 1864, kid. battle Besaca. 
Kitiiir, J. E., e. .\ug. 13, ISOJ, diud at Greenville, Miss. 

Company D. 

('a|.l. Albert A. Perkins, com. 2d lieut. Aug. 28, 1862. 

pruitd. 1st. lieut. Feb. 5, 18(;3, prnitd. capt. May 9, 

l^t;:J, briv. maj. U. S. Vols. March 13, 1865, A. D. 0. 

t.) Maj. Gen. Osterhaus March 18, 1865. 
First I/ii'ut. Robert M. Seaman, com. Sept. 27, 1862, died 

Burlington, Iowa. 
Second Lieut. Lewis G. Walters, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862, 

prmtd. 2d lieut. 5Iay 2, 1865, m. o. as Ist sergt. 
Sergt. John L. Councell, e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Ring- 
gold, Ga., trans, to V. R. C. June 15, 1864. 
Sergt. Theo. Volz, e. July 31, 1862. 
Sergt. A. D. Lockwood, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Mill Creek, 

N. C. 
Sergt. Geo. Kuff, e. July 21, 1862. 
Sergt. Geo. T. Coe, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps 

Sept. 1, 1863. 
Sergt. Jas. N. Barlow, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Atlanta 

and Cavis Spring, Ga. 
Sergt. Edward Hay, e. Aug. 22,1862, captd. Kenesaw Mt. 
Sergt. F. W. Boesch, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Mill Creek, N. 

C., died at Goldsboro, N. C. 
Sergt. X. M. Redding, e. Aug. 12, 18G2, kid. Tuscumbia, 

Ala. 
Corp. John A. Johnson, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Arkansas 

Post. 
Corp. H. J. Brugge, e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
Corii. M. J. Bryson, e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
Corp. II. L. Buttles, e. July 30, 1862. 
Corp. H. Beck, e. July 30, 1862, kid. Vicksburg. 
Corp. Oscar A. Stout, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Atlanta, captd. 

Hickory Hills, S. C. 
Musician D. J. Spencer, e. Aug. 6, 1802, wd. Jonesboro, 

Ga. 
Musician George E. Dennis, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Fifer A. L. Winta, e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans. for pnntn. U. S. 

Col. Troops Oct. 22, 1864. 
Wagoner John C. Murphy, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at 

Sparta, III. 
A ■■tell, Robert, e. July 29, 1802. 
Badley, '/.., e. Aug. 12", 18G2,died Cairo, 111. 
Bridges, Arthur, e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
Bloomer, Jas. D., t. Aug. 7, 1862, died Oct. 29, 1862. 
Burkhart, F. A., e. Aiig. 22, 1862, died St. Louis. 
Bacher, Jacob, e. Aug. 5, 1802, died Helena, Ark. 
Bf^rk, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, 1802. 
Chase, Jas. H., e. Aug. 8, 1802, died St. Louis. 
Clark, Hobart, e. July 29, 1802, disd. Feb. 8, 1804, disab. 
Dennis, .Fohn Q., e Aug 15, 1862, kid. Arkansas Post. 
Dennis, J. A., e. Aug. 1, 1802. 

Evorsnian, Geo., e. Aug. 6. 1862, wd. Mill Creek, N. C 
Fairchilds, M., e. Oct. 17, 1862. 
Fischer, Ilonry, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. Vicksburg. 
Fox, A. M., e. Auf .15, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post. 
Fox, C. E., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Garrison, John W., e. Aug. 4, 1862, died at Young's 

Point, La. 
Granaman, H.,e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. Atlanta. 
Oough, John T., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, 

disab. 
Garling, C, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Jan. 25, 1863, on steamer 

Champion. 
Gi'llii", James, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
nillitbrant, James D., e. Aug. 22,1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1803, 

disali. 
Hallar, I'aspar, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Helnu-igh, Joslah, e. Aug. 6, 1802. 
Hulson, J. I., Aug. 6, 1862. 
Hen.lrick, C. D., e. Aug. 14,1862, died on hospital str. 

March 26, 18&3. 
Irwin, Samuel G., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Oct. 10, 1862, 

■li.iab. ' 

Ja. kson, L. D., e. Aug. 20, 1802, died Dec. 7. 1862. 
JarviB, James, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. Ringgold, Ga. 



Johnson, C. 0., e. Aug. 5, 1862, died on str. Nashville April 

25, 1865. 
Korf, Ilenrj-, e. Aug. 14, 1802. 
Kullenbeck, John F., e. Aug. 14, 1802. 
Lichtenberg, C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Camp Sherman, 

Miss. 
Myers, Joseph, e. Aug. 21, 1862, disd. March 4, 1863, 

disab. 
Miller, E. A., e. Aug. 12, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps March 

15, 1864. 
Mufgrove. William T., e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Mitchell, H. H., e. Aug. 14, 1802, wd. Arkansas Post, disd. 

April 10, 186.3, disab. 
Nealey, D. H., e. Aug. 23, 1862, died Camp Sherman. 
Raushor, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. 
Sisler, John W., e. Aug. 21, 1802, died Dec. 22, 1862. 
Smith, Geo. D., e. Aug. 4, 1802, trans, to Inv. Corps Sept. 

1, 1803. 
Shrader, Casper, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Seamans, Geo. S., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died on hospital boat 

Feb. 5, 1802. 
Sulzer, John, e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. Feb. 18,1863, disab. 
Stoddard, Charles N., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Mill Creek, 

N. C. 
Underwood, D. B., e. Aug. 2, 1862, died Memphis. 
Ubbelohde, G., e. Aug. 11, 1802, died Bridgeport, Ala. 
Walker, L., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died St. Louis. 
Work, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. March 

15, 1804. 
Woodmansee, L. J., e. Aug. 0, 1S62, died. April 18, 1863, 

disab. 

Company E. 

Capt. John N. Bell, com. Sept. 27, 1802, wd. at Arkansas 

Post. 
First Lieut. John W. Shaefer, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 27, 1862, 

prmtd. 1st lieut. March 1, 1803. 
Second Lieut. John 6. Davidson, e. as private Aug. 19, 

1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. March 1, 1863. 
Sergt. James S. Spencer, e. Aug. 15, 1802, wd. at Vicks- 
burg, trans, for promotion to 1st Miss. Vols. Feb. 23, 

1804. 
Sergt. E. Davis, e. July 28, 1802, died at Memphis. 
Sergt. Thos. G. Troxell, e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Sergt. Jacob Cline, e. July 21, 1862, wd. at Ringgold, Ga,, 

wd. at Bentonville, N. C. 
Sergt. Thos. R. Acres, e. July 18, 1862. 
Sergt. John S. Dodge, e. July 24, 1802. 
Sergt. Nick Coquet, e. July 5, 1802. 
Sergt. Geo. W. Hoover, e. Aug. 11, 1802, disd. April 10, 

1803, disab. 
Corp. Richard Dressel, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. March 28, 

1803,di.sab. 
Corp. Martin Whitehead, e. July 19, 1862, disd. July 29, 

1803, disab. 
Corp. Geo. Ward, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Corp. D. C. Shultz, e. Aug. 20, 1862. 
Corp. L. Bl. Wilson, e. Aug. 2, 1802, wd. at Ringgold, Ga., 

kid. at Jonesboro, Ga. 
Corp. A. B. Dunham, e. July 19, 1802. 
Corp. E. S. Kendall, e. July 25, 1862. 
Corp. Robt. Turner, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Musician H. V.Foote, e.Nov.2, 1862, died at Walnut Hills, 

Miss. 
Musician W. L. Gamage, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Wagoner E. A. Holland, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Arkansas 

Post, died at Memphis. 
Wagoner Arnold RoUin, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Anderson, Charles G., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Kenesaw 

Mountain. 
Benkert, Edw., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Bryan. Thos. P., e. Feb. 25, 1864. 
Butt, William, e. Feb. 25, 1864. 
Bauman, Chas., e. Aug. 4, 1862. 

Bauman, William, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. 
Brucker, Lewis, e Aug. 12, 1862. 

Brucker, Joseph E , e. Oct. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, '03, disab. 
Burns, John, e. July '^2, 1802, wd. at Vicksburg, trans, to 

Inv. Corps Sept. 3, 1803. 
Borger, Samuel U., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Breece, Joseph, e. Aug. 2, 1802. 
Burge, John A., e. July 21, 1862. 
Bangs, E. C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Baker, F. B., Aug. 15, 1862. 
Casteel, Jas. A., e. Aug. 2. 1862. 
Casteel, Wm. A., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Davis, E. B., e. Aug. 12, 1802. 

Davison, Benj. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
Donahue, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Elliott, Griffith, e. Oct. 29, 1862, died at St. Louis. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



455 



Ennis, Wm. H., e. July 31, 1862. 

Earnest David, e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps, died 

Oct. 22, 1863. 
Fleming, James, N. e. July 19, 1862. 
Gregg, Robert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Gasman, William B., e. Aug, 2, 1862. 
Gross, Charles, e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Gubser, J., e. July 29, 1862, wd. at Vickiburg, died at 

Memphis. 
Grieves, William, e. July 28, 1862., died Nov. 17, 1862. 
Grieves, Robert, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Gregg, William, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 

Gregg, v., e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. July 1, 1864. 
Gant, James, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Hollander, Homer, e. Aug. 13,1862. 
Holland, E. A., e. Aug 22, 1862. 
Hanna, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Hunter, David, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Hoover, Martin, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Hilleary, Lewis R., e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Hoover, Daniel, e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
Hohmbraker, G., e. July 23, 1862. 
Holden, Dennis, e. July 31, 1862. 
Jengel, Jacob, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
King, Joseph L.. e. Aug. 7, 1862. 

Layton, James B., e. July 30, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
Limburg, A. W., e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Sept. 11, '63, disab. 
Murphy, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862 
Mester, Fritz, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. 
Newcomb, Lucius, e. Aug. 21, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, 

died at Walnut Hills, Miss. 
Peterson, S. F., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Arkansas Post. 
Renz, Charles L., e. July 30, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post 

and Cherokee, Ala., died at Memphis. 
Stover, Frazier, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Shultz, John, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Shultz, Daniel, e. Feb. 25, 1864. 

Schuler, Joseph, e. July 31, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, '63, disab. 
Schrei, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Steingraber, W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. Kenesaw Mountain. 
Shafer, Joseph, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Sept. 29. 1864, disab. 
Taylor, H. W , e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Tallman, John C, e. July 30, 1862. 
Weirs, F., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Wightman, J. P., Jr., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Wade, Seth, e. AugJ 11, 1862. 
Williamson, William B., e. July 24, 1862. 
Wagg, Thomas, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 

W^atson, Hugh, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. April 8, '63, disab. 
Yearly, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at East Pt, Ga. 
Young, H. L., e. July 21, 1862. 

Company F. 

Sergeant, E. M., e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, disd 
June 25, 1863, disab. 

Company G. 

Capt. Jos. Utter, com. Sept. 27, 1862. 

First Lieut. Brainard D. Harper, com. Sept. 27, 1862, read. 

Aug. 3, 1863. 
First Lieut. Wra. J. Tizzard, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 27, 1862, 

prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 4, 1863. 
Second Lieut. Wm. D. Morton, e. as sergt. Aug. 15, 1862, 

prmtd. 2d lieut. May 2, 1865. 
Sergt. Reuben Shiffert, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Vicksburg. 
Sergt. Johnson Jacoby, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
Sergt. John L. Pierson, e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. Walnut Hills, 

Miss., disd June 23, 1863, disab. 
Sergt. Isaac P. Mathews, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. Resaca. 
Sergt. Spence Johnson, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Jan. 19, '63. 
Corp. Wm. Rankin, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Corp. Jas. E. Sargent, e. July 26, 1862, died at Young's 

Point, La. 
Corp. Isaac Ward, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
Corp. James Sargent, e. July 26, 1862, died on steamer 

Champion. 
Corp. Cornelius Wilkin, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Corp. Clarence J. Lemen, e. Aug. 20, 1862, trans, for 

prmtn. 128th Regt. U. S. Col. troops, March 26, '65. 
Corp. Chas. Ackles, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Feb. 28, 1863, 

disab. 
Corp. John G. Davis, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Corp. Peter Rusch, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Musician H. C. Watt, e. Aug. 23, 1862. 
Musician Chas. Clark, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Wagoner Milton Salladay, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. April 4, 

1863, disab. 
Wagoner Isaac B. S. Nelson, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to V. 

R. C. March 15, 1864. 



Adair, Sam'l, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died at Milliken's Bend. 

Aitken, Jno., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 

Barnhart, Jacob B., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Arkansas Post, 

died on steamer D. A. January. 
Barton, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Rome, Ga. 
Baner, John, e. Aug. 22, 1864. 

Boner, Benj. F., e. Aug. 18, 1862, died Young's Pt., La. 
Bundy, Nelson, e. July 29, 1862, wd. Lovejoy's Station,Ga. 
Chinnith, James, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 

Gulp, Geo., e. Jan. 18, 1864, kid. at Kenesaw Mountain. 
Clark, Jas. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Clark, Robt., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Bentonville, N. C. 
Claypool, C. R., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Close, H. J., e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. Tuscumbia, Ala., died 

Danville, Va. 
Conrad, Wm. F., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Crawford, C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
Duckendorf, N., e. Oct. 5, 1864. 
Daily, Aaron, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
Daily, Wm. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Nashville. 
Fordney, Francis, e. Oct. 7,1864. 
Farroll, John, e. Oct. 20, 1862, wd. at Ringgol4, Ga. 
Fetrow, Jno. W., e. Oct. 21, 1862. 
Follett, Calvin, e. Oct. 6, 1862. 
Grupe, D., e. Dec. 31, 1863. 
Gilbert, Wm. F., e. July 26, 1862. 

Goben, James, e. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. March 21, '63, disab. 
Goundrey, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps 

Sept. 1, 1863. 
Holland, R. H., e. Oct. 22, 1862, disd. June 27, '63, disab. 
Hall, R., e. July 29, 1862. 
Herman, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Hill, Albert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Hill, George, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 9, 1863, disab. 
Hinson, M., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Woodville, Ala. 
Hodges, Scott, e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
Hodges, Robert, e. Aug. 21, 1862, died Jan. 26, 1863, 
Houseworth, Isaac, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. 
Jacoby, Sebastian, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
Judd, David, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Ringgold, Ga. 
Keller, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Kelly, Jas. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, dind 

Jan. 12, 1863. 
Kelly, Richard, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Little, John, e. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Meyers, John L., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Mower, Jas. E., e. Oct. 7, 1864. 
Mott, Jos., e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Minard, Jas., e. Jan. 5. 1864. 
Morrison, Fisher, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, disd. 

Aug. 6, 1863, wds. 
Morrow, Wm. R., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died Young's Pt., La. 
Murphy, Thos., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Dallas, Ga. 
Myers, Samuel J., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died on transport Jan. 

30, 1863. 
McCandless, Isaac, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Vicksburg. 
McCune, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 

McGuire, Andrew, e. Aug. 21, 1862, kid. at Arkansas Post. 
McKee, H. C, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. April 26,1863, disab. 
McLane, Isaac, e. Aug. 22, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Jan. 

15, 1864. 
McLarnon, Hugh, e. Aug. 21, 1862, missing Vicksburg. 
Nicholson, Wm., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
Parks, F. J., e. Aug. 20, 1862. 

Pattison, John, e. Aug. 21, 1862, wd. place unknown. 
Pelein, Alex., e. Aug. 11, 1861, died Black River Bridge, 

Miss. 
Pierson, John L., e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Proudfit, Isaac, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Jan. 12, 1863. 
Reese. John 6., e. Aug. 21, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Rice, Jus. D., e. Aug. 20, 1862. 
Rice, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Rigsby, Arch, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Roth, Jno. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Rouse Geo. A., e. Aug. 21, 1862, kid. in Arkansas Post. 
Schell, Chas. F. W., e. Dec. 31, 1862. 
Sargent, Geo. W., e. July 26, 1862, disd. June 11, '63, disab. 
Shepbard, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862, .wd. in Vicksburg. 
fepangler, Conrad, e. Aug. 20, 1862. 
Steel, S. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
Storer, Richard, e. Aug. 20, 1862, died at Burlington. 
Todd, El', e. Aug. 15, 186', trans, to Inv. C. Dec. 15, 1863. 
Todd, Israel, e. Aug. 15, 1802, disd. March 13, 1863, disab. 
Verts, Geo. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862. 

Vanosdel, Jno. W., e. Aug. 20, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863. 
Ward, Jno. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. 

Oct. 21.1863. 
Wehmer, Wm. E., e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. at Ringgold, Ga., 

and Raleigh, N. C. 
Willem, Andrew, e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 



456 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Wllion, C. S., e. Aug. 16, 18G2. 

Wolfo, Jacob, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. in battle of Vicksburg, 

(tied in Memphis. 
West, Erick, e. Oct. G, 1864. 
Watson, Andrew, e. Dot. ."), 1864. 
W»rd, Edw., e. Feb. 22, 18G4. 

Company H. 

Johnson, Calvin, e. Oct. 7, 1864. 

Company I. 

Cox, A. L., e. March 24, 1>J64. 

Company K. 

Capt. Wm. F. Conrad, prratd. sergt. maj., prmtd. capt. Jan. 

1, 1803, captd. at Kaymond, Miss. 
First Lieut. Jas. M. Tibbetts. e. as sergt. Aug. 7, 1862, 

prmtd. 2d lieiit. June 10, 1863, prmtd. Ist lieut. Aug. 

22, 1863. 
Bishop, James S., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Bishop, Jno. R., e. March 7, 1864. 
Burge, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22. 1862. 
Burnett, C. L., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
r«lg»n. Thus., c. Aug. 18, 1862. 
Hobson, A. D , e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Linder, Wm. L., e. Aug. 15, li«62. 
Miller, Jno. L., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
Miller, Jno. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Miller, A. M., e. Avig. 1,5, 1862. 
Miller. W. R., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Mt. Pleasant. 
McNeil, Samuel N., e. Aug. 9. 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
McCune, Jno. H., e. Aug. 19, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
Michaels, Jas. H., e. Sept. 22, 1862, died at Young's Pt., La 
Newhouse, Jas. H., e. Auff. 22, 1862. 
Philpott, Jas. .M., e. Aug 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post 

disd. April 4, 1863. 
Stanley, C. C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post. 
Scott, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Talbot, Jns., 6. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Virgin, James M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
Virgin. A. J., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died 

on steamer D. A. January. 

Company unknown. 

Carroll, Jas., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Grupe, Durbin, e. Dec. 31, 1863. 
Keeler, David,^. Jan. 4, 1864. 
IjHux, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Little, John, e. Jan. 1, 1864 
Minerd, Jas. P., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Schell, Chas. F. W., e. Dec 30, 1863. 
Dodge, 11. L., e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
Mendeihall, Jos. F., e. Feb. 27, 1864. 
Murphey, M., e. March 16, 1864. 
Venz, Lewis, M. C, e. March 18, 1861. 



THIRTIETH INFANTRY. 

[Note.— r/iM regiment wa» muttered out at Washinaton. 
D. v., June ,\ ISG-',.] " ' 

Lieut. Col. Aurelius Roberts, com. capt. Co. Sept 23 

1862, prnild. lieut. col. May 29, 1863. ' 

Adjt. James M. Smith, e. as corp. Co. C Aug. 9, 1862, 

prmtd. 2d lieut. May 30, 1863, prmtd. adjt. April 

1, 1864 
Drum Maj Moses F. Campbell, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. June 

7, 1863, disab. 

Company C. 

Capt. Samuel B. H( izir, .>. as sergt. July 28, 1862, was 

private in Ist Inf., prmtd. Ist lieut. May 30, 1863 

prmtd. capt. Juno 15, 1864. 
First Lieut. John P. Matthews, com. Sept. 23, 1862 resd 

March 2, 1863. 
First Lieut. James B. McCray, e. as sergt. Aug. 3, 1862 

prmtd. sergt. maj. then Ist lieut. June 15, 1864 ' 

Sergt. .Samuel S. Perry, c. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
Sergt. John B. Downer, e. Aug. 4, 1862, trans, to V R 

<'. Aug. lo, 1864. 
Sergt. Thomas S. Smith, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg 
Sergt Thomas Bell, c. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, 

AIh., di8(l Jan. 26, 1865. 
Cori^ Wm. P. Perry, e. Aug. 8, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. 

Sept. 30, 1863. ^ ' 

Corp. M. E. lligirson, e. July 26, 1862, captd., died while 

pnsonor at Richmond. 



Corp. Thos. S. Canfiold, e. Aug. 25, 1862, died at Young's 

Point, La. 
Corp. Jas. M. Smith, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Corp. H. C. Cosens, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Corp. A. P. Jackson, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
Corp. Jas. H. Latty, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Corp. Orville Swank, e. Aug. 9, 1861, died at Keokuk. 
Corp. Wm. Henderson, e. Aug. 4, 1862, kid. at battle of 

Arkansas Post. 
Musician Thomas E. Yost, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. accident- 
ally, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. 
Anderson, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Cherokee, Ala. 
Barnhill, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, captd. 

at Black River Bridge, Miss. 
Bain, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 30, 1863, disab. 
Bain, Sylvester, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Oct. 12, 1862. 
Bain, William, e. Aug. 9. 1862, disd. June 21, 1865. 
Bridwell, E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 16, 1863. 
Bayles, J. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 
Bishop. L. J., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Jan. 28, 1863, disab. 
Braden, Jno. A., e. Aug. 19, '62, disd. Sept. 5, 1863, disab. 
Berry, Jno. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
Bantle, Jno., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died near Lake Providence, 

La. 
Crawford, Marcus, e. Aug. 5, 1862, died at Black River 

Bridge, Miss. 
Crawford, D., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Carmean, David, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Atlanta, 
Calderwood, Alex., e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. for disability. 
Chichester, Jas. E., e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
Carl, Jno. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Darlington, Wm. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Day, Geo. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Davis, Thomas, e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and 

Keuesaw Mountiiin, disd. March 20, 1865. 
Davis, 0. H , e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died 

at Black River Bridge, Miss. 
Downei, Benson, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 6, '63, disab. 
Earnest, Jno. T.. e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg, disd. 

April 4, 1864. 
Forode, Jno. W., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
Fetterman, Jno. M., c. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Resaca. 
Garmaway, R., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
Gilson, Leonard, e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Feb. 

6, 1864. 
Goodwin, A. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Resaca, disd. May 

24, 1865. 
Gilmore, A. B., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Davenport. 
Goodwin, Lewis, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps 

Sept. 16, 1863. 
Hully, Chas. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Aug. 8, 1863, disib. 
Hully, Geo H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died 

at Black River, Bliss. 
Hixon, N. B., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, trans, to 

Inv. Corps Sept. 30, 1863. 
Hixon, D. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. 

Nov. .30, 1863. 
Heizer, M. L., e. Sept. 10, 1862. 
Howe, Jno. W., e. Aug. 9, 1864, wd. at Arkansas Post and 

Atlanta. 
Hannam, Jno. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Resaca. 
Hannam, Samuel, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
Huling, Edward T., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Atlanta. 
Husted, Thos. M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and 

Kenesaw Mountain. 
Harris, Geo. W., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Memphis. 
Hedges, Benj. F., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, 

died on steamer D. A. January. 
Hedges, Cyrus, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, disd. 

July 10, 1865. 
Hedges, Gideon, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer City of 

Memphis. 
King, W. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, died 

at Memphis. 
Knight, Jno., Aug 7, 1862. 
Larkin, A. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, kid. at Resaca. 
Larkin, A. B., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. at Cherokee, disd. 

Feb. 3, 1864, disab. 
Luty, Henry. 

Loper, L. D., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 15, 1863, disab. 
Long, Wm. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died at Marietta, Ga. 
Lockhart, B. R., e. Aug. 11, 1802. 

Loyd, Jos. A., e. Oct. 15, 1801, wd. at Vicksburg and Re- 
saca, disd. June 1, 1865. 
Miller, M. M., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
Mitchell, Jas. R., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. 
McMullen, R. T., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
McBride, Wm. N., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 

Nichols, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. June 7, 1863, disab. 
Nelson, John, e. Aug, 9, 1862, died at Young's Point. 




^ 



\ * 




HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



459 



Osborn, Andrew, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 7, 1863, disab. 

Olson, Wni., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. May 5, 1863. 

Proctor, Wm., e. July 12, 1862. 

Perry, A. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 27, 1863, diaab. 

Prugli, Jos. W., e. Aug. 7, 1864. 

Kamsey, T. F., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. April 19, 1863. 

Katliff, L. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 

Riepe, Jno. H , e. Dec. 29, 1863. 

Ries, C. J., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 

Smith, Rankin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Resaca. 

Smith, C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Arkansas Post, disd. 
April 23, 1863. 

Stewart, Jos. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 

Stewart, Wm., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. May 22, 1863, died at 
Black River Bridge. 

Sheppard, Jno. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 

True, Geo. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at St. Louis. 

Tucker, Jas. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. at Resaca. 

Thornton, 0. E., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 

Vaughn, Wm. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. at "Vicksburg. 

Vannice, L. M., e. Aug. 4, 1862. 

Wilson, Geo., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on steamer D. A. Jan- 
uary. 

Ward, Patrick, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 

Wycoff, N. P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 

Zion, Geo. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 

Company E, 

Hug, Charles, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 

Company F. 

Moses, Chester, c. Aug. 28, 1862. 

Company I. 

Buck, Adelbert, e. Feb. 22, 1864. 

Blanchard, Wm., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 

Miller, William, e. Feb. 22, 1864. 

Rees, Abram, e Feb. 22, 1864. 

Storms, John J., e. Feb. 22, 1864. 

Wood, James, e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. Jonesboro, Ga. 

Company K. 

Waddell, Isaac, e. Aug. 16, 1862. 



THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment ivas mustered out at Davenport; 
dale not given in Adjutant General's Report.] 

Company C. 

Aklns, John B., e. Sept. 15, 1862, died at St. Louis. 

Company C, 

Capt. Joel Stover, com. Dec. 15, 1862. 

Second Lieut. Henry Swan, com. Dec. 15, 1862, resd. Dec. 

16, 1863. 
Second Lieut. Samuel B. Burge, e. as sergt. Oct. 15, 1862, 

praitd. 2d lieut. Dec. 12, 1863. 
Sergt. Robert McClure, e. Sept. 29, 1862. 
Corp. Andrew B. Carl, e. Nov. 3, 1862, disd. Nov. 30, 

1863, disab. 
Corp. Thomas Virgin, e. Sept. 16, 1862, disd. April 22, 

1865, disab. 
■Corp. E. W. Dalashmutt, e. Sept. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 

1865, disab. 
Bowers, Samuel, e. Oct. 8, 1861, died at Alton, 111. 
Bell, Jacob G., e. Sept. 23, 1862. 

Burk. Lemmon, e. Oct. 4, 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1864, disab. 
Bennett. Daniel, e. Oct. 16, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. 
Bitley, Wm. L., e. Dec. 29, 1863. 

Backer, John, e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. 
Caldwell, Henry, e. Sept. 23, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, '64, disab. 
Fairbanks, Benj. F., e. Sept. 1, 1862. 
Kirchoff, Wm , e. Oct. 7, 1862. 

Moter, Peter, e. Sept. 8, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1864, disab. 
Morrison, John, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. Oct. 16, '63, disab. 
Merrick, Hiram, e. Oct. 6, 1862. 
Nowlan, Samuel, e. Oct. 10, 1862, disd. April 10, 1865, 

disab. 
Power, Geo. W., e. Nov. 7, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. 
Ree.1, E., e. Sept. 13, 1862, disd. July 4, 1864, disab. 
Staff, Ghas. M., e. Oct. 16, 1862. 
Saylor, Isaac, e. Sept. 20, 1862, died at Rock Island. 
7-ender, Genhard, e. Sept, 19, 1862. 



Company H. 

Kirk, Granville, e. Nov. 26, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Nowlan, Simon, e. Oct. 10, 1862. 
Strothman, John H., e. Oct. 25, 1862. 

Company I. 

Gentry, James, e. Sept. 15, 1862. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Gebhard, George J., e. Dec. 30, 1862. 



THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. 

[Note — This regiment was mustered out at Washington 
D. C, June 5, 1SG5.] 

Company C. 

Capt. Charles A. Cameron, com. Nov. 24, 1862. 

First Lieut. Robert J. Wright, elected 1st lieut. of Co., 
but died Oct. 17, 1862. 

First Lieut. Jerry K. Wetzel, com. 2d lieut. Nov. 24, '62, 
prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. 

Second Lieut. Wm. C. Ghost, e. as 1st sergt. Aug. 16, '62, 
prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1863. 

Sergt. John Clymer, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Sergt. John T. Cameron, e. Aug. 20, 1862. 

Sergt. R. M. Hartzell, e. Aug. 16, 1862, captd. Allatoona. 

Sergt. A. L. McMiohael, e. Aug. 16, 1862, kid. Allatoona. 

Corp. John B. Kline, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Corp. Elliott Lines, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady 
Grove, Tenn., wd. at Allatoona. 

Corp. H. W. Walkinshaw, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd at 
Allatoona. 

Coi-p. Wm. Y. Dougherty, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Corp. Abraham McCullough, e Aug. 22, 1862, died. Jan. 
13, 1862. 

Corp. Byron Ackerman, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Corp. Gideon Hall, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Jackson, Tenn. 

Corp. Isaac N. Power, e. Aug. 20, 1862, kid. Allatoona. 

Corp. J. H. Seifreed, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. June 25, 
1864, disab. 

Corp. D. M. Clark, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. April 26, 1864, 
disab. 

Musician E. S. Huston, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Albright, Chas. H., e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. at Parker's 
Cross Roads, Tenn. 

Albright, Geo. A., e. Deo. 29, 1863. 

Altenan, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862, kid. at Allatoona. 

Ashbau,E. A., e. Aug. 16, 1862. 

Bazel, Samuel C, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Parker's Cross 
Roads, died at Jeffersonville, Ind. 

Blood, Martin, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 

Baird, John L., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Parker's Cross 
Roads. 

Cockayne, H. C, e. Dec. 29, 1863, kid. at Allatoona. 

Clark, John M., e. Aug. 16, 1862. 

Cunningham, John B., e. Jan. 25, 1864, captd. at Alla- 
toona, Ga. 
Callen, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Cross, Jos. W., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Coyne, Patrick, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Cubit, Thomas, e. Aug. 22, 186i^ drowned at Riggs Grove, 

Union Co. 
Dugan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, '64, disab. 
Davis, D. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Franks, A. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Gulick, Wm., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at Corinth, 
Gowdy, Henry, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Gillett, Wm. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Hannum, Robert, e. Aug. 16, 1862. 
Halm, Benj. F., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Jones, Divid R., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Jones, Daniel, Aug. 22, 1862. 
Jones, John M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Kynett, M^m. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Kynett, J. E., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona. 
Kurtz, Solomon, e. Aug 22, 1862. 

Kline, Jos., e. Aug. 20, 1862, captd. Parker's Cross Roads. 
Kortz, Jas. M., e. Aug. 29, 1862, disd. May 27, 1865. 
Lefforge, Melville, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Lines, Lewis, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona. 
Logan, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn. 
Lewis, Jos., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Lloyd, Jos.,e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Moffatt, James, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Mehan, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. Shady Grove, Tenn, 



460 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Moore, A. C, e. Aug. 22, 18r,2, wd. at Allatoona, diefl at 

Itonip, Ga. 
McLaughlin, Win., i-. Aug. 22, 1802, captd. at Shady 

lirove, Tenn., wd. at Allatoona. 
McC'oiiaughy, A. J. M., i-. Aug. 22, 1802. 
McCalloni, Owen, e. Aug. 2, 1802, captd. at Shady Grove, 

Tenn., and Allatoona, (3a. 
(irr, .M. v., e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Orr, Andi-rson T., e. Aun- 22, 1802. 
Power, Wm. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Allatoona, disd. 

July 28, 180o. 
ring. Matthias, e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Ping, RoM. G., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Painton, Thoc, e. Aug. 10, 1802. 
Bwd, Samuel, e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Keif, Philip, .-. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Bemaly, Ihivid, c. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Sweeiiv, John, e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Spencer, David, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Tollhatt, Edw., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
Timniemian, C, e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Tucker, Jas., e. Aug. 22. 1802. 
Vandeuiark, Zury, e. Aug. 10, 1862. 
Vance, Peter, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
W'altei-, Itobert, e. Aug. 22, 1802. 
Welch, Lawrence, Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Shady Grove, 

Tenn. 



FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment from Fourteenth Infantry befame 
pari of Seventh Cavalry April -'.", 1SGJ.\ 

Company A. 

Corp. Samuel W. Davis, e. Oct. 23, 1861. 
Bedwell, Henry, e. Oct. 23, 1801. 
Coad, Thos., e. Oct. 23, 1801. 
Dodds, Jno. H., e. Oct. 23, 1861. 
Dodd3, J. R., c. Aug. 29, 1862. 
Lotupeitch, Lyman Z., e. Oct. 23, 1861. 
Powell, Morton, c Oct. 23, 1861. 
Wood, Absalom, e. Oct. 23, 1801. 
Zion, Isaac, e. Oct. 23, 1S61. 

Company E. 

First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24, 18G1. 

First Sergt. Wm. Emerssn, e. Sept. 25, 1861. 

Sergt. Lucis Crumb, c. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. May 21, 1863, 

diijHb. 
Sergt. Augustus Killough, e. Sept. 17, 1861. 
Corp. Geo. Jenkins, e. Oct. 2, 1861. 
Corp. Wm. Williams, e. Sept. 16, 1861. 
Corp. Henry Wanzer, e. Sept. 23, 1861. 
Harlow, Fmnk, e. Sept. 25, 1861. 
Cushman, E., e. Oct. 13, 1802. 
Elliott, Wm. F., e. Oct. 1, 1862. 
Hendee, Wm. H., e. Sept. 25, 1861. 
Kline, Theo., e. Oct. 2, 1861. 
Rodgers, Thos., e. Sept. 18, 1861. 
Sisk, Jesse A., e. Oct. 7, 1861. 



1(0RTY-FIFTH. INFANTRY. 

nOO Days). 

[Note. — 27ii« regiment trai mustered out at Kecktik Sept. 
IV, 180/,.] 

Prill. Musiciati Muscp F. CamplicU, e. May 2, 1864. 

Company F. 

dipt. Itrainard D. Harper, com. May 25, 1804. 
First Lieut. Aluam W. Roland, com". May 25, 1804. 
Second Lieut. Wm. S. Iiarling, com. May 26, 1864. 
Sergt. Ross M. Biggs, e. May !», 1864. 
Sergt. Mathew M. Henry, e." May 2, 1864. 
Sergt. Robt. N. Ileisey, e. April 30, 1804, 
Sergt. Harry M. Duntier, c. April 30, 1864. 
Corp. Wni. H. Rice, e. April 30, 1864. 
Corji. Gould J. Brown, e. April 30, 1864. 
Corp. Sheldon Hawley, e. April 30, 1804. 
Corji. Jacob Bumgardner, e. May 2, l,s(i4. 
Corp. Emil Rundorf, e. Ajiril 30. 1804. 
Musician A. P. McClun-, e. April .30, IH04. 
Musician Geo. W. Eads, u. May 10, 1804. 
Wagoner Marshall Morgan, e. May 5, 1864. 



Acres, Henry, e. April 30, 1864, 

Bailey, John, e. May 10, 1864. 

Barton, Asa, e. April 29, 1864. 

Brown, John L., e. April 30, 1864. 

Brown, Plyn, e. April 30, 1864. 

Barnhill, John M., c. May 10, 1864. 

Burgett, J. M., e. May 12, 1864. 

Clark, C, e. May 6, 1864. 

Depperman, Herman, e. April 30, 1804. 

Fuller, Joseph, e. May 2, 1804. 

Foley, Jno. H., e. May 13,1864. 

Forney,Jno. H., e. May 12, 1864. 

Fetterman, Isaac, e. May 14, 1864. 

Funk, Jno. S., e. May 13, 1804. 

Grannemann, Jno., e. April 30, 1864. 

Granneniaiin, Wm., e. May 5, 1864. 

Gregg, Wm., e. May 4, 1864. 

Gilmore, John, e. April 30, 1864. 

Gaunaway, Wm., e. May 5, 1804. 

Gulick, Amos, e. May 13, 1864. 

Hall, Edw., e. May 3, 1864. 

Jacoby, Jno. S., e. May 11, 1804. 

Johnson, Francis, e. May 16, 1864. 

Knouse, W. J., e. May 2, 1864. 

Losier, Simon, e. May 2, 1864. 

Lemberger, Jno. L., e. April 30, 1864, 

Lockart, Alex., e. May 5, 1864. 

Lewis, N. A., e. May 5, 1864. 

McCash, Chas. A., e. April 30, 1864. 

Marshall. John T., e. May 5, 1864. 

Miller, John, e. May 16, 18fi4. 

Miller, J. B., e. May 5, 1864. 

Miller, Geo. C. W., e. May 12, 1864, died Memphis, Tenn.-, 

McPartland, John, e. May 8, 1864. 

Maxwell, H. E., e. May 9, 1864. 

Murphy, Albert, e. May 14, 1864. 

Owens, L., e. April 30, 1864. 

Orr, Geo. W., e. May 5, 1864. 

Parr, P., e. May 9, 1864. 

Patterson, J. W., e. April 29, 1864. 

Bobbins, J., e. April 30, 1864. 

Reiter, W. S., e May 5, 1864. 

Stewart, John R., e. April 30, 1864. 

Stockton, James M., e. May 11, 1864. 

Valentine, D. A., e. May 2, 1864. 

Valentine, John N.. e. May 13, 1864. 

Williamson, E. B., e. May 10, 1864. 

Whitehead, Marten, e. May 1, 1864. 

Wilson, John C, e. April 29, 1864. 

Company C. 

Capt. Thos. N. Crowder, com. May 25,1864. 

First Lieut. Ortus C. Sheltoii, com. May 25, 1864. 

Sergt. Peter A. Dolbee, e. May 2, 1864. 

Sergt. Bishop R. Kellogg, e. May 12, 1864. 

Sergt. J. W. Seamans, e. April 30, 1864. 

Sergt. Jacob S. Bradley, e. May 3, 1864. 

Corp. Seburn P. Dorland, e. May 3, 1864. 

Corp. Chas. Pieison, e. May 21, 1864. 

Corp. .lohn C. Rhea, o. May 3, 1864. 

Corp. John W. Storks, e. May 3, 1864. 

Corp. J. A. Bridges, e. May 2, 1864. 

Corp. L. S. Laniken, o. May 4, 1864. 

Musician James McMullin, e. May 3, 1864. 

Wagoner Geo. W. Soper, e. May 16, 1864. 

Arnold, Emerson, e. May 10, 1864. 

Ainsworth, Wm. C, e. May 3, 1864. 

Barnes, Austin, e. May 5, 1804. 

Barlow, T. S., e. May 5, 1804. 

Blake, C. S., e. May 0, 1864, died at .Memphis, Tenn_ 

Bell, W. G.. e. May 3, 1864. 

Bishop, L. J., e. May 12, 1864. 

Billings, James, e. May 16, 1864. 

Bishop, Richard, e. May 7, 1864. 

Blair, G. N., e. May 2, 1804. 

Bruce, D. R., e. May 10, 1804. 

Bates, Daniel, e. May 17, 1864. 

Chapman, J. M., e. May 3, 1864. 

Comstock, J. C. e. May 21, 1864. 

Duval, D. J., e. May 21, 1804. 

Eoff, Chas. W., e. Blay 3, 1864. 

Graham, Wm. J., e. May 2, 1864. 

Howe, Jesse B., e. May 5, 1864. 

Huntington, A. H., e. May 17, 1864. 

Hendricks, Allen, e. May 21, 1864. 

Ingerson, A. M., e. Mav 10, 1864. 

King, E. M., e. May 3, 1864. 

King, S. G., e. May 5, 1804, died July 2, 1864. 

Merrill, J. W., e. May 2, 1864. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



461 



Mehan, John. e. May 16, 1864. 
McCul lough, Geo. V., e. May 2, 1864. 
Osborn, John, e. May 3, 1864. 
Pike, E. M., e. May 2, 1864. 
Rulledge. John, e. May 14, 1864. 
Richardson, A., e. May 23, 1864 
Keiter, A. B., e. May 12, 1864. 
Roads, J., e. May 14, 1864. 
Smith, F. M., e. May 3, 1864. 
Stromberg, John W., e. May 9, 1864. 
Swank, Geo. W., e. Blay 3, 1864. 
Turner, Wm. M., e. May 5, 1864. 
Tiltun, T. v., e. May 2, 1864. 
Till, Lawrence, e. May 14, 1864. 
Thornton, E., e. May 13, 1864. 
Umphrey, J. T., e. May 14, 1864. 
Vance, J. C, e. May 7, 1864. 
Van Trump, Isaiah, e. May 18, 1864. 
Ware, J. P., e. May 2, 1864. 
Williams, L. C, e. May 2, 1864. 
Waddle, Saml. H., e. May 3, 1864. 
Wilson, N. J., e. May 16, 1864. 
Walker, Chas., e. May 3, 1864. 
Woodhead, Chas. P., e. May 6, 1864. 
Wilson, John, e. May 16, 1864. 

Company H. 

Buyers, J. W., e. May 2, 1864. 
Lightfoot, Levi, e. May 13, 1864. 
Milton, Daniel, e. May 16, 1864. 



FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered otU at Rod Island 
Barracks Oct. HI, 186h.] 

Asst. Surg. Chas. L. Mundt, com. July 15, 1864, formerly 
surg. U. S. A. 

Company D. 

Capt. Thos. Waldschmidt, com. July 13, 1864. 

Second Lieut. Theo. Guelich, com. July 13, 1864. 

Sergt. Samuel H. Shortridge, July 7, 1864. 

Sergt. William Christ, e. May 4, 1864. 

Sergt. Jos. Yaenger, e. May 28, 1864. 

Sergt. Chas. Schultze, e. May 28, 1864. 

Corp. Isaac N. Reed, e. July 2, 1864. 

Corp. Joshua Downer, e. July 5, 1864. 

Corp. Chas. Schultze, e. May 18, 1864. 

Corp. Jacob Hecker, e. May U, 1864. 

Corp. John Glenn, June 22, 1864. • 

Corp. Martin Schaefer, May 29, 1864. 

Corp. Daniel Schafer, e. May 22, 1864. 

Corp. George W. Krekel, e. May 5, 1864. 

Blanck, George, e. June 21, 1861. 

Burton, John M., e. June 15, 1865. 

Cerber Emanuel, e. May 11, 1864. 

Cox, Slarshall, e. June 21, 1864. 

Conrad, Philip, e. May 5, 1864. 

Dick, Michael, e. June 2, 1864. 

Gieselman, A., May 5, 1864. 

Gieselman, John H., e. May 5, 1864. 

Gilder, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. 

Haner, John, e. June 2, 1864. 

Hassel, Dominick, e. June 2, 1864. 

Heitmeier, Conrad, e. June 6, 1864. 

Heik, George, e. May 13, 1864. 

Hupner, Louis, e. May 20, 1864. 

Janson, John G., e. May 24, 1864. 

Kann, F.. e. June 11, 1864. 

KnoUmuller, L., e. June 1, 1864. 

Luxenberger, John, e. June 21, 1864. 

Long, Charles, e. May 22, 1864. 

Laydon, M., e. June 23, 1864. 

Meier, E. G., e. May 6, 1864. 

Munk, G., e. May 18, 1864. 

Meier, Joseph, e. May 20, 1864. 

Mattes, Otto, e. May 23, 1864. 

Morlock, Joseph, e. May 24, 1864. 

Neil, Joseph, e June 12, 1864. 

Nagele, John, e. June 13, 1864. 

Pietzsh, F., e. May 10, 1864. 

Reinhart, August, e. June 22, 1864. 

Roth, John, e. May 22, 1864. 

Ries, Henry, e. May 19, 1864. 

Seeber, T. C, e. May 20, 1864. 

Stadtlander, John H., e. May 24, 1864. 

Weiss, Manuel, e. June 18, 1804. 

Widmer, Joseph, e. May 21, 1864. 



FIRST CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Axistin, Texas, 
Feb. 15, 1866.] 

Col. Fitz Henry Warren, com. Aug. 29, 1861, brig. gen. U. 

S. Vol. Aug. 26, 1862, brevet maj. gen. 
Maj. Edwin W. Chamberlain, com. Aug. 29, 1861, resd. 

April 4, 1863. 
Band Leader Kinstenmacher, e. Aug. 24,1861, m. o. April 

15, 1862. 
First Musician David W. Forbes, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. 

Sept. 1, 1862. 
Musician Henry Minton, e. Aug. 19, 1861, m. o.Sept. 1, '62, 
Musician John L. Marshall, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 

1, 1862. 
Musician John Rule, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 1862. 
Musician Jno. M. Caldwell, e. Aug. 30, 1861, m. o. Sept. 1, 

1862. 
Musician Henry D. Keller, e. Aug. 31, 1861, m. o. Sept.l, 

1862. 

Company C. 

Capt. Thos. Jones, e. as priv. July 18, 1861, prmtd. 2d 

lieut. July 1, 1862, prmtd 1st lieut. Dec. 12, 1862, 

prmtd. capt. Feb. 14, 1863, disd. Dec. 16, 1864. 
Capt. Thos. J. R. Perry, e. as private July 18, 1861, prmtd . 

1st lieut. July 6, 1864, prmtd. capt. April 15, 1865. 
First Lieut. Benj. Roney, com. Sept. 23, 1861, died in 

Springfield, Mo. 
First Lieut. Matthew Ronaldson, e. as sergt. July 18, 

1861, wd. at St. Clair Co., Mo., prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec! 

12, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 14, 1863, resd. June 

29, 1864. 
Second Lieut. Wm. A. Clark, e. as sergt. July 18, 1 

prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 4, 1863, resd. June 18, 1864. 
Second Lieut. Geo. Van Beck, e. as private July 18, 1861, 

prmtd. 2d lieut. April 15, 1865, not mustered. 
Sergt. S. H. F. Wilson, e. July 18, 1861. 
Q. M. Sergt. Wm. G. Harbach, e. July 18, 1861, wd., died 

of wds. at Osceola. 
Sergt. Orien F. Lane, e. .Tune 13, 1861. 
Sergt. Benj. S. Castle, e. July 18, 1861. 
Sergt. Jackson Carter, e. June 13, 1861. 
Corp. Martin Moore, e. July 13, 1861. 
Corp. Andrew W. Wyman, e. July 18, 1861, disd. June 26, 

1864, for promotion Ist lieut. Co. L, 2d Ark. Cav. 
Corp. Jno. L. Baltzer, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. 
Corp. Edw. L. Stone, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Corp. Geo. Patterson, e. July 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 2, 1863, 

disab. 
Corp. F. Taylor, e. July 18, 1861. 
Corp. Paul Hendricks, e. July 18, 1861. 
Bugler Wm. Allen, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, 

trans, to 67th U. S. Col. Inf. for promotion to lieut. 
Farrier Jas. Ingersoll, e. July 18, 1861. 
Farrier Thos. Hutchinson, e. July 18,1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64. 
Saddler, Edwin W. Deal, e. July 18, 1861, drowned in 

Mississippi River. 
Saddler 0. W. Coflman, e. July IS, 1861, died Lucas Co. 
Atherton, Samuel, e. July 18, 1861. 
Arrickson, F., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Dec. 2, 1862, disab. 
Brandt, Jno. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Boltz, Jos., e. July 18, 1861. 
Barr, Geo., e. July 18, 1861. 
Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 16, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
Boman, Almond, e. July 18, 1861. 
Brewer, Benj. A., e. July 18, 1861. 
Brown, Wm. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Boyer, M., e. July 18, 1861. 
Clark, Jno. H., e. Dec. 29, 1863. 

Cameron, Josiah, e. July 18, 1861, died at Osceola, Mo 
Cook, D. W.. e. Jan. 4, 1804. 
Carey, Geo. H., e. July 18, 1861. 
Cole, Jno. B., e. July 18, 1861. 

Cooley, Simeon, e. July 18, 1861, died at West Point. 
Clegg, Benj. F., e. July IS, 1861. 
Corkwell, Jas., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Clothier, Jos., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 
Clingfield, H. J., e. July 18, 1861. 
Dipperman, H. J., e. July 18, 1801, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Drurey, Franklin, e. July IS, 1861, died Little Rock, Ark 

Delfelter, , e. July 18, 1861. 

Estep, N. W., e. Aug. 19, 1861. 

Eastman, Chas. C, e. July 18, 1861. 

Fife, Jno. M,, e. July 18, 1861. 

Gearhart, Henry, e. Aug. 13, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 

Guardner, Wm. A., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 

Glann, M. C, e. July 18, 1861. 

Hardin, Geo. W., e.Jan. 5, 1864. 



462 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Haiumond, I., e. July 18, 1861. 

Il.-an' 1' W., e. July 18, 1861, dUd. Nov. 1, 1802 di8»b. 

Ilit'Ki"", Michael, e. July 18, 1801, died at Osceola. 

Ih.rnrr. LUml, e. July 18, 18G1. 

HiUery, John, o. July 18, isul, died at Camden, Ark. 

Johnson, M., e. Jan. 4, 18r4. 

Johnson, L. B., July 18, ispi. 

Johnson, ("has., e. Jan. 4, 1864. ^ , , ,i,^, \ 

Kin.L.ll KoUa, e. July 18, 1801, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 

Langhliii, K G., e. July 18, 1861 

Lacotila, Nicholas, e. July 18, 1861. 

51S:ai:E;.'l"^July' \T.\m, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Uld. 

MorSovSt: A«g.25, 1862. vot. Jan. 1, 1864, d.sd. 

July 29, 1862. 
Murphy, Jno. C, e. Jan. 5, 1861. 
Parkenson, S., e. July 18, 1861. 
Kankin, Chas., e. July 18, 1861. „ ^ ,. „ 

Bu.ssell, Jno., e. July 18. 1861, kid. at Centralia. Mo. 
Stover, Nicholas, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
Simmons. John, e. July 18, 1861. 
Sunderland, Jno. D., e. Dec. 29, 1863. 
Siickett, Geo. C, e. July 18, 1861 
Stockman, G. L., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 
Slocum, Wm. H., e. July 18,1861. 
Shelton, Wm. P., e. July 18, 1861 
Smith, Wm. B., e. Aug 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Scanlon, Jos. 0., e. July 9, 1861. ,. , „ , a i 

Upton John, e. Dec. 28, 1863, du-d at Little Rock, Ark. 
Unger', Jas. G., e. July 18. IhOl. vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Wilcox E. G., e. July 18, 1861, disd. Jan. 1, 1862, diaab. 
Wolf Jacob R , e. July 18, 1861, died Dec. 22, 1861. 
Wilcox Pliny, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Bloomtield, Mo. 
Welch.'Samuel B., e. Aug. 13. 18C2, vot. Jan. 1, 1864. 

Company D. 

Flanders, Samuel A., e. Sept. 24, 1861, wd. La Fayette, Mo. 

Company E. 

Barr, Wm. W., e. Aug. 10. 1862. 

Canterbury. Carlisle, e. Aug. 26. 1862. 

Cale, F. H., e. July 18, 1801. ^. ^ 

Daily, Amasa, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at 

St. Louis. 
Kitch.^n, Jeremiah, e. July 18. 1861. vet. Jan. 1. 1864. 
Morgiin, Samuel J., e. Aug. 14. 1862. 
Moody, Joseph, e. Aug. 2-5, 1862. 
I'riddy, Thomas M., e. Aug. 30, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 

Company H. 

Grey, Thomas C. e. July 18, 1861. 

Osborn, Henry, c. Sept. 30, 1801, died Nov. 16. 1861. 

Judsin, P. D., e Sept. 7, 1861. 

McDowell, Jno., e. Sept. 20. 1861. 

Company I. 

Campbell. John. e. Jan. .5, 1864. 

Church. Edwin M.,e.July IS. 1801. vet. Jan. 1,1804. 

Green. Archibald, vet. J;iii. 1, isoi, kid. St. Joseph, Mo. 

Company K. 

Holmes, John W., e. Jan. 20, 1864, died Little Rock, Ark. 
Porter, J. R.,e. Jan. 20, 1864. diad. March 28. 1865, disab. 

Company L. 

Barnes, Alex., e. Aug. 28, 1S02, trans, to luv. Corp. Aug. 

23, 1803. 
Jack, David, e. Aug. 25, 1862. 

Company M. 

Hill, N. P., e. Oct. r,, Isoi. vet. Jan. .5, 1804. 

COMPANY UNICNOWN. 

Bias, Francis, e. Jan. 22, 1804. 
Clark, Wm. II., e March 22, 1.S64. 
Daily, James, e. Aug. !), 1H61. 
Davis, Charles, c. Aug, 23,1864. 
Fowler, L. D.. e. Jan. 27, 1864. 
Grant. W., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
Jessup, Thos. A., e. Feb. 29, 1804. 
Knlly, John B., e. Feb. 24. 1861. 
Kile, James, e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
Markley, J. K. P.,e. Feb. 22, 1864. 
Masina, Wm., e. March 22. 1864. 



Newcomb, H. R., e. Feb. 27, 1864. 
Pickett, J. M.. e. March 30. 1864. 
Root, Hiram, o. March 18. 1864. 
Rowe. Wm. H., e. Jan. 23, 1864. 
Smith. Samuel, e. Jan. 20. 1864. 
Sayers. James L.. e. Aug 11, 1864. 
Starkey. Jas. D., e. Feb. 25, 1864. 
Brandt. John H.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Bush, L. T.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Clark, John H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Chick ering, Chas.,e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Cutter, Wm. S., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Chamberlain. J. W.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Campbell. Jolm. e. Jan. o, 1864. 

Corey, Whitman, e. Jan. 5,1804. 

Darlev. Philip, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Hewitt, Jos. 0., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Hardin, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

John, Marion, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Johnson, Chas., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Lea, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Messenger, E. H.. e. Dec. 29, 1863. 

Murphy, John C. e. Jan. 5. 1864. 

McClelland, John L., e. Dec. 21. 1864. 

Roberts. John A., e. Jan. 5. 1864 

Sunderland, John D.. e. Dec. 29. 1863. 

Stewart, Wm. U., e. Dec. 29. 1863. 

Stewart. Jas. E., e. Dec. 29, 1863. 

Sanders, Newton, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Upton. John. e. Dec. 28, 1863. 

Wright, Wm. W., e. Dec. 21, 1863. 



SECOND CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mttstered out at Selma, Ala., 
Sspt. 19, 1S65.] 

Maj. Chas. P. Moore, com. 2d lieut. Co. K Aug. .30. 1861, 
prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 1, 1861, prmtd. capt. June 11, 
1862, prmtd. maj. May 6. 1864. 

Com'y Wm. W. C. Miller, e. Aug. 28, 1801, prmtd. com. 
sergt., Nov 27, 1864. 

Company D. 

Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at Memphis, Tenn. 
Paul. Jas. F.. e. Feb. 24. 1862. vet. March 1, 1804. 

Company F. 

Lyon. Martin C, e. March 13, 1862. 

Company K. 

Capt. Davis J. Crocker, com. Aug. 30, 1801, resd. June 

10. 1862. 
Capt. Jacob F. Bandy, e. as Q. M. S. Aug. 12, 1801, prmtd. 
2d lieut. Dec. 1. 1801. prmtd. 1st lieut. June 11, 1862. 
prmtd. capt. May 7, 1804. 
First Sergt. Robert M. Downer, e. Aug. 21, 1862. wd. at 

FarminKton, disd. Oct. 10. 1862. 
Q. M. S. David H. Harper, e. Aug. 15. 1861. 
Q. M. S. David Galbrath. e. Aug. 12. 1861. 
Sergt. Chas. E. Lambkin, e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. March 

1. 1804. 
Ctirp. Uriah Barnes, e. Aug. 19, 1861, disd. Feb. 14. 1863. 

disab. 
Corp. E. W. Bandy, e. Aug. 12, 1801. 
Corp. H. M. Blanchard. e. Aug. 12, 1801. 
! Corp. William M. Dreskill, e. Aug. 12, 1861, disd. Sept. 8, 
j 1862, disali. 

Corp. Elias N. Shepard. e. Aug. 4. 1861, \vd. Farmington. 

Miss., vet. March ], 1864. 
Corp. James H. Goodwin, e. Aug. 30, 1801. 
Corp. Wm. Fosbender, e. Aug. 12, 1861, captd. Boonsville, 
1 wd. A\'est Point. Miss. 

I Corp. Addison McCray. e. Nov. 21, 1861. 
Corp. Lyman B. Pierce, e. Aug. 24, 1801. 
Corp. John N. Bailey, e. Aug. 19, 1801, vet. March 1, '64. 
I Corp. Wm. H. E. Morris, e. Aug. 12, 1861. 
Bugler J. A. McManus, e. Aug. 20, 1861. 
Bugler D. M. Downer, e. Aug. 20, 1801, wd. Farmington, 

Miss., March 1, 1804. 
Bugler Severnous Stamm, e. Aug. 12, 1801. 
Bugler Joseph Key, e. Aug. 19, 1861. 

Farrier J. H. McC'innis, e. Aug. 25, 1861, disd. Jan. 18, '63. 
Farrier Levi L. Backus, e. Aug. 19, 1861, vet. March 1, 

1864, wd. Little Ilarpeth, Teun. 
Farrier Jacob K.Barnes, e. Aug. 12, 1861. vet. March 
1, 1864. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



463 



Saddler Garrett R. Bradley, e. Aug. 24, 1861, wd. Farm- 

ington, Tenn. 
Saddler Henrie Wemple, e. Aug. 20, 1861. 
Wagoner W. E. Fabrenback, e. Aug. 12, 1861. 
Wagoner Elisha Vance, e. Aug. 28, 1861. 
Allen, Amos. e. Aug. 28, 1861. 
Bandy, John, e. Dec. 7, 1863. 
Balib, Miles W., e. Aug. 21, 1861. 
Babb, Albert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. 
Bell, Thomas, Jr., e. Aug. 30, 1861. 
Bart?cherer, John, e. Dec. 25, 1863, wd. Oct. 18, 1864. 
Braden, John A., e. Dec. 18, 1863, died Memphis. 
Barnes, Joseph R., e. Aug. 19, 1861, died St. Louis. 
Barnes, Geo. D., e. Aug. 21, 1861. 
Bishop, Zion, e. Aug. 21, 1861. 
Cox, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863. 
Canterbury, John, e. Aug. 20, 1861. 
Cosens, L., e. Dee. 2, 1863. 

Clark, Amos. M., e. Aug. 12, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. 
Damold, B. S., e. Dec. 22, 1862. 
Dean, Albert, e. Dec. 8, 1863. 
Dotson, Mark, e. Aug. 21, 1861. 
Edington, Aaron R., e. Aug. 20, 1861, 1'isd. Nov. 12,1861, 

disab. 
Elston, R. H., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 12, 1861, 

disab. 
Friend, Amer, e. Dec. 8, 1863 
Harris, Robert G., e. Aug 30, 1861. 
Hixon, L. E., e. Dec. 25, 1863. 

Hood, Alex, e. Dec. 24, 1863. 

Hood, Thomas, e. Dec. 25, 1863. 

Husted, Alfred, e. Dec. 30, 186.3. 

Jackson, S. B.,e. Dec. 2, 1863, drowned Troy, Ky. 

Jolinson, Perry W., e. Aug 24, 1861, died at Farmington, 

Miss. 
Keller, W. L., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

King. S. S., e. Aug. 12, 1861. 

Klein, T., e. Dec. 14, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. 

Lambkin, L. S., e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. March 10, 1863, 
disab. 

Lee, John H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Leahart, F., e. Aug. 12,1861, wd. Farmington. 

Long, Jos. S., e. Dec. 2, 1863. 

Leffler, A., e. Aug. 28, 1861, wd. Farmington, Tenn. 

Laher, Lewis, e. Dec. 7, 1863. 

McCray, Addison, e. Nov. 21, 1861. 

Motor, Robert C, e. Nov. 19. 1861. 

Moter, Wm. A., e. Nov. 12, 1861. 

McAllister, Jas.E., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. May 18, 1862, 
disab. 

Ogle, John, e. Dec. 25, 1863, died Memphis, Tenn. 

Patterson, I. D., e. March 25, 1864. 

Pilling, Isaiah, e. Nov. 30. 1861. 

Pierson, Thomas, e. Dec. 4, 1863. 

Ping, Robert, e. Dec. 2, 1863. 

Russell, Wm., e Nov. 12, 1861. 

Reed, R. M., e. Dec. 18, 1863. 

Ryan, Dennis, e. Nov. 20, 1861. 

Reipe, Peter, e. Dec. 2. 1863. 

Scott, John H., e. Nov. 12, 1861, died St. Louis. 

Skaggs, T. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Stiithers, John T,, e. Nov. 24, 1861, kid. Dec. 4, 1862, in 
skirmish. 

Stillwell, Samuel, e. Nov. 12, 1861, died Keoknk. 

Taylor, John M., e. Dec. 7, 1863, vet. March 1, 1864, prmtd. 
Corp. 

Tenant, M. P., e. Dec. 2, 1863, died Oct. 13, 1864. 

Werner, Geo., e. Nov. 20, 1861, died May 24, 1864. 

Wall, T. M., e. March 31, 1864, wd. Little Harpeth, Tenn. 

Walker, Jacob, e. Dec. 8, 1863, captd. Little Harpeth, 
Tenn. 

Wilson, J., e. Dec. 8, 1863, wd. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Anderson, Clark, e. Dec. 25, 1863. 
Briley, Isaac, e. Feb. 1, 1864. 
Backer, Wm. H., Feb. 29, 1864. 
Callahan, M. B., e. Dec. 29, 1864. 
Driskellj Wm. R., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Fetrow, Wm., e. Oct. 10, 1864. 
Frazer, Geo., e. Feb. 5. 1864. 

Gillette, , e. Dec. 29, 1863 

Heizer, D. M., e. March 29, 1864. 
Heiden, Frederick, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Holt, Jos. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Loper, L. D., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Otto, Aug., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Ohearn, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863. 
Orr, Samuel F., e. Jan. 2, 1864. 
Paul, Thos., e. Dec. 28, 1863. 



Smith, James B., e. March 31, 1864. 
Skaggs, T. M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Wells, Nelson, e. March 14, 1864. 
Young, David, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 



THIRD CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlatila Ga. 
Aiiguat 9, ISGo.] 

Company A. 

Burns, Wm., e. Nov. 26, 1862, died at Keokuk. 
Gray, Lewis C, e. Jan. 28, 1864. 
Morrison, Samuel, e. Jan. 5, 1865. 
Patterson, Robt. A., e. F.-b. 22, 1864. 

Company B. 

Eaton, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Company E. 

Graham, Wm. W., e. Nov. 4, 1863. 
Goddard, Thos. M., e. Nov. 4, 1863. 
West, John, e. Nov. 4, 1863. 

Company F. 

Brown, Jas. L., e. Jan. 4, '64, captd. near Frankville, Miss" 

Dodd, Wm., Jan. 2, 1864. 

Fletcher, Chas., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Karnes, B. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Laughlin, S. C., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Monroe, Wm. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

McCormick, Jas. W., e. Jan. 4, 1864, died at St. Louis. 

Vaught, Solomon, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Winn, Francis, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Company C. 

Brown, C. S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Boyer, Jos., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Kent, Marion, e. Nov. 4, 1863. 

McCrary, Miner, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Pace, Thos. H., e. Nov. 4, 1863, captd. May 1, 1864. 

Perry, Wm. H., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Root, Calvin, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

Stock, Levi C, e. Jan. 12, 1864. 

Company I. 

Helmuth, Casper, e. Oct. 4, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, 

Ark. 
Mersh, Jno. C, e. Sept. 21,1863. 
Scott, W. R., e. Jan. 21, 1864, died Sept. 26, 1864. 

Company K. 

Harris, Silas A., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 

Company L. 

McCristol, Daniel, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Carter, Wm. A., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Eaton, Geo. W., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Hart, Alfred, e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
Harris, S. A., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Long, David P.. e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Long, H. P., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Laughlin, S. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
Marshall, Henry, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 



FOURTH CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Aug. 

10, 1SG5.'] 

Maj. Wm. W. Woods, com. 2d lieut. Co. L, Nov. 25, 1861, 
prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 9, 1862, prmtd. capt. Aug. 1, 
1862, prmtd. maj Sept. 27, 1864. 

B. Q. M. S. Eugene F. Ware, e. Oct. 21,1861. 

Company A. 

Riggs, Chas., e. Jan. 1, 1862, disd, Aug. 1, 1863. 



464 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Company C. 

Sergt. Alex. C. Virgen, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. June 10, 1863, 

disab. 
Avers, Eatep, e. Feb. 27, 18G4. 
virgen, Wm. T., f. Feb. 27, 1864, di.sd. June U, 1864, 

diwb. 

Company D. 

<'orp. Enoch A. Sexon, e. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 20, '63. 
Frie, Jacob, e. Dec. 2, 186;!. 
JohnHon, John K., e. Jan. 13, 1864. 
I'eckover, E. A., e. Jan 5, 1864. 

Company C. 

Hobson, Geo., e. Feb. 27, 1S04. 

Company K. 

Capt. Ambrose Hodge, eom. 2d liout. Co. L Jan. 9, 1862, 
from B. Q. M., prmt<l. adjt. July 30,1863, prmtd. capt. 
Jan. 25, 1865. 

Shoup, L. L., e. Jan. 19, 1864. 

Company L. 

Com. Sergt. Lyman Ilotaling, e. Aug. 28, 1861, vet. Dec 

12, 1863. 
Corp. Danl. Johnson, e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. 
Clancy, Daniel, e. Sept. 2, 1861, captd. Nov. 21, 1862, vet. 

Dec. 12, 1863. 
Dashham, Geo., e. Sept. 5, '61, captd. near Livingston, Ky. 
Harvey, Geo., e. Feb. 6, 1862, prmtd. hos. stwd. 
Hammond, E. L., e. Feb. 28, 1862. 
Lorrigan, Daniel, e. Jan. 21, 1862, kid. in battle April 8, 

1863. 
McLane, Richard, e. Jan. 16, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
JIcEvoy, John, e. Feb. 28, 1862. 
Okell, R. K., e. Feb. 1, 1862, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. 
Parsons, James M., e. Oct. 30, 1862, accidentally kid. Julv 

13. 1862. 
Stockton, Chalmers, e. Marcli 23, 18G4, disd. Dec. 16, '64, 

disab. 
Smith, W. F., e. Oct. 7, 1862. 
White, John S., e. Oct. 28, 1862. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Kellej, Martin, e. March 18, 1864. 
Kinnesey, Michael, e. Feb. 20, 1864. 



FIFTH CAVALRY 

[Note. — Thi» liegiment toa^ mmlered out at Nashville, 
Tmn., Aug. 11, ISO-',.] 

Company F. 

Capt. Wm. Ale.K. Haw, c.ini. 1st lieut. ISGl, prmtd. capt. 

Dec. 20, 1861, wd. and captd. at Lock Mills, Tenn., 

resd. April 8, 1863. 
Capt. Martin Choumee, e. as Q. M. S. Oct. 25, 1861, prmtd 

iBt lieut Dec. 21, 1861, prmtd capt. April 9, 1863, m. o, 

Nov. 19, 1864, term e.xpired. 
First Liout. Charles Ende, e. as corp. Oct. 25, 1861, prmtd. 

2d lieut. April .1, 1864. prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 20, 1864. 
Second Lieut. August Schlapp, e. as Corp. Oct. 25, 1861 

prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 20, 1864, m. o. as sergt. ' 

Corp. Frank Santers, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 
Ackor. Felix, e. Oct. 25, 1861, disd. March 31, 1863. 
Bicklen, Lewis, e. Oct. 25. 1«61. 
Ende, Ferdinand, e. Oct. 25, 1861. 
Hille, Frank, e. Oct. 26, 1861, kid. in battle at Lockridge 

Mills. 
Hoffman, Wni.. e. Aug. 28, 1861, prmtd. bat. vet. sure 

vet. Jan. 1, 1«64. 
Horschle, Fritz, o. Oct. 2.5, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
Langc, E<lw., e. Oct. 25, 1861, disd. July 19, 1802, disab 
Notting, Arnold, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 
Ritznian, John H., c. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1861 
Schlapp, Henry, e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1,1864 
Schemetz, Geo , e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 
Venator, Chaa., e. Oct. 25, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864 



FIFTH VETERAN CAVALRY. 
Company B. 

Nichols, Jacob S., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 



Company C. 

Allen, Chas. W., Jan. 12, 1864. 

Company D. 

McMahoD, John, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 

SEVENTH CAVALRY. 

[Note. — TTiis Regiment was mustered out in May and June 
1866, at Sioux OiVi/.J 

Adjt. Ed. K. Valentine, e. as priv. April 27, 1863, prmtd. 
sergt. maj., prmtd. adjt. Sept. 7, 1865. 

Company C. 

First Lieut. Ira 0. Schenck, com. 2d lieut. March 6, 1803, 
prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 20, 1864, resd. Nov. 22, 1865. 

Anderson, John, e. April 6, 1863, kid. at Ft. Cottonwood, 
N. T. 

Bridges, John D., e. April 10, 1863. 

Burton, Edw. J., e. March 26, 1863. 

Leonard, A. C, e. April 21, 1863. 

McCrestel, Geo. D., e. March 18, 1862. 

Morrow, James VV., e. April 17, 1863, died at Omaha City, 
N. T. 

Maeklin, Chas. H.,e. April 13, 1863. 

Wolf, Charles, e. March 6, 1863. 

Company F. 

Capt. Eugene F. Ware, e. as priv. Co. A, Dec. 14, 1863 
prmtd. sergt. maj., prmtd. 2d lieut. Sept. 4, '63, prmtd. 
capt. May 11,1866. 

Corp. William C. Davis, e. May 2, 1863, disd. Sept. 20, '63, 
disab. 

Davis, A. W., e. May 11, 1863, disd. Dec. 23, 1863, disab. 

Luckey, Geo. S., e. April 26, 1863, disd. 

Myers, Henry, e. April 26, 1863, disd. Oct. 30, 1865, disab. 

Nefif, Cornelius, e. April 26, 1863. 

Company H. 

Sergt. Louis Wall, e. June 25, 1S63. 
Corp. Thos. Turner, e. June 8, 1863. 
Corp. Chas. Pepper, e. June "28, 1863. 

Company K. 

Davis, Samuel W., e. e. Oct. 9, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Bedwell, Henry, e. Sept. 27, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Coad, Thomas, e. Oct. 11, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Dodds, Jehn H., e. Oct. 9, 1861. 
Dodds, Jos. R., e. Aug. 27, 1861. 
Kennedy, M. M., e. Sept. 23, 1861. 

Lotspeitch, Lyman B., e. Sept. 20, 1861, vet. March 31, '64. 
Powell, Morton, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Feb. 29, 1864. 
Wood, Absalom, e. Sept. IS, 1861, vet. Fob. 27, 1864, disd. 
Oct. 30. 1865, disab. 

Company M. 

First Lieut. Barton T. Ryan, com. Oct. 24, 1861, m. o. Oct. 

3, 1864, term expired. 
First Sergt. Wm. E. Meason, e. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 

1864. 
Sergt. Augustus Killough, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 

1864. 
Sergt. Wm. Williams, e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Barlew, Frank, o. Sept. 25, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Beatty, Wm., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Cushman, E. J., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Elliott, Wm. J., e. Oct. 1. 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Elliott, D. B., e. May 7, 1864. 
Fisk, Jesse, A., e. Oct. 7, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864, prmtd. 

Corp. 
Hendoe, Wm. H., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
Kline, Theo., e. Oct. 2, 1861, vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

Bloom, John, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Bonner, John M., e. Sept. 26, '64. 
Hatz, Thomas, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Franklin, R., e. Oct. 7, 1864. 
Long, Lewis, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
Moyer, Richard, e. Oct. 6, 1864. 
McKennon, I). S., e. Oct. 6, 1864. ' 
Mitchell, Lewis H., e. Oct. 6, 1864. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



465 



EIGHTH CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga., 
Aug. m, 1865.] 
-Co. Tpt. Alonzo H. Bohner, e. July 23, 18R3. 

Company D. 

Capt. John C. Power, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 30, 1863, prmtd- 
Ist lieut. July 15, 1864, captd. at Newnan, Ga., prmtd. 
capt. Jan. 29, 1865, resd. March 21, 1865. 

Sergt. Joseph B. Downer, e. July 29, 1863. 

Corp. Theodore W. Blake, e. Aug. 3, 1863. 

Atwood, W. N., e. Aug. 10, 1863. 

Cox, H. C, e. Aug. 29, 1863. 

Crawford, F. M., e. Oct. 19, 1863. 

Campbell, Wm. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863, captd. Newnan, 6a. 

Darnold, Thos. M., e. July 24, 1863. 

Daniels, J. A., e. Aug. 8, 1863. 

Gellenwater, llobt., e. July 29, 1863, died Franklin, Tenn. 

Graham, Benj. Q., e. Aug. 1, 1863. 

Lee, Wm. H., e. July 18, 1863. 

■Linton, Edmond, e. Aug. 15, 1863. 

McClure, A. L., e. July 29, 1803. 

Mickey, John, e. Aug. 10, 1863. 

Rushing, Jesse E., e. July 29, 1863. 

Scott, James W., e. July 29, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 

Turgeon, John, e. Sept. 2, 1863. 

Williams, Samuel H. e. July 29, 1863, kid. at Macon, Ga., 
accidentally. 

Wilkinson, John H., e. July 29, 1863. 

Masson, Hiram, e. Aug. 17, 1863. 

Company E. 

•Q. M. Sergt. Richard Dressell, e. Aug. 18, 1863, served as 

private in 7th Mo. Cav. 
Com. Sergt. John Lee, e. Aug. 5, 1863. 
Corp. Jas. B. Simmons, e. July 10, 1863, wd. at Varnell's 

Station. Tenn. 
Wagoner John H. Reid, e. July 11, 1863, captd. Newnan, 

Ga., died Andersonville. 
■Cresap, Jas., e. July 21, 1863. 

Cunningham, R., e. July 7, '63, wd. Varnell Station, Tenn. 
Dunn, Jos. H., e. July 4, 1863. 
Foster, K. W., e. July 25, 1863. 
Flamm, Henry, e. July 1, 1863. 
Hannah, Levi S., e. June 26, 1863. 
Myer, John, e. July 28, 1863. 
Prettyman, Robt, e. July 21, 1863. 
Predmose, Nelson, e. Aug. 10, 1863. 
Rock, Reuben, e. Aug. 1, 1863. 
Reynolds, John, e. Aug. 21, 1863. 
Smith, Geo., e. July 14, 1863. 
Shultz, David, e. July 31, 1863. 
Schnittger, Fredk., e. Aug. 9, 1863. 
Woodmansee, P., e. July 25, 1863. 
Woodmansee, Levi J., e. Aug. 7, 1863, died Nashville, 

Tenn. 
Wensell, Jos., e. Aug. 15, 1863. 
Woodside. John W., e. July 1, 1863. 
Watkins, Thos., e. Aug. 7, 1863. 

Company F. 

Mitchell, John 0., e. Aug. 24, 1863. 

Company H. 

Harris, John, e. Aug. 8, 1863, captd. Newnan, Ga., died 
Andersonville. 

Company L. 

Bechmau, Wm. H., e. Aug. 13, 1863. 

Company M. 

Sergt. Samuel Reid, e. June 29, 1863. 

Aral, Wm. A., e. Aug. 12, 186:^. 

Bush, George, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 

Jones, Benj. F., e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. Newnan, Ga. 

Jones, Oliver H., e. Aug. 27, 1865. 

Thos. H. C, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 

Vannice, Wesley M., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 



NINTH CAVALRY. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at lAttle Rock, 
February and March, ISGfl.] 

Adjt. Learner C. Massie, prmtd. adjt. June 3, 1865. 
Co. Tpt. Joseph E. Brucker, e. Nov. 10, 1863. 



Company C. 

Hopkins, Cornelius, e. Nov. 6, 1863, disd. Aug. 20, 1864. 

Jackson, Samuel, e. Oct. 29, 1868. 

Lewis, Chris., e. Nov. 9, 1863, disd. Sept 7, 1866, disab. 

Company D. 

Beach, Albert, e. Oct. 8, 1863. 

Boyes, Samuel H., e. Oct. 8, 1863, died Fort Smith, Ark. 

Emons, Geo. W., e. Sept 28, 1863. 

McPherron, A. M., e.Sept. 28, 1863. 

Massie, L. C, e. Sept. 26, 1863. 

Schwartz, Jos., e. Sept. 24, 1863. 

Schnittger, S., e. Sept. 29, 1863. 

Workman, J., e. Oct. 22, 1863, died Little Rock, Ark. 

Company G. 

First Lieut. Albert W. Poole, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 14, 1863, 
prmtd. Ist lieut. May 13, 1864. 

Company H. 

Capt. Chas. A. Frick, com. lat lieut. Co. D Nov. 30, 1863, 
prmtd. capt. March 8, 1865. 

Company M. 

Com. Sergt. Lucius C. Crum, e. Sept. 26, 1863. 
Sergt. Alex. P. Hittle, e. Sept. 26, 1863. 

COMPANY UNKNOWN. 

McAckland, Wm., e. Nov. 8, 1864. 
McKee, James, e. Nov. 8, 1864. 



FIRST BATTERY LIGHT ARTIL- 
LERY. 

[Note. — T/tis Battery was mustered out at Davenport, July 
5, 1865.] 
Capt. Chas. H. Fletcher, com. Aug. 17, 1861, resd. Jan. 18, 

1862. 
Junior Second Lieut. Abram Horbach,com. Aug. 17, 1861, 

resd. Aug. 21, 1863. 
Sergt. James Elting, e. July 1, 1862. 

Corp. Edwin II. Cooper, disd. April 3, 1862, disab. 

Corp. James C. Roe, e. Oct. 26, 1862. 

Artificer John Milne, e. Aug. 17, '61, died at Helena, Ark. 

Dean, D. W.,e. March 28, 1863, disd. May 9, 1865, disab. 

Darlington, S. B.,e. Dec. 25, 1863. 

Fetterer, F. J. e. Sept. 1, 1861, disd. Sept. 29, 1862, disab. 

Gibbelin, John, e. Aug. 1, 1861. 

Hartz,Thos., e. Sept. 1, 1861, disd. June 3, 1862. 

Jones, William R., e. Jan. 30, 1863, died Feb. 18, 1863. 

Huffman, John R., e. Sept. 1, 1861, wd. at Port Gibson, 

disd. March 21, 1863. 
Killerher, Thos. e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 2, 1864. 
Martz, R. S., e. Feb. 19, 1863. 
Reed, G. H. D. 

Seebring, Austin, e. Aug. 1, 1861. 
Sheridan, Henry, e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
Swartz, Jos., e. Aug. 10, 1861, disd. Oct. 8, 1862, disab. 
Townsend, Calvin, e. Aug. 10, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps 

Sept. 1, 1863. 
Wentworth, A., e. Aug. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 2, 1864. 



FOURTH BATTERY LIGHT AR- 
TILLERY. 

[Note. — This Battery was mustered out at Davenport, July 
U, 1865.] 

Adams, F. J., e. Oct 30, 1863. 
Hatz, Emil, e. Sept. 10, 1863. 
Kemp, Hillery, e. Aug. 11, 1863. 



ENGINEER REGIMENT OF THE 
WEST. 

[Note. — Adjutant General's Report gives no diite of miuter 
out.] 

Company I. 

Sergt. Frank Bras, e. Sept. 13, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Co. B 
Musician Clark Morrell, Oct. 24, 1861. 



466 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Artificer F. M. Bradley, e. Sept. 30, 1861. 

Artificer F. M.Johnson, e. Nov. 5, 1861. . ^ „, , 

Artifiot-r Alfred D. Boss, e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. Feb.l, 

18fi;i, disiili. 
Artificer Aslier Slllick, e. Sept. 21, 1861, prmtd. sergt. 
Artificer John Swank, e. Sfpt. 19, 1861. 
Artilicer John W. Sylvester, e. Sept. 28, 1861. 
Artificer John V. Anderson, e. Sept. 19, 1863, died Dec. 16, 

1861, at Jefferson City. 
C'udnev, Heuben, e. Sept. 2.?, 1861. ,,. , ^ ti o 

Daniel, A. J., e. Oct. 19, 1861, died at Vicksburg July 8, 

1863. 
Frederick, E., e. Sept. 30, 1861. 
Hulick, Joseph, e. Sept. 28, 1861. 
Jac«l«, T., e. Sept. 23, 1861. 
Miles. Joshua, e. Nov. 5, 1861. 

Sprows John H., e. Sept. 30, 1861, died at Jackson, Tenn. 
jprc.ws. Sidney, e. Oct. 25, 1861. 
Swank, William H. H., e. Sept. 19, 1861. 
Ward, Benjamin, e. Oct. 10, 1861. 
Weslfall, William W., e. Sept. 19, 1861. 

Company K. 

S.Tgt. A. D. Whitcomb, e. Sept. 5, 1861. 

Seigt. James Carlin, e. Sept. 10, 1861. 

Corp. William Ganz, e. Sept. 17, 1861. 

Con> Alfred Ogden,e. Sept. 26, 1861. 

Corp. Wm. T. McCash, e. Sept. 26, 1861. 

Wagoner John C. Clark, e. Sept. 24, 1861. 

.\rtilicer James Amlin, e. Sept. 30, 1861. 

Artificer Wm H. Burge, e. Sept. IG, 1861. 

A ft i ticer L. G. Brandeburg, e. Sept.n 6, 1861. 

Artificer I. N. Berry, e. Sept. 30, 1861. 

Artificer J. Davis, e. Sept. 10, '61, disd. May 22, '62, disab. 

Artificer J.>hn Dexter, e. Sept. 25, 1861, disd. Oct. 22,1862. 

Artticcr John E. Dort, e. Sept. 21, 1861. 

.\rtificer Chiirles Gillspie, e. Sept. 15, 18G1. 

Artificer Frank Herman, e. Sept. 23, 1861. 

Artificer Kdw. Lane, e. Sept. 25, 18G1. 

Artificer John McCandless, e. Sept. 26, 1861. 

Artificer Isaac Overston, e. Sept. 30, 1861, disd. .\pril 3P, 

1862. 
Artificer 0. P. Roman, e. Sept. 28, 1861. 
.\rtificer Swan Swanson, e. Sept. 20, 1861. 
Artificer Thos. D. Simpkins, e. Sept. 26, 1861. 
Artificer M. B. Webster, e. Sept. 16,'61, prmtd. com. sergt. 
D.wein, John G., e. Sept. 26, 1861. 
George, H. D., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. Dec. 21, 1861. 
(JniliHin, Charles, e. Sept. 24, 1861. 
Howard, Charles, e. Sept. 28, 1861. 
Levi, Joseph, e. Sept. 18, 1861. 
Linn, Charles, e. Sept. 26, 1861. 
Moore, Daniel M., e. Sept. 6, 1861. 
MiMur, William, e. Sept. 15, 1861. 
Tucker, S., e. Sept. 24, 1861. 
Yuiing, Fenton, e. Sept. 12, 1861, disd. Feb. 15, 1862. 

COMPANY INKNOWN. 

Cornwell, Wm. R.,e. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. corp. 
Dougherty, C, e. Sept. 20, 1861, prmtd. sergt. 
Guinnit, John, e. Sept. 11, 1861, prmtd. corp. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
Second Infantry. 

As^t. Surg. Wm. W. Nassau, com. June 21, 1861, resd. 

May 8, 1862. 
Cady. Wm. L., e. May 4, 1861, wd. at Fort Donelson Feb. 

15, 1862. 
Kellough, Wm. C, e.May 6, 1861, disd. Jan. 15, 1862. 
('apt. .\be Wilkin, com. 1st lieut, June 1, 1861, prmtd. 

capt. Nov. 1, 1861, m. o. Jan. 13, 1865. 
Simmons, Henry, e. May 5, 1861, m. o. June, 1864. 
Fee, Jas. P., e. .Ian. 5, UCA, m. o. June 18, 1864. 
Seppo, Diiiiicl. e. .laii. 4, 1m;4, m. o. .rune 18, 1864. 

Second Veteran Infantry. 

Walker, Moses B., e. Jan. 20, 1864, wd., m. o. July 12, '65. 
Jidinson, James, e. Feb. 25, 1864, m. o. July 12, 1865. 

Third Infantry. 

Asst. Surg. David K. .Martin, ci.m. Aug. 19, 1862, resd. 

June 16, 1803. 
Corp. Thomas Forbush, e. May 18, 1861, wd. at Shiloh 

died. Sept. 5, 1862. 



Fifth Infantry. 

Col. Charles L. Matthies, com. lieut. col. July 15, 1861, 
prmtd. col. 3Iay 23, 1862, brig. gen. Nov. 29, 1862, 
m. o. A>ig., 1864. 

First Sergt. Charles W. Chester, e. Sept. 14, 1861, m. o. 
Aug., 1804. 

Eighth Infantry. 

Vance, Jeremiah, e. Oct. 15, 1864, m.o. April 20, 1866. 
Shuler, Jacob, e. March 28, 1864, m. o. April 20, 1866. 

Ninth Infantry. 

Oats, James A., e. Nov. 15, 18(14. 

Tenth Infantry 

Chaplain Wm. G. Kephart, com. Feb. 1, 1803, m. o. Aug. 
15, 1865. 

Twelfth Infantry, 

Adams, 0. F., e. Oct. 5, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, ni. o. Jan. 30, 

1866. 
Butts, J. H., e. Oct. 7, 18G1, m. o. Jan. 20, 1806. 
Sergt. John M. Clark, e. Sept. 20,18G1, wd. at Shiloh and 

Corinth, was in Ist Inf , m. o. Jan. 2U, 1866. 
Corp. H. W. Ross, e. Sept. 20, 1861, missing at battle of 

Shiloh, was in 1st Inf., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. 
Bumgardener, Wm., e. Oct. 18, 1861, disd. March 27, 

18G2, disab. 
Burch, John W., e. Oct. 14, 18G1, missing at Shiloh. 
Burch, Sylvester, e. Oct. 14, 1861, missing' at Shiloh. 
Clark, Isaac G., e. Sept. 20, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. 
Howard, Wm. C, e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. Aug. 12, 1862, 

disab. 
Hill, Archibald, e. Sept. 20, 1861, died April 6, 1865, while 

on furlough. 
Lewis, Thos. J., e. Sept. 25, 1861, missing at Shiloh. 
Martin, E. B., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. Aug. 25, '62, disab. 
Moore, Jas. W., e. Oct. 14, 1861, reported died Feb. 8, '62. 
Boss, Jesse H., e. Sept. 20, 1861, disd. April 16, '62, disab. 
Sartwell, Jos. 0., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. Feb. 23, 1863. 
Morrison, Jos. J., m. o. Jan. 20, 1866. 

Thirteenth Infantry. 

Gabbert, C. R., e. Oct. 24, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. 
Reif. Philip, e. Oct. i, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. 
Steele, Wm., e. Oct. 4, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. 
Swank, Cyrus, e. Nov. 22, 1864, m. o. July 21, 186!>. 

Eighteenth Infantry. 

Davis, Chas., e. Jan. 19, 18G4, m. o. July, 1865. 

Nineteenth infantry. 

Surg. Philip Harvey, com. Aug. 18, 1862, m. o. June 1, 

1863, appointed maj. and suig. U. S. V. June 29, '63. 
King, David A., e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865. 
Lewis, Davis H., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865 
Montgomery, Henry, e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. July 10,1865. 
Kilev, A. J., e. Jan. 5, 1S64, m. o. July 10, 18G5. 
Spain, Wm., e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1865. 
Gibbs, Jas. B., e. Oct. 8, 1864, m. o. July 10, 1S65. 
Stewart, Jos., e. Oct. 8, 1804, m. o. July 10, 1865. 
Campbell, W. P., e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. .luly 10, 1865. 

Twenty-first Infantry. 

Hellyer, Elijah, e. Dec. 25, 180:',, ra. o. July 15, 1865. 
Lyons, Cyrus N., e. Dec. 25, 18G:'., ni. o. July 15, 1865. 

Twenty-sixth Infantry. 

Mason, John W., e. June 6, 1862, m. o. June 6, 1865. 

Thirty-third Infantry. 

Wright, John, e. .\ug. 25, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 

Thirty-fourth Infantry. 

(Consolidated with Thirty-eighth.) 

Bays, Wm. M., e. June 29, 1864, m o. Aug. 15, 1865. 
Pearsey, Chas., e. Oct. 15, 1863, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. 

Thirty-sixth Infantry. 

Morlan, Washington, e. Sept. 5, 1865, m. o. Aug. 24, 1865. 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 



467 



Forty-fourth Infantry. 

Sergt. Arthur A. Blumer, e. May 4, 1864, m. o. Sept. 
15, 1864. 

Sixth Cavalry. 

Second Lieut. Thomas J. Leavitt, com. Jan. 31, 1863, 
wd. by Indians at Whitestone Hills, D. T., died Sept- 
4, 1863. 

Burbridge, Henry, e. Sept. 20, 1862, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. 

Dobbins, Jackson, e. Jan. 5, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. 

Wallace, John J., e. Jan. 4, 1864, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. 

First Iowa Infantry (A. D.) 

Sergt. Daniel Jones, e. Sept. 9, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 

Procka, Wm., e. Sept. 15, 1863, died Jan. 1, 1864. 

Cooper, David H., e. Sept. 25, 1863, died April 2, 1864, 

Helena, Ark. 
Douglass, H., e. Sept. 10, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
Dunn, Allen, e. Sept. 13, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
McKeel, Ohas., e. Sept. 11, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
Montgomery, Jasper, e. Sept. 13, 1863, m. o Oct. 15, 1865. 
Porter, Jos., o. Sept. 10, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 

Williams, , e. Sept. 12, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 

Willis, Richmond, e. Sept. 14, 1862, dlsd. June 24, 1865, 

disab. 

Sixtieth U. S. Volunteers (A. D.) 

Brown, Henry, e. Aug, 11, 1S64, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
Brown, Wm. H., e. Aug. 18, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
Harris, Fred., e. Aug. 12, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
White, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1864, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
Alexander, Madison, e. Oct. 10, 1864. 

Sixteenth t llinois Infantry. 

yuinn, Dennis, e. May 24, 1861, trans, to 60th 111. 
Hill, John S., e. May 24, 1861. 

Jackson, Wm., e. May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865. 
Mangold, John, May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865. 
Haydon, Geo., May 24, 1861, vet. m. o. July 8, 1865, as 

sergt. 
Adams, F. J., e. May 9, 1861, dlsd. June 18, 1862. 

Forty-Second Illinois Infantry. 

Herman, Peters, e. July 26, 1861, died Feb. 27, 1863, wds. 
Jl. L. Ibiyward, e. July 26, 1861, 1st sergt., ni. o. Sept. 16, 

1864, term expired. 
Amburv, Wm., e. July 26, 1861, m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. 
Copeley, Geo. W., e. July 26, 1861, disd. May 5,1863, disab. 
Grace, Christian, e. July 26, 1861, m. o, Sept. 16, 1864. 
Kelley, James, e. July 26, 1861, died in rebel prison Nov. 

1863, wds. 

Martin, Ephraim, e. July 26, 1801, died at Murfreesboro 

April 19, 1863. 
Miller, Wm., e. July 26, 1861. 
McGinley, Wm., e. July 26, 1861, died at St. Louis, Feb. 

23, 1862. 
Redgeley, John, e. July 26, 1861, m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. 
Rhodes, Otho, e. July 26, 1861, vet. m. o. Dec. 16, 1865, 

as Corp. 
Smith, John, e. July 26, 1861, disd. March 1, 1862, disab. 
Solvisburg, Christ, e. July 26, 1861, disd. July 14, 1862, 

disab. 
Weston, Geo., e. July 26, 1861. 

Forty-Third Illinois Infantry. 

Ilertzler, Henry, e. Oct. 14, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. 
Kcmpholfner, Fred., e. Sept. 1, 1861, m. o. Dec. 10, 1864. 
Linneman, Ernst, e. Oct. 14, 1861, m. o. Dec. 16, 1864. 
Schrey, Christian, e. Sept. 1, 1861, m. o. Dec. 16, 1864. 
Volkner, V., e. Sept. 1, 1861, disd. July 12, 1862. 

Forty-fourth Infantry. 

Willem, Matthias, e. Sept. 1, 1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 25, '65. 

Fiftieth Illinois Infantry. 

Blind, Chas., e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet., m. o. July 13, 1865. 
Gordon, Richard, e. Sept. 16, 1861, sergt., m. o. Sept. 17, 

1864, as private. 

Latimer, George C, e. Nov. 1, 1861, sergt., m. o. Oct. 31, 
1864, as private. 

Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry. 

Hirt, George, e. Dec. 17, 1863, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. 
Blender, Edw., e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. 
Jiily 7, 1865. 



Blender, David, e. Oct. 5, 1801, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o* 

July 7, 1865, as corp. 
Blender, Hafer, e. Oct. 5, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. 

July 7, 1865, as corp. 
Conrad, Peter, e. Oct. 9, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. 

July 7, 1865, as corp. 
Disque, F., e. Oct. 5, 1861, disd. July 11, 1862, disab. 
Geinger, Chas., e. Aug. 26, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. 

July 7, 1865. 
Hirt, Geo., e. Oct. 10, 1861, trans. 
Hirt, Chas., e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862. 
Humberger, Chas. W., e. , 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. 

o. July 7, 1865, as corp. 
Hoebringer, Michael, e. Sept. 16, 1861. 
Hatz, Emil, e. Dec. 13, 1861. 
Ismert, Peter, e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863. m. o> 

July 7, 1865. 
Johnson, Frank B., e. Jan. 25, 1861, died. 
Miller, Jacob, e. Sept. 2, 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1862, disab. 
Ruby, Julius, e. Sept. 27, 1861, trans. 
Sal'tig, Peter, e. Sept. 1(1, 1861, died at Keokuk. 
Stanott, Jacob, e. Sept. 24, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862, disab. 
Schnittger, Fred., e. Sept. 8, 1861, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. 
Steetman, Henry, e. Aug. 20, 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. 

o. July 7, 1865, as sergt. 
Strumpe, Henry, e. , 1861, vet. Dec. 27, 1863, m. o. 

July 7, 1865, as sergt. 
Stunipt, .Joseph, e. Dec. 7,^861. 
Schneider, Jos., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. July 3, 1862. 
Schafer, Geo., e. Oct. 12, 1861. 

Steempt, Henry, e. Sept. 28, 1861, vet., m. o. July 7, 1865. 
Tschudy, John U., e. AUg. 26, 1861, deserted Feb. 8, 1862. 
Vogler, F.,e. Aug. 26, 1861. 

Wagner, Chas., e. Oct. 23, 1801, disd. July 30, 1862. 
Wobeser, Chas., e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 30, 1852, disab. 
Weber, E., e. Dec. 10, 1861, m. o, Jan. 23, 1865. 
Waltz, Bernhard, e. Aug. 26, 1861, m. o. Dec. 26, 1864. 
Wevand, John, e. Sept. 21, 1861. 

Zoliikoffer, Chas., e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. July 27, 1862. 
Zimmermann, Adam, e. Dec. 9, 1861, m. o. Sept. 25, 1864, 

wds. 
Zwicker, Chas., e. Nov. 12, 1861, disd. Aug. 16, 1862, wda. 
Zeller, Jacob, e. Sept. 18, 1861. 
Cisna, Samuel, e. Nov. 29, 1861. 
Fuller, David, e. Nov. 29, 1861. 
Mozingo, Lewis, e. Nov. 29, 1861. 
Solon, Simon, e. Nov. 29, 1861. 

Fifty-ninth Illinois Infantry. 

Hinkles, John G., e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. April 7, 1862' 

disab. 
Ingersol, Arthur, e. Sept. 27. 1861, vet. Jan. 12, 1864, m. 

o. Dec. 8, 1865. 
Smith, Wm. K., e. Sept. 27, 1861, disd. March 26, 1863, 

disab. 

Sixty-second Illinois Infantry. 

Nicholson, Jonathan, e. Jan. 15, 1862, m. o. May 2, 1865. 

Seventy-second Illinois Infantry. 

Fclsing, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. May 1, 1865, sorgt. 

Eleventh Illinois Cavalry. 

Albertson, Andreas, e. Sept. 23, 1861, disd. March 27 

1863, wds. 
Heins, John, e. Sept. 23, 1861, m. o. Dec. 20, 1864. 
Bork, Chas., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. 
Barker, Wm., e. Nov. 1, 1861, vet., m. o. Sept. 30, 1865, as 

sergt. 
Burns, Hugh, e. Nov. 1, 1861. 

Burns, Patrick, e. Nov. 6, 1801, disd. Oct. 15, 1862, disab. 
Barnett, Tim., e. Nov. 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 13, 1802, disab. 
Dow, Henry, e. Dec. 20, 1861, disd. Jan. 28, 1862. disab. 
Foley, Michael, e. Nov. 1, 1861, died March 9, 1864. 
Gaus, Levi, e. Nov. 6, 1861. 

Landragan, Matthew, e. Nov. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 1864. 
Murphy, Michael, e. Nov. 1, 1861, disd. Jan. 22, 1862. 
Martin, Samuel T., e. Nov. 6, 1861. 
Martin, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861, died at Monmouth, 111.,. 

March 6, 1862. 
Murphy, Wm., e. Nov. 6, 1861, died. Jan. 22,1862. 
O'Neal, H. B., e. Nov. 6, 1861, disd. Dec. 19, 1864. 
Sebring, Wm., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. 
Shomboucher, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861. 
Tucker, Jas. M., e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. 
Tinian, James, e. Nov. 6, 1861, sick at m. o. 



468 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



Tobin, Jamea, e. Nov. 6. 1861. 

William, D., e. Nov. G, 18G1, m. o. Sept. 30, 18G5. 

>Veeman, E , e. Nov. 6, 1861, m. o. Sept. 30, 1865. 



Twenty-fifth Missouri infantry. 

Hight, Win. E., e. De.-,. 2'"., 1861. 



Third Missouri Cavalry. 

Corp. Robt. M. Pollock, e. Oct. 15,1801, disd. for disability. 



Thirteenth Illinois Cavalry- 

Fry, Henry, -■. N.>v. s, isr.i. 

First iilinois Artillery. i Tenth Missouri Cavalry 

Fetrow, Laniel W., e. Aug. 17, 1862. | ^ergt. Martin L. Koot,e. .Xng. 1, Is.n. 

Parkinson, Wni., e. Jan. 28, 1802, dimi. March 30, 1802, 
disali. 



Second Illinois Artillery. 

Davis, Benj., e. .Vug. '>, 1864. ni. o. Oct. 2'2, 18i>4. 
Davis, Diivid, .-. .\ug. 5. 1804. 

Fifteenth Missouri Infantry. 

Corp. Jacob Schenernmnn, e. Sept. 7, 1861, died at Rolla, 
Mo. 



First Nebraska Cavalry. 

Corp. Lewis P. Wall, i-. June .30, 1861, disd. Aug. 20, 1862. 

Second Kansas Cavalry. 

First Sergt. Clarence J. Williams, e. Oct. 2, 1861. 
Corp. John C. Nye, e Oct. 2, 1861. 
Farrier Perrine Arnold, e. Oct. 2, 1861. 
Meeker, Chas. W., e. Oct. 1, 1861. 
Stockton, Thomas, e. Sept. 28, 1861. 



BUELINGTON. 

The history of the settlement of Burlington is unusually clear and free from 
vexatious questions, even for a Western city whose life covers but a generation 
or 80. One takes comfort in declaring that the name of the first settler is 
known beyond peradventure, and that neither qualification nor argument is 
necessary to pave the way to statements concerning the early days. 

Of course the reader understands that we refer solely to the actual occupa- 
tion of tliis site by bona fide white settlers, and not to any supposititious dwellers 
who may have found lodgment here any time between the era of the Mound 
Builders and the days when the American Fur Company grew rich off of the 
Indians. We speak of Burlington as a modern town, dating its origin at the 
proper year, 1833. 

It is difficult to distinguish the early history of Burlington from the early 
history of Des Moines County, and part, in fact, cannot be separated from the 
rest without mutilating the whole. We have endeavored to avoid duplicating 
statements, but have not hesitated to use the same topic twice where it seemed 
really necessary to do so. 

The legal life of settlement on the site of Burlington began June 1, 1833, 
but circumstances conspired to make tlie father of the town bold and venture- 
some enough to defy the law. 

SIMPSON S. WHITE. 

During the fall of 1(S29, Simpson S. White and Amzi Doolittle (as is asserted 
in the chapter on the settlement of the county) visited Avhat afterward became 
the Black Hawk Purchase, in the capacity of workmen on the trading-post 
buildings. They then discovered the richness of this region, and selected a 
"town site," in anticipation of the day when lawful claims could be made. 

As this statement differs from the generally published account, we concluded 
to make it only on the written authority of Mr. White himself. He is now 
living in Portland, Oregon, and thither a letter of inquiry was dispatched. In 
response we received a detailed history of his first days west of the Mississippi, 
and, for the benefit of posterity, that letter is here preserved. 

THE FIRST CLAIM AND CABIN. 

'• In 182!)," observes Mr. White, "the present site of Burlington was occu- 
pied by a branch of the American Fur Company, who had a trading-post with 
the Indians. In the summer of that year, Amzi Doolittle and S. S. White 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 469 

"were employed to put up an addition to the buildings at the post, and spent 
about three weeks in labor at. that place. While thus engaged, they had fre- 
quent opportunities to explore the country around the post, and were enabled 
to select prospective claims. One of the strong tendencies among Western men 
at that early period, was the location of future town-sites. White and Doolittle 
were not exempt from the prevailing epidemic of speculation, and prosecuted 
their search for ' claims ' with this thought in mind. The country was then 
Indian territory, with no immediate prospect of becoming public lands ; but the 
pioneers felt confident that so choice a locality could not long remain closed to 
the grasping hand of the white man. So they planned their claim, in anticipa- 
tion of the inevitable change, and attempted to take Time by the forelock. 

'■ The period of waiting proved less extended than they had dared to hope, 
for, in 1832, the Black Hawk disaster sealed the fate of the decaying bands. 
The treaty was made September 21, 1832. Within one week after the signing 
of the document, or as soon as news reached the men, who were living in Illi- 
nois, S. S. White, Amzi Doolittle and M. M, McCarver came across the Mis- 
sissippi River and made claim to the lands on which the river-front of Burling- 
ton is now standing. A cabin was immediately erected. The claim commenced 
at the ravine, near the upper part of the bottom-lands and extended down the 
river one mile. 

" THE FIRST PERRY-BOAT. 

" While the cabin referred to was in process of erection, the pioneers em- 
ployed men on the east shore, to build a flatboat, for use as a ferry. Applica- 
tion was at once made to the County Court of Hancock County, Illinois, for 
license to maintain a public ferry across the Mississippi at this point, which was 
granted. 

" THE SECOND BAND OF PIONEERS. 

•'Theodore Jennings located the land north of the original claim, and Ben- 
jamin Tucker and Isaac Crenshaw, that on the southwest thereof, during the fall 
of 1832. David Tothero built the second cabin in the region, and the first one 
away from the site of Burlington, southwest of town, some two miles or so. 
Before winter set in, twelve or fifteen families located in the surrounding 
country. The Smiths built cabins about two miles below ' town.' 

" S. S. White moved his family into the ' company ' cabin in February, 
1833. When he did so, the crude building was not finished. The floor was 
made of puncheons, or split logs ; there was no door hung, for sawed lumber 
could not be obtained ; and the home of the pioneer was exceedingly well 
ventilated. The nearest point where lumber could then be procured was St. 
Louis. 

''The treaty with the Indians did not require them to give up possession of 
the lands until June 1, 1833 ; but no attention was given to that clause by the 
settlers. We did not feel that we were infringing on the rights of the Indians 
by making our claims, but complaint was made to the commanding ofiicer at 
Rock Island, and a company of fifteen men was sent down to drive us off. We 
received notice of their purpose in time to move our effects across the river. 
The evening of the day on which we moved, the soldiers arrived. They were 
under the command of 

".JEFFERSON DAVIS, 

who became President of the 'late Confederate States.' He was then a Lieu- 
tenant in the army. As I afterward learned, the troops occupied our house 
over night, and in the morning set fire to the cabin. They then departed. 



470 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" The settlers from the surrounding country had taken refuge on the large 
island below our,«laini. 

•' After getting ray household goods across the river, I erected a cabin 
over them, leaving no opening to get in. My wife then went on a visit to her 
father in Warren County, 111. I had two men employed at this time, who 
were cutting wood for boats, near where I built this cabin, and I deemed it 
prudent not to leave an opening by which the goods could be taken out, as I 
was oblif^ed to be absent several days. On my return, about a week later, I 
found that the cabin had been robbed, and an attempt had been made to burn 
it down ; but the logs were green and would not take fire. The rascals had 
succeeded in burning merely the covering. The walls were still standing. This 
was in March, 1833. We then abandoned the place until the middle of May^ 
when I returned to the west side of the river, bringing my family with me. 
As we had no house to move into, we built a camp, with rails, and covered it 
over, as best we could, with boards split out of logs. The next work under- 
taken was to build a cabin. Three Aveeks were consumed in getting the log 
house up, as the weather was so rainy and windy that we could do but little 
each day. Our goods were constantly wet, and my wife's clothing had to be 
dried by the fire, almost every morning, before she could dress. 

" About this time, M. M. McCarver built a cabin near mine, and brought 
liis family over. This was in June, 1833." 

The statement explains away the confusion on the question of the visit of 
troops to the settlement. One account has it that White had two cabins 
destroyed by the soldiers, while another report says that but one was burned. 
It is here shown that the first cabin erected on the site of Burlington was 
destroyed by Jeff" Davis, and that the second cabin erected by White (but on the 
east shore) was destroyed by thieves. The conflict in statement is quite natural. 

The second cabin erected by Mr. White, on the site of Burlington, stood on 
Front street, just beloAv Sunderland's mills. It was afterward removed to Mr. 
Keeler's lot, near Hawkeye Bridge. The final disposition of the historic build- 
ing was ignominious enough, for it was torn down, and the logs which composed 
its walls were driven, as piles, into the embankment, near the spot on which it 
last stood. 

By the foregoing letter it will be seen that the man rightfully entitled to 
the second place on the list of settlers is 

MORTON M. m'CARVER. 

This assertion is also made on the strength of the following information 
gained by personal interview with Dr. Ross. The latter was, in the summer of 
1833, a single man. He said, in the interview already referred to: 

" In July, 1H33, I crossed the Mississippi River into Iowa, and landed a 
half-mile below the mouth of Flint River, where it empties into the former 
stream. The place was called Flint Hills, and extended five miles below the 
site of Burlington. 

" Morton M. McCarver and Simpson S. White were residing in cabins, 
about twenty feet apart, on the bank of the river, with a view to holding a claim 
extending from the mouth of Hawkeye Creek to the mouth of Flint River, and 
half a mile in width, it being the location of an old trading-post with the Indians. 
There was a root-house and a grave, the latter paled in, with a cross thereon, 
with the name of Maurice Blondeau inscribed upon the cross, on the margin of 
the river. Numerous trees were growing there, from the limbs of which 
depended canoes in which dead Indians were deposited." 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 471 

Mr. Ross explored the country roundabout, and then returned to Quincy, 
111. He there employed some workmen to proceed to the new region, in com- 
pany with his aged father, and erect a cabin on the claim he had made. This 
claim was one mile long, north and south, by one-half mile wide, east and west, 
and lay immediately west of, and adjoining, the claims of White and McCarver. 
Upon this place, besides erecting the dwelling-house spoken of, Mr. Ross cleared 
land and sowed grass-seed ; built a cabin for religious exercises and day school, 
in the fall of 1833. The latter cabin was occupied during the winter of 
1833-34 by the family of Mr. Phillips. 

THE FIRST STORES. 

In September, 1833, William R. Ross shipped a fine stock of goods to the 
new settlement, and almost simultaneously, Maj. Jeremiah Smith, Jr., shipped 
a similar general stock to the place. This was the beginning of the commer- 
cial industry of Burlington. Both of these men dealt largely with the Indians, 
in furs, etc. 

We again quote from Mr. White's letter : 

"During the summer of 1833 (September) a boat landed on the shore and 
began to discharge a quantity of goods. Upon going down to the boat, I 
learned that Dr. William R. Ross, of Quincy, 111., had shipped a stock of mer- 
chiindise to my care. I was much surprised, as I had received no notice of his 
intention, and had no building in which to store the goods from the weather. 
There was but one course to pursue, and that was to collect all the force at hand 
and build a cabin at once. The goods were left in an exposed condition for 
several days, with Indians about all the time. 

" Shortly after Ross became established in business, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., 
and Daniel Strong located land on the prairie west of town. Smith caused us 
to lay off some lots, as he said he would purchase a lot if we would sell it 
to him. If we would not do that, he should occupy the ground anyway, as he 
had come to start in trade. If he could not do it peaceably, he would forcibly. 
It was not our intention to lay off a town until we had acquired a title, but the 
positive stand taken by Smith caused us to change our minds. Dr. Ross sur- 
veyed the front line of two blocks, which was all the survey made that year. 
Smith purchased a lot, built a house and commenced business that fall (1833). 

"The same fall I purchased McCarver's interest in the town and ferry. 
McCarver went to Monmouth, where he remained for two years and then 
returned to Burlington. 

"In the spring of 1834, John B. Gray came to Burlington and opened the 
first 'grocery' in the place. Subsequently, he associated with Samuel Stephens 
in mercantile business, and opened the third general store in Burlington. In 
the fall of 1834 or the spring of 1835, Jesse Webber began mercantile trade, 
and about the same time W. W. Chapman opened the first law office. 

"During 1834, the town was surveyed and many lots sold. John S. David 
came this year. I purchased the claim of Theodore Jennings north of our 
location, and about that time made arrangements with William Morgan to hold 
and occupy that portion of our claim lying below what is now called Black 
Hawk Creek. He was to secure the title and give us one-half of the land. He 
resided there but a few months, however, and then sold out to Wood. 

" In 1834, I put twenty acres of the Jennings' claim under cultivation, and 
continued to do so for two years. 

"Jonathan Donnel and myself built the first saw-mill in Iowa, on Flint 
River, in 1835. 



472 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" In 1885-86, several mercantile houses were established, viz., Chase & 
Kirable, Dickenson Hedges and S. Benson. The next year, Robert Ralston 
and Kelly i^ Newliall opened stores. 

•• Ani'zi Doolittle did not become a resident of Burlington until 1838, at 
wbich time he moved his family there. 

" March, 18-56, David Rorer became a resident of Burlington — the second 
lawyer to locate in the place. 

"John B. Gray first proposed the name of Burlington for the new town. 

" The first tavern was kept by a man named Cooper. 

'' The Indian name of the region extending from the lower part of the high 
land up to the mouth of the Flint River, was Sho-ko-kon, meaning Flint Hills. 

" Lyman Chase, Henry Moore and James Wells were our first carpenters, 
and Jeremiah White, plasterer." 

It will be observed that a conflict of statement occurs concerning two or 
three claims of priority. The most noticeable is that of the Donnel mill. The 
Augusta people claim that Moffet's mill was built before Donnel's was, and we 
are of the opinion that they are right. Upon this question we are unable to 
get positive information. 

The first tavern is said to have been kept in Doolittles frame house ; but 
White asserts that a man named Cooper entertained before the erection of the 
frame, in the spring of 1884. If he did so, it was in a humble way. 

In every historic sketch thus far published, White and Doolittle have been 
termed the " Romulus and Remus of Burlington." The reliable statements 
herein made, prove that Doolittle did not become a citizen of the place until the 
fall of 1838, although slightly interested in the claim. It is a pity to spoil so 
pretty an expression, but the duty of a writer of history is strongly iconoclastic. 

THE FIRST TAVERN. 

In September, 1833, Amzi Doolittle, who had an interest in the claim of 
Burlington, moved there with his family. The following spring, Lyman Chase, 
who was the first carpenter to locate in the place, built two frame houses, one 
for White and the other for Doolittle. The latter was used as an hotel. Henry 
Mo(jre, who has attained the distinction of being the oldest mechanic and oldest 
citizen in Burlington, did his first carpenter work on those original frame build- 
ings. John G. Kennedy, who has lived in Fort Madison since 1836, relates 
that in the spring of 1884 (his residence then being at Rushville, 111.), he took 
passage on a steamboat at Quincy for Galena. In due time, the boat arrived at 
Flint Hills. At that time, there were three or four log cabins in the place, as 
seen from the river. Near the landing was a grocery, for which the boat put 
oil two or three barrels each of sugar and whisky, and a sack or two of coffee. 
Kennedy noticed three or four men at work about what seemed to be the frame 
of a house, near the site of the old Burlington House, corner of Water and 
Washington streets, and being a carpenter himself, he strolled up the landing 
where the men were at work. The frame was for a story-and-a-half house, 
corner posts of heavy timber, S(iuared with the ax, and studding prepared in 
the same way. Kennedy asked who was "boss" of the job; one answered 
that he was trying to be, but he hadn't force enough to raise the timbers. 
Kennedy turned to the six or eight passengers on the boat, and called out : 
" Boys, come ashore and help these men, and we will have it to say that we 
assisted in raising the first frame house in Flint Hills." The passengers 
responded with alacrity, and in half an hour the timbers were in place, and 
the boat proceeded up the river. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 473'- 



THE FIRST DOCTORS. 



Dr. W. R. Ross, as before stated, who also opened the first drug stock ; 
Dr. Crawford, from Brooke County, Va., settled in Burlington in 1833 ; he 
practiced during the winter, and then moved to Texas. In the spring of 1834^ 
Drs. Shuff, of Kentucky, and Cutler, of Indiana, located in Burlington, and 
formed a partnership. Cutler died within the year, and ShufF returned to 
Kentucky. Dr. Teas practiced in 1835. Dr. D. W. Hickock, of New York, 
located there in 1835, and remained until his death. Dr. S. S. Ransom, of 
Vermont, settled there about the same date. Dr. E. Lowe, of Indiana, came- 
in 1836 ; he afterward removed to Omaha. 

THE FIRST MARRIAGE. 

In the fall of 1833, an engagement of marriage was entered into between 
William R. Ross and Matilda Morgan. The region west of the Mississippi was 
then attached to Michigan Territory, for judicial purposes, but was newly- 
acquired Indian territory. Marriage ceremonies could not, therefore, be 
observed on the west bank. Mr. Ross had to go to Monmouth, 111., for a 
marriage license. He then engaged Judge Allen to go to the east shore of the 
river, opposite Flint Hills, and meet the young couple to marry them. On the 
3d day of December, Mr. Ross and Miss Morgan crossed over the river in a 
llatboat and were joined in wedlock, by Judge Allen, while standing under a 
sycamore-tree on the east bank of the river. This must be regarded as the first 
marriage in Burlington, since it was the union of two of the original pioneers, 
and was as near being celebrated on the soil of Iowa as the circumstances would 
then allow. On the 5th of December, 1878, Mr. Ross celebrated his seventy- 
fifth birthday. He is a hale man, and shows the force of intelligent habits by 
the clear and unusually good chirography of his several letters to the writer of 
this work. 

THE ORIGINAL PLAT. 

There is some question as to who surveyed the original plat of the city. 
Mr. Ross says that Benjamin Tucker and William R. Ross made the survey 
and plat in November and December, 1833. This, be it understood, was the 
main portion, claimed by White and Doolittle. Mr. White bears Mr. Ross out 
in this assertion. The original plat was small in size, consisting of but two 
blocks. No written evidence of this first survey is extant. The earliest plat 
is of the later survey. 

. •' THE NAME " BURLINGTON 

was given by John B. Gray, Avho located here in January, 1834, with his fam- 
ily. In the spring of that year, he finished a frame house, and filled the build- 
ing with merchantable goods. 

In February, 1834, S. S. Ross took up his residence in Burlington, and 
brought with him not only his family, but also a large stock of goods. S. S. 
Ross bought out the mercantile business of W. R. Ross. This was the third 
store opened in the place, Mr. Gray's being the fourth in point of time. 

THE FIRST SCHOOL. 

In the spring of 1834, Zadoc C. Inghram taught the first school opened in 
Burlington, in the building erected by W. R. Ross for school and church pur- 
poses, and which had been occupied by Phillips during the winter. The house 
stood southwest of what is now the public square. Mr. Ross boarded In- 
ghram free of cost. 



474 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

THE FIRST BIRTH. 

The first birth which occurred in the village of Burlington, and also the 
first in the county, was a child of S. S. White, the original claimant. The 
event transpired in 1833. The second birth occurred in the family of Tothero. 
The third was that of Abigail Ann Gray, daughter of John B. Gray. Mr. 
Gray was the man who named the town. This birth took place March 3, 1835. 
The lady is living in Albia. During 1835, there were a number of births in 
the coun y. early newspaper items. 

There is no more valuable aid in the preparation of a work of this character 
than the early newpaper publications. Man's memory may fail, and the crowd- 
ing events of more recent times confuse the dates and names so essential to 
accuracy in compilations such as this. But even an imperfect record of a trans- 
action, if jotted in the local issues of the day, furnishes indisputable confirma- 
tion of oral testimony. The first papers printed in new regions do not, or 
rather did not — for modern ideas have changed with experience — appreciate the 
importance of preserving unbroken files of their issues ; but the newspapers of 
Burlington are so nearly complete as to be invaluable to the searcher after his- 
toric truth. 

In the first and second numbers of the loiva Patriot are published brief 
sketches of the entrance of white men, as settlers, in Des Moines County. The 
communications are not given over an individual signature, but from their style 
and from our familiarity, by correspondence, with a certain gentleman's compo- 
sition, we believe the " Citizen of Burlington" was none other than Dr. Will- 
iam R. Ross, the surveyor and platter of Burlington. However, the fact that, 
■within six years of the original settlement, the articles referred to were given 
in the local press, and passed then as authentic statements of truth, without 
challenge, places them to-day at the disposal of the historian as worthy of 
credence. The " Reminiscences of Early Settlement," as the papers are called, 
were editorially indorsed as correct. Therefore, in confirmation of the state- 
ments made relative to the original claimants, we give a copy of the papers 
entitled " Reminiscence of Early Settlement of Burlington," and published in 
the Patriot in June, 1839. If one is disposed to question the authenticity 
of what is given elsewhere, the following sketch will serve to sustain our 
work : 

" 1 arrived at what was formerly called the upper end of Flint Hills, now the 
city of Burlington, in August, 1833, at which time everything was in a rude 
state of nature ; the Indian title to the lands having been extinguished only the 
first of June previous. The only white persons whom I found residing in or 
near the place on which Burlington has been built were Messrs. M. M. McCar- 
ver and S. S. White, who had ventured here, previous to the extinguishment of 
the Indian titles, with their families, and who were suffering all the privations 
and difficulties attending the settlement of a wilderness country. Frequently 
they were without bread or meat, save such as the God of nature supplied them 
bountifully with. In addition to those troubles, they were driven from their 
newly-finished cabin, which was fired and destroyed by the soldiers from Rock 
Island, under orders of the United States Government. Much credit is due 
these citizens for their enterprise in having made the first claim, and in estab- 
lishing i\\Q first ferry, by means of which emigrants were enabled to cross the 
Mississippi to the newly-fjivored lands. The pioneers always endeavored to 
make settlers as comfortalde as possible. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 475 

" A short time after they had made their claim, they sold a portion — one- 
third — of their interest to Mr. A. Doolittle, who went on to improve, but did 
not become a citizen until the latter part of 1833. 

" In September, 1833, William R. Ross brought a valuable stock of goods 
to Burlington, and thus began the first store. Mr. Ross also brought his house- 
hold goods, at great hazard and much expense. He was accompanied by his 
aged father, who had fought throughout the Revolutionary war, and who was 
one of the first settlers in Lexington, Ky. Worn down with age and toil, and 
being exposed to the inclemencies of a new home, the old gentleman was 
carried off the same fall, with chills and fever, and now lies (1839) on the top- 
most pinnacle of our city. This was the ^rs^ death in Des Moines County of a 
white person. 

" Late in the same fall, Maj. Jeremiah Smith landed with a fine stock of 
goods, having, sometime previously, settled and improved the farm on which he 
located, one and a half miles from Burlington. Having thus given a history of 
all the permanent settlers of what is now Burlington in 1833, I will relate a 
few circumstances concerning the natives. 

" Burlington had long been a great point of trade for the Indians, as would 
appear from the numerous old trading-houses, root-houses and number of graves 
that were along the bank of the river, together with several corpses deposited 
in canoes, with their trinkets, and suspended in the trees, fastened by strips of 
bark. Among the most noted graves, was that of the celebrated French 
half-breed, M. Blondeau, who was interred with a paling around his grave, and 
a cross with his name cut thereon, he having been a Roman Catholic. This 
grave was immediately in front of the warehouse erected by S. S. Ross, at a 
date somewhat later than 1833. \yhen the warehouse was built, we had the 
body re-interred in the regular burying-ground. The Indian trade was valuable 
to the merchants in 1833; 

" The original town of Burlington (which should have been called Shok-ko- 
kon, the English interpretation of which is Flint Hill), was draughted and 
surveyed by Benjamin Tucker and William R. Ross, in the months of Novem- 
ber and December, 1833." 

We have taken the liberty to correct what was evidently a typographical 
error in the foregoing communication, concerning the date of Mr. Doolittle's 
residence. He came, according to authentic report, in 1833 — not in 1838 — 
as the newspaper article says he did. Probably an 8 was substituted for a 3, 
by mistake. 

It is said that some years after the death of the elder Ross, his son and 
friends attempted to exhume the remains and re-inter them in the cemetery. 
The most careful search, however, failed to discover the grave, and the ashes 
still repose where originally deposited. 

As additional testimony in corroboration of the foregoing pages, we insert 
the following extracts from a short historic sketch, published some years since, 
prepared by one of the oldest settlers of Burlington : 

" The first merchants in Burlington were Dr. W. R. Ross and Jeremiah 
Smith. Both opened stores here in 1833. Dr. Ross began in a log building, 
but soon sold out to his brother, S. S. Ross, who erected a frame store during 
the summer of 1834. It stood on the south side of Court street. His framed 
store was built in front of it. Jeremiah Smith erected his framed store on 
Front street, where McCutchen's stable now stands. The same year, John B. 
Gray opened the first grocery store. About 1836, Jeremiah Lamson and 
Jacob Ladd were added to the list of Burlington merchants. 



476 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

"The first fraraed houses were erected for Doolittle and White, py Lyman- 
Chase, who was the first carpenter in Burlington, in the summer of 1834. 
Henry Moore, the ohJest settler now living in the city, and who carried on 
carpenter business successfully here for many years, did his first work in the 
erection of tiiese buildings. These two houses stood, one of them, on Water 
street, near the Gas Works, and the other on the northeast corner of^ Court and 
Water streets. The former was built and occupied for a tavern. 

" The first brick building was a dwelling-house, erected by Judge Rorer, in 
July, 1836, on the lot subsequently occupied by Gen. Fitz Henry Warren's 
residence. Isaac Leffler then built a little one-story brick dwelling on the side 
of South Hill, near Division street. The residence of Hon. H. W. Starr, on 
Fifth street, between Jeiferson and Washington, was built (a part of it) by Dr. 
Ross, in 1858, and since enlarged by Mr. Starr. The portion of it built by 
Dr. Ross is the oldest brick dwelling now standing in the city." 

Burlington, in 1837, is described by an eye-witness as " a village of some 
three hundred inhabitants, occupying houses mostly of a single story, and even 
of a single room, constructed of logs or slightly-built frames. Not more than two of 
the whole number were composed of more substantial materials, and even these 
have long since vanished before the advance of superior improvement. A small 
opening had been made, extending a few squares up and down the river, and 
a still less distance perpendicularly from the shore ; but the hills around, nOw 
crowned with comfortable and tasteful residences, were then covered with the 
unbroken primeval forest. 

" Not a church or schoolhouse had as yet made its appearance among us, 
and although the streets had received their geographical position, yet the plastic 
substratum of clay, which had perhaps lain dormant for hundreds of generations, 
had not evinced its capacity for tormenting its disturbers, and for imposing the 
ruling fashion which prevailed for so many years, of the frequent change of 
sides between the leg of the boot and of the pantaloons. 

■' Such was the unpretending condition of the town, which was at that time 
the seat of government of a Territory which included what now constitutes three 
States, and the materials for a fourth." 

This writer ignored Mr. Ross's original schoolhouse, and was mistaken as 
to the destruction of Judge Rorer's brick house, as is shown above. 

Mr. Charles Negus, in papers on the Early History of Iowa, printed in the 
'' Annals of Iowa," gives the following description of Burlington at a very early 
day : 

'' Burlington was quite a noted place before it was settled by the whites, 
and was known by the naraeof Flint Hills (or by the Indian name of Shok-ko-kon) 
and had for a long time been a post for carrying on trade with the Indians. 
At the time when the whites were first permitted to make settlements here, there 
were numerous old trading-houses, boat-houses, and a number of graves along 
the banks of the river, and the remains of other Indians deposited in their 
canoes with their trinkets suspended in the trees, which were fastened to the 
limbs with bark ropes. Among the graves was the noted French, or half-breed, 
Maurice lilondeau, who, previous to his death, lived and had an extensive 
iinprovement near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, between Montrose and 
Keokuk. This grave was inclosed with a paling fence, and over it vrus erected 
a wooden cross on which liis name was engraved. This was in token of his 
religion, he being a Roman Catholic. But after the settlement of Burlington, 
his remains were taken up and re-interred in the place selected for a common 
burying-ground. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 477 

" This trading establishment was a branch of the American Fur Company, 
and had been under the superintendence of John W. Johnson, who was a native 
of MaryLand. Johnson had acted in the capacity of Indian Agent, and took 
up with a Sac and Fox squaw, by whom he had three daughters. He Avas 
fondly attached to his children, gave them a thorough education at a Catholic 
convent, and all three of them married highly respectable gentlemen. 

"In October, 1832, some twelve or fifteen persons crossed the Mississippi 
in canoes at the head of Big Island, and made a landing about two miles below 
Burlington, and took an excursion through the surrounding country and laid 
claims for future settlement. They built for themselves cabins, and in February, 
1833, they brought over their stock and commenced making fences and prepar- 
ing the ground for cultivation. But to their great annoyance, they were driven 
away from their claims by the Government soldiers from Rock Island, and they 
recrossed the river and stopped on Big Island, taking with them their implements 
of husbandry and their stock. All the labor which they had performed availed 
them nothing, for their cabins and fences were set on fire by the soldiers and burned 
up. But notwithstanding these molestations, they resolved to hold on to the 
sites selected for their homes. They held a council and ' agreed to strike their 
tents, and went to work to build a flatboat,' so that they could cross over the 
river and improve their claims whenever they had an opportunity. 

" The first persons who settled within the limits of the city of Burlington, 
were Morton M. McCarver and Simpson S. White, who moved there with their 
families previous to the extinguishment of the Indian title, suifering all the 
privations and difiiculties attending the settlement of a wilderness country, 
which were very great. These individuals have the honor of having made the 
first claims at Burlington, and also of having established the first ferry at his 
point, by which emigrants were enabled to cross the great Mississippi. A short 
time after they had established their claims (?) they sold out one-third of their 
interest to A. Doolittle, who immediately went to improving his purchase, but 
did not become a citizen until the fall of 1833. [This erroneous statement is 
corrected in the letter from S. S. White, already given. — Ed.] 

" In the fall of 1833, Dr. William R. Ross came to Burlington with a valu- 
able stock of goods, accompanied by his father, who was an old Revolutionary 
soldier, and who was one of the first settlers in Lexington, Ky. But the old 
man being worn down with toil and age, and not having the constitution to 
stand the exposures incident to the settlement of a new country, was attacked 
with chills and fever, and died that fall, being the first of the emigrants who 
died in this part of the Territory. 

'• Late in the same fall, Jeremiah Smith brought to the place a fine stock of 
goods, and engaged in merchandising, but previous to that, he had taken up a 
claim about a mile and a half back from the river, and made some valuable 
improvements on it. These adventurous pioneers have erected for themselves 
a monument on the pages of history which will outlast the iron pillar or the 
marble slab. 

" The original town of Burlington was drafted and surveyed by Benjamin 
Tucker and William R. Ross, in the months of November and December, 1833 ;. 
A. Doolittle and Simpson S. White being the proprietors. In 1837^ the whole 
town wasresurveyed by Gilbert M. Harrison, under the direction of the Gen- 
eral Government, but it retains its original name. 

" Cupid was not slow in finding his way to Iowa ; he was among the first 
emigrants, and he soon got up a little contest of love between William R. Ross 
and Matilda Morgan, who compromised the afiair by agreeing to take each other 



478 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY.. 

for better or for worse through their natural lives. But this agreement did not 
end their difficulties, for they had not the officials on the west side of the river, 
by whom tlie contract could be solemnized. To overcome this, the parties with 
their friends crowded into a flatboat, and paddled to the Illinois side of the 
river, procured from Monmouth, 111., a man possessed of legal authority, who 
in the flatboat before their friends, pronounced them man and wife, which is 
presumed to have been the first marriage of emigrants in the Territory after the 
Black Hawk Purchase." ^^j^j^j^^^ON in 1839. 

An editorial in the Patriot of June, 1889, gives the following brief descrip- 
tion of Burlington as it appeared then : " During the present high state of 
water. Front or Water street is about fourteen feet above the level of the river. 
This elevation extends to a width of about four or five hundred feet, at which 
point a gentle ascent commences, which reaches to the top of the blufi", afford- 
ing a delightful location for private residences. The buildings on this eminence 
can be seen on the Illinois side for a distance of fourteen miles. Burlington 
suffered very much during the winter before last (1837-38) in consequence of 
an extensive fire, which destroyed several handsome buildings, among which 
was the State-house. The Legislature during the last winter, held its sessions 
in the new brick Methodist meeting-house. The improvements which have 
been made are creditable to the ftiterprise of our fellow-citizens. Among the 
improvements may be mentioned the block of three-story brick buildings erected 
by Messrs. Lamson, Ladd and Rorer. During the present season, two new 
wharves iiave been constructed by the contributions of the citizens, and we soon 
expect to see the the whole length of Front street handsomely graded. A steam 
ferry-boat runs regularly from this point to Montreal, and we have not seen it 
return once this season without being literally crowded with passengers, mostly 
emigrants to Iowa." 

The same editorial speaks of the rapid growth of Burlington, but believes 
that the richness of the agricultural country back of the town will sustain the 
growing place. The editor could see nothing in the future to " prevent Bur- 
lington from becoming a city of considerable importance." 

The following brief description of the size and business interests of Bur- 
lington in July, 1839, was published in the Patriot: "The city is supposed 
to contain about 1,600 inhabitants, having had 1,200 at the taking of the cen- 
sus in June, 1838. It is the largest town in the Territory except Dubuque, and 
perliaps exceeds that. It has one large church, well built of bricks, for the 
Metliodists. The private residences, with few exceptions, are at present small, 
incommodious and unsuited to the climate ; as might be expected in a country 
acquired but six years from the Indians, and among a people accustomed to live 
in denial of the luxuries and conveniences afforded by well-built buildings. 
Burlington is a town of much business, being the port for Des Moines, Henry, 
Jefferson and part of Van Buren Counties, comprehending a population of 
nearly 15,000. It has three large brick stores of three stories each, one other 
smaller brick store, four dwellings of the same material, and some dozen or 
more other stores and shops. It has also two weekly newspapers." 

JULY 4, 1839. 

In the light of subsequent evei^ts, it is interesting to note that on July 4, 

1839, the day was celebrated m Burlington by the reading of the Declaration 

of Independence by " Gen. A. C. Dodge, and the delivery of an oration by 

James W. Grimes, Esq." The exercises were held in the Methodist meeting- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 479 

house, and Rev. J. Bachelder invoked divine blessing on the occasion and the 
people generally. 

The " Iowa Guards " paraded for the first time on that day " in their new 
uniforms, and looked very soldiei'-like." 

PROPOSED CHANGE OF NAME. 

The name "Burlington" was not satisfactory to some of the settlers, and 
the Patriot was especially urgent in its advocacy of a change. The argument 
against the retention of the title provided by Mr. Gray was its lack of originality. 
Even the Boston papers took the matter up and urged a change. The news- 
paper discussion lasted for several months, during the decade of 1840-50, but 
finally died out. The matter did not reach a point where a substitute was 
generally agreed upon, but some Indian name appeared to be the favorite. 

BORN A METROPOLIS. 

In 1841, John B. Newhall, of Burlington, published a little volume called 
"Sketches of Iowa, or the Emigrant's Guide." The book was indorsed by 
Gov. Lucas and Hon. George W. Jones, then Surveyor General of Wisconsin 
and Iowa Territories. From that work, which is now exceedingly rare, is 
taken so much information as relates to Burlington and Des Moines County, the 
object being to permanently preserve a truthful report of the condition of this 
region in 1840-41. 

" Mr. Newhall refers to the one Indian trading-house in Shok-ko-kon in 
1832, and compares the place with the ' Burlington ' of 1841, where the 
traveler could "perambulate Water street with its spacious brick warehouses 
that would do honor to any city in the land. Then his bed might have been oak 
leaves, with the canopy of heaven for a covering ; or, perchance, his dinner might 
have consisted of wild honey from the hollow trunk of a hickory ; noiv he can 
dine sumptuously at the National, the Western, the Burlington or the Mansion 
House, and, in exchange for a seat upon a ' stump ' with the company of an 
Indian trapper, he reposes on the drawing-room sofa, smoking ' Principes ' 
with a judge. Such has been the progress of Burlington from the 'Flint 
Hills ' of 1832 to the gay and hustling metropolis of 1841 !" 

BUSINESS MEN OF AULD LANG SYNE. 

It is exceedingly interesting to look over the names of prominent business 
men of thirty-five years ago, but sad to reflect how few of them are left in our 
midst. They have, many of them, removed to other scenes of activity, or 
passed to that bourn whence no traveler ever returns. Mr. Newhall, in 
his " Directory of some of the principal mercantile establishments, professions, 
etc., for 1840-41," mentions the following : 

Forwarding and commission houses, dry goods, etc., Bridgman & Partridge, 
H. W. Moore & Co., David & Kitchen, Webber & Remey, Charles Nealley, 
Chase & Kimball, Ewing & Logan, M. B. Cox & Co., C. Eddy & Co., W. Jones, 
McCarver & White, Luke Palmer ; hardware. Cook & Cochrane ; jewelry, A. 
W. Carpenter ; druggists and apothecaries, Hasbrauck & Wheeler, J. M. Rob- 
ertson ; stoves and castings, Patterson & Ralston ; sheet-iron, tin, stoves, etc., 
S. A. Hudson, W. Ladd ; saddlery, J. K. Field ; shoe and leather dealers, 
Adams & Co. ; gunsmith, L. Babbitt ; tailoring establishments, George Temple, 
C. H. Miller, Buel, P. Dykens, Lucas k Morrison ; groceries, coffee- 
houses and provision stores, J. G. Kriechbaum, W. C. Morrison, Robert Burns, 
Bruin J. Wood & Son. Among the 



480 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

PROFESSIONAI- MEN 

were the following physicians, none of whom are now living here: Drs. Enos 
Lowe, L. W. Hickoic, E. B. Price, S. Ransom, Robert Martin, James W. 
Davis. The attorneys were J. D. Learned. W. Henry Starr, D. Rorer, 
William 11. Starr, W. VV. Chapman, James W. Woods, M. D. Browning, Shep- 
herd Leftler, James W. Grimes, J. R. Fayerweather. 

HOTELS. 

National House, kept by J. C. Fletcher; Burlington House, kept by A. H. 
Miller; Mansion House, kept by D. & T. B. Hammers; Western Hotel, kept 
by James W. Nealley ; Iowa Hotel, kept by George W. Hight ; Farmers' Inn, 
kept by Mr. Steele. 

David B. Anderson and Henry C. Anderson were authorized to keep a 
ferry across the Mississippi at the lower end of Burlington January 19, 1844. 

EXECUTION OF THE HODGE BROTHERS. 

The only executions which have taken place in Des Moines [County were 
those which transpired in 1845, being the legal hanging of William and 
Stephen Hodge. Those unfortunate young men were guilty of murder, and paid 
the penalty of their atrocious crime, on a gallows erected west of Burlington, near 
the Mount Pleasant road, in a natural amphitheater formed by surrounding hil- 
locks. The history of the crime and its result is one of the most peculiar and 
dramatic that has been discovered by the writer in the annals of the State. 

On the night of May 10, 1845, partially disguised men entered the house 
of one Leise. three miles west of West Point, in Lee County, evidently for the 
purpose of robbing the inmates of real or supposed wealth. The fjxmily con- 
sisted of Leise, his father-in-law, John Miller, and Mr. and Mrs. Risser, the 
latter a daughter of Leise. In the early morning light, the young couple, who 
were aroused from their slumbers by the noise of a pistol-shot and heavy blows, 
discovered men in the room occupied by the older men. A deadly encounter 
was in progress. As soon as he could do so, Risser appeared on the scene, 
when the assailant.s fled, leaving behind them a cap and two or three clubs. 
Just outside the door, John Miller's dead body was found, lying in a pool of 
blood, which llowed from a fearful stab or knife-wound, which had reached a 
vital spot. Leise was discovered to be in. a fatally wounded condition, having 
been shot with a pistol and also badly cut with some sharp instrument. 

Shortly after the murder, the Hodges, who were Mormons and lived at 
Nauvoo, 111., were arrested and indicted for the crime. The tribunal before 
which the criminals were taken was the Territorial District Court, over which 
Chief Justice Charles Mason presided. This Court held its sessions in Bur- 
lington, in the church edifice now known as "Old Zion," which was then the 
only commodious building in the place. This fact furnishes the peculiar feat- 
ures of the case. 

The trial began Monday, June 10, 1845. The jury consisted of David 
Leonard, Eli Walker, Robert Mickey, James Snow, Isaac Chandler, Vincent 
Shelley. William Bennett, Joel Hargrove, Moses B. Nutt, Jolm Smith, Thomas 
Stout and John D. Cameron. L. D" Stockton was prosecutor, and F. D. Mills 
appeared for the defense. The case lasted one week. The testimony appears 
m full in the Ilmvk-Eye of June 26, 1845— a piece of newspaper enterprise 
resulting from Mr. Edwards' accomplishment as a stenographer. Saturday 
evening, the 21st, the case went to the jury. Sunday morning, the verdict 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 481 

was announced. At 9 A. M. of that day, an intensely excited audience assem- 
bled in Old Zion, not for the purpose of listening to the preaching of the Gos- 
pel, but to hear the rendering of an awful verdict. Judge Mason received the 
jury, and the formal proceedings in such cases were observed. The jury found 
the two prisoners at the bar guilty of murder in the first degree. The jury 
was discharged, and the Court adjourned until -3 P. M. of that day. Again a 
dense throng congregated within the walls of that edifice, which had so often 
reverberated with the songs of praise, and again with all the varying notes of 
human tongue, from Indian war-whoops to the laughter of innocent children, 
as they gazed upon some trifling exhibition intended to amuse if not instruct. 
On that awful day, they were awaiting, Avith hushed breath, to hear, not the 
word of life, but the grim sentence of a justly inflicted death. The rude tem- 
ple which had been so often used as the house of God, now beheld a spectacle 
which found its parallel in the old Mosaic dispensation. The majesty of the 
law had been assailed ; blood had been spilled by hands fiimiliar with crime, and 
He who spake from Sinai's flashing cloud had uttered the edict, which could 
not^e disobeyed. 

The scene within those wall was one which lacked no element of dramatic 
power. The pulpit from which sinning humanity had been exhorted to repent 
and forsake the paths that lead to ruin, was transformed into a bar of justice, 
from whence should issue the proof of that inexorable warning, "the way of the 
transgressor is hard." The prisoners were arraigned before the altar, and as the 
Judge pronounced the sentence, his words betrayed the emotions of his heart. 
The criminals were but boys in years, but their records proved that their days 
had been given up to works of evil. 

They were sentenced to be hanged on the 15th of July, 1845. During 
their brief confinement in the jail, they were visited frequently by men and 
women, who urged upon them the necessity of preparing for the day of doom. 
A partial confession was made by the younger brother, but the elder remained 
doggedly indiff'erent to his fate. 

John H. McKenny was Sheriff of the county, and upon him devolved the 
painful duty of carrying out the sentence. The men were attended by several 
clergymen at the scaffold, and there again requested to make confession. They 
both refused to do so, however, and persisted in declaring their innocence. The 
speeches from the gallows were terrible, considering the clearness of the case. 
The final act was performed, after they had signified their readiness, and the 
two young men passed before a tribunal higher than that of earth. 

After a lapse of thirty-four years, no evidence has been produced to alter 
public belief in the justice of the verdict. 

BURLINGTON IN 1845. 

In August, 1845, the Hawk- Eije gave the population of Burlington as 3,000, 
During the two years preceding, it had grown with a " rapidity which aston- 
ished everybody," to quote the language of that paper. More than one hun- 
dred and fifty buildings had been erected in less tihan two years. 

In 1846, the Hmvk-Eye said that the city was still " on the onward march. 
Its steady growth, the permanency of its buildings, the moral character of its 
inhabitants, the liberal course pursued by its merchants, and its facility of trade 
make it a desirable locality." 

sears' DESCRIPTION IN 1848. 

In 1848, there was published a book called "A New and Popular Pictorial 
Description of the United States," by Robert Sears, of New York. The char. 



482 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

acter of tlie work was such as to include brief mention of the new States and 
Territories. From those pages are gathered fragments of information pertinent 
to the subject here considered. 

In the li»ht of established fact it is interesting to read that, in 1848, the 
belief was that " Iowa is destined to become one of the great States of the 
West. No country on the globe is better situated for farming purposes." 

The city of Burlington was then able to boast of about two thousand inhab- 
itants. ''• Daily communication was had by steamboats with near and distant 
river towns, above and below, and by stage coaches three times a week with 
Dubuque." 

For the vear ending June, 1847, the business of Burlington was reported as 
follows : 

Imports — 687 tons of salt ; 305 tons of iron, stoves and casting ; 2,784 
tons of general merchandise. 

Exports— lQ,2,b\ bushels of oats ; 118,228 bushels of corn ; 207,948 bush- 
els of wheat ; 666 bushels of beans ; 500 bushels of flaxseed ; 1,847 bushels 
of barley; 32,821 barrels of flour; 384 barrels of whisky ; 1,643 tons of pftrk, 
bacon and lard ; 150 tons of hay ; 23 tons of dry hides. Total tonnage, 14,250. 
Average cost of transportation, $6 per ton. 

There were 524 steamboat arrivals. Cabin passage from St. Louis was $5, 
and 5,230 passengers made the trip. Besides that number of first-class travel- 
ers, there were 7,845 who took a half-price ticket, and poorer accommodations 
below deck. There were about one thousand horses and vehicles moved by 
steamer during the year. 

A comparative statement of the Western cities is interesting in connection 
with the foregoing. In 1848, Chicago had surprised the country by growing 
to the enormous size of 17,000 inhabitants. St. Louis claimed 16,469 within 
the then chartered limits, and 26,000 including suburbs. It was " the greatest 
river port, except New Orleans, in the world ! " Its steamboat arrivals num- 
bered 2,412, with a tonnage of 467,824. Detroit, which was the capital of 
this region when the original counties of Des Moines and Dubuque were cre- 
ated, then numbered 19,000 inhabitants. 

THE DIRECTORY OF 1856. 

From the " Business Directory and Review " of 1856, is gathered a state- 
ment of the condition of the city at that time. The citizens were pronounced 
a ''driving, thrifty, persevering " class of men, and the prosperity of the town 
sustained the assertion. The pork trade amounted to a large sum. The 
shipment of hogs, pork, lard, etc., during the winter of 1855-56 was as 
follows: Live hogs, 30,172; dressed hogs, 19,075; barrels of pork, 719 ; 
pounds of lard, 592,655. About 65,000 hogs were slaughtered. Next in 
importance came the grain trade. The amount of grain hauled Avas : Wheat, 
297,000 bushels ; oats, 304,000 bu.^hels ; corn, 100,000 bushels; rye, 6,100 
bushels. There were 21,900 barrels of flour manufactured. The sales of 
lumber aggregated 7,200,000 feet. The wholesale and retail goods trade was 
divided as follows : dry goods, wholesale, ^300,000 ; retail, $285,000 ; groceries, 
wholesale, $477,(100; hardware, $209,000 ; dxxigs, etc., $150,000; aggregate 
sales $1,421,000. 

We quote further from the Directory: "The manufactures of Burlington 
deserve attention. There are three breweries in operation, which manufacture 
about 200 barrels of beer per week ; but on account of the temperance law of 
this State, farmers did not raise barley, and it is difficult to get grain enough 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 483 

to keep the breweries going. They are now dependent entirely upon Illinois 
and Wisconsin. 

" There are two plow-factories, one of which employ twenty hands, and 
turned out durin'g the year 1855, 3,500 plows. There is a carriage-factory, 
which employs twenty hands, and the workmanship is said to be equal to any- 
thing brought from the East. There is a Woodworth plaining-mill, which is 
kept busily employed ; but the amount of lumber manufactured could not be 
ascertained. A sash-factory employs ten hands, and turns out about $15,000 
worth of work per annum. There are seven brick-yards, which manufactured 
upward of 3,500,000 bricks during the last year. The present year (1856), 
they will make 7,000,000. The price of common brick is $5 per thousand. 
There are three steam saw-mills, but logs have been so scarce during the 
present year, that they were not kept running regularly. There are three iron 
foundries, and steam-engine and saw-mill manufacturers and builders. The 
number of engines built was eighty-five; fifty-six boilers were constructed; 
one hundred and twenty saw-mills were erected, and the total value of the 
manufactures was $175,000. 

" The city has steadily increased in all essentials that go to make up a 
thriving city, and for the last few years it has gone ahead with a rapidity and, 
yet, with a prudence, on the part of her business men, that gives an earnest of 
future greatness not to be excelled by any point in the great Northwest. From 
a population of a little over two thousand in 1850, that had increased in 1854 
to about eight thousand, it has now (May 1, 1856) attained a little less than 
fiftjeen thousand. 

" Our railroads, east to Chicago, have been in operation about one year, and 
in that time, our city has increased nearly 100 per cent in population, and 
from 200 to 400 per cent in business ; and this, notwithstanding a great part 
of our imports by the river, have had to pay a heavy toll at the Des Moines 
Rapids, a fact which has lost to St. Louis a large amount of trade. 

"Our railroad west to the Missouri, too, has made a noble start; and ere 
another year has rolled around, the snorting of the iron horse will be heard 
across the prairies. 

"The work has been commenced of tearing down and removing old houses, 
and breaking ground prepai-atory to the erection of many new and expensive 
blocks of buildings. There have also been erected, within the past year, three 
large and beautiful churches — one of them said to be the finest in Iowa; and 
whilst the business part of the city has been filling up with large and substan- 
tial houses, indicative of our prosperity, the elevated plains which surround the 
city on three sides, and are a part of it, have been covered with nice cottages 
and costly dwellings, nearly every one having ample grounds, thus making 
Burlington as delightful a place of residence, as it is desirable a place of 
business." 

THE FIRST GENERAL DIRECTORY. 

The first directory of the city of Burlington was compiled by Watson Bow- 
ron, and published by J, L. Corse & Son, No. 30 Jefferson street, in 1859. 
It is a little book of 108 pages, with nearly every alternate page an advei'tise- 
ment, and there are probably very few of them at present in existence. It 
contains the official roster of the city, a list of the churches and their pastors, 
a list of societies and their officers, and of schools and their teachers, besides the 
military companies, the printing offices, banks, and the names of the various 
post offices in the county. To a resident of the city twenty years ago, it would 
be very fruitful of remembrance; and from a preliminary sketch of the city's 



484 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

history, we extract a description of it, as it was when the work was pre- 
pared : 

"At the time of compiling this directory, its popuLation, as nearly as we 
can estimate, is somewhat over fifteen thousand. The business portion of the 
citv is mostly limited to tiie lower districts, skirting the river and the banks of the 
Hawk-Eve, whose bed divides the city about midway, running east and west ; the 
hills on either hand are, for the most part, crowded with dwelling-houses — many 
of them ornamental and extensive. It contains fourteen churches, namely: 
Three Preseyterian, two Baptist, two Methodist, two Catholic, two German 
Reformed, one Lutheran, one Episcopal and one Congregational. Some other 
congregations, that have no house of worship, hold their meetings in some one 
or other of the numerous large public halls, with which the city is well supplied. 
There are two large public schoolhouses; one situated on the north, and the 
other on the south hill, each capable of accommodating from four to six schools. 
The Burlington University, under the control of the Baptist Church, occupies 
a handsome range of buildings and conspicuous location on the hill rising in 
the western portion of the city. It is a flourishing institution and well 
endowed. Besides these public schools, there are numerous private classes 
taught in various parts of the city, and there is no lack of the means of educa- 
tion. 

" The conformation of the surrounding country insures to Burlington a 
prominent position among the business places of this section of the Union. 
For nearly twenty miles above and below, on either side of the river, the for- 
mation of its banks precludes the establishment of a rival town of any importance ; 
thus. an extensive section of the finest and most fertile country in the world 
must forever remain tributary to this point. 

"In addition to these natural advantages, capital and labor have lent their 
aid, with unstinting hand, to advance its interests. Early in the year 1855, 
the Burlington & Chicago Railroad was opened. Previous to this, all transac- 
tions and purchases of produce and goods were with reference to the facilities 
offered for transportation by the Mississippi. During a greater part of the year, 
the river was either frozen over or a general stage of low water rendered navi- 
gation uncertain and tedious. But the opening of this road to the lakes, put 
us in direct communication with Eastern cities, and thereafter there was no 
necessity for depending upon the river for transportation, except for heavy 
goods purchased in the Southern markets. Much difficulty was still expe- 
rienced in that particular, as the season for making such purchases came at the 
time of the lowest stage of water, which entirely prevented the passage of boats 
of the larger size over the lower rapids. Happily for our merchants, they are 
not obliged any longer to wait for high water. In May, 1856, the Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad was opened, and our dealers have taken advantage of the 
facilities offered for obtaining their supplies of heavy goods by that route, 
which reaches the river so far below the rapids as not to be dependent upon 
high water, there being always sufficient water at Quincy for boats of the 
larger class. 

" In August, 1856, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was put in 
operation from this city to Mount Pleasant. Much was expected from this 
road. Burlington merchants, grain and provision dealers and manufacturers 
anticipated a largely-increased trade, by reason of the superior facilities it 
offered for reaching the trade of the interior, and from present appearances 
their anticipations will be fully realized. The country through which the road 
passes is one of unlimited resources, which are only partially developed. When 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 485 

this road shall have been finished through to the Missouri River, and have 
formed all of its connections, it cannot but become one of the best paying roads 
in the West. It is now finished to a point near the line of Wapello County, 
and is expected to reach the Des Moines River, at Ottumwa, in the course of 
the present winter, penetrating into the interior of the State farther than any 
other road at this time. It is also being pushed forward with greater activity 
than any other. 

" The Peoria & Burlington Railroad was opened for trade in the early part 
of last year. This important road puts this city in direct connection with the 
cities and towns of Central, Eastern and Southern Illinois, as the Chicago road 
does with the northern section of that State and the Eastern States. Thus 
does this city already enjoy great facilities in the way of railroad travel and 
transportation, and further are yet in contemplation. A road to connect with 
the Keokuk Road at Fort Madison has been determined on, by which the 
impediment to the connection with the river, below the rapids, in low stages of 
the water, will be obviated. This last-named road will probably be extended 
as far northward as the Muscatine & Oskaloosa Trunk Road, near the mouth 
of Cedar River, in Louisa County. 

"It is not necessary, here, to go into a detail of the different branches of 
business carried on in Burlington. It may be as well, however, to give some 
general statistics concerning the trade and commerce of this place. The means 
at our command is the report of the Board of Trade, made last year. During 
the previous year, the aggregate sales in the dry goods line reached the sum of 
$891,000. The sales of groceries reached about the same figures. Of hard- 
ware, iron and stoves, the sales amounted to : For hardware, $188,200 ; iron, 
$68,000 ; stoves, $75,500. The amount of shoes manufactured exceeded the 
sum of $20,000, but the aggregate of sales could not be ascertained. The 
aggregate sales of furniture amounted to the sum of $75,000, while the amount 
manufactured was $20,400. The following table shows the amount of lumber 
sold during the year : 

Lumber 12,850,000 feet. 

Shingles 7,858,000 

Lath 4,000,000 

" For fuel the river bottoms aiford an inexhaustible supply of wood, and the 
country on either side, within a moderate distance, furnishes abundance of 
coal. The amount of coal brought to the city by the Burlington & Chicago 
Railroad, for that year, was 3,996 tons. The total amount of flour manufact- 
ured by the City Mills was 54,000 barrels, and the total amount forwarded by 
the railroad East for the year was 18,700 barrels. Of wheat the total receipts 
were 437,000 bushels, and the total forwarded by railroad was 187,500 bushels. 
Of corn, 34,000 bushels were forwarded to Chicago, and 17,000 bushels shipped 
to Southern and Northern ports. Of vinegar, 8,000 barrels were manufact- 
ured, at a cost of $24,000 ; and of lager beer, 4,996 barrels were made, at a 
cost of about $50,000. A large number of fat cattle are annually sent East by 
railroad. 

" The following table shows the number of hogs forwarded by railroad, and 
the number slaughtered and packed during the year, also the number shipped 
in 1855: 

Hogs forwarded by Burlington & Chicago R. R,., live 52,371 

" " " " " dressed 16,664 

Hogs slaughtered at our slaughter and packing houses 64,000 

Hogs packed. ... 1,200 

Hogs forwarded, 1855— dressed, 1,400; live 20,480 



486 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" With regard to these returns, it may be remarked, that trade and com- 
merce are, as vet, in embryo at this point, and of course must be expected to 
increase, though at certain seasons there may be partial and occasional diminu- 
tions. 

"We will conchule with the following tables of exports and imports, and ot 
manufactories from the same report. The table shows the exports and imports 
of Burlington for the year 1856: 

REOEIVED BY BURLINGTON & CHICAGO BAILBOAD. 

Promiscous freight, tons 14,099 

Coal, tons 4,000 

Lumber, feet 4,000,000 

Shingles 8,600,000 

Lath 2,000,000 

RECEIVED BY RIVER. 

rromiscuous freight, tons 8,000 

Coal, tons 100 

Lumber, feet 8,800,000 

Shingles 550,000 

Lath 2,000,000 

FORWARDED BY BURLINGTON <t CHICAGO RAILROAD. 

Wheat, bushels 187,500 

Corn, bushels 33,800 

Oats, bushels 15,000 

Wool, lbs 46,000 

Flour, brls 18,671 

Lard, brls 4,984 

Pork, brls 769 

Bacon, lbs 2,118,200 

Live hogs 52,375 

Dressed hogs 16,664 

Promiscuous articles, tons 8,000 

EXPORTS BY RIVER. 

Wheat, bushels 10,000 

Corn, bushels 17,000 

Oats, bushels 10,000 

Bacon, lbs 5,200,000 

Pork, brls 65,000 

Lard, brls 6,000 

Promiscuous freight, tons 2,500 

Steamboats arrived and departed 973 

Steamboat Laclede, first arrival, April 2. 
Steamboat Adelia, last departure, December 4. 

" In presenting a report of the manufactures of Burlington, we have en- 
deavored not so much to show what is produced, or the value, as to bring out 
in a prominent way what is being done ; also, to show that the profits arising 
from almost any kind of manufacturing are as large or larger than those of the 
merchant, and, at the same tiinc, to show the necessity of encouraging this 
branch of trade. Our merchants have done a large and, we trust, a profitable 
business. Our railroads do a large carrying trade ; our forwarders, provision 
and grain dealers are not behind any of their class, in point of energy and suc- 
cessful enterprise. Yet all of these add but little to the advancement and 
future growth of our city when compared with what might and would be added 
to its wealtii and population by judicious investment of capital in different 
kinds of manufacturing. The aggregate of wares manufactured for the year 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 487 

185(5 amount to the sum of $1,031,000, divided among diflferent branches as 
follows : 

Tin, copper and sheet-iron ware $ 58,200 

Furniture 20,400 

Barrels and cooperage 57,900 

Iron woi'k and machinery 226,300 

Plows 110,000 

Marble works 19,000 

Millstones 2,500 

Cut stone 20,000 

Carriages and wagons 31,000 

Sash and shingle factories 75,000 

Vinegar and beer 14,000 

Oils, soap and candles 31,000 

Brick, 6,000,000 420,000 

Lime 18,000 

Confections 15,000 

Boots and shoes 20,000 

Clothing and millinery 40,500 

Starch factories 22,000 

Crackers, cakes and bread 36,500 

Matches 20,000 

Cigars and tobacco 21,000 

Harness and saddles 86,000 

EARLY LEGISLATION AFFECTING THE CITY. 

As reminders of the early times, we insert the following abstracts of meas- 
ures adopted by the Legislatures of 1838-39, so far as they relate to Burling- 
ton or this county : 

An act was approved by the Legislature, January 19, 1838, authorizing 
Lamson, Ladd & Co. to establish a ferry across the Mississippi River, opposite 
the town of Burlington, with the exclusive privilege below Washington street, 
as far south as the mouth of Alison Creek, for the period of ten years. 

By the same act, David James was authorized to establish a ferry across the 
Mississippi opposite the town of Burlington, with the exclusive privilege above 
Washington street to the mouth of Flint Creek. 

An act to incorporate the " Iowa Mutual Fire Insurance Company " at Bur- 
lington was approved by the Legislature January 19, 1838. The names of the 
incorporators were George H. Beeler, Jesse B. Webber, Nathaniel Chase, Jon- 
athan Morgan, James W. Grimes, Levi Moffett, George W. Kelley, William 
James, Amos Ladd, Isaac Leffler, David Rorer and John H. Randolph. 

The Burlington Steam-Mill Company was incorporated January 21, 1839, 
with Enos Lowe, Peter Wagoner, Jesse H. Webber. John S. David and Arthur 
Bridgman as corporators. The capital stock of the company was $10,000, 
divided into shares of $50 each, and were empowered to erect mills, warehouses 
and other necessary buildings and improvements, and to erect and establish all 
kinds of machinery. 

The Burlington & Iowa River Turnpike Company was incorporated Jan- 
uary 24, 1839. The corporators were James Guest, Israel Trask, Jonathan 
Parsons, James Irwin, Elisha Hooke, William Creighton, John H. Benson, M. 
Eastwood, Elias Keever, Daniel Brewer, James Gordon, William L. Toole, 
Joshua Swank and Alvin Clark of Louisa County, and George W. Hite, James 
Davidson, Oliver H. Cottle, George W. Kelley, Thomas Cooper, William B. 
Remey, Charles J. Starr, John S. David, George H. Beeler, Leander J. Lock- 
wood and Richard F. Barret, of Des Moines County. 

The Burlington k Des Moines Transportation Company was incorporated 
January 24, 1839, and Charles Mason, Isaac Leffler, George H. Beeler, Haw- 



488 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

kins Taylor, Richard F. Barret, Robert Ralston, John H. Randolph, B. F. 
Randolph, B. F. Wallace and William B. Remey were appointed Commission- 
ers for receivin'' siib.^criptions to the capital stock of the corporation. 

An act was°approved January 24, 1839, by the Council and House of Rep- 
resentatives of the Territory of Iowa, whose purpose was to improve the police 
of the city of Burlington. In it was stipulated that " the regularly elected or 
appointed* Constables residing within the corporate limits of the city of Burling- 
ton, shall at all times be vigilant in maintaining or preserving the peace, order 
and ([uiet of said city, and shall aid and assist the Mayor of suid city to main- 
tain and preserve the same, subject to punishment for omission of duty as for a 
misdemeanor." 

L0CATINC4 THE SEAT OF JUSTICE. 

When the county was defined by the Legislature, at Belmont, and again at 
Burlington, the county seat of Des Moines was fixed at Burlington. When 
other counties began to be carved out of the Territory further west, a mania 
seemed to possess the people to have the seat located as near the geographical 
center of the county as possible. Many claims were made in places then inac- 
cessible, because of the strong probability that the Locating Commissioners, when 
appointed, would favor the selection of embryotic towns "laid out" in the 
center of their respective counties. Mount Pleasant was thus chosen, and 
Ottumwa was planned before the Indian title was extinct. Under such circum- 
stances, it was but natural that the people of Central and Western Des Moines 
should make an effort to change the base of operations. A "town" was 
started, called " Center," which was rightly named, so far as the locality was 
concerned. Jeremiah Smith was one of the leading spirits in the movement. 
The matter came to formal vote March 2, 1840, with the following result : 

Townships. ])urlington. Center. 

I'urlingioii 465 40 

Augusta 70 '21 

Union 8 fiS 

Yellow Springs .' 40 155 

578 274 

Majority for Burlington, 304. 

This vote settled, probably forever, the question of where the seat of justice 
shall be. 

TIIK ENTERPRISE OF THE PEOPLE. 

The spirit of enterprise — that dominant power which makes the West famous 
throughout the world — was manifested from the very first. Through the agency 
of cloar-sightod men, the temporary capital of the Territory was secured here, 
and by that means the best minds of the Territory were induced to locate. 
When the capital was removed, the larger part of those eminent men retained 
their residence in Burlington, and through their public acts advertised the town 
in older regions of the country. 

Humanity is characterized by its community of interests. The general 
tendency is to avoid recluseness, and wherever a band of men congregate 
others will follow. If intelligent men settle at a given point, they draw to 
themselves other persons of intelligence. Enterprise not only begets enter- 
prise — as like produces like — but it also creates a community of enterprising 
men. Hence it was that the bar, the pulpit and the press became conspicuous 
in 80 early a day, and hence it was, also, that the commercial interests of the 
town early grew into large proportions. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 489 



THE LOCATION OF THE CITY. 



Those who made the first settlement probably builded better than they 
knew, when they chose the only landing on the west bank of the Mississippi 
River, between Fort Madison and Muscatine, a distance of eighty-one miles. 
Of course, the only means of transit, other than by private conveyance, in those 
days was by steamboat, and the ability to effect a landing was one of the primal 
considerations in the selections of sites for river towns. When White made his 
claim, the wildest dreamer would not have dared to have expressed the belief that 
Burlington would one day be the center of a vast railway system. Railways were 
talked of as some new creation of venturesome minds, even in the Territory of 
Wisconsin, in 1836 ; but no expectation of such a method of development 
entered into the calculations of the pioneers of 1833. To them, it seemed 
all sufficient that the river boats could land safely and easily. Even a decade 
later, speculation was rife over the internal development of the Territory, by 
means of water communication. 

However, time brings each step in the progress of the nation to light in due 
order, and Burlington proved to be the most desirable locality for all projectors 
of transit methods to select as their headquarters As a precursor of the iron- 
road came the plankroad, creating a fever of excitement throughout the West. 
The people of Burlington caught the infection in its severest form, and the old 
ordinance-books show many measures for the advancement of such projects. 
The city became a party to the construction of a plankroad to Mount Pleasant ; 
another to Warren, Henderson Co., 111.; another to Louisa County ; and the 
Mount Pleasant, Trenton, Deedsville & Brighton Plankroad. The people were 
disposed to do all in their power to make Burlington the terminus of roads over 
which the travel of the southern part of the State was accomplished. That 
spirit of enterprise which has ever characterized the town ruled in all these 
early matters. 

When railroads superseded wagon-roads, the city was again at the front, 
ready with money and liberal proposals to secure the prize. How well it suc- 
ceeded the chapter on railroads clearly shows. 

The city was, as can be seen, rightly located, to obtain a hearing in all 
councils devoted to the progress of the State. But still another factor in the 
question of rapid settlement was that of the 

HEALTHFULNESS OF BURLINGTON. 

One of the first questions asked by visitors to this region is, How does this 
section compare with the East in point of healthfulness ? It is the most 
important subject, for without a favorable climate to preserve mental and physical 
vigor, man's enterprise must prove futile. We deem it proper to answer this ques- 
tion by giving a paper prepared by Philip Harvey, M. D., a gentleman whose 
acquaintance with Iowa, and especially with Burlington, qualified him to 
respond to the general inquiry. Dr. Harvey said : 

" The southern boundary of Iowa runs between 40° 20' north latitude 
on the east and 40° 40' on the west. Burlington is on the parallel nearly mid- 
way between these two points. By close observation, the isothermal line (or line 
of average annual temperature) of 50° Fahrenheit runs through Burlington, 
continuing thence eastward, with but little variation, to the Atlantic. This 
isothermal is considered to be the most favorable one to man, in reference to his 
mental and physical vigor, longevity, health and comfort. The general eleva- 
tion of this portion of the State is but little above the sea-level, the Mississippi 



490 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

River at Burlington having, at low water, an altitude of between four and five 
hundred feet, while the Missouri at Council Bluffs is about two hundred feet 
above this. The intervening country is, I presume, seldom found three hundred 
feet higher; in fact, the river bluffs surmounted, the whole country is but 
slif'htly undulating, nowhere becoming hilly or materially broken. The average 
rain-fall is nearly the same as it is in New York and Pennsylvania, diminishing, 
however, somewhat as you approach the Missouri, the annual amount of pre- 
cipitation being about forty inches at Burlington and thirty-five at Council 
Bluffs. The average yearly temperature is, as already stated, about 50° Fahren- 
heit, which is also the spring and autumn averages, while that of summer 
is about 70°, and that of winter 30°. The high degree of heat and moisture in 
the season of vegetation that characterizes the climate of Southern Iowa, 
together with a soil unsurpassed in fertility, gives a remarkable luxuriance to its 
agricultural products ; these comprise the most valued known to the temperate 
zones. Vegetation is of rapid growth, and its nutritious properties are well 
developed. In the valley of the Mississippi the tendency to saccharine produc- 
tion is a striking feature; the juice of the cornstalk is almost as sweet as the 
sugar-cane of the tropics, and capable of making excellent sirup. Southern Iowa 
is about the center of the region most favorable to the growth of Indian corn, 
which cereal, though a native of tlie tropics, yields most abundantly under cul- 
tivation between the fortieth and forty-second parallels of latitude in that region 
drained by the mighty Father of Waters east of the hundredth meridian, 
beyond which, on the west, to the base of the mountains, the country becomes 
barren from a deficiency of moisture. Wheat, oats, barley, rye, most of 
our indigenous and imported groceries, esculent roots, as potatoes, turnips, 
beets, carrots and the products of the garden, succeed well in Southern Iowa. 
Apples, pears and cherries do Avell in the vicinity of Burlington, as do most of 
our native grapes when protected by laying down during the winter. Plums and 
peaches are more doubtful, being apt to suffer from insect depredations and 
winter frosts. Melons and the cucurbitacese generally, being of annual growth 
and demanding a high summer temperature to bring them to perfection, are here 
found in great excellence and abundance. 

" The greatest causes of disturbance of health in the temperate zones are 
those that conduce to the production of miasmatic and pulmonary diseases, as 
intermittent and other fevers are dependent on causes that conduce to the 
decomposition of organic matters; pulmonary diseases are more dependent on 
influences that conduce to their preservation. Their causes being antagonistic, 
we do not find these two classes of disease prevailing at the same time and place. 
The alluvial regions of the Mississippi are emphatically the homo of intermittent 
fevers, but the miasm that occasions them is not transported any considerable 
distance ; the uplands of Iowa, remote from the courses, are as free from the ague 
as are the hills of New England. 

"Southern Iowa can boast of a degree of exemption from consumption that 
is enjoyed in but few parts of the world. This disease destroys one-tenth of all 
who die in the temperate zones, and in Massachusetts it is fatal to one-half of all 
who die between the ages of fifteen and thirty. Throughout the United 
States it is fatal to two per thousand of the whole population annually. It is a 
disease more jM-evalent in cities than in the country, and I presume it is, at least, 
as prevalent in Burlington as throughout the rest of Southern Iowa. By a 
careful examination of the records kept at all the places of burial in the vicinity 
of Burlington, I find the deaths from consumption to be considerably less than 
one per thousand of the population annually. For the year ending January 



'/> 



'■y^^^^i^ 







^^■^ '^-^Z/^-^^^^^-z^^i^. 




HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 493 

1, 1869, the deaths from disease in Burlington and its vicinity were two hundred 
and fifty-five, of which only twelve were from consumption. The cemeteries 
whose records I examined may be fairly said to be the receptacles of the dead of 
a population of 20,000. Two hundred and sixty deaths among this number 
would make a mortality of thirteen per thousand, which is two less than that of 
the United States at large. At Boston, the annual mortality is twenty per thou- 
sand ; at New York and Philadelphia, twenty-six per thousand; and in New 
Orleans, sixty per thousand. The yearly mortality of England is estimated at 
twenty-two per thousand, and that of the whole of Europe considerably higher ; 
so that the climate of the United States must be considered as among the most 
favorable to longevity, and that of Southern Iowa as among the most favorable 
of the United States." 

The elevation of Burlington above the sea at the shore line in low water is 
486 feet. The range between high and low water is 18 feet. The bluffs at the 
highest points are about 200 feet above low water. 

THE GOVERNMENT SURVEY. 

When the original survey was made on White's claim, the land was his 
only by right of '^clann." The lines run in the fall of 1833 were only such 
as claimants were permitted to make. In July, 1836, on the 2d of that month, 
the President of the United States approved a bill which had been passed by 
Congress, entitled, " An act for laying off the towns of Fort Madison and Bur- 
lington, in the county of Des Moines, and the towns of Belleview, Dubuque 
and Peru, in the county of Dubuque, Territory of Wisconsin, and for other 
purposes." The law provided: " That the tracts of land in the Territory of 
Wisconsin, including the towns of Fort Madison and Burlington, in the county 
of Des Moines ; Belleview, Dubuque and Peru, in the county of Dubuque ; 
Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, shall, under the direction of the Sur- 
veyor General of the Public Lands, be laid off into town lots, streets, ave- 
nues, and the lots for public use called public squares, and into outlots, hav- 
ing regard to the lots and streets already surveyed, in such manner and of such 
dimensions as he may think proper for the public good and the equitable 
rights of the settlers and occupants of the said towns ; provided, the tracts so 
to be laid off into town lots, etc., shall not exceed the quantity of one entire 
section, nor the town lots one-half of an acre ; nor shall the outlots exceed the 
quantity of four acres each. When the survey of the lots shall be completed, 
a plat thereof shall be returned to the Secretary of the Treasury, and within 
six months thereafter the lots shall bo offered to the highest bidder, at pub- 
lic fsale, under the direction of the President of the United States, and at 
such other times as he shall think proper ; provided, that no town lot shall 
be sold for a sum less than $5 ; and provided further, that a quantity of 
land, of a proper width, on the river-banks, at the towns of Fort Madison, 
Belleview, Burlington, Dubuque and Peru, and running with the said river the 
whole length of said towns, shall be reserved from sale (as shall also the pub- 
lic squares), for public use, and remain forever for public use, as public high- 
ways, and for other public uses." 

The second section of the laAV provided that the Surveyor should classify 
the lots already surveyed into three divisions, according to relative value, 
governed by location, without regard to improvements thereon ; and prior to 
general sale, the original claimants were permitted to make entry of their 
respective parcels, at the rate of $40, $20 or $10, according as the said par- 
cels had been graded first, second or third class. No one person was per- 



L 



4i»-l HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

mitted to purchase more than one acre of such surveyed lots, and actual 
improvement or occupation was an essential qualification to purchase under 
this reserve. A sum of $3,000 of public moneys was appropriated to defray 
the expense of surveying. 

An amendment to the original bill was approved March 3, 1837, delegat- 
ing to a commission of three the duty of surveying the foregoing cities, and 
relieving the Territorial Surveyor of the task. Those Commissioners had 
additional poAvers to review all contests over claims, and submit the testimony 
taken by them to the Register and Receiver of the respective land districts, 
who had authority to determine the cases. After the settlement of such 
claims, the residue of the lots was offered at public sale at the land offices. 
Gilbert M. Harrison made the survey, in 1837. 

FIRST INCORPORATION. 

The original session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, at Belmont, 
passed a general law, entitled " An act to incorporate the inhabitants of such 
towns as wish to be incorporated." The bill was approved December 6, 1836. 

In accordance with that law, the people of Burlington signified a " wish 
to be incorporated," and the wish was carried out. An election was held in 
the spring of 1837, and resulted in the election of the following officers : 

President, Amos Ladd ; Trustees, David Rorer, George H. Beeler, Enoch 
Wade, George W. Kelley. 

The first meeting of the Board was held at the office of David Rorer, on 
the 29th of April, 1837. 

^ THE FIRST RECORDS. 

The earliest record-book in the office of the City Clerk is dated April 29, 
1837. On the first page, appears a series of twelve rules and regulations for 
the government of the Board of Trustees of the town of Burlington, when that 
body was in session. The I'ules were the ordinary measures adopted in such 
cases, and were not of sufficient oddity to bear reproduction here. 

ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES. 

The first ordinance adopted by the Board was one establishing the bounda- 
ries of the toAvn, as follows : " Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi 
River, at the point where the most southern boundary of the survey of the Ad- 
dition of Enoch Wade to said town strikes said river; thence with the southern 
boundary line of said survey to the southwest corner of said addition : thence by a 
continuation of said line direct to a point one-half mile due west of the place of 
beginning ; thence by a direct line to a point one-half mile tlue west from the center 
of the mouth of the Town Branch in LefHer's Addition to said town ; thence by 
a direct line to a point one-half mile due west from a point on the west bank 
of the Mississippi River, where the most northern line of the survey of Kelley's 
Addition to said town strikes tht; same ; thence due east to the extreme north- 
west corner of the survey of said Kelley's Addition ; and thence by the north- 
ern boundary line of said Kelley's Addition, to the Mississippi River ; thence 
due east to the center of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence 
down the center of the main channel of said river to a point in the center of 
tiie said channel due east of the place of beginning ; thence due west to the 
place of beginning.'" 

The ordinance provided for the marking-out and surveying of the bounda- 
ries described, and was signed by Amos Ladd, President of the Board of 
Trustees, and by Thornton Bayliss, Clerk pro tern. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 495 

Ordinance No. 2 provided for the appointment of certain officers of the 
corporation of the town of Burlington, viz. : The President and Board were 
authorized to elect by ballot a Clerk, a Treasurer, an Assessor, a Collector, a 
Marshal, an Engineer, a Superintendent of Streets, a Solicitor, to hold office 
for one year. The ordinance also defined the duties of certain officers. 
Ordinance No. 3 explained the duties of the Assessor. No. 4 regulated the 
police system. No. 8 provided for the erection of a bridge across the " Town 
Branch." Then followed sundry measures looking to the general order of the 
town. No. 16 provided for the erection of a market-house on the block com- 
monly called "Market Square," situated on Front and Second streets, and 
including the mouth of the Town Branch. The Engineer of the streets was 
authorized to contract for a building, not to exceed $400. No. 24 provided 
for the levy and collection of a corporation tax. In all, twenty-nine ordinances 
were passed by the original Board. 

ORIGINAL OFFICERS. 

The full list of officers is here given : President, Amos Ladd ; Clerk, 
Thornton Bayliss ; Treasurer, Hanson E. Dickinson ; Assessor, D. Henderson ; 
Marshals, James Cameron, John Harris, G. W. Kesler ; Collector, J. E. Starr ; 
Engineers, Thomas S. Easton, John Campbell ; Trustees, David Borer, George 
H. Beeler, Enoch Wade, George W. Kelley ; Solicitors, James W. Grimes, J. 
W. Woods, Charles Mason. 

Mr. Grimes appeared before the Board and thanked them for the honor 
conferred, but admitted that he was not qualified for the position, being yet less 
than twenty-one years of age! He was born October 20, 1816. The Board, 
in recognition of his abilities, still insisted upon his retaining the position, and 
waived the legal points. Mr. Grimes accepted the honor. 

THE CITY CHARTER. 

In February, 1838, the city of Burlington was organized under a charter 
granted by the Legislature of the Territory of Wisconsin, dated January 19, 
1838. The Legislature met in Burlington. In the bill referred to, the bound- 
aries of the city were defined as follows ; 

" All that part of the territory included within the following-defined limits, 
to wit : Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the County 
of Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official sur- 
vey of the town of Burlington, ma le by authority of the United States, strikes 
said river ; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern 
corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the 
northwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the northern boundary line of 
said survej, to where the same strikes the Mississippi River ; thence due east 
to the middle of the main channel of said river ; thence down the middle of the 
main channel thereof, to a point in said main channel due east of the place of 
beginning ; and thence due west of the place of beginning, shall be, and the 
same is hereby erected into a corporate city forever, and shall henceforth be 
called and known by the name of the city of Burlington," 

The first election under this act was held at the Wisconsin Hotel, in the 
said city. 

Certain amendments to the general provisions of the bill were passed Jan- 
uary 24, 1839, and January 15, 1841, by the Legislature of the Territory of 
Iowa. 



496 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

RE-INCORPORATION. 

June 10, 1845, a bill was approved by the Governor of Iowa Territory, re- 
incorporating the city of Burlington. This sketch has nothing to do with the 
several gove'i-nniental regulations, except as they apply to the history of the 
various distinct city departments, and need, therefore, quote only so much of 
the charter of '45, as relates to the boundary lines of the city as then estab- 
lished. These were: 

" Beginning on the west bank of the Mississippi River, in the county of 
Des Moines, at a point where the southern boundary line of the official survey 
of the town of Burlington, made by authority of the United States, strikes 
said river; thence with the said southern boundary line to the southwestern 
corner of said survey ; thence with the western boundary of said survey to the 
northwestern corner of said survey ; thence with the northwestern boundary 
line of said survey to where the same strikes the Mississippi River; thence due 
east to the middle of the main channel of said river; thence down the middle 
of the main channel thereof to a point in said main channel due east from the 
place of beginning, and thence due west to the place of beginning." 

Amendments relative to the general management of city affairs were passed 
February 22, 1847, January 23, 1848, December 27, 1848, and February 4, 
1851. The latter act again fixed the boundaries of the city,!as follows: 

" Commencing in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, at a 
point eighty rods due south of the line dividing Sections Four and Nine, 
Township Sixty-nine north, of Range Two Avest; thence west and parallel 
with the line dividing said sections, to the west line of Section Eight of same 
township; thence north along the west line of Sections Eight and Five of said 
township, and along the west line of Section Thirty-two of Township Seventy 
north, of range "twb west, for the distance of two and a quarter miles from the 
southwest corner of said boundary; thence east with the north line of said 
Section Thirty-two, to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi 
River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place 
of beginning." 

From 1851 to 1873, twenty-one special and general acts of the Legislature 
have affected the charter of 1845, which need not be noticed in detail. 

BURLINGTON A CITY OF THE FIRST CLASS. 

On the 1st day of November, 1873, Gov. Carpenter caused the following 
statement to be promulgated: 
STATE OF IOWA, ss. 

The undersigned, having examined the returns of the census of 1873, on file in the office 
of the Secretary of State, have ascertained, in accordance with Section 509 of the Code, that the 
following-named cities, having attained a population of fifteen thousand and upward, are 
entitled to become cities of the first class, to wit, the city of Burlington, in the county of Des 
Moines; the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk; and that the following-named towns 
having attained a population exceeding two thousand, are entitled to become cities of the second 
class, to wic The town of Marion, in the county of Linn; the town of Lansing, in the county 
of .\llamakee. 

In testimony whereof, witness our hands, this first day of November, A. D. 1873. 

C. C. CARPENTER, Governor. 
JOHN RUSSELL, Auditor of State. 
JOSIAH T. YOUNG, Secretary of State. 

ABANDONMENT OF THE CHARTER. 

The Code of Iowa, chapter 10, provides [§434] that any city or town 
incorporated by special charter, or in any other manner than that provided by 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 497 

that chapter [10], may abandon its charter and organize under the provisions 
of that chapter of the code, with the same territorial limits, by pursuing a 
given course, viz.: 

[§435.] By submitting the question to the people, at an election held for 
the purpose, upon the petition of fifty or more voters. 

[§436.] The Mayor or President shall issue a proclamation of election, and 
observe certain forms prescribed therefor. 

[§437.] The people shall vote for and against the proposed change; [§438] 
and if a majority of all votes cast shall be in favor of the abandonment of the 
charter, then the Council or Trustees shall call a special election at once, for 
a new set of ofiicers, according to its class, and the new order of government, 
under the general law, shall be begun. 

[§439.] The change in no way alters or abridges the powers or liabilities of 
the corporation taking such action. 

In accordance with the Code, some of the citizens of Burlington concluded 
to agitate the question of a change in the city government, and in July, 1874, 
the following petition was presented to the Council : 

City Council-chamber, 1 
July 6, 1874. f 

PETITION. 

To the Honorable Mayor and Council of the City of Burlington, Iowa : 

Your petitioners, resident voters and property-owners within the corporate limits of said 
city, would respectfully represent that they believe to abandon the present city charter and 
organize under the general incorporation laws of the State as a city of the first class, would 
prove beneficial to the future interests of said city, and to this end your petitioners would ask 
your honorable body to submit said question to the qualified electors of said city, as the laws 
provide, and for which your petitioners will ever pray. 

[Signed.] P. F. UNTERKIRCHER, 

And 150 others. 

The petition was referred to a special committee of three, in connection with 
the City Solicitor, consisting of Aldermen McArthur, Boormaster and Gilbert. 
The committee reported that there was no discretionary power vested in the 
Council in the matter, and that the prayer must be granted. 

The Council thereupon ordered that the election be held January 11, 1875, 
in the several precincts of the city, and thereby determine the will of the people. 

Hon. A. C. Dodge, Mayor of Burlington, issued a proclamation ordering 
the election, July 21, and on the 11th day of January following the people 
voted on the question, with the following result: For the abandonment of the 
charter, 961 votes ; against the abandonment of the charter, 127 votes. 

The result was formally announced, and the date of the first election under 
the general law was fixed on March 1, 1875. The officers chosen at that time 
will be found further on in this chapter. 

EXTENSION OF THE CITY LIMITS. 

In March, 1876, the question of extending the limits of the city was pre- 
sented to the Council and discussed. It was then resolved to submit the mat- 
ter to the voters of the city, in compliance with law, and on the 27th of March, 
Mayor Parsons issued a proclamation fixing upon the 29th of April, 1876, as 
the day of election. The following proclamation announced the result : 

Mayor's Office, "| 

City of Burlington, Iowa, j 

Whereas. In pursuance of an act of the Legislature of the State of Iowa, entitled " An act 
empowering cities to extend their corporate limits," passed March 8, A. D. 1876, and in pur- 
suance of a resolution of tlie City Council of said city, I, as Mayor of said city, did issue a proc- 
lamation on the 27th day of March, A. D. 1876, proclaiming that on the 29th day of April, A 



498 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

D. 1K7G, at the Court House of Des Moines County, in said city, there would be held an election, 
bv the legal voters within the hereinafter-described limits, to determine the question as to 
whether said city should increase its limits as hereinafter described ; and 

Whereas, Hy the returns of said election there were iKli) votes for the proposed extension 
of the citr limits" and 128 votes against the proposed extension of the city limits; 

Now." therefore, by reason thereof, and as by law provided, I hereby proclaim that from 
henceforth the limits of said city shall be as follows, to wit: Commencing in the middle of the 
main channel of the Mississippi River, at a point due east of the center of fractional Section 
Twenty-eight (28), Township Seventy (70) north, of Range two (2) west; thence west on a line 
passing through the center of Sections Twenty-eight (28) and Twenty-nine (29), to the center of 
Section Twenty-nine (29) ; thence north to the quarter-section corner on the north side of Sec- 
tion Twenty-nine (29); thence west along the northern line of Sections Twenty-nine (29) and 
Thirty (30), in Township Seventy (70) north, of Range Two (2) west, to the township line 
between Range Two (2) and Range Three (3); thence south along said township line to the 
quarter-section corner on the west side of Section Eighteen (18), Township Sixty-nine (69) 
north, of Range Two (2) west; thence east along the center line of Sections Eighteen (18), 
Seventeen (17). and fractional Section Sixteen (IG), Township Sixty-nine (G9), Range Two (2) 
west, and a continuation of said line to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; 
thence northerly along the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. 

A. W. PARSONS, 
Mayor of the City of Burlington. 

Attest: J. S. Halliday, City Clerk. 

Dated July 31, A D. 1876. 

THE CITY SEAL, 

The original seal of Burlington, consisted of the reverse side of a United 
States dime impressed in wafer, over which a diamond-shaped piece of thin 
paper was affixed. The present seals are: An impression in circular form, 
with the words "City of Burlington, Iowa," on the outer circle, and the word 
"seal" and the presentation of a steamboat in the interior of the circle. 

The Police Court seal consists of a circular impression, with the words 
" Police Court, City of Burlington," on the outer circle, and the word " Iowa " 
in the center. 

The Clerk's seal substitutes the word.« "City Clerk" and "Iowa" on the 
outer circle, and the word " Burlington " on the interior of the seal. 

OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE CITY. 

Herewith is given a complete list of the officers who have served the city 
since its incorporation in 1838: 

1838 — George H. Beeler, Mayor; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder ; Charles 
Mason, Solicitor. Aldermen : Amos Ladd, J. L. Kimball, W. B. Reniey, 
George Temple, J. Lamson, James McKell, J. B. Newhall, D. Hendershott. 

183!) — D. Hendersliott, Mayor; Thornton Bayliss, Recorder; J. B. Web- 
ber, Treasurer ; John Moore. Marshal ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Alder- 
men : George Temple, A. Ladd, S. Leffler, J. B. Newhall, L. W. Hickok, 
John H. McKenny, W. H. Starr, David Rice. 

1840 — George Temple, Mayor; Lysander W. Babbitt, Recorder; C. 
Nealley, Treasurer; N. W. Springer, Engineer; W. M. Harris, Marshal; 
James W. Grimes, Solicitor. Aldermen : A. C. Dodge, G. W. Hight, Levi 
Hager. John Johnson. Charles Madera, Henry Moore, William C. Morrison, 
Jesse B. Webber. 

15^41 — John John.son, Mayor; L. W. Babbitt (P. F. Brown, to fill vacancy), 
Recorder; C. NetiUey, Treasurer; William Harris, Marshal; J. W. Woods, 
Solicitor. Aldermen : Charles Madera, R. S. Adams, Thomas Kitchen, J. 
W. Webber, Levi Hager, George Beeler, H. Moore, J. A. Funk. 

1842— Henry Moore, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder; A. W. 
Carpenter, Treasurer : W. Harris, Marshal ; F. G. Schwatka, Engineer ; H. 
T. Hugius, Solicitor. Aldermen : Evan Evans, Wilfiam B. Remey, M. D. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 499 

Browning, William D. McCash, David Cook, Luke Palmer, William B. Ewing, 
George Blickhahn. 

1843 — Henry Moore, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder; A. W, 
Carpenter, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer ; Silas Ferry, Marshal ; 
John C. Breckenridge, Solicitor. Aldermen : M. D. Browning, Evan Evans, 
Samuel Smith, F. J. C. Peasley, William B. Remey, William D. McCash, 
Luke Palmer, James Kurtz. 

1844 — James Clarke, Mayor; William M. Wallbridge, Recorder: A. W. 
Carpenter, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Engineer ; W. I. Cooper, H. B. Mar- 
tin, Marshals ; M. D. Browning, Solicitor. Aldermen : John L. Corse, J. P. 
Funk, Silas Ferry, Thomas Kitchen, Edward Marlow, Luke Palmer, John W. 
Patterson, Abiatha White. 

1845 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; A. E. Harker, Recorder; A. W. Carpenter, 
Treasurer ; H. B. Marlow, Marshal : G. W. Bowie, Solicitor ; J. H. Jennings, 
Engineer. Aldermen : Silas A. Hudson, W. H. Postlewait, W. D. McCash, 
Morgan Evans, Daniel Haskell, Harvey Ray, Richard Wait, B. T. David. 

1846 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; Henry Moore, President pro tem. ; A. E. Har- 
ker, Recorder; W. B. Remey, Treasurer; Jerry White, Marshal; S. R. 
Thurston, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Henry Moore ; 
Second Ward, Lyman Cook, Luke Palmer: Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Richard 
Wait. 

1847 — Levi Hager, Mayor ; John G. Foote, President pro tem. ; A. E. 
Harker, Recorder ; J. F. Tallant, Treasurer ; J. H. Jennings, Marshal ; David 
Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Daniel Haslvell, J. K. Fields ; 
Second Ward, John G. Foote, William Walker ; Third Ward, H. S. Bartruff, 
Thomas Sperry. 

1848 — Levi Hager, Mayor; W. D. McCash, President pro tem.; William 
Harper, Recorder ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James Wells, Marshal ; D, Rorer, 
J. S. McClure, L. D. Stockton, Solicitors. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. 
Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, John Egnolf ; 
Third Ward, C. H. Pash, James Kurtz. 

1849 — Henry W. Starr, Mayor; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem.; 
W. C. Saunders, J. F. Stephens, Recorders ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; James 
Wells, Marshal ; David Rorer, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. 
Hudson, William M. McCutcheon ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, John Egnolf; 
Third Ward, H. S. Bartruff, William Endsley. 

1850 — Henry W. Starr, Mayor ; Lyman Cook, President pro tem. ; J. F. 
Stephens, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal ; L. D. 
Stockton, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, Daniel Has- 
kell ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Lyman Cook ; Third Ward, C. H. Pash, 
W. S. Keeler. 

1851 — Lyman Cook, Mayor; J. F. Abrahams, President pro tem. ; Charles 
Medera, Recorder; E. Marlow, Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal: W. H. 
Chaney, C. H. Phelps, Solicitors. Aldermen : First Ward, Silas A. Hudson, 
William Sunderland ; Second Ward, J. F. Abrahams, J. P. Kriechbaum ; 
Third Ward, Harvey Ray, Thomas Sperry ; Fourth Ward, James W. Grimes, 
J. L. Corse. 

1852 — Lyman Cook, Mayor; A. W. Carpenter, President pro tem. ; Charles 
Madera, N. M. Ives, Recorders ; E. Marlow, Treasurer ; William Endsley, 
Marshal ; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, A. W. Carpen- 
ter, Luke Hughes; Second Ward, J..H. Gear, J. S. Schramm; Third Ward, 
C. H. Pash, Thomas Sperry ; Fourth Ward, J. L. Corse, J. G. Law. 



500 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

1853 — Lyman Cook, Mayor ; William B. Chamberlin, President pro tem. ; 
Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- 
shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, J. H. McKenny^ 
George Snyder ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, S. Herschler; Third Ward, 
C. H. Pash, M. Bartscherer; Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, J. G. 
Law. 

1854 — L. D. Stockton, Mayor; Silas A. Hudson, President pro tem.; 
Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- 
shal ; Joshua Tracy, Solicitor ; Alfred Hebard, Engineer. Aldermen: First 
Ward, Silas A. Hudson, W. W. Wightman ; Second Ward, R. S. Adams, G. 
P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, M. G. Criswell ; Fourth Ward, S. 

C. Burnap, Jacob Meyer ; to fill vacancies. Third Ward, William H. Starr, of 
M. G. Criswell, resigned : Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of S. L. Burnap, 
resigned. 

1855 — Silas A. Hudson, Mayor; W. B. Chamberlin, President pro tem.: 
Joshua Tracy, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treasurer ; William Endsley, Mar- 
shal ; A. Hebard, Engineer ; C. Ben. Darwin, Solicitor. Aldermen : First 
Ward, Silas A. Hudson, A. W. Carpenter ; Second Ward, W. H. Postlewait, 
(i. P. Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, William H. Starr ; Fourth 
Ward, J. G. Law, Jacob Meyer ; elected to fill vacancies. First Ward, W. W, 
Wightman, of Silas A. Hudson, resigned ; Second Ward, Conrad Blind, of G. 
Ivriechbaum, resigned ; Third Ward, S. Herschler, of William H. Starr, resigned; 
Fourth Ward, W. B. Chamberlin, of Jacob Meyer, resigned ; by Council, 
Fourth Ward, Levi Hager, of William B. Chamberlin, resigned ; Fourth Ward, 
Isaac Dewein, of J. G. Law. 

1856 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- 
urer ; William Thompson, Marshal ; C. Benjamin Darwin, Solicitor. Alder- 
men : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, E. D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. H, 
Postlewait, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, Harvey Ray, S. Herschler : Fourth 
Ward, Daniel Haskell, Jacob Dewein ; Fifth Ward, W. W. Wightman, H. H. 
Scott ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, W. M. Wallbridge ; to fill vacancy, Second 
Ward, D. Denise, of William H. Postlewait, resigned. 

1857 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; J. H. Jennings, Treas- 
urer ; C. P. Johnson, Engineer ; William Thompson and H. S. Bartruff, Mar- 
shals ; W. H. Clune, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, Joshua Tracy, E. 

D. Rand ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, D. Denise ; Third Ward, S. Hersh- 
Icr. R. Howard ; Fourth Ward, Daniel Haskell, H. C Anderson ; Fifth Ward, 
W. W. Wightman, H. H. Scott ; Sixth Ward, William M. Wallbridge, Levi 
Hager. 

^ 1858 — J. P. Wightman, Mayor; D. J. Sales, Recorder; J. H. Jennings, 
Treasurer : John Rziha, Engineer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; C. H. Phelps, 
Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, J. Tracy, E. Chamberlin ; Second Ward, 
Denise Denise, William Garrett; Third Ward, K. Howard, William B. Lawrence; 
Fourth Ward, H. C. Anderson, M. Heisey ; Fifth Ward, H. H. Scott, J. L. 
Brown ; Sixth Ward, Levi Hager, John J. Owens. 

1850— W. W. White, Mayor; D. J. Sales, Recorder; Louis Teuscher, 
Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; John Rziha, Engineer : B. J. Hall, 
Solicitor. Aldermen: First Ward, E. Chamberlin, Uriah Loper ; Second 
Ward, William Garrett, Moses Perkins ; Third Ward, R. Howard, W. B. Law- 
rence ; Fourth Ward, Martin Heisey, Thomas French ; Fifth Ward, H. H. 
Scott, J. L. Brown ; Sixth Ward, J. J. Owens, William M. Wallbridge ; Isaac 
PhiUips, to fill vacancy of William M. Wallbridge. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 501 

1860 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; Louis Teuscher, 
Treasurer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen : 
First Ward, Uriah Loper, E. D. Rand; Second Ward, Moses Perkins, T. L. 
Parsons ; Third Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, Martin 
Heisey, Oliver Cock ; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, H. H. Scott ; Sixth 
Ward, Luke Palmer, J. J. Owens. 

1861 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- 
urer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal ; George Frazee, Solicitor. Aldermen : First Ward, 
E. D. Rand, J. R. Nelson ; Second Ward, T. L. Parsons, W. D. McCash ; Third 
Ward, R. Howard, J. F. Abrahams ; Fourth Ward, M. Heisey, John Dickie ; 
Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman ; Sixth Ward, Luke Palmer, J. 
J. Owens; to fill vacancies. First Ward, J. Pilger, of J. R. Nelson, resigned; 
Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of M. Heisey, resigned. 

1862 — Thomas French, Mayor ; D. J. Sales, Recorder ; L. Teuscher, Treas- 
urer ; M. H. Winton, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor. Aldermen: First 
-Ward, E. I). Rand, J. Pilger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, J. P. Kriech- 
baum ; Third Ward, R. Howard, Theodore Poehler ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, 
D. Winter; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, James Putman; Sixth Ward, I. N. 
Ripley, J. J. Owens ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of J. 
Pilger, resigned ; Third Ward, J. F. Abrahams, of T. Poehler, resigned ; Sixth 
Ward, J. W. Gilbert, of J. J. Owens, resigned. 

1863 — J. H. Gear, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; J. J. Heider, Treas- 
urer ; C. Wilkin, Marshal ; H. Thielsen, Engineer ; R. H. Robertson, Solic- 
itor. Aldermen : First Ward, E. D. Rand, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, 
J. P. Kriechbaum, Leopold Kreig ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, J. F. Abrahams ; 
Fourth Ward, J. S. McClure, D. Winter; Fifth Ward, Silas A. Hudson, J.T. 
Barker ; Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancy, Fourth Ward, 
Thomas French, of J. S. McClure, resigned. 

1864 — Thomas French, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; J. J. Heider, 
Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; C. H. Phelps, Solicitor. Aldermen: First 
Ward, Martin Heisey, J. G. Lemberger ; Second Ward, W. D. McCash, Leo- 
pold Krieg ; Third Ward, W. L. McPherrin, L. Teedrick ; Fourth Ward, F. 
X. Kuechen, D. Winter ; Fifth Ward, Overton Butts, J. T. Barker ; Sixth 
Ward, J. Darling, J. W. Gilbert ; to fill vacancies. Second Ward, C. W. Bode- 
man, of Leopold Krieg, resigned ; Fourth Ward, D. Winter, of Thomas French, 
resigned ; Fourth Ward, George Bosch, of D. Winter, resigned ; Fifth Ward,_ 
Charles Starker, of Overton Butts. 

1865 — Thomas French, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; J. J. Heider, 
Treasurer; C. Wilkin, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, 
Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Robert Allen, Martin Heisey ; Second 
Ward, George Kriechbaum, W. D. McCash ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, W. L. 
McPherrin ; Fourth Ward, John Dickie, F. X. Kuechen ; Fifth Ward, D. K. 
Harris, Charles Starker : Sixth Ward, Thompson McCosh, J. Darling ; to fill 
vacancies, First Ward, D. Winter, of Robert Allen, resigned ; Second Ward, 
J. P. Brown, of W. D. McCash, resigned. 

1866 — J. L. Corse, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; William Augutta, 
Treasurer ; J. E. Hoefer, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor ; John A. Hamm, 
Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler, D. Winter ; Second 
Ward, E. Chamberlin, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, W. Schafi"ner, L. 
Teedrick ; Fourth Ward, Frank X. Kuechen, John Dickie ; Fifth Ward, Isaac 
Prugh, D. K. Harris ; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, T. McCosh ; to fill vacan- 



502 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

■cies, Fir^t Ward, A. W. Carpenter, of D. Winter, resigned ; Third Ward, 
Iowa J. Smith, of W. Schaffner, resigned. 

18G7 — J. L. Corse, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, 
Treasurer; J. E. llccfur. Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, 
Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, A. W. Carpenter, L. Zeigelmuler; Second 
Ward, George Kriechbaum, E. Chamberlin ; Third Ward. L. Teedrick, Iowa J. 
Smith; Fourth Ward. E. F. Hosford, Frank X. Kuechen ; Fifth Ward, 
Charles Starker, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, C. B. Harrington, D. J. Sales. 

18(38 — A. W. Carpenter, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; Wm. Augutta, 
Treasurer ; Henry Van Beek, Marshal ; E. G. Wright, Solicitor ; John A. 
Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zeigelmuler, John Conrad ; 
Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, George 
Lindner, Iowa J. Smith; Fourth Ward, William Bell, R. F. Hosford; Fifth 
Ward, E. Chamberlin, Isaac Prugh ; Sixth Ward, W. E. Woodward, 0. B. 
Harrington ; to fill vacancies. First Ward, John Conrad, of A. W. Car- 
penter, resigned ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, of Iowa J. Smith, resigned ; 
Sixth Ward, I. N. Ripley, of W. E. Woodward, resigned. 

1869 — William Bell,'Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta. 
Treasurer; Henry Van Beek, Marshal ; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, 
Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, D. Y. Overton, L. Zeigelmuler ; Second 
Ward, George Kriechbaum, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, 
George Lindner ; Fourth Ward, Ed. Harper, G. R. Scott ; Fifth Ward, G. W. 
Edwards, E. Chamberlin ; Sixth Ward, D. J. Sales, I. N. Ripley ; Seventh 
Ward, T. McCosh, D. M. How ; to fill vacancies. Fourth Ward, George R. 
Scott, of William Bell, resigned ; Fifth Ward. T. W. Barhydt, of E. Chamberlin. 
resigned. 

1870 — William Bell, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, 
Treasurer; William Endsley, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. Hamm, 
Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, Frank Ost, D. Y. Overton ; Second 
Ward, Charles O'Brien, George Kriechbaum ; Third Ward, L. Teedrick, F. X. 
Kuechen; Fourth Ward, Luke lluirhes, Ed. Harper; Fifth Ward, T. W. Bar- 
hydt, G. W. Edwards; Sixth Ward, 1. N. Kipley, D. J. Sales; Seventh Ward, 
S. T.^ Acres, T. McCosh. 

ISTl — L. Teedrick. Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William Augutta, 
Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; B. J. Hall, Solicitor; John A. 
Hamm, Engineer. Aldermen: First Ward, J. J. Scheu, Frank Ost; Second 
Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles 0'J?rien ; Third Ward, F. X. Kuechen, William 
Kixstner; Fourth Ward. John Dickie, Luke Hughes; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hill- 
house, T. W. Barhydt; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, I. N. Ripley; Seventh 
Ward, H. Boormaster, S. T. Acres; to fill vacancy. Third Ward, William 
Kastner, of L. Teedrick, resigned. 

1872 — George Robertson, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Recorder; William 
Augutta, Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; Charles H.Phelps, Solic- 
itor; John A. Hamm, Engineer: Charles P. DeHass, Engineer. Aldermen: 
First Ward. F. Schmeig, Frank Ost ; Second Ward, R. F. Hosford, Charles 
O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kriechbaum, William Kastner ; Fourth Ward, F. 
G. Kendall, John Dickie; Fifth Ward, A. J. Hillhouse, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth 
Ward, George Whipple, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, W. S. Barlow, A. 
Boormaster. 

1878— George Robertson, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Recorder ; H. R. Rliein, 
Treasurer; Alexander Hannum, Marshal; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor; George 
r. Nealley, Engineer. Aldermen : First Ward, L. Zieglemuler, F. Schmeig ; 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ' 503 

Second Ward, J. P. Joy, Charles O'Brien ; Third Ward, A. Kriechbaum, F. 
X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, James Whitaker, F. G. Kendall ; Fifth Ward, 
Isaac Prugh, G. H. Waldin ; Sixth Ward, T. J. Trulock, George Whipple ; 
Seventh Ward, H. Boormaster, W. S. Barlow ; to fill vacancy, Seventh Ward, 
C. B. Harrington, of W. S. Barlow, resigned. 

1874 — A. C. Dodge, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday. Recorder ; H. R. Rhein, 
Treasurer; William Cox, Marshal; A. H. Stutsman, Solicitor; George T. 
Nealley, Engineer; C. H. Merrick, to fill vacancy of H. R. Rhein, resigned. 
Aldermen : First Ward, John Kaiser, L. Ziegelmuler ; Second Ward, W. D. 
Gilbert, J. P. Joy ; Third Ward, J. C. McKell, F. X. Keuchen ; Fourth Ward, 
J. M. Robinson. James Whitaker ; Fifth Ward, F. T. Parsons, Isaac Prugh ; 
Sixth Ward, M.' C. McArthur, T. J. Trulock ; Seventh Ward, S. T. Acres, 
H. Boormaster ; to fill vacancy, Second Ward, F. A. Smith, of J. P. Joy, 
resigned. 

1875— William Bell, Mayor ; J. S. Halliday, Auditor ; W. W. Wightman, 
Treasurer ; William Cox, Marshal : Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor ; George T. 
Nealley, Engineer ; A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge ; J. S. Halliday, City Clerk ; 
Jacob Kupper, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Markets. Aldermen : 
First Ward, J. W. Barnes, A. Wuerthmueller ; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, 
P. F. Unterkircher : Third Ward, C. 1. Barker, S. J. Eads ; Fourth Ward, 
H. E. Hunt, J. M. Robinson ; Fifth Ward, A. W. Manning, George Kriech- 
baum ; Sixth Ward, M. C. McArthur, J. Demling ; Seventh Ward, H. Boor- 
master, A. C. Paine ; to fill vacancy, Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, of J. M. Robin- 
son, resigned. 

1876— A. W. Parsons, Mayor; J. S. Halliday, Auditor; W. W. Wight- 
man, Treasurer; E. Hoefer, Marshal; Samuel K. Tracy, Solicitor; C. P. 
DeHass, Engineer: A. H. Stutsman, Police Judge: J. S. Halliday. City 
Clerk ; Alexander Hannum, Assessor ; Adam Lamon, Superintendent Mar- 
kets : J. E. Lalor, Street Commissioner. Aldermen: First Ward, L. Ziegel- 
muler, John Lemberger; Second Ward, Charles O'Brien, Charles Starr; Third 
Ward, L. Krieg, S. J. Eads; Fourth Ward, C. Geyer, John Dickie; Fifth 
Ward, A. W. Manning, George Kriechbaum ; Sixth Ward, A. Q. Smith, Rob- 
ert Spencer ; Seventh Ward, Adolph Schrei, J. W. Jenkins. 

1877 — A. W. Parsons, resigned, W. E. Woodward, elected to fill vacancy. 
Mayor; W. W. Wightman, Treasurer; J. S. Halliday, Auditor, resigned June 
15, 1877 — J. W. Burdette, appointed June 18, 1877; T. G. Catlett, Clerk ; E. 
J. Hoefer, Marshal : S. K. Tracy, Solicitor ; 0. P. DeHass, Engineer ; George 
Merritt, Street Commissioner ; W. F. McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Depart- 
ment ; William Franken, Assistant Engineer of Fire Department ; William 
Yeo. Engineer of Steamers ; Charles Sponholtz, Market-master ; George 
Hardegan, Wharfmaster — J. W. Cadwallader to fill vacancy ; A. H. Stuts- 
man, Police Judge, resigned — 0. H. Browning appointed to fill vacancy ; W. 
H. Root, Police Court Clerk. Aldermen : First Ward, John Niewoehner, 
John L. Lemberger ; Second Ward, H. Bailey, George Kriechbaum ; Third 
Ward, H. H. Scott, John Zaiser ; Fourth Ward, John Darling, George Orm ; 
Fifth Ward, Robert Donahue, I. M. Christy ; Sixth Ward, John Dickie, John 
Bonnell — A. H. Kuhlemeier, vice John Dickie, resigned ; Seventh Ward, D. 
Burgess, H. N. Howe — W. G. Cummings, vice D. Burgess, resigned, 

1878— A. G. Adams, Mayor ; 0. H. Schenck, Treasurer ; J. W. Burdette, 
Auditor ; J. W. Burdette, Clerk ; J. N. Martin, Marshal ; C. L. Poor, Solic- 
itor; C. P. DeHass, Engineer; George Merritt, Street Commissioner; W. F. 
McCash, Chief Engineer of Fire Department ; William Franken, Assistant 



504 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Ernrineer of Fire Department; Charles Sponholtz, Market Master; J. W. 
Cadwullader, Wharfmaster ; T. J. Raper, Chief of Police ; H. 0. Browning, 
Police Judge ; W. II. Root, Police Court Clerk ; at large, L. Krieg and F. T. 
Parsons ; First Ward, John Greiner ; Second Wanl, Charles Ende ; Third 
Ward, A. Hemphill; Fourth Ward, W. F. Hayden : Fifth Ward, F. Wagner; 
Sixth Ward. A. II. Kuhlemeier; Seventh Ward, W. G. Cummings. 

The last-named officers were elected for two years from March, 1878. 
Under the existing law, but one member of the Common Council is chosen from 
each ward. 

FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

On the night of Saturday, July 6, 1839, a fire destroyed a cabinet-shop 
belonging to Pierce & Prine, and threatened the National Hotel. The event 
is chronicled because that . disaster appears to have been the starting-point of 
the Fire Department of Burlington. A public meeting was held at the old 
Zion Methodist Church, for the purpose of inaugurating some system to prevent 
further depredations by fire. J. W. Grimes offered the following resolutions : 

liesolved, That we cousider it necessary for the prosperity of our city, and the preservation 
of the property and lives of our citizens, that immediate steps be taken for the organization of 
fire companies, and the procurement of hooks, ladders and other implements used in suppress- 
ing fires. 

Resolved, That the Mayor and Aldermen of the city be respectfully requested to subdivide the 
same into fiie-wards, and appoint a suitable person in each ward. Fire Warden, and. by ordinance, 
to prescribe their powers and duties. 

Mr. McCarver offered another resolution : 

Re.inlved, That a Committee of three be appointed for the purpose, to receive contributions 
from the citizens of Burlin<fton, in order to raise a suificient sum for the procuring of hooks, 
ladders, etc. 

Messrs. Dolan, J. Larason and C. J. Starr were appointed a Committee ta 
organize a company of firemen. A Hook and Ladder Company was organized 
in July of that year, with George Partridge, Foreman, and William Dolan and 
Charles Madera, Assistant Foremen. This was called the " Burlington Hook and 
Ladder Company," and was the first. The first service done by the newly- 
organized company was on the 19th of August, 1839, when the dwelling-house 
of Jeremiah Lamson Avas saved from destruction through their agency. 

On the 5th of January, 1841, an ordinance was passed by the City Council, 
establishing a Fire Department. The first officers were named Chief and First 
and Second Assistant Engineers. The head was required, when on duty, to 
wear a white frock or hunting-coat, and have a white trumpet, on which his title 
was plainly inscribed. The assistants were required to be clothed in similar 
manner, excepting the color, which was dark. Their trumpets, also, were to be 
of dark color, with their respective names inscribed on them in white. Fire 
Wardens were appointed for each ward, whose duty it was to form lines of hucket- 
men in case of fire. While on duty, they were required to carry a staff, six feet 
long, with a white ball on the end. The owners of buildings were required to 
keep leather buckets, and, if the building had more than four chimneys, addi- 
tional buckets were essential. Permission was given in this ordinance for the 
formation of three volunteer fire companies, and elaborate rules for their gov- 
ernment were enacted. 

On the 27th of April, 1845, Shackford k Co.'s flouring-mill was burned, 
aiid Henry Hilton perished in the fire. He was asleep in the building 
where the fire wiis discovered, and could not be rescued. The pecuniary loss 
was about ^1,700. In March, 1850, Des Moines Fire Company No. 1, was 
organized, and the Telegraph of August 22, 1850, editorially mentions the fact 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 505 

that a petition was presented to the City Council of Burlington, praying for the 
purchase of a fire-engine. Up to that date no engine was owned by the city, 
and the people were getting anxious about the matter. The candle and lard- 
oil factory belonging to Victor Metz, adjoining the Main Street House, was 
destroyed January 30, 1851. In noticing the fire, the Telegraph took occasion 
to warn the people of the necessity of purchasing an engine. An ordinance, 
passed February 7, 1852, provided for the organization of Des Moines Company 
No. 1, and the purchase of an engine. To this end, the Mayor was instructed 
and required to issue city bonds in amount not to exceed $1,000, to Des Moines 
Fire Company No. 1. In addition to this, the sum of $550 was appropriated 
and the City Recorder was authorized to issue scrip for above sum, to the order 
and disposal of said fire company. On January 16, 1853, the hardware, store 
of A. Moore, on Main street, took fire. Dr. Lowe owned the building. A. D. 
Green occupied the second story. The Historical and Geological Institute in 
the third story was burned out. The Fire Department was well spoken of, and 
Thomas Burns especially mentioned. On February 6, 1853, a meeting of 
citizens was held, with Henry W. Starr in the chair, and 0. C. Wightman as 
Secretary, for the purpose of effecting the organization of a Fire Department. 
The Council was recommended to purchase two good and substantial fire- 
engines, with necessary hose and fixtures. At the same meeting, it was resolved 
to organize an efiicient Hook and Ladder Company, thereby implying that the 
original company had grown weaker than was consistent with public safety. 
A company was formed, with J. H. McKenny, Captain ; J. J, Childs, Williapi 
Harris and William Wright, Lieutenants ; George Frazee, Secretary and 
Treasurer. 

On October 27, 1855, a new fire company was organized, and a constitu- 
tion and by-laws were adopted by the organizing committee, David Parker, 
Austin Kendell, Samuel Allen and Lewis Nevers. The officers elected were: 
David Parker, Foreman ; Samuel Allen, Assistant Foreman ; Joseph Moronel, 
Foreman of Hose ; Austin Kendell, Secretary ; John Code, Treasurer. The 
number of original members was twenty-five, as follows: David Parker, A. 
J. Kendell, Samuel Allen, John Code, Joseph Howard, E. M. Chipman, J. A. 
Patten, M. Cole, A. McDonald, A. Potter, Joseph Barker, Aaron Stout, Rob- 
ert Heisey, P. Sigler, Chancy Root, A. Root, David Jones, Lewis Nevers, L. 
Surger, F. Glasgow, Henry Yanoway, Thomas Booster, George Kriechbaum, 
John Cole, E. Cole. 

At an adjourned meeting, held November 8, 1855, a committee was ap- 
pointed to select names for the company and the Agnew hand-engines, two of 
which had been purchased in the mean time. Samuel Allen, Austin Kendell 
and Lewis Nevers were the committee. They submitted the names Reliance, 
Eagle, Relief, Catai'act, Niagara and Phoenix. After a vote for one of the 
above names, "Eagle No. 2," was declared the name of the company and 
engine by virtue of election. A committee from the City Council was present 
at said meeting, and instructed by that body to give all the property of Des 
Moines Company No. 1, now disbanded, to Eagle Company No. 2, so long as 
they existed as a fire company. The motto for the new company was brought 
up and considered. Among eight proposed by the company, the chairman of 
the committee declared "Ever Ready" to be the motto of the company by 
virtue of adoption. On the 19th of November, 1866, a steam-engine was pur- 
chased by the city, of S. Silsby & Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y., at a cost of 
$4,750, and named Dickie. Upon its arrival, Oliver Howard was elected as 
Engineer, at a salary of $700 per year, by a vote of the City Council. He 



506 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

was, therefore, the first paid engineer in the Department. During the winter 
of 18(38-69, the tobacco-factory owned by Smith, Scott & Co. on the east side 
of Main street, between Valley and Market streets, was destroyed. In this 
year the disbanded Des Moines Company No. 1 was succeeded by a new com- 
pany styling itself Black Hawk No. 1. In this year, also, Ira A. Holly got 
up a petition signed by about one hundred and fifty leading business men of 
Burlini^ton, asking the City Council to purchase another steamer. Nine of four- 
teen members of the City Council favored the request and a second steamer 
was contracted for with the Silsby Manufacturing Company, at a cost of $5,- 
500, and which was named "Steamer Burlington." Ira A. Holly was elected 
engineer of said steamer, at a salary of $700 per annum, by a vote of the City 
Council. 

Steamer Dickie was stationed in the engine-house on Columbia street, be- 
tween Fourth and Fifth streets. The steamer Burlington, in charge of Eagle 
Companv No. 2, was located in the west end of the market-house, where is 
now the City Council-chamber. Owing to a complication of circumstances, 
which led to investigation by the City Council, and resulted in the disband- 
ment as heretofore recorded, of Des Moines Company No. 1, the City Council 
instructed Major William Bell to have steamer Dickie removed to the market- 
house and placed in charge of Ira A. Holly. These instructions were executed 
by City Marshal William Endsley. At this time S. Parker Edger, a young 
man of marked ability, noble character and generous impulses, was Chief En- 
gineer and Isaac Prugh, Assistant Chief. Upon the death of Mr. Edger, who 
is still remembered and spoken of only in terms of affection and admiration by 
the firemen and others, Mr. Isaac Prugh became Chief. A fine, large oil- 
painting of the departed Chief adorns the wall of the present firemen's private 
room. After the removal of steamer Dickie, the engine-house on Columbia 
street was burned down. Chief Engineer Isaac Prugh's report, dated February 
14, 1871, for the year 1870, shows the existence of the following companies: 

Black Hawk Company No. i, with Jessie Hedges, Foreman ; William 
Smith, Assistant Foreman; Mike Stanton, Hose Foreman; James O'Reiley, 
Assistant Hose Foreman; Humphrey Crawford, Treasurer; Sheldon Hawley^ 
Secretary. 

Eagle Company No. 3, with H. Leneweaver, Foreman ; William Franken, 
Assistant Foreman ; H. Rasnack, Hose Foreman ; F. S. Browning, Assistant 
Hose Foreman ; Joseph Kuser, Treasurer. 

Mechanics Hook and Ladder Company No. /, with Jolm Schafer, Fore- 
man ; Daniel Haskell, First Assistant Foreman ; William H. Dempey, Sec- 
ond Assistant Foreman ; Robert McCoy, Tillerman ; Frank Kupper, Steward ; 
George Hoerr, Treasurer ; William Hoerr, Secretary. The Department at this 
date consisted of seventy-five good, active members, with headquarters at what 
was called the Engine-house. The number of fires was sixteen, and five false 
:ilarms were given ; the loss was estimated at |70,625 ; the insurance was 
^29,850, leaving an actual loss above insurance of $40,775. In 1869, there 
were six fires and four false alarms, incurring a loss of $100,000, showing a 
large saving over the previous year. 

On March 1, lS71, an annual meeting of the Burlington Fire Department 
Wiis held at Firemen's Hall for the purpose of electing a Chief and Assistant 
Chief ; the latter office was at the time filled by Henrv Meyers. The meeting 
was called to order by Chief Engineer Isaac Prugh,*^ and Ira A. Holly was 
elected Secretary pro tem. ; Isaac Prugh was nominated for Chief; Henry 
Meyers and George Eads were nominated for Assistant Chief. It was moved 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUIITY. 50T 

and carried to elect the Chief by acclamation, Isaac Prugh being elected by a 
unanimous vote. Henry Meyers, candidate for Assistant Chief, received 42 
votes and George Eads 33; Henry Meyers was declared elected, which 
election was made unanimous. Ira A. Holly was nominated and elected 
by acclamation as Secretary. Jessie Hedges and A. J. Winders were nominated 
as candidates for Treasurer; Jessie Hedges, having received a majority of votes 
cast, was declared elected. Nathan Rasnack was elected watchman of Engine- 
house. 

It being customary in those days for the firemen to refresh themselves with 
hot coffee after working at a fire, a barrel of coffee was always kept on hand 
and annually a bell-ringer and coffee-carrier was elected, whose duty it was in 
case of fire to first ring the alarm-bell, which was also a signal to his wife that 
hot coffee would soon be in demand, which she prepared and he carried to the 
members of the Department. 

At a meeting of the Fire Department March 21, 1871, Chief Isaac Prugh 
stated its object to be the consideration of the amended ordinance and the com- 
pensation of the firemen. This ordinance provided $60 per month for the whole 
Department, and, on motion, it was decided by the Fire Department not to accept 
less than $25 per month for each company. It was settled to pay Black Hawk 
Company No. 1 $25, Eagle Company No. 2 $25, and Mechanics Hook and 
Ladder Company No. 1 $20. 

On September 13, 1871, Eagle Company No. 2 and Black Hawk Company 
No. 1 disbanded. 

November 20,- 1871, Isaac Prugh was succeeded by Thomas Duncan^ 
appointed by City Council as Chief Engineer, with W. F. McCash as Assistant 
Chief. The City Council also passed an ordinance re-organizing the Fire Depart- 
ment and making it a paid institution. Six men were appointed to act as Station- 
men and Policemen. Their names were as follows : Horace Reber, Robert 
Huffman, William H. Yoe, William H. Cunningham, A. M. Ingersol and one 
other, whose name does not appear in the records. These men were paid $45 
per month. The Council also appointed six minute-men, who received $10 per 
month each, and who were only on duty in time of fire. 

Since the establishment of the " Burlington Paid Fire Department" fires 
worthy of mention have taken place as follows : Thursday morning, June 19, 
1873, a fire was discovered in Luke Palmer's Opera-house, on Main street, 
between Washington and Columbia streets. Owing to the strong wind prevail- 
ing and a lack of good hose, the fire got the advantage of the Fire Department 
and burnt four solid blocks of buildings, which were bounded as follows : By 
Washington street on the south, Front street on the east. High street on the 
north, and Third street on the west. The number of buildings destroyed was 
forty-nine, and the total loss was estimated at $400,000. On the 19th of 
September, 1873, afire broke out in a saloon on Jefferson street, burning about 
four blocks, at which time Gilbert, Hedge & Co.'s lumber-yard was destroyed; 
the total loss was estimated at $250,000. The aid of the Burlington Fire 
Department bas twice been sought for by the Fort Madison Penitentiary authori- 
ties. In one instance it was responded to, when splendid service was done. 

W. F. McCash was elected Chief Engineer of the Burlington Fire Depart- 
ment in March, 1875, and William Franken was appointed Assistant Chief at 
the same time, which positions these gentlemen still hold. The present Fire 
Department is composed of Hose Company No. 1, with a one-horse four-wheel 
hose-carriage, and 800 feet of hose. This company is located at the Central 
Station, and in charge of the following men : Gilbert Bliss, Superintendent 



508 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

of Fire-Alarm and Pipemen ; C. E. Morgan, driver; L. Dehner, C. W, Bird, 

Joseph Sclnvartz, pipemen ; Henry Hirt, Charles Wagner, minute-men. Also 

a one-horse hook and ladder truck. The two steamers, Dickie and Burlington, 

are kept here in reserve since the completion of the Water Works. 

Hose Company Xo. 2 is located on the corner of Angular and Boundary 

streets, and is composed of a one-horse hose-carriage, 700 feet of hose, and 

L. N. Harris, Henry O'Keefe, T. Dodge, minute-men. 

Hose Company No. 3 is located on Amelia street, and has a one-horse 

hose-carriage, Avith 700 feet of hose, and F. Hirt, Foreman ; James Kane and 

F. Reed, minute-men. 

Hose Company No. 4, on North Hill, has a one-horse hose-carriage, 700 

feet of hose ; J. W. Smith, Foreman ; H. Bowers, minute-man. 

Patterson Hose Company, located on Summer street, is a volunteer company, 
having charge of a hose-carriage and 500 feet of hose. It is proper here to 
state that the present Governor of the State of Iowa, J. H. Gear, was Chief of 
the Fire Department in 1862. 

August 5, 1878, Alderman Kuhlmeier introduced the following resolution, 
•which was read, and the motion adopted, to wit : Resolved, That the Fire 

Committee be, and are hereby, authorized to contract for the building of a 
telephone fire-alarm and the renting of telephones, as per report of the Special 
Committee on Fire-Alarm. The number of alarm-boxes and extent of lines to 
be discretionary with the Committee within that limit." The contract was 
awarded to George B. Engle, Jr., representative of the Bell Telephone Com- 
pany, of New York, who constructed six miles of line, running to five regular 
stations, including the Water Works, and eleven other points located in various 
parts of the city, easy of access to the general public. Each of these sixteen 
stations is supplied with a telephone, and all the circuits center at the Central 
Station of the Fire Department. The cost of this fire-alarm, including all 
necessary equipments, except the telephones, was about $900. The latter are 
rented at §10 each per annum. Thus has Burlington to-day a very efficient 
system for suppressing fires. 

POLICE DEPARTMENT. 

The police system of the city of Burlington had its birth in the year 1837, 
when the officiating men in this department of the town government were called 
Marshals. The following is a list of their names : 1837, James Cameron, John 
Harris, G. W. Kessler ; 1839, John Moore ; 1840-43, W. M. Harris ; 1843, 
Silas Ferry ; 1844, W. I. Cooper, John Martin ; 1845, H. G. Marlow ; 1846, 
Jerry White; 1847, J. H. Jennings; 1848-49, James Wells; 1850-55, Will- 
iam Endsley; 1856, William Tiiompson ; 1857, William Thompson, H. S. 
Bartruff; 1858-62, M. H. Win ton ; 1863-66, C. Wilken ; 1866-67, J. C. 
Hoefer; 1868-69, Henry Van Beck; 1870, William Endslev ; 1871-73, 
Alexander Hannum ; 1874-75, William Cox ; 1876-77, E. Hoefer ; 1878, J. 
N. Martin. In 1876, the State Legislature made the Marshal ex officio Chief 
of Police. In 1878, the code was changed, and required the appointment by 
the Mayor of a Chief of Police and a proper force of men. The Marshal is 
elected by the City Council for the term of two years, at a salary of $800 per 
year, while the Chief of Police's term is at the pleasure of the Mayor. The 
salary of the Chief is $800 per annum. The present police force consists of 
T. J. Raper, Chief, and nine policemen, who receive for their services $50 per 
month. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 509 



POLICE COURT. 



The Police Court was established March 4, 1875, when the city abandoned 
her special charter and became a city of the first class. The jurisdiction of 
this court embraces all misdemeanors of a criminal nature within the city limits. 
A. H. Stutsman, the first Judge of the Burlington Police Court, was succeeded 
January 9, 1878, by H. 0. Browning, the present occupant of the Police 
Judge's chair. 

° CITY BUILDINGS. 

The old Market-house, located on the corner of Fifth and Valley streets, 
is used by the city for its offices, and is occupied by Mayor A. G. Adams, 
Treasurer 0. H. Schenck, Auditor and Clerk J. W. Burdette, Marshal J. N. 
Martin. Engineer C. P. De Haas, Chief of Police T. J. Raper, Police Court 
Clerk W. H. Root, Police Judge H. 0. Browning. The City Council cham- 
ber, the Central Station of the Fire Department, the Police Court and Police 
Station are also located in this building. The Weighmaster occupies a small 
office built on the same lot as the City Building. The other city officials have 
their headquarters wherever it best suits their convenience. The annual finan- 
cial statement of the city for the fiscal year ending March, 1879, will be more 
favorable than the last one, and will show a decrease of the city debt as well as 
a reduction of expenses. 

^ SEWERAGE. 

The sewerage system proposed by the City Engineer, C. P. De Haas, for 
adoption by the City Council is as follows : One large sewer on South street 
to drain all of the city south of Pine street, and constitute District No. 1, Dis- 
trict No. 2 to .be between Pine and Cedar streets. District No. 3 will be 
drained by sewers on Angular street, and will provide for all the water south of 
Maple street. District No. 4 to be laid on Division street, and will provide for 
water between Maple and Division streets. District No. 5 to have main sewer 
laid on Valley street, and to receive all water north of Valley street. No action 
was taken on the matter, except in two instances. One sewer was built on Val- 
ley and one on Market street. All sewers over two feet will be constructed of 
stone or brick ; all under that measure, will be made of tiling. 

The ordinance providing for their construction will be that all sewers costing 
$3 or less per running foot, shall be paid for by the property-owners adjacent 
to the improvements ; all sewers costing more shall be paid for from the general 
sewerage fund. All sewers will be laid low enough to drain all cellars, and 
catch basins will be placed at street-corners to receive surface-water from 
the street-gutters. The Valley street sewer built by contractors Swindler and 
Cain, under supervision of their foreman, E. D. Burke, was completed in 1878. 
It has a total length of 1,700 feet, is ten by eleven feet in the clear, constructed 
of stone laid in cement, and is located to receive all the water from Hawk-Eye 
Creek. Its cost was about $25,000, and it was built in six months. The dis- 
charging capacity of this sewer is 31,729,320 gallons per hour, and it empties 
in the Mississippi River at the foot of Valley street. 

THE BURLINGTON WATER COMPANY. 

Until the 1st of June, 1878, the city of Burlington was sorely perplexed 
over the problem of how to supply itself with water. The Mississippi River 
ran by its feet, but so far as the solution of the question went, it was of no 
more practical value than were the cool springs of New England. The dif- 
ficulty lay in the utilization of the good gifts which nature had so tantaliz- 

M 



510 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

int'ly placed just out of reach. How the matter was regarded by the business 
men of Burlington, and how the vexing subject was finally disposed of with 
eminent success, was graphically told in the Hcmk-Eye oi 3\me 1, 1878. With 
no further credit, we proceed to clip liberally from that extended account of the 
triumph over obstacles. 

June 1, 1878, was a gala day in Burlington. It was the crowning triumph 
of an effort to obtain a water-supply for the city that dates back nearly a 
decade of years. The problem was not an easy one to solve. It is true, water 
in lavish abundance flows past the city. The supply is not only inexhaustible^ 
but the (luality is superior to that furnished many American cities. The great 
river, Avith its rapid current and immense volume of water flowing down over 
the rock, gravel and sand that line its bed and send the water in eddying cur- 
rents over and about its sand-bars, is freed from organic impurities, and is 
surchart^ed with the oxygen that accomplishes its purification. There was the 
water in all its plenitude and purity, but it swept unheedingly onward, and left 
the ambitious " metropolis of Iowa " athirst and unprotected. For while it wa& 
possible for the crude water-cart to supply, in a small way, the domestic necessities 
of the people, and sprinkle a few streets at a disproportionate cost for the result 
obtained, these primeval appliances afforded no protection against that dreaded 
enemy of all ages — the devouring flames. Progress in building up the city 
was checked by this deficiency in the protection of property. Capital shrank 
from investment where so great risks were incurred. This environment of peril 
fed upon the commerce, trade and industry of the city, for it not only dis- 
couraged the improvement of property, but it taxed the property-owner with 
high rates of insurance. 

But the citizens of Burlington had fixith in the future of the city. They 
had an abiding faith that the Flint Hills, pierced by nine lines of railway and 
crowned with so many substantial evidences of an enduring progress, were yet 
destined to Avitness the triumph of man over every natural obstacle that stood 
between tlie city and its future growth. From the water-level to the elevated 
plateau, that marked the beginning of the fertile stretch of prairie lands toward 
the west, is an elevation of about two hundred feet. To force water to that 
height, and then distribute it with sufficient head to meet the requirement of 
every householder, was a difficult problem, and one which troubled not a little 
every thoughtful citizen. At first glance it appeared simple enough ; for, surely, 
where there are hills there can be built great reservoirs into which water may 
be pumped and left to distribute itself to consumers by the volition of its OAvn 
gravity. But as a matter of fact there are no hills in Burlington 1 " A hill," 
says Noah Webster, LL. D., "is a natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth 
rising above the common level of the surrounding land." No such condition 
of things exists at Burlington. As the prairie land approaches the west bank of 
the Mississippi, streams of water, in past ages, have cut deep channels in the 
land in their descent to the river, and the numerous ravines thus formed are 
still affected by the washing-away of the soil in each storm that continues 
the labors of the centuries past. " At the foot of several of these ravines that 
converge near the center of the present city of Burlington, there landed from 
their skiffs, forty-seven years ago, the first white men who undertook to settle 
in the lands of the Fox and Sac Indians. As the town grew, it gradually 
filled up the semi-circular basin formed by the convergence of the various ravines 
until men began to penetrate these natural thoroughfares to the table-lands 
above, and building improvements, in time filled the openings and dotted the 
upper plains. And naturally to the ascending settlers, the rugged bluff's, when 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 511 

viewed from the lower plateau, assumed the character of "hills," and to this 
day they are known as such, until "'North Hill," " West Hill," " South Hill," 
and "Prospect Hill," are popular terms for denoting the sections of the city 
not located on the lower level. And it was only natural that in the earlier days 
the popular estimate of the future system of water works should embrace a 
reservoir — the city was located mainly at the foot of the bluffs. But as the city 
grew, and nearly all the best residence property, and not a little of business 
property, is now to be found on the upper elevations, it is obvious that the 
reservoir system grows every year more impracticable. However reluctantly 
our citizens have relinquished their favored idea, recent surveys and careful 
investigations have removed all doubt and convinced them that a system of 
direct pressure is an imperative necessity. For while a reservoir might be con- 
structed, at a large expense, on the highest elevation in the city, it still would 
fail to supply water any higher than the first stories of thousands of buildings, 
and would entirely fail to meet the requirements of reliable protection from 
fire. There was, therefore, no other practical solution of the problem but a 
system of direct pressure which would furnish all the water required for 
domestic and general consumption, and which would also afford the very best 
fire protection wherever the street mains extended. The tests fully justify the 
wisdom of the Burlington Water Company in adopting what is known as the 
Holly system of water works. The Holly system of water works has been 
adopted and is in use in more than seventy towns and cities in the United States. 
This number does not include some twenty or more works built on the same 
or similar plan by other parties than the Holly Company. The chief advantages 
of this system over the older systems are : 1. Secures by variable pressure a 
more reliable supply of water for all purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 
3. Less cost for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply. 5. Affords 
the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely reduces insurance risks and 
premiums. 7. Dispenses with fire-engines in whole or in part. 8. Reduces 
fire department expenses. All the tests made thus far in Burlington fully sub- 
stantiate these claims, as we shall more fully show farther on in this article. 

The history of the attempt to build water works in this city is a history 
full of doubt and unproductive effort, prior to the organization of the present 
company. Several ordinances were passed and companies organized, but the 
obstacles, both natural and human, always intervened and thwarted every 
attempt. Finally, on the 17th of July, 1877, the present water ordinance was 
adopted by a unanimous vote of the Council — one member only being absent, 
out of the city. To meet the requirements of this ordinance, the Burlington 
Water Company was organized, with a capital stock of $300,000. The follow- 
ing is a list of the original stockholders: Hon. Charles Mason, Hon. John II. 
Gear, Hon. John Patterson, T. W. Barhydt, James C McKell, R. Spencer, J. 
Darling, John G. Foote, S. E. Barnes, J. J. Burnham, H. H. Scott, E. M. 
Eisfeld, George Sweny, Thomas Hedge, Donahue & McCosh, William Salter, 
H. I. Chapman, T. W" Newman, J. Kroft, P. T. Smith— all residents of Bur- 
lington. Directors, Hon. Charles Mason, R. Spencer, Hon. John Patterson, 
James C. McKell, T. W. Barhydt. Officers, Hon. Charles Mason, President ; 
Hon. John Patterson, Vice President ; James C. McKell, Secretary and Treas- 
urer ; Hydraulic Engineer, T. N. Boutelle ; Chief Engineer at the Water 
Works, Ira Holly; First Assistant, Charles Hood; Second Assistant, M.J. 
Haddox. 

On the 19th of July, President Mason formerly notified the city authorities 
that the Burlington Water Company accepted the water ordinance, and on the 



512 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

4th day of October, a contract was entered into between the city of Burlington 
and the Burlington Water Company, granting the latter the right to build and 
operate water works in Burlington. The details of the ordinance are too 
lengthy to be summarized in this article; but it is proper to say, in brief, that 
the terms are believed to be favorable for the city, without being oppressive to 
the water company, and that the result will be, that the citizens will obtain 
water at as low rates as the citizens of any other city in Iowa, and that Bur- 
lin'^ton will have the very best fire protection and water for public uses at a 
comparatively low cost, besides creating a sinking fund, that will ultimately 
result in the city obtaining the ownership of the water works at first cost. 
The Articles of Incorporation were filed for record in the Recorder's office, July 
19, and with the Secretary of State, August 15, 1877. Those gentlemen 
who subscribed to the capital stock of the company, to the amount of $300,000, 
are personally liable in that amount for the indebtedness or misfortunes of the 
water company, and yet they are limited in the profits to be derived from this 
heavy liability, to the dividend of 12 per cent upon $30,000 of the stock, 
as the ordinance prohibits their paying up more than 10 per cent of the 
capital stock. Any excess of profit over that amount ($3,600 per annum) goes 
into the "*vater fund" with the water tax and water revenues, to be appro- 
priated, at the discretion of the City Council, to extend the mains, or reduce 
the water tax, or to increase the sinking fund, or to reduce the water rates to 
private consumers. The interests of tax-payers and water-consumers are care- 
fully provided for, and the stockholders have a limit on their profits that is 
quite disproportionate to the risks incurred. 

On the 4th of October, 1877, a contract was made between the Burlington 
Water Company and the city of Burlington, whereby the former was to supply 
the city with water for fire and other purposes. As a compensation for the 
city service, the city levies a 5-mill tax on all property within the water dis- 
trict. The contract was signed by Henry H, Scott, Chairman of the Finance 
Committee for the city, and by Hon. Charles Mason, President of the Company. 

A contract was executed October 6, 1877, betAveen the Burlington Water 
Co. and the Holly Manufacturing Co., of Lockport, N. Y., in the sum of 
$190,000 for the complete erection of water works on the Holly system. 
Active operations were begun as soon as materials could be obtained. The 
grounds were purchased of Lyman Cook and George C. Lauman, in considera- 
tion of $5. The laying of the inlet pipe and crib was done by Mr. Truman 
Cowell, of Muscatine. The work was done in a first-class manner, although 
the contractor was greatly troubled by the quicksand on which the coffer-dam 
was built. The work was completed in time, and was the first subcontract 
finished. The contract for building the filter-bed and the buildings was given 
to Mr. A. W. Manning, of this city. The work on this contract was prosecuted 
during the winter, but few days being lost. The laying of the street mains 
was done by Messrs. Russell & Alexander, of Chicago. Nearly thirteen miles 
of pipes were laid be these contractors and put through the severest kind of a 
test without a break or a leaky or imperfect joint being found on the line. 
Their contract was finished two months and a half before the time stipulated. 
The pipes for the works were furnished by Dennis Long k Co., of Louisville, 
Ky., and H. R. Smith & Co., of Columbus, Ohio. The Mohawk & Hudson 
Manufacturing Co., of Waterford, N. Y., furnished the Eddy valves. The 
quality of the material furnished was such that on the trial, at extreme 
pressure, but three breaks were found on the entire line. These were defects 
that could not have been foreseen. In many trials in other cities as many 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. ' 513 

breaks have been found in one mile. These pipes were delivered during the 
winter, and were handled roughly in loading and unloading them from the cars, 
and the fact that so few breaks were discovered speaks much in praise of the 
manufacturers. The general superintendence of the whole contract was under 
the direction of Mr. T. N. Boutelle, the Engineer of the Burlington Water 
Co. Mr. Boutelle is a civil engineer of large experience in the construction of 
water works. He has been connected with the erection of water works in 
Anamosa, Clinton, Marshalltown and other cities in Iowa, and in many other 
cities in adjoining States. He drew up the plans for the Burlington works and 
directed their entire construction. The ability he displayed in his labors, these 
works, which are second to none in the State, fully attest. Mr. Boutelle's 
experience was of much value to the Burlington Company, and the system and 
arrangement of the whole is due largely to his skill. 

The following description of the works, applied to their size and condition 
at the date of opening, June 1, 1878. Many additions have since been made. 

The river work consists of an inlet crib constructed of pine timbers, firmly 
bolted together, filled with broken stone, placed on the bed of the Mississippi 
River, in nineteen feet of water at low-water mark, and distant from the shore 
about two hundred and fifty feet. A 20-inch iron pipe extends along the river- 
bed from the crib to a filter on the shore. The filter is of stone masonry, 130 
feet long, 20 feet wide, and provided with suitable filtering materials, which may 
be renewed or cleaned at any time. An independent inlet-pipe is provided to 
convey water directly from the crib inlet to the pumps, should the demand at 
any time (as for fire protection) exceed the capacity of the filter. 

The engine, boiler and coal houses, located one hundred and fifty feet'from 
the river, are of stone, have iron roofs, are substantial and fire-proof, and of 
dimensions suitable for a duplicate set of pumping machinery. The 
smoke-stack is of brick, and 120 feet high. The Burlington, Cedar Rapids & 
Northern and the Burlington k Southwestern Railways run between the build- 
ings and the river, making the delivery of coal convenient and inexpensive. 
The filter extends from the crib inlet, under the tracks of these railways, to a 
pump well inside the engine-house. 

The pumping machinery is the latest design of the Holly Manufacturing 
Company, and embraces all recent valuable improvements. It is especially 
adapted to the service required, and in finish and workmanship cannot be 
excelled. The engine is of the compound type, and guaranteed to perform a 
duty equal to raising 60,000,000 pounds of water, one foot, with one hundred 
pounds of coal, and to supply the quantity of water — 3,000,000 gallons daily 
— and throw the fire streams required by the ordinance. It has four steam 
cylinders, each 19 inches in diameter, 27 inches stroke, with four corresponding 
reciprocating pumps, each 10 inches diameter and 27 inches stroke, attached by 
direct connections and erected ^n a heavy arched double frame of iron, set at 
an angle of ninety degrees, one steam cylinder and its pump being placed at 
each of the four corners. The frame supports at its top a shaft with an over- 
hanging crank on either end, to which the four engines are connected by ordi- 
nary connecting-rods. The cylinders and pumps are detachable at pleasure, 
and may be run singly, in pairs or all together, according to the demands for 
water-supply from time to time. The engine is provided with the usual air- 
pump and jet-condenser, and by a peculiar arrangement of pipes and valves 
may be run on either the high, low or compound steam-pressure principles, and 
may be changed from one to the other at any moment by the engineer. This 
arrangement is necessary to secure economical daily pumping for domestic sup- 



514 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

ply, which is done by compounding steam, and prompt increase of power for 
efficient fire protection, which is amply secured by converting the machine into 
a high-pressure engine. When compounding, the steam is taken directly from 
the boilers into one of the cylinders and exhausted into the remaining three, 
and, when running, high-pressure steam is taken directly into all of the cylinders, 
the latter operation increasing the power of the whole four to eight times. To 
supply this increase, reserve boilers are provided, there being three in all, either 
of which alone will be sufficient to meet the ordinary demand. 

The water-mains are of cast-iron, tested at the foundry to withstand three 
hundred pounds hydrostatic pressure per square inch, and have since been sub- 
jected to a further test, after being laid in the ground, of two hundred pounds, 
which is 2.5 per cent greater than will be required in practice. The lengths 
and sizes of mains were, in round numbers, as follows : One-third of a mile of 
16-inch, one mile and a half of 12-inch, two miles of 10-inch, four and three- 
quarters miles of 8-inch, two and a half miles of 6-inch and one mile and three- 
quarters of 4-inch, a total of a little over twelve miles and a half of street 
mains. The mains are all laid to a depth of five and a half to six and a half 
feet below the surface, and some two miles are laid in trenches cut in solid rock. 
Additional mains are already petitioned for by the citizens. 

The fire hydrants are of the Holly patent, full size, with double discharge 
and frost jacket. There were 157 in all, giving 314 hose attachments, one 
hydrant being placed at each street-crossing on the lines of the mains, with a 
hydrant between in some instances. The stop gates or valves are 64 in num- 
ber, of the Eddy patent. These are placed in the mains at suitable points for 
shutting off water in case of necessity or convenience, from any of the lines. 
On Wednesday, May 29, at 10:30 A. M., was begun a "duty test" of the 
works, to ascertain whether the Holly machinery would fulfill certain economic 
requirements of the ordinance. The"^ engines are required to raise 60,000,600 
pounds of water one foot with each one hundred pounds of coal, while pumping 
at the rate of 3,000,000 gallons of water in twenty-four hours. The machinery 
was worked twenty-four hours without stopping. It had not been used for the 
previous twelve hours, and the coal was of inferior quality. The following 
official figures show the result, which was entirely satisfactory throughout : 

Number of steam-cylinders 4 

Number of pumps 4 

Diameter of steam-cylinders, in inches I'J 

Diameter of pump-pistons, in inches 10 1-32 

Length of stroke, in inches 27 

Discharge of four pumps each revolution, in gallons 72 1-8 

Duration of test 24 hrs.lT miu. 

Number of revolutions 45 812 

Averajre pressure on water-gauge, in pounds 86 2-10 

Average height from water in well to gauge, in feet 27 

Total head of water equal to feet 226 

Coal burned, in pounds 8 730 

Duty, in pounds, raised one foot per one hundred pounds of coal...71,514',000 

The contract retiuired 60,000,000-foot pounds duty, which was exceeded by 
nearly 20 per cent. 

The quantity of water pumped during the run was 3,204,240 gallons, 
which was at the rate of 3,166,704 gallons for twenty-four hours, or 5 per cent 
in excess of contract guarantee. 

The final test of the works was made May 31. In spite of a heavy storm of 
wmd and rain, the company carried out their programme with thefollowing results: 

On the West Hill six streams were thrown, but only two of them could be 
measured because of the rain. The average height of these hydrants was 130 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 515 

feet above the pumps. The streams were as follows : Corner of Valley and 
Marshall streets, 105 feet ; corner of Market and Marshall streets, 132 feet. On 
the North Hill, one of the highest points in the city, the requirement by con- 
tract was 75 feet. The average height of the hydrants was 150 feet above the 
pumps, and the exact measurement of the height of each stream as taken was 
as follows : p^^j 

Corner of Iowa and Fifth streets 86 

Corner of Iowa and Sixth streets 94 

Corner of Iowa and Seventh streets 84 

Corner of Franklin and Sixth streets 100 

Corner of Franklin and Seventh streets 102 

Corner of Spring and Seventh streets 115 

The third test on the programme commenced at 11:15 A. M., and was a dis- 
play of three streams on each, North, West and .South Hills (in all nine 
streams). By this time the rain had ceased, and at each hydrant where 
the streams were thrown crowds of spectators began to congregate. This trial 
was not one of the contract tests, but was merely given to show that the Holly 
engines could exceed their rated capacity. The height of the nine streams 
exceeded the height required for six streams on the high ground. The average 
height of these streams above the pumps was 140 feet. But three streams were 
measured, the average height being over 90 feet. 

The fourth test commenced at 11:45 A. M., and consisted of one 1-inch 
stream thrown through 500 feet of hose for fifteen minutes. This trial took 
place at the hydrant at the corner of Summer and Louisa streets, which is 155 
feet above the level of the pumps. The water was thrown to a height of 85 feet. 
This was considered by the Holly Company officials the most gratifying trial of 
the forenoon exhibition. At the close of this test, an intermission of two hours 
w^as had, and the remainder of the trials occurred on the low ground in the busi- 
ness part of the city. 

At 2 o'clock, the fifth test occurred, which was one of the contract tests, and 
consisted of eight 1-inch streams thrown at one time on the low ground of the 
city. By this time the clouds had nearly all passed away ; the sun shone out 
brightly, and the streets and sidewalks were crowded with spectators. The con- 
tract required that these eight streams should be thrown 100 feet high. The 
average height reached was 141 feet and 9 inches. The streams at different 
hydrants varied considerably, which was owing to some of the nozzles being 
imperfect, as the water pressure at the hydrants was the same. The highest point 
<iuring this test was the hydrant at the corner of Market and Sixth streets, and 
the water here was thrown 147 feet high. The heio;ht of all these streams was 
as follows : . ■ p.^^^ 

Corner of Main and South streets 119 

Corner of Main and Locust streets 146 

Corner of Main and Angular streets 144 

Corner of Main and Washington streets 178 

Corner of Division and Fourth streets 127 

Corner of Market and Sixth streets 147 

Corner of Jeiferson and Third streets 119 

Corner of Jeiferson and Fourth streets 154 

The next test was a display of twelve 1-inch streams from eight hydrants on 
Main street and four on Jefferson street. This trial lasted only twenty minutes, 
and was stated by the engineer at the works to be the most severe trial during 
the day. From the corner of Main and Jefferson streets the whole number of 
streams could be seen. But three of these streams could be measured, the 



516 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

averac^e height of which was 126 feet. This is about equal to the other 
streams thrown at the same time. 

At twenty minutes past 4, one of the grandest displays of the day occurred, 
at the Congregational Church tower. This was a stream thrown through a one 
and three-fourths inch nozzle. The water was taken from three hydrants and 
combined with. one stream through a Siamese coupling. The church tower is 
126 feet high, and as the water rose, in a solid stream, to a level with the top of 
the tower, the immense crowd burst out with loud cheers. But the water 
kept on higher and higher, until it went over 60 feet above the top of the 
tower, and as measured, showed that the solid stream was 190 feet high. The 
spray was carried up much farther. 

The next was a display, lasting ten minutes, of a 1-inch stream thrown through 
1,000 feet of hose. The hose was attached to the hydrant at the corner of Third 
and Jefferson streets. This was a severe test of the capacity of the works, and 
the water-pressure at the pumps during the trial was 150 pounds. The stream 
thrown was suflSciently high to reach any fire that is likely to occur in the city. 
Tlie height of the stream could not be measured accurately, but was from 120 
to 125 feet. 

The last trial was a most magnificent display. A valve at the corner of 
Main and Jefferson streets was arranged to throw a 3-inch stream. This dis- 
play commenced at 5:10 P. M., and the column of water shot up immediately 
to the height of 170 feet. This is said to have been the second 3-inch stream 
ever thrown in the world to the height attained by this. The other stream was 
thrown in Rome. The stream in Burlington flew up to the immense height of 283 
feet. The programme stated that this stream was to be thrown for ten minutes only, 
but it was kept up for twice that length of time, and the immense amount of 
water that was thrown during the time may be known when, according to the 
register kept by the engineer at the pumps, 2,808 gallons of water were deliv- 
ered each minute during this trial, and no other hydrant was open at the time. 
The wind was blowing just strong enough to let the water fall on the roofs of 
the houses on the west side of Main street, and the gutters on the roofs were 
not large enough to carry off the water, which poured from the eaves in vol- 
umes. This last test was a grand sight and a close to the proceedings of the 
day, and satisfied every one as to the power of Holly engines and pumps. 

At the works, all moved as smoothly as a drawing-room reception. The 
engines and pumps worked steadily, the steam-gauges showed an even pressure 
and the moderate fires and leisurely movements of the firemen showed there 
was no "forcing" of boilers or machinery. One boiler was not used at all. 
The engines were worked on the compound plan, the steam entering all four 
cylinders at high pressure, but condensed on the other stroke, thus creating a 
vacuum and utilizing the atmospheric pressure. Large crowds stood around 
and watched the beautiful working of the machinery with undisguised admira- 
tion. The following table will tell the " expert " reader, better than descriptive 
language can, the work done by the machinery : 

Boiler pressure during day. from 60 to 70 pounds. 

Water pressure, teat No. 1 150 " 

Water pressure, test No. 2 140 " 

Water pressure, display No. 3 130 " 

Water pressure, display No. 4 *. 145 " 

Water pressure, test No. 5 .."].. 115 <i 

Water pressure, display No. 6 ..'...'...'.* 120 " 

Water pressure, IJ-inch stream, Congregational Church 130 

^^ater pressure, 1-inch stream, 1,000 feet hose 150 " 

Water pressure, 3-inch stream ,' 145 » 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 517 

No. gallons, test No. 1 1/200 gallons per minute. 

No. gallons, test No. 2 1,'200 '• 

No. gallons, test No 3 1,800 

No. gallons, display No. 4 216 " 

No. gallons, test No. 5 1,728 " 

No. gallons, test No. 6 3,000 " 

No. gallons, l|-inch stream, Cangregational Church 850 " 

No. gallons, 8 1-inch streams, l.OOC feet hose 216 " 

No. gallons, 3-inch stream 2,808 " 

No. gallons water per day 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 

Since the foregoing description was prepared, which was an accurate account 
of the works at the date of opening, additions have been made to pipes and 
hydrants. The total number of feet of pipes now amounts to 81,590, or fifteen 
miles and 2,390 feet. There have been thirteen hydrants added since June 1, 
1878, making the total number 170 now in use in the city, 

Mr. Ira Holly was chosen Superintendent of the prospective works January, 
1878, and is still discharging the duties of that responsible position to the sat- 
isfaction of all. 

BURLINGTON GAS COMPANY. 

June 18, 1855, Messrs. Henry W. Starr, Fitz Henry Warren, J. F. Tal- 
lant, A. W. Carpenter, W. H. Postlewait, William Thompson, J. P. Sun- 
derland and H. B. Spelman incorporated the Burlington Gas-Light Company, 
and elected the following Board of Directors : Fitz Henry Warren, W. H. 
Postlewait, A. W. Carpenter. J. G. Lauman, H. B. Spelman. Officers: W. 
H. Postlewait, President ; D. J. Crocker, Secretary and Treasurer ; A. B. 
Spelman, Superintendent. W. E. Adams was Assistant Secretary and book- 
keeper from 1855 to 1861. In 1857, H. B. Spelman was elected President 
and D. J. Crocker Secretary and Treasurer. In 1857, Charles Hendrie suc- 
ceeded Mr. Postlewait as Director. In 1859, R. Spencer succeeded H. B. 
Spelman as Superintendent, and in the following year W. H. Postlewait suc- 
ceeded F. H. Warren as Director. George C. Lauman and J. H, Gear 
were elected Directors in 1862 in place of J. G. Lauman and Charles Hen- 
drie. The Board of 1864 consisted of George C. Lauman, A. W. Carpen- 
ter, John H. Gear, George Barney and R. Spencer. George Barney was 
elected President and R. Spencer Secretary and Treasurer. No other changes 
were made until 1869, when Lyman Cook, P. H. Smyth, George C. Lau- 
man, J. H. Gear, and R. Spencer were elected Directors, and J. H. Gear, 
President ; R. Spencer, Secretary ; Henry T. Cook, Treasurer. These gen- 
tleman still constitute the management of the Company. The first ten years 
the Gas Company bad to struggle for existence, but with the growth of the 
town its business has steadily increased. Large and expensive additions 
have been made to the grounds, machinery, etc., doubling and, in some 
respects, quadrupling the capacity of the works, and mains have been ex- 
tended on most of the principal streets, and still further extension of mains 
is expected to be made from time to time as the wants of the growing city 
may require. These extensions and improvements have mostly been made 
since 1869, under the present management. 

CITY STREET RAILWAYS. 

In 1871, a company was organized to build a street railway, but sufficient 
interest in the project not having been awakened, it fell through, and the organ- 
ization collapsed. 

The Burlington Street Railway is the pioneer railway of the city. The 
enterprise was talked of as early as 1871, and the organization accomplished 



518 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

on the 29th day of May, 1873, the seal and by-laws being adopted July 17, 
1878. The present Board of Directors are Hon. Charles Mason, C. E. Per- 
kins, Thomas Hedge, Jr., T. L. Parsons and J. C. Peasley ; and officers : Hon. 
Charles Mason, President; Thomas Hedge, Sr., Vice President ; H. C. Ohrt, 
Seoretarv ; T. W, Barhydt, Treasurer. The annual meetings are held on the 
first Monday in June each year. 

The contract for building the road was let to Mr. N. S. Young, who com- 
menced work September 10, 1873, and completed the road by the first day of 
January, 1874. The road was leased to John Patterson, January 1, 1874, for 
three years. The track commences on Fourth street at the intersection of 
Jefferson, and runs on Fourth to Division, thence on Division to Eighth, on 
Eighth to Maple, on Maple to West Boundary, on West Boundary to the city 
limits. 

The track is two and one-quarter miles long. The rails used are the 
T rails. The rails in the track to the corner of Eighth and Maple weigh 
twenty pounds to the yard, and those used from thence to the end of the 
track weigh sixteen pounds to the yard. The roadbed completed cost the 
company at the rate of ^7,500 per mile. The cost of the Avhole enterprise, 
including roadbed, cars, barn, harness for horses, and all other buildings 
and improvements, about §35,000. The company own four cars, manufact- 
ured at Cleveland, Ohio, by McNairy & Claflen. They cost, delivered on the 
track, §900 apiece. Their capacity for comfortable carriage is sixteen persons. 

The present officers of the company are : Directors, Charles Mason, C. E. 
Perkins, John Patterson, T. W. Parsons and S. W. Greenbaum ; Charles Ma- 
son, President; H, B. Scott, Secretary. John Patterson is still the lessee of the 
ro.id. The capital of tlie company is $100,000. 

West Hill and West Avenue Raihvay. — Before giving any statistics of the 
West Hill and West Avenue Railway, we will venture that the success of the 
Burlington Street Railway, under the management of the present lessee, some- 
what stimulated the undertaking of this enterprise, and although considerable 
time was occupied in finally completing the preliminaries, yet when once on its 
pegs the road was soon afterward completed. 

The organization of the West Hill and West Avenue Railway was com- 
l^leted on the 6th day of February, 1875, and Articles of Incorporation signed 
and Board of Directors elected. The contract for building the track was let to 
A. W. Manning May 13, and the road delivered to the Company September 
1. The track commences at the foot of Jefferson street and continues on Jeffer- 
son to Boundary ; thence to Valley street, up Valley to Marshall, on Marshall 
to Smith ; thence to Pond street, on Pond to Amelia, from Amelia to North 
Leebrick ; thence on North Leebrick and Poster streets to the terminus, where 
the company built a barn 44x100 feet— sufficient capacity for storing their cars 
and stabling the horses. A hall is also provided for the purpose of giving 
entertainments. The hall is in- the second story. The length of the track, 
including turn-outs, is 10,178 feet— or very nearly two miles — and was built at 
a total cost of §12,(373.70. The barn cost, in addition to the road, the sum of 
§2,200. 'J'he company owns four cars, having a carrying capacity of fifty 
persons (so reported by the Secretary). They cost, delivered on track, §3,128, 
and were built by F. E. Canda & Co., of Chicago, 111. The Z tram-rail is 
used, and weighs twenty-one pounds to the yard ; manufactured at Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

The whole road was leased to Messrs. Eads & Messenger, for a term of five 
years, at an annual rental of §600, payable semi-annuallv. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 519 

January 15, 1879, this road was sold by the Sheriff under a foreclosure of 
mortgage to George Robertson, at a cost of $8,203. The present lessee of this 
road is C. Messenger. 

North Hill Street Railway Company. — The preliminary steps of this organi- 
zation were taken about the 1st of May, 1875. The first meeting was held 
at Sunnyside Schoolhouse on the 18th day of that month. The meeting was 
called in the interests of the Burlington Street Railway Company, some of 
whose officers were present at the opening of the meeting, and when it was 
proposed to our German friends outside the city limits to " come down with 
the stamps, and we will build you a road," the German blood began to boil, 
and when, after much discussion pro and con, a portion of the meeting with- 
hdrew, it was decided to organize. The meeting appointed the following 
committee to make preliminary arrangements for the organization of a street 
railway company, namely : S. Halstein, S. H. Jones, R. M. Green, George 
Kriechbaum, John Neiweiner, P. F. Unterkircher, J. W. Barnes and H. 
Lemberger. The Articles of Incorporation were adopted May 31, 1875, and 
the contract for building the road was let August 24, to A. W. Manning, Esq., 
and work commenced immediately thereafter. The present Board of Directors 
are John Neiweiner, W. H. Starr, H. Lemberger, George Kriechbaum, L. 
Baumberger, P. F. Unterkircher and Isaac Herrill. The officers were : W. 
H. Starr, President; George Kriechbaum, A'ice President; S. Halstein, Sec- 
retary ; J. C Peasley, Treasurer. 

The track commences at the foot of Washington street and runs up 
Washington to Fourth, up Fourth to High ; thence on High to Sixth, on 
Sixth to Franklin, Franklin to Eighth, Eighth- to North Oak, North Oak 
to Osborn, Osborn to city limits ; thence runs to the residence of L. Baum- 
berger. 

The barn contains twenty-one stables for horses, two tracks sufficient for 
storing six cars. It is 50x70 feet with a hall in the second story 35x50. 

The track is 15,600 feet long, or very nearly three miles from the foot of 
Washington street to the street-car barn. The roadbed cost the sum of $16,- 
460. The Dean & Coleman improved tram-rail is used in the city limits. 
The rail was made at Louisville, Ky., and weighs about twenty pounds to the 
yard. From the city limits to the end of the track the T rail is used; it 
weighs sixteeen pounds to the yard. This part of the road is planked between 
the rails with two-inch elm plank and makes one of the best and smoothest 
tracks in use. There are four turn-outs and three turn-tables. The Company 
at first contemplated using the bob-tail cars, but afterward changed to the 
double platform. Hence the building of the turn-tables. The Company owns 
four cars. They were manufactured by the Indiana Car Company, at Cam- 
bridge City, Ind. They cost, delivered on track, $700 apiece. They weigh 
about twenty-six hundred pounds. They have a carrying capacity of about 
twenty-five persons. The road was leased to Messrs. Baumberger & Neiweiner 
for a term of three years, at an annual rental of $1,025 per year. The lease 
took effect December 7, but the cars made their first trip December 5. The 
road was completed December 1 and delivered to the Company the same day. 
The indebtedness of the Company is $5,000. Mr. L. Baumberger donated to 
the Company a lot 120x127 feet at the end of the track. There is also a wait- 
ing-room at the city limits, corner of Corse and Osborn streets, and a stable for 
two or three spans of horses. 

September 19, 1877, the road was leased to C. Messenger for five years. 
The present officers are : W. W. Nassau, President ; D. Rorer, Vice President, 



520 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

and Henry Lemberger, Secretary and Treasurer. Directors, S. H. Jones, 
George Robertson, Henry Woellhaf, John Kuenzler, Louis Baumberger. 

Main Street and Prospect Hill Street Railway Company. — This Company 
was organized September 15, 1875, with the following Board of Directors: 
George Robertson, George Sweny, James I. Gilbert, Dr. G. R. Henry and J. 
A. Slocumb. Officers: George Robertson, President; George Sweny, Vice 
President and Secretary ; G. R. Henry, Treasurer. The contract for building 
the road was let to Mr. N. S. Young, October 20, 1875. 

The cost of laying the track was $8,920.50. The total cost of the road, 
including rolling-stock, is $13,350. The road began operations in May, 1876, 
when it was leased to C. Messenger, who still runs it. The officers of this road 
have not changed, with the exception that James I. Gilbert was succeeded by 
G. C. Henry, and J. A. Slocum by T. L. Parsons, as Directors. 

•BURLINGTON RAILROADS. 

The Chicago., Burlington cf Quincy. — The oldest and most powerful of its 
railways, has acquired a world-wide fame. It is known far and near, at home 
and abroad, as the great Burlington Route, and ranks high among the wealthy 
corporations of the country. It was the first road built to Burlington, and was 
originally known as the "Peoria & Oquawka," and the latter place was to be 
its Avestern terminus ; but the fates willed it otherwise. Burlington enterprise 
took hold of the project, raised the money and diverted the line from Oquawka 
to Burlington. It is unnecessary to add that this timely stroke of policy 
determined the future of Burlington ; for, if the road had gone to Oquawka, the 
latter place, instead of Burlington, would have been the eastern terminus of 
the road across Southern low^a. There, also, would have been built the great 
bridge across which the other roads now centering here would probably have 
crossed the river. The Peoria & Oquawka road passed into the hands of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Company. 

For many years the road from Chicago, via Galesburg to Quincy, was the 
main line ; the roads from Galesburg to Peoria, and Galesburg to Burlington 
being more properly feeders or branches. In time, however, the completion of 
the Burlington k Slissouri River road across the State to a connection with 
the Union Pacific, the B. & M. R., in Nebraska, and the Kansas system of 
roads, worked an entire change in the channels of trade and travel. 
Quincy and Hannibal were no longer the gateways; the shorter and better 
route via Burlington became the favorite with the public, and under the sys- 
tematic and most thorough advertising given it, and the literal fulfillment of all 
advertised for it, by the most careful management, "The Burlington Route" 
sprung into a remarkable popularity. The company now own, lease and oper- 
ate over two thousand miles of railroad in the Western States, besides holding 
mtiraate relations with at least one thousand additional miles of road, which it 
IS for the interest of the road to sustain for close business connections. It is 
sufficient to state, in conclusion, that over nine hundred miles of the company's 
roads are directly tributary to Burlington. 

The Toledo, Peoria cf Warmiv is another important artery in the net-work 
of railways, which have made Burlington what it is. Being an east and west 
road, pursuing almost an air-line from Burlington to the Indiana State line, by 
Its nnportant connection with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis road, it 
gives Southern Iowa and Central Illinois a short route and quick time to all 
eastern points, and during the past year has developed its traffic, both freight 
and passenger, to an extent which places it among the leading roads of the 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 521 

West. By way of Gilman and the Illinois Central, it furnishes a valuable, com- 
peting line to Chicago ; and by its quick time, superior rolling-stock and cheap 
rates, has been of great benefit to this city. 

The Burlington, OartJiage ^ Quincy is an important St. Louis connection ; 
and by extensions and running arrangements with connecting lines, is rapidly 
becoming a popular link in the great tide of travel between St. Louis and St. 
Paul. It was constructed in 1870 and 1871, and has grown to be a firmly- 
established means of communication between the railway systems of Burlington 
and St. Louis. 

The Burlington tf Missouri River is one of the most profitable roads that 
pays tribute to Burlington. A large portion of the trade of Burlington, is 
•with the country west of the city, through to the Missouri Biver. The con- 
struction of the road was begun in 1856, by a Burlington company. The road 
has 294 miles of main line in Iowa, besides the following branches : "Chariton 
to Leon, 37 miles ; Chariton to Indianola, 35 miles ; Creston to Hopkins, 44 
miles ; Creston to Greenfield, 23 miles ; Red Oak to East Nebraska City, 50 
miles ; Villisca to Clarinda, 15 miles ; Albia to Knoxville, 33 miles, making 
a total of 531 miles of main line and branches. The road has three western 
termini — Omaha, Plattsmouth and Nebraska City. And in Nebraska the same 
interest owns the Burlington & Missouri River in Nebraska, running from 
Plattsmouth via Lincoln to Fort Kearney, on the Union Pacific, with a branch 
from Hastings to Sidney. This road, with its branches and various connec- 
tions, opens an immense scope of country to the enterprise of Burlington cap- 
ital, and, to the credit of the merchants be it said, they improve their oppor- 
tunity to the utmost limit. 

Burlingto7i, Cedar Rapids ^ Northern. — Next in importance to the 
Burlington & Missouri River is the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern, a 
great north and south line from St. Paul to Burlington, running through some 
of the finest country in Iowa, and all of it, except a few junction-points, more 
directly tributary to Burlington than to any other place. It is a Burlington 
road, constructed largely by Burlington capital, and merchants and manu- 
facturers consider it one of the most important of all their roads. It has four 
branches, the Traer, the Postville, the Iowa City and the Muscatine Divisions, 
and is rapidly extending its conquests and bringing new territory within easy 
access to the city. 

The Burlington <^- Keokuk is a river road forty-two miles in length. Being 
the only rail communication between two flourishing cities like Burlington and 
Keokuk, and being the sole rail communication for such important shipping 
points as Fort Madison, Montrose and Nauvoo, together with a number of 
smaller stations, it naturally does a large business, and is noted for the speed, 
comfort and safety which it insures the passenger. 

Burlington l^ Southwestern. — This road, after struggling for long years 
with adverse circumstances, has finally emerged from the cloud of financial de- 
pression which surrounded it, and, by persevering effort,, has secured a connec- 
tion with the Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad at Laclede, Mo. This connection 
at once makes it a great trunk line to the Southwest, affording rapid communi- 
cation with St. Joseph and Kansas City, and through them with all of Kansas, 
the Indian Territory and Texas. It gives Burlington access to a valuable portion 
of Southwestern Iowa, and commercial men are already following up the advantages 
afforded by the recent extension, and goods of Burlington shipment may be seen 
all along the new route to the Missouri River. It is a valuable road to the trade 
of Burlington, and is rapidly becoming one of her most important lines. 



522 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 

The Burlington J- Northvestern is the first narrow-gauge road ever 
attempted in Southern loAva, and was pushed forward from the day of its first 
inception with a vim characteristic of the people of the metropolis. The com- 
pany was first organized in the spring of 1875, and the first section, from 
Burlin<Tton to Winfield, a distance of thirty-four miles, is now completed and 
in active operation. Movements are uow in progress for its extension, and it 
is evident that it will fork at Winfield or some point in that vicinity, and run two 
lines up tlie country, one at least to Washington, and the other west, through 
Richland and Brighton, giving us still better communication with the interior 
of the State. 

Rockford, Mock Island ^ St. Louis. — With the purchase of this road by 
the Chicago, Burlington «& Quincy, Burlington obtains commercial control of 
another Ime in Illinois, the river branch of Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis, 
from Sagetown to Keithsburg, there connecting with the American Central to 
Galva, running through a section of country which has heretofore been diflBcult 
to reach from this city, on account of an expensive transfer of freight. 

NEW RAILROAD PROJECTS. 

Of course Burlington has the usual amount of projects for new roads. The 
principal ones among these are the Burlington, Denmark and Keosauqua Rail- 
way, and the Burlington, Illinois & Eastern. These are narrow-gauge enter- 
prises. The former will, without doubt, be built soon. The route has been 
surveyed, and in many townships a tax for the construction of the road has 
been voted by the people. It will be a southwestern line from this city direct, 
passing through a rich and fertile country that has no outlet by rail. 

In this connection, we desire to mention that the following railroads have 
built extensive machine-shops, which give employment to hundreds of mechanics 
in Burlington : The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy established their shops in 
186*J ; Burlington & Missouri, 1855 ; Burlington & Southwestern, 1871 ; 
Burlington, Cedar Rapids k, Northern, 1869. 

THE BRIDGE. 

A magnificent iron, draw railroad-bridge spans the Mississippi at Burling- 
ton. It was built by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company, 
and completed in the month of August, 1808, is 2,185 feet long, and consists of 
nine spans. The first span is 175 feet, the second, 200 feet, the draw span 
31 <» feet, and the remaining six spans 250 feet each. On the 13th day of 
August, 1808, this bridge being completed, it was submitted for a test of 
-trength and safety by a committee of engineers, in the presence of the officers 
■f the road and a large number of prominent railroad men from all sections of 
tiie States and Cana(k, as well as many other invited guests. Max Hjorts- 
berg was Chief Engineer, and E. M. Hudson, Engineer, during the construc- 
tion of the bridge. The east span was tested by letting two locomotives flanked 
on either side with two cars loaded with railroad iron weighing 190 tons, 
remain standing thereon for some time. Afterward this burden was run back 
and forward several times to within one span of the draw at the rate of eight 
miles an hour. At last the draw was tested in the same manner, besides being 
swung to and fro several times. The test being pronounced entirely satisfac- 
tory, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon a locomotive with the Pullman car "City of 
Inirlington," with the officials and others, ran across to the Iowa shore. This 
was consequently the first train that ever passed the substantial structure. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 523 



BURLINGTON S RIVER MARINE. 



The Mississippi River, at one time, was the only practicable method of 
reaching Burlington, especially with goods and heavy freights. Passengers and 
freight from the East generally came down the Ohio River and up the Missis- 
sippi. There was a time when the levee was a scene worthy a sea-port. All 
was busy, bustling activity; steamboats came and went; quantities of freights 
from all parts of the world were landed at the port of Burlington. 

Though the Mississippi River is not now the important factor in the com- 
mercial transactions that it was in the earlier history of the city, it nevertheless 
plays an important part in bringing to its warehouses and lumber-yards the 
vast amounts of merchandise which are annually distributed from this place. 
The Mississippi River always has been and always will be an important artery 
in cheap transportation, though the decline of river traffic has been very 
marked the past fifteen years, and at no period has it been duller than the last 
four or five years. Besides the transient steamboats that carry passengers and 
freight during the season, Burlington has two regular steamboat lines, the Keo- 
kuk Northern Line and the Diamond Jo Line. These do a good business and 
make money. Nowhere on the river is there better wharfage than at Burling- 
ton. The levee is one-half mile in length and well-paved to low-water mark. 
The river landing is easy of access and well-adapted to the requirements of 
river commerce. Substantial warehouses stand on the levee, and the arrange- 
ments for transfer from river to rail or vice versa are ample. 

The ferry-boat John Taylor, makes regular trips to the Illinois landing every 
hour, during the season. The river this season closed the night of December 14. 

For transporting grain and farm products generally, and coal, iron, ores of 
all kinds, cotton and heavy merchandise, the river will always be an important 
fiictor in the development of the Mississippi Valley. There are already indi- 
cations of a revival of business on the river, and although there are yet many 
discouraging obstacles, and a great deal to be accomplished before river com- 
merce again attains the importance which is its due, the tendency is slowly but 
steadily in that direction. The jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi, the 
improvement of the upper and lower rapids, the removal of obstructions and 
deepening of the channel at various points, are all important steps in the grad- 
ual revolution now going forward and leading to the long-desired consummation. 
The Mississippi will once again come to the front, and the Burlington of the 
near future will look upon it as one of its most valuable commercial auxiliaries, 
and foster the river interests with the same zeal and friendliness with which 
she has that of her numerous lines of railway. 

The travel with teams crosses the river at this point by ferriage, and previ- 
ous to the construction of the great bridge, all railway traffic was also re-shipped 
in the same manner, the railway company maintaining a boat here for that special 
purpose. After the completion of the bridge the railway boat was withdrawn 
and only the public ferry was left. This was in striking contrast with the 
growth of the city in other respects, for as far back as 1840, there were two 
ferry-boats here, and they did a large business. In 1873, the public boat, the 
"Flint Hills," was pronounced too old, unseaworthy, and a new boat became 
necessary. " The Burlington and Henderson County Ferry Company" was or- 
ganized in May, 1873, and the following officers were elected: A. G. Adams, 
President; J. C. Peasley, Treasurer; C. F. Hodges, Secretary; Directors, A. G. 
Adams, J. C. Peasley, John Blaul, Joseph Norton and W. D. Gilbert. A new 
boat was built at Madison, Ind., at a cost of about $9,000, and commenced 



524 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



service in the spring of 1874. It was named the "John Taylor," in honor of 
one of Burlington's oldest and highly-respected citizens, long identified with 
the river interest. ^^^ ^^^^^^ 

The Burlington levee has been gradually extended until now it embraces 
one-half a mile, the most of which is well paved to low water-mark, being a 
gradual slope, making the river landing easy of access, and is well adapted to 
the general business of the river commerce. The Keokuk & Northern Packet 
Company has a substantial warehouse on the levee. The Chigago, Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad Company have a large brick freight-house on the levee, 
built in 1877, 40 feet wide and 500 feet long. The Burlington & Cedar Rap- 
ids Railroad Company also have a freight-house on the upper levee. A large 
coalhouse is erected near the Packet Company's warehouse for the convenience 
of the river business. The arrangements for conjunction of river and railroad 
business are ample and well adapted for transferring from railroad to river, or 
vice versa. 

STOCK-YARDS. 

The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company built extensive stock- 
yards at East Burlington in 1867, which were largely increased in 1876. 
There are 150 pens, which are so arranged that some eighteen cars can be loaded 
and unloaded at the same time. These yards cover about eight acres of ground, 
which has been filled about eight feet to bring it above high-water mark. The 
capacity of the yards is 200 cars per day. Connected with the yards is also a 
rendering establishment, for rendering dead hogs and animals. During the 
past six months, several improvements have been made. A water- tank, with a 
capacity of 60,000, an icehouse, corn cribs have been added, also a new engine- 
house built and a new engine put in. These are the most extensive yards west 
of Chicago. They are under the supervision of R. S. Hosford, from whose 
books we give below a comparative statement of the business transacted for the 
month of January, 1878 and 1879. 

BURLINGTON STOCK-YARDS, FEBRUARY 1, 1879. 

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT. 



Number of cars of stock received... 
Number of head of cattle received.. 
Number of head of horses received. 
Number of head of sheep received.. 
Number of head of hogs received... 

Number of pounds of hay sold 

Number of bushels of corn sold 

Amount received for sand bedding.. 
Amount received for partitions 



January. 
1879. 1878. 



530 

8982 

26 

456 

17044 

45275 

1019 

|2 75 

9 00 



370 
3400 



12260 

30000 

606J 



To cash for hay sold. 



Totals 

To average receipt per car 

To average cost of labor per car. 



Debit. 



To cash for corn sold 

To expense vouchers .,.*.'.*.... 

To pay-roll January ......"!".'!.'!!!!.! 

By receipts "] 

Balance net earnings !!!!!.!..."!..!.*!!!!!! 418 50 



SCc per 100. 

$162 99 

22c per bu. 

$224 18 

51 

371 20 



$1228 75 



Credit. 



$1228 75 



§1228 75 
2 32 
70 



Debit. 

41c per 100. 

$ 123 

25c per 100. 

§151 62 

7 50 

312 90 



182 68 



$ 777 70 



Credit. 



$ 777 70 



5777 70 

2 10 

85 






l4i 




HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 527 



EXPRESS COMPANIES. 

Ever since the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway reached Burlington 
the American Express, with M. C. McArthur for agent, has been one of its 
institutions. Its history has been one of uninterrupted prosperity. Its routes 
now extend over all the lines of railway entering and departing from Burling- 
ton, except the T., P. & W. road, on which the United States Express carries 
packages and freight. At present, the two Express Companies occupy the same 
premises and are jointly managed by M. C. McArthur. 

THE TELEGRAPH. 

The Western Union Telegraph Company's Burlington office is located at 
the corner of Second and Washington streets. 

The Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company have their office in the Gor- 
ham House Block. 

POST OFFICE. 

The delivery of mail matter within the original limits of the city of Bur- 
lington, was first effected in 1834, by the private enterprise of Dr. William R. 
Ross, who afterward became first Postmaster — in 1835. 

In the spring of 1834, Mr. Ross wrote to Hon. William T. Barry, Post- 
master General, asking that a post office be established at Burlington (Flint 
Hills). The request was granted, and Mr. Ross was commissioned Postmaster 
and mail-carrier, with a route from " Flint Hills, 111., to Sho-ko-kon Post Office, 
seven miles southeast of Burlington, once a week." The mails were to be car- 
ried on horse-back, and the compensation was the proceeds of the office, until a 
regular route was established. Mr. Ross carried the mails for six months, at 
his own expense. He relates the following : "When I called for the blanks, 
saddle-bags, etc., that pertained to the office. Col. Redmon, Postmaster at Sho- 
ko-kon, would not deliver them up, as it would be ' malfeasance in office to send 
the mail out of the United States,' he said. I offered him a bond of $3,000 
and agreed to turn over the proceeds of the office to him, but he would not 
deliver up the articles until the Postmaster General threatened to remove him 
from office unless he complied." 

Dr. Ross succeeded in getting all letters and papers addressed to the res- 
idents of " Flint Hills " (which at that time comprised only two or three fam- 
ilies), intrusted to his care by the mail agent at "Reddings," 111. (in the 
vicinity of the Curts farm), distant some seven or eight miles east from this 
point, at which place the mail arrived once a week from Rock Island. It was 
his habit to keep the matter so received about his person until the parties for 
whom it was intended came across him, and the saying became popular that 
" Dr. Ross carried the post office in his pocket." 

After Dr. Ross was appointed Postmaster, the post office was kept in the 
store of S. S. Ross, on the corner of Water and Court streets, and was after- 
ward removed to a small log house on the same lot, fronting on Water street. 
At this time the business of the post office did not amount to much, and the office 
was contained in a large dry goods box, on the top of which was a plain desk 
on which the letters could be directed. The mails were small at this period and 
lor quite a long time there were no boxes for the letters, though subsequently 
the Postmaster made some small partitions in the old dry goods box, in which 
the letters were arranged alphabetically. At this time, the mails arrived at 
Burlington by way of Peoria and Sho-ko-kon, being brought from the latter place 
in skiffs. 

N 



528 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

In a short time, the mail-route was changed direct to East Burlington. 
There was a mail-route to the South established soon after this, and Burlington 
was put in direct communication with St. Louis, the route at this end of the 
line extending from Burlington to St. Francisville, Mo., a small town on the Des 
Moines River, a few miles west of where Keokuk is now located. There were 
no envelopes used in those days, but the letters were folded up and sealed with 
wafers, the direction being on the blank side. The postage being 25 cents for 
each piece of paper, made the letters fewer than at present, and may have been 
one of the reasons why envelopes were not used, as they would have made it 
necessarv to pay an extra quarter. Some of those old letters were marked 
prepaid, showing that it was optional with the sender whether to pay postage in 
advance or require the Postmaster to collect the amount from the person to 
whom it was addressed. 

The second Postmaster of Burlington was Dr. E. Lowe, who was a prom- 
inent citizen of the Territory, and Avho was afterward President of the Consti- 
tutional Convention which framed the Constitution that was adopted before Iowa 
was admitted as a State. The post office was in a small building on Main street, 
where the Burlington Furniture Company's store-room now stands. Dr. Lowe 
held the post office during Van Buren's administration, until he was appointed 
Register of the Li nited States Land Office, when he resigned and was succeeded 
by Maj. George Temple. 

Maj. Temple, who was the third Postmaster, removed the office to the east 
side of Main street, in a small frame building on the lot where the furniture 
store of Franken & Gnahn now stands, in Coolbaugh's building, and afterward 
to a room where Kriechbaum's stove store now is. He held the office until 
Tyler's administration, when Levi Hager was appointed. Mr. Hager's office 
was in a frame building at the southeast corner of Jefferson and Third streets, 
where Wesley Jones' book store is now situated. 

The fifth Postmaster was Oliver Cock, who was appointed during Taylor's 
administration, and who removed the office to the Barret House corner, where 
Gall's tobacco store now stands. By this time the population and business of 
the city had made considerable increase* and the business of the post office 
increased in proportion. The office contained a sufficient number of boxes for 
all customers and was well fitted up for the purpose for which it was intended. 
The rates of postage had been reduced in the mean time, and the post office was 
an important one. Mr. Cock held the office until Pierce's administration, when 
James Tizzard was appointed. 

Mr. Tizzard had been editor of the Gazette, and was appointed as a com- 
promise between two applicants for the position. In the year 1856, Mr. Tiz- 
zard removed the office to the northwest corner of Washingoh and Third streets, 
where Woelhaf e^ Mason's merchant tailoring establishment is now situated. It 
only remained in this room a short time, and was then removed to the east side 
of the street where the Central Meat Market now stands. During the time Mr. 
Tizzard was Postmaster, the business increased rapidly. The C, B. k Q. road 
was finished to East Burlington, and the B. & M. road was commenced, extend- 
ing westward through Iowa. The mails were received by rail, and the daily 
line of steamers on the Mississippi River also gave us communication with the 
north and south. The old-fashioned stage-coach was not looked upon as of 
much importance, although the mail was sent by stages to some of the points 
in the vicinity for several years later. The old stage-coaches were used to 
carry the mails to Wapello until the Cedar Rapids road was built, and to Fort 
Madison, until the Keokuk branch of the C, B. & Q. was completed. Xow 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 529 

the only mail that is sent from Burlington by horse-power is the mail to Augusta 
and Denmark, but on this line a new style of hack is used, and the old stage- 
coach is entirely a thing of the past. 

While the post office remained at the corner of Washington and Third streets, 
and at the beginning of Lincoln's administration, J. Fox Abrahams was 
appointed Postmaster, succeeding Mr. Tizzard. He held the office until Andrew 
Johnson became President, when Thomas French was appointed. He was not 
confirmed by the Senate, and Clark Dunham was appointed to the position. 
In 1868, while Mr. Dunham was Postmaster, the office was removed to Bar- 
hydt's ijuilding, at the southeast corner of Main and Valley streets. Mr. 
Dunham held the office until 1870, when President Grant appointed the present 
Postmaster, N. P. Sunderland. This year the office was removed to Bodeman's 
Block. Mr Sunderland is now serving a third term, and under his adminis- 
tration various improvements have been made in the office and the efficiency of 
the service. One of the oldest employes of the Burlington post office is W. 
D. Morton, who has charge of the general delivery. For twenty years he has 
held the position. 

. The different departments in the Burlington office of to-day are, the register- 
ing, the mailing and distributing, the money-order and stamp, and the letter- 
carrier department, introduced by act of Congress, October 1, 1873, giving 
carriers to all cities of 20,000 or more inhabitants. The names of the first 
carriers are C. W. Lemberger, J. S. Abercrombie, M. T. Ischoepe, B. F. Ayers, 
G. B. Pierson, C. H. Gardner. The annual Board of Trade report gives a full 
account of the business done at this office. 

The following interesting reminiscences Avere recently furnished the Hawk- 
Eye by the gentleman who was the clerk referred to in the sketch. The writer 
is now a resident of Jackson, Tenn. 

"If you will pardon the free use of the personal pronoun, 1 will tell you 
something of the Burlington post office from 1851 to 1853, ' all of which I 
saw and part of which I was.' July 1, 1851, Oliver Cock was Postmaster 'ind 
A. H. Burhans was the only clerk. ' Gus,' about that time, contemplated step- 
ping out and going into the ' match business ; ' in fact, he had one verv fortu- 
nate ' match ' already arranged, which was shortly after consummated. An 
application for the place resulted favorably. The post office then occupied the 
large and spacious room (12x16) where the cigar store now is in the Barrett 
House, it having been removed the previous year from a one-story frame build- 
ing on the diagonal corner. The same building is now located just across the 
alley, in the rear of the Hawk-Eye, and within easy range of editorial vision. 
The salary for a clerk was not extravagant, and the new incumbent found that 
to make both ends meet it would be necessary to sleep in the office on the soft 
side of a plank, where for two years he found literally bed and board. 

"The Eastern mail arrived daily, about noon, from Peoria, by Frink, 
Walker & Company's stages. Of letter mail, it brought one through and one 
way pouch, and generally a paper sack. Keokuk and the South came in at 
6 in the evening, with about the same number of sacks, but less in quantity. 
The West, from Fairfield, was due at the same time, bringing one through and 
one way sack. From Muscatine it came at midnight, with one sack, looking 
as though an elephant had stepped on it. These comprised the daily mails from 
all directions, and Avould aggregate, in numbers, seven pouches and two paper 
bags, all of which could have been put into two leather pouches. In addition, 
was a tri-weekly to Rushville, and a weekly to Keosauqua. via Lowell, and a 
horse-back weekly to Toolsboro, via Bluff Dale, now Kingston. Augusta and 



530 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Denmark were supplied by a ' saddle-bag,' made up in the Burlington office, 
and sent on the Keokuk stage to Walker's Ferry. Occasionally this would be 

forgotten, and then the good people of Denmark would ; they were not 

pleased. The entire mail received in a day would probably weigh 300 pounds, 
the only exception being when our worthy Senators, Messrs. Dodge and Jones, 
and Representatives Clark, Henn, Leffler, and Uncle Daniel Miller, remem- 
bered their constituents with ' Pub. Docs.' These bags, being a little heavy, 
would sometimes provoke remarks, but the profanity was always confined to 
the stage-drivers. 

" The outgoing mails were lighter, except on publication days of the weekly 
Hinvk-Eye, Telegraph and Gazette. The mail edition of the daily Tele- 
(jraph probably reached a hundred papers, and the boys at the office had a 
leather strap, about like a ' throat-latch ' for a bridle, that they fastened I'ound 
the bundle and would hang it on the knob of the post office door, from which 
it would be taken in the morning, in time for the outgoing mails. If the post 
office clerk happened to be down at the printing office on the night before, he 
would carry the package up, as they went to press with the ' morning ' paper 
about y o'clock the evening previous. The tri-weekly Hawk-Eye was a trifle 
larger edition, but not much ; the Gazette was only weekly. 

" Some years before, there had been a contest between Keokuk and Bur- 
lington as to which should be designated a 'distributing post office.' (This was 
before the United States Court contest.) As usual, Keokuk won, being the 
'Gate City." The stupidity of the arrangement will be apparent when it is 
remembered that the bulk of the Eastern mail for Keokuk, local, jjassed through 
the Burlington office, and very often the Keokuk ' D. P. 0.' package would 
burst open, and in it invariably would be found letters for Burlington merchants, 
which had to go to Keokuk to be distributed, and returned next day. In ac- 
cordance with a regulation at that time, we had to keep a register of ail newspapers 
coming to regular subscribers, giving name, place of publication and number of 
subscribers, and, if my memory is not at fault, there was but one daily paper 
taken at Burlington (outside of the newspaper exchanges) a copy of the New 
York Herald to Gen. Dodge. The leading paper with the ' Whigs ' was the 
St. Louis tri-weekly Republican. The Democrats scattered their patronage. 

" My recollection of the gross receipts of the office is that they amounted 
to about ^oOO per quarter. 

" The telegraph, as source for news, was not very reliable. The old 
' Atlantic & Mississippi ' had a sickly single wire from Davenport to Keo- 
kuk, and when it worked, our worthy townsman, A. T. Hay, slung the lightning. 
He was succeeded, in the fall of 1851, by J. J. S. Wilson, the present able and 
efficient General Manager of the Western Union lines in Chicago, who, in his 
deserved promotion, does not forget the pleasant winter spent in Burlington. In 
the spring of 1852, the line 'petered out,' and Hay rolled up the wire. 

" The Presidential election of 1852 came off, and, having no telegraphic 
communication, we had to wait for two days for news. Peoria being in con- 
nection with the outside world, I arranged with Harry King, whose father 
was Postmaster there, to send me the latest news. The election occurred on 
Tuesday, and we got the result Thursday noon. When the stage arrived, a 
large crowd had gathered about the post office steps. The brass-lock sack 
was opened at once, and on the outside of the Peoria package was written : 

'Dear P : The Whig Party's gone to h— 1. Old Scott only got four 

States — Tennessee, Kentucky. Massachusetts and Vermont. Good by post 
office. Pack up your duds and come to Peoria.' 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 531 

" I read the laconic message at the door and the crowd dispersed with a 
shout, and by 3 o'clock that afternoon a half-dozen petitions were in circula- 
tion for parties who wanted the post office. In due time, James Tizzard was 
appointed Postmaster, with William C. Saunder as clerk, and expressed a 
desire to retain, in addition, the former assistant. Gen. Dodge very kindly 
(which will ever be remembered with gratitude) interested himself in the mat- 
ter, and tried to get an allowance from the Department for additional help, but 
word came back from Washington that the ' magnitude of the business at the 
Burlington Post Office did not seem to warrant two clerics.' 

"' A quarter of a century has brought a wonderful change. Then, the 
total arrivals by public conveyance, of all kinds, would not reach fifty people 
a day ; now, it is probably forty times that. From a single telegraph wire, it 
has increased to the present perfect system ; the daily papers, from a small 
bundle, to cart-loads ; and mail matter, from two or three hundred pounds daily, 
until now it is reckoned by tons and car-loads. 

BOARD OF TRADE. 

In accordance with the provisions of Article 1, Chapter 52 of the Code of 
Iowa, Revision of 1860, the folloAving persons associated themselves into a cor- 
poration, to be known as the Board of Trade of the City of Burlington, Iowa, 
to have succession for twenty years, from February 1 , 1873, to February 1, 1893 : 
E. M. Burt, J. C. Peasley, Thomas Duncan, J. I. Gilbert, William Bell, James 
Morton, J. W. Barnes, Charles O'Brien, Charles Starker, James Putman. 
The capital stock of the association is $50,000, divided into 5,000 shares of 
$10 each. The Board of Trade has now a membership of about seventy-five 
business men. The present ^^officers are : Charles Mason, President ; Charles 
O'Brien, First Vice President ; M. Simpson, Second Vice President ; E. A. 
Brenizer, Secretary. Each year the Secretary of the Board of Trade issues a 
report embracing a statistical review of the business of the city. However, as 
this book does not partake of the nature of a gazetteer, we omit giving an 
itemized statement, but will quote from the last report, published January 1, 
1878, the business of 1876 and 1877 in general terms. The annual report of 
the Board of Trade for 1878 will in all probability be published soon after this 
work, and those desirinor more accurate or detailed information, can secure it 
by applying to the Board of Trade : 

STATISTICS COMPILED FROM BANK STATEMENTS, 1877. 

Their united capital and surplus % 652,980 00 

" average deposits 1,008,705 50 

" average loans 1,088,958 28 

" average reserve to deposits, 43 per cent. 

" excliange drawn on New York, Boston and Philadelphia 6,752,428 00 

" " " Chicago, St. Louis and Cincinnati 9,462,752 00 

Europe 64,551 00 

In 1877, according to the books of the U. S. Collector of Internal 
Revenue for this District, Burlington paid into the U. S. 

Treasury 125,265 16 

The Wharfmaster's report for 1877 shows the amount of money 
collected during the season of navigation that year to have 

been 738 00 

The Burlington Post OflBce issued, in 1877, foreign and domestic 

money orders in the sum of 72 432 07 

and paid money orders in the sum of 190,238 43 

The sale of stamps and postal cards amounted to 19,874 44 

The sale of envelopes, wrappers, etc., amounted to 9,871 40 

The various wholesale and retail houses of the city sold goods, dur- 
ing 1876, amounting to 15,802,000 00 

The miscellaneous manufacturers did a business in 1876 of. 2,959,960 00 



532 HISTOllY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

In the forthcoming annual report of the Board of Trade, tabular statistical 
reviews will be given of the business transacted by the different railroad 
companies. ^^^^,^ 

First National Bank was organized February 2, 1864, and authorized 
to commence business March 29, 1864. The first Directors were Lyman 
Cook, D. M. Ewing, G. C. Lauman, E. Chamberlain, J. L. Corse, A. W. Car- 
penter, M. S. Foote, D. Denise and Joseph Norton. The first officers were : 
Lyman Cook, President; A. W. Carpenter, Vice President; and G. C. Lauman, 
Cashier. The present Directors are G. C. Lauman, Joseph Norton, Thomas 
Hedge, E. Chamberlain, J. G. Foote and Lyman Cook. The present officers 
are: Lyman Cook, President; G. C. Lauman, Vice President; W. P. Foster, 
Cashier. The capital stock is $100,000 ; surplus fund, $9,500. 

National State Bank was organized January 9, 1865, with W. F. Coolbaugh, 
President, and F. W. Brooks, Cashier. It was authorized to commence busi- 
ness January 25, 1865. The present Board of Directors is composed of E. D, 
Rand, C. E. Perkins, Charles Starker, J. C. Peasley and J. T. Remey. The 
present officers are : J. C. Peasley, President ; J. T. Remey, Cashier. The 
capital stock is $150,000, and the surplus fund, $30,000. 

Merchants' National Bank was organized October 29. 1870, and authorized 
to commence business December 2, 1870. The first Directors were C. A. 
Bodemann, P. H. Smyth, T. W. Barhydt, J. C. McKell, T. W. Newman, C. 
O'Brien and L. Teedrick. The first officers were : T. W. Barhydt, President ; 
E. M. McKittrick Cashier. The present Directors are J. C. McKell, John Pat- 
terson, T. W. Newman, T. W. Barhydt, George Sweny, W. W. Nassau and M. 
C. McArthur. The capital stock is $100,000, and the" surplus fund, $210,000. 

German-American Savings Bank was incorporated September 1, 1874. 
The first Directors were Hon. Charles Mason, Dr. J. J. Ransom, J. S. 
Schramm, Fred Becker, W. D. Gilbert, Henry H. Scott, S. H. Jones, J. H. 
Armstrong and John Lahn. The first officers were : Hon. Charles Mason, 
President ; H. Herminghans, Cashier. The present Directors are Hon. 
Charles Mason, J. S. Schramm, John Patterson, S. H. Jones, Dr. AV. W. 
Nassau, Henry H. Scott, Dr. J. J. Ransom, C. F. Boesch and Thomas Hedge. 
The present officers are Hon. Charles Mason, President ; William A. Torrey, 
Cashier. The capital stock is $60,000, and surplus fund, $12,044.32. 

Iowa State Savings Bank was organized August 20, 1874. The Directors 
and officers, Avho have always been the same, are Charles Starker, E. D. Rand, 
C. E. Perkins, J. C. Peasley and Theodore Gillett. E. D. Rand is President, 
and William Garrett, Cashier. The capital stock is $60,000. and the surplus 
fund, $6,645.26. 

CORPORATED .lOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. 

Burlington Mutual Loan Association was organized May 5, 1868, with the 
following first Directors : W. E. Tomlinson, Thomas Hedge, J. L. Waite. H. H. 
Scott, Robert Allen, A. J. Hillhouse ; Auditors, R. Spencer, W. C. Hendrie 
and James Putman, and E. Joy, President; T. W. Barhydt, Vice President; 
J. J. Heider, Secretary; John Lahee, Treasurer. The present officers are P. 
M. Crapo, President ; H. H. Scott, Vice President ; R. M. Green, Secretary ; 
E. McKitterick. Treasurer. The office of this Association is located in 
O'Brien's Block, corner Fourth and Jeff'erson streets. 

Burlington Lumber Compang was incorporated February 10, 1877, with the 
following officers: E. D. Rand, President; J. L. Pierson, Secretary and Treas- 
urer. Capital, $100,000. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 533 

Burlington Insurance Company was incorporated December 21, 1860. The 
■officers are Walcott Seymour, President ; William Bell, Vice President ; J. G. 
Miller, Secretary. Capital, $200,000. 

Embalming Burial-Case Company was organized in 1876, and incorporated 
November 12, 1877. The officers are J. R. Nelson, President; R. R. Dorr, 
Secretary ; A. L. Skinner, Treasurer. 

Western Mill- Furnishing Company was organized January 23, 1879. 
Officers: John W. Swan. President ; William Sennett, Secretary; Harvey 
Littler, Treasurer. Capital, $4,000. 

Orchard City School-Desk Company was incorporated October 1, 1877. 
Officers : R. A. Moore, President ; J. Z. Moore, Secretary and Treasurer. 

Murray Iron Works were incorporated February 1, 1870. G. H. Higbee, 
President. Capital, $75,000. Mr. Higbee controls the entire stock, and 
manages the business in person. 

The Centennial Mutual Life Association filed Articles of Incorporation July 
13, 1876, and received authority to commence business July 22, 1876. The 
incorporators were: S. M. Thompson, of Muscatine; E. M. Laws, of Osceola; 
L. L. Beery, of Mount Pleasant ; Watson Roberts, of Mount Pleasant ; and 
the following of Burlington : M. C. McArthur, C. P. Squires, J. W. Barnes, 
A. W. Parsons, R. Root, C. H. Squires, C. H. Phelps, E. McKitterick and 
O. P. Waters. The first officers were: 0. P. Waters, President; C. J. 
Weatherby, Secretary. The present Directors are: E. M. Laws, C. H. 
Phelps, J. W. Barnes, 0. P. Waters, M. C. McArthur, E. McKitterick, C. P. 
Squires, S. M. Thompson, J. C. McKell, N. P. Sunderland and J. Tracy. 
The present officers are : M. C McArthur, President ; J. W. Barnes, Vice 
President ; 0. P. Waters, Secretary ; W. H. Morehouse, Treasurer. The 
capital stock of the company is $100,000. They have written 11,375 policies, 
and since the date of payment of their first loss, February 2, 1877, they have 
disbursed for death-losses about $130,000. Any person, male or female, between 
the ages of fifteen and sixty years, who can pass the required medical exami- 
nation, may obtain a policy in the Association. To keep up the expenses of the 
Association, yearly dues are required. To pay de th-losses, a levy is made 
upon each member, according to age at joining, and an additional sum of 10 
cents on each assessment, to pay expenses of collecting the same. 

The White Breast Coal and Mining Company was incorporated January 
19, 1876, by William Haven, R. L. Fix, Wesley Jones and J. C. Osgood. 
The first officers were : William Haven, President; J. C Osgood, Secretary 
and Treasurer. Wesley Jones retired from the Board, and was succeeded by 
•C. M. Schenck. The present officers are: J. C. Osgood, President; L. R. 
Fix, Vice President ; CM. Schenck, Secretary and Treasurer. The capital 
stock of the Company is $60,000. Its principal mines fire located at Cleveland, 
Lucas Co., Iowa. The coal is of better quality mined at a depth of 250 
feet below the surface. The Company also own and operate mines at Flagler, 
Marion County, and at Avery, Monroe County. They .employ about 300 men, 
and produce 120,000 tons of coal per year. The sales extend through Iowa, 
Missouri and Nebraska. The Company have yards at Burlington, Council 
Bluifs, Iowa, Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska, and local agencies at all railroad 
points in the above named States. Their railroad trade is extensive. Tlieir 
annual business is $350,000. The Company deals in foreign hard coals. 

The Iowa and Missouri Coal and Land Company was incorporated March 
1, 1872, by Fitz Henry Warren, James Putnam, C. P. Squires, J. W. Barnes, 
J. E. Labor and R. F. Hosford. The mines are located atBoyer and Caldwell, 



534 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Van Buren County, and the coal taken therefrom, is claimed to be the best in 
the world for jjenerating steam. The present Directors are Dr. J. J. Ransom, 
James Putnam, N. B. Sunderland, C P. Squires, L. R. Fix. The officers are: 
Dr. J. J. Ransom, President ; L. R. Fix, Vice President and General Manager ; 
C. P. Scjuires, Secretary and Treasurer. The capital stock of the company is 
3100,000. 

The Iliuj Metallurgic Company was organized in 1876. The officers of 
the Company are : G. R. Henry, President ; M. S. Foote, Secretary. 

Hay Boiler Protection Comimny was organized in 1876. A. P. Hay is 
President, and G. R. Henry, Secretary. 

SCHOOLS. 

The educational interests of Burlington date back to 1834, and have for 
their founder William R. Ross. In the fall of 1833, Dr. Ross erected a small 
cabin, southwest of the present public square, and dedicated the building to the 
uses of preaching and day school. However, no school was taught therein until 
the following spring. During the winter of 1833-34, a man named Phillips 
lived in the cabin, with his family. When spring came, a school was opened 
by Zadoc C Inghram, who taught during the summer. Subsequently, Mrs. 
Shelton and Mrs. Mayfield were employed as teachers. During the succeeding 
years, until the erection of Old Zion Church, the schools were "kept" in 
various places, and taught by various persons. There was no record preserved^ 
so far as we are able to discover. The schools were primitive, in keeping with 
the settlement of the place. In 1830, Old Zion was in a condition to permit 
of the opening of school there. Rev. E. M. Scott, the tallest man in the neigh- 
borhood, lived in the basement of the church, and kept the youngsters in whole- 
some subjection by means of liberal doses of spelling-book and rod. Subse- 
quently, Scott removed to Arkansas and began the practice of law. On one 
occasion his long legs served him well, in fording the river, and after that he 
hung out the followinsr sign : 

" E. M. Scott, attorney at law, 

The man that waded the Arkansaw." 

After Scott left, a man named Townsend took up the birch. 

As the town increased in size, schools multiplied in numbers, but no organ- 
ized system was adopted until January, 1847. At that time, the first Inspect- 
ors were appointed. The gentlemen who composed the Board were Hon. 
Charles Mason, Hon. J. W. Grimes and George Partridge. The Board was a 
township institution. Mr. Grimes was elected Inspector April, 1847, and again 
in April, 1848. The original Board divided the city into six districts. Small 
schools were maintained inmost of those districts during 1847-48. 

The impossibility of making a proper classification of scholars and of raising 
the schools to the highest excellence, under the system of small districts, and 
other reasons, suggested the expediency of consolidating the districts into one. 
This was done by the School Fund Conmiissioner, William Walker, March 19, 
1849. The first meeting under the new plan was held March 29, 1849, in the 
Congregational Church. James Clarke was chosen President; L. D. Stockton, 
Secretary ; John Johnson, Treasurer, and James W. Grimes, Chairman of the 
Committee to inquire about the number of schools needed. A meeting was held 
May 7, at which a tax of one-third of one per cent on all city property wa& 
authorized, for the purchase of schoolhouse sites. 

May 11, 1849, the city was divided into four districts, and Samuel M. 
Clendenin was appointed Principal of District No. 4. May 24, of the same 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 535 

year, 0. L. Palmer took charge of No. 3, Abraham Darling of Division No. 2 
and Mrs. Burge of District No. 1. July 4, Mrs. Burge was succeeded as Prin- 
cipal by Dan S. Moore. 

In 1850, Burlitf^ton claimed a population of 4,500. 

The Haivk-Eye was always found advocating measures for the advancement 
of the moral and intellectual tone of Burlington. Mr. Edwards was acquainted 
with the school system of Boston, and aimed to build up a similar plan here. 
April 5, 1850, an editorial appeared, from which we quote: 

"We regard it as vastly important that in laying the foundation of a system 
of common schools for our city, we should begin upon the most approved prin- 
ciples. * * * There is now due this district, we believe, about $1,500. 
* * * This will enable the district to hire two principal teachers at a salary 
of $300 per annum, and five assistants at $160 each. This is better wages than 
our teachers now get. With the children properly classified, seven teachers 
can better instruct them than seventeen can under the system which now pre- 
vails among us." 

In May, 1850, the Directors were authorized to, and did, levy one-third of 
one per cent tax on all property in the city for school purposes. The district 
was divided, at that time, into four divisions, as heretofore stated. 

September 23, 1850, the Directors of the Burlington School District con- 
tracted for the erection of a schoolhouse on lots 729 and 730, southeast corner 
of High and Fifth streets. The plans were by Mr. Stareker, a resident archi- 
tect, and the contract was let to Myers & Kelber. The capacity was 39x63 
feet, two stories high, four rooms, accommodating nearly three hundred pupils. 
The cost was $4,150. This was the first building erected for school purposes 
exclusively in Burlington, and called North Hill Schoolhouse. Prior to 1851, 
the schools were of excellent character, both the public and private institutions 
being well sustained, and conducted by persons of merit and scholarly attain- 
ments ; but the places of holding them were as diversified as the number of 
scholars would permit of. 

The school census of September, 1850 (the first taken after the estab- 
lishment of the schools in this city), showed the following population between 
the ages of five and twenty-one years: 

Division No. 1 238 

Division No. 2 473 

Division No. 3 192 

Division No. 4.... 112 

Total 1,015 

During that first year, the school in Division 1 was taught by Mrs. Burge 
and daughter, who resigned on account of ill health, and were succeeded by 
D. S. Moore and Miss Eliza A. Clark. No. 2 was taught by Abram Darling- 
ton and Mrs. Mary A. Wiggins. No. 3 by 0. L. Palmer and Miss Ellen 
Griffey. No. 4 by S. M. Clendenin and Mrs. Prince, Avho died shortly after 
taking the place. 

The attendance was, in No. 1, 130; No. 2, 183; No. 3, 140; No. 4, 109; 
total, 562, Teachers' salaries were fixed at $25 per month for male and $8 
for female teachers. The total expenses for teachers was $372.66, leaving 
$27.54 cash on hand. There was a class in algebra, and one in 'natural 
philosophy. The common English branches were taught. 

The finances of the Board were not satisfactory. The tax levied amounted 
to about $2,500 ; but of that sum only $500 had been paid in by January 1, 
1850. No steps had been taken to secure sites for buildings. 



53(5 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

In May, 1851, the Board was re-elected, Avith J, W. Grimes as President. 
It was voted at that meeting to raise $4,000 to complete the first schoolhouse, 
and to aid in the construction of one in the southern portion of the city. 

In 1S52, the Board consisted of William Salter, President ; 0. H. fcchenck, 
Treasurer ; George Snyder, Secretary. January 2, 1852, a contract was made 
with Myers & Kelber for the erection of South Hill Schoolhouse, at a cost of 
.$4,550. On the first Monday in April, 1852, C. B. Darwin was appointed 
Principal of North Hill School, at a salary of $40 per month, and teachers 
were employed at various salaries. In September, 1852, the services of a 
Principal were dispensed with, and J. W. Sennet was employed to take charge 
of the larger boys, at $30 per month, and four lady teachers were secured. 

In 1853, under an act of the Legislature to extend the powers of school 
districts, six Directors were chosen, to wit : W. B. Chamberlain, George 
Snyder, to serve one year ; J. A. Funk, J. F. Tallant, to serve two years, and 
Lyman Cook, J. Newton Evans, to serve three years. L. D. Stockton and 
Oliver Cock were appointed to succeed Messrs. Funk and Snyder, resigned. 
W. B. Chamberlain was elected President; J. F. Tallant, Treasurer; L. D. 
Stockton, Secretary. 

In 1854, Messrs. Chamberlain and Stockton were re-elected, the former as 
Chairman. Mr, Tallent acted as Treasurer, Oliver Cock as Secretary. 

In 1855, William Salter was elected President, the other ofiicers retaining 
their places. 

The number of teachers employed had stood each year as follows ; 1849, 
9; 1852, 14; 1853, 16; 1854, 9. 

A local writer, in 1855, said of the buildings : " They are eligibly sit- 
uated, and are the admiration of every traveler and the honest pride of every 
citizen of Burlington." The Board ordered trees planted about the buildings. 

In 1855, there were 1,465 children of school age in the city, and tliere 
were but two buildings capable of holding 600 pupils. The condition of the 
schools was not very encouraging. 

Up to 1858, the sexes were taught separately, and there was no attempt 
made to grade the schools. May 3, 1858, the Board decided " that the 
boys and girls shall occupy the same rooms and recite together," and that 
it had " become imperative on the Board to at once grade the pupils." This 
was ajccordingly done by the Principals, assisted by Rev. F. R. Half, one of 
the School Examiners, and Rev. William Salter, of the Board of Education. 
Thus it may properly be said that the public schools of Burlington date onlv 
from May, 1858. 

March 8, 1853, J. H. Smith was engaged as Superintendent of North Hill 
School. June 15, 1853, Alexander Mcllhenny was appointed Principal of 
South Hill School. November 1, 1854, the schools were opened with R. J. 
Grali; Principal of North Hill and A. Henry, Principal of South Hill School. 
In 1855, on account of the small amount of money in the Teachers' Fund, it 
was ordered by the School lioard not to hold school that winter. September 
10, 1856, R. J. Graff and Mr. Lemon were elected Principals, and the schools 
re-opened. February 5, 1857, J. F. Tallant and George Temple were appointed 
a committee to negotiate for ground on which to erect a new school house. Sep- 
tember ^1, 1857, R. J. Graff was re-elected Principal of North Hill School and 
E. L. Jagger assumed the same office at South Hill School. April 26, 1858, 
R. J. Graff resigned his position and was succeeded by Mrs. Clara Miller. 
August 30, 1858, J. E. Dow became Principal of North Hill School, and 
T. B. Gray Principal of South Hill School. At this time, also, the Board 



HISTORY' OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 537 

•of Education ordered a school to be opened in Dutchtown, to be known as 
Dutchtown School, with C. P. De Haas for its Principal. Principals elected 
August 19, 1859, by the School Board were : For North Hill School, J. E. 
Dow ; for South Hill School, T. B. Gray ; for Dutchtown School, C. P. De 
Haas. December 8, 1859, T. B. Gray was dismissed by the Board and 
succeeded by R. J. Graff. At the election of Principals July 16, 1860, J. 
E. Dow was chosen for North Hill, R. J. Graff for South Hill, and Miss 
Susan Colter for Dutchtown School. The election of July 29, 1861, made no 
change, except in the case of Miss Susan Colter, who was succeeded by C. P. 
De Haas. August 4, 1862, the same Principals were re-elected, jipril 29, 
1863, Lots 10, 11 and 12, in Block 960, were purchased by the School Board 
for $300, and May 13, 1863, a contract was entered into with Richard Howard 
for the erection of a school-building for the sum of |1,900, to be known as South. 
Boundary Schoolhouse. July 3, 1863, the School Board elected as Principals 
for North Hill, J. Thorp ; South Hill, J. E. Dow ; Dutchtown, C. P. DeHaas, 
and South Boundary School, Mrs. L. A. Littlefield. January 29, 1864, 
J. Thorp resigned his position as Principal of North Hill School, and was 
succeeded by Mr. Dunn. June 15, 1864, the School Board rented Cum- 
berland Presbyterian Church for the establishment of a high school, and, 
on June 22, of the same year they purchased ground of Rand & Sherfey 
for the erection of the present Dutchtown Schoolhouse. July 20, 1864, J. E. 
Dow was elected City Superintendent of the Schools and Principal of the 
high school, at a salary of $900 per annum. July 27, 1864, the following 
Principals were elected : J. H. Sanborn, North Hill ; 0. C. Shelton, South 
Hill ; Milton Campbell, South Boundary, and C. P. De Haas, Dutchtown 
School. 

The course of study in the high school is four years ; each year is divided 
into three terms, and the annual catalogue gives a complete list of the various 
branches taught in regular term rotation. 

August 12, 1864, an addition to Dutchtown Schoolhouse was contracted for 
with Narn & Gillis. In 1864, the schools were graded into eight grades. Oc- 
tober 11, 1864, J. K. McCuH,ough was elected Principal of South Hill School; 
C. P. De Haas was transferred to North Hill, and Miss Jennie Chapman 
elected Principal of Dutchtown School. March 11, 1865, Miss Sophronia Tay- 
lor was elected to teach the colored school meanwhile established. March 16, 
1865, Thomas Trulock was elected Principal of South Hill School. August 
30, 1865, the Principal of the high school was made General Superintendent 
of the schools. A half-mill tax was levied, and May 13, 1872, a contract was 
awarded to Houseworth & Hayden to build the high school at the corner of Val- 
ley and Boundary streets. The ground and superstructure finished, at a cost of 
$29,000, the building remained in that condition until it was completed January 
1, 1873, at a total cost of $43,000. 

The records of the schools running from 1865 to 1872 have been destroyed, 
therefore we cannot undertake to furnish the names of the principals during 
that interval, but will supply the years of the erection of new school-buildings 
and of the enlarging of those already constructed. The South Boundary 
Schoolhouse was doubled in size in 1866. In the summer of 1866, DutchtoAvn 
Schoolhouse, now called Germania, was built at a cost of $4,129. 

In the summer of 1870, West Madison Schoolhouse was erected at a cost of 
$5,319. West Hill Schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1867, at a cost of 
^3,469. North Oak Schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1868, at a cost of 
$6,285. 



538 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

June 17, 1872, Mr. Lytle was elected Principal of North Hill ; Mr. Fair- 
brother, of South Hill ; Mr. Hummel, of South Boundary ; Charles A. Lisle, West 
Hill ; W. C. Jones, Germania; William D. Inghram, North Oak : L. Steece, West 
Madison. Mrs. Courtright took charge of the colored school, and W. M. Bry- 
ant was unanimously elected City Superintendent. In July, 1872, George A. 
Miller became Principal of North Hill School, and Robert Saunderson was elected 
City Superintendent. Mr. Fairbrother resigned his office and A. E. Mills- 
paugh was elected to fill the vacancy at South Hill. June 12, 1873, W. M. 
Brvant was unanimously elected Superintendent, and June 25, 1873, Robert 
Saunderson became Principal of the high school ; L. Steece, North Hill ; 
Georce I. Gordon, South Hill ; M. W. Hummel, South Boundary ; George 
A. Miller, West Madison; Charles A. Lisle, West Hill; J. W. C.Jones, 
Germania; William D. Inghram, North Oak. August 29, 1873, W. M. Bry- 
ant resigned and Robert Saunderson succeeded him as City Superintendent. 
G. I. Gordon was transferred to the high school, and Charles Morrey took the 
South Hill School. In December, 1873, a night school was established in the 
high school building. May 9, 1874, a contract was awarded to Archibold & 
Bennett to build additions to North Oak and South Hill Schoolhouses. June 
17, 1874, Robert Saunderson was re-elected, by acclamation, City Superintend- 
ent. July 8, 1874, Principals elected were, for the high school, Charles A. 
Lisle ; North Hill, L. Steece ; South Hill, W. M. Forbes ; South Boundary, 
William Hummel ; West Madison, George A. Miller ; West Hill, E. E. Fitch ; 
Germania, R. S. Davis ; North Oak, William D. Inghram ; Central Primary, 
Mrs. Dunham. In May, 1876, Hibernia School-building was erected by J. A. 
Johnson, and West Hill School built by William Kostner. The election June 
19, 1875, made only this change — Miss M. Gray, at the Central Primary; S. 
0. Thomas, at West Hill ; Miss S. Johnson, at Hibernia School. September 
4, 1875, W. F. Embish was elected Principal of Hibernia School. May 29, 
187(), an addition to West Madison Schoolhouse was contracted for with William 
Kostner. The election June 20, 1876, retained Robert Saunderson as Super- 
intendent, and the only name changed in the Principals was in the case of 
South Hill, where W. E. Sampson was installed. No change was made in Super- 
intendent or Principals in 1877, except at West Avenue, where Miss C- Reed 
was elected. The election of May 5, 1878, made no change in either Super- 
intendent or Principals. In the spring of 1878, West Avenue School property 
was purchased. 

We (|uote the following statement by the Board of Education : 

'' The development of the school interests has been very marked, especially 
during the last few years. The number of buildings has increased from four to 
nine since 1867, while all the old buildings have been remodeled and their seat- 
ing capacity largely increased, some of them being doubled in size. There are 
now nine large buildings, including the high school, which has been pronounced 
by competent judges, one of the best adapted buildings to this class of schools 
in the West. The school system embraces a course of eleven years in a like 
number of grades, four of which are in the high school, the remaining seven 
grades being found in each of the district schools. 

"All the modern methods and appliances are in daily use by the teachers, 
and with gratifying results. The majority of the teachers, particularly the 
primary grades, are graduates of the high school and training department. 
They are thus thoroughly qualified by past experience and education, to enter 
mto the spirit of their work, comprehend its details, and secure satisfactory 
results in their respective schoolrooms. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 539 

"The high school is the cap-sheaf of the system. It brings an academic 
course within the reach of every boy and girl in Burlington. The develop- 
ment of this school in efficiency and attendance, and in everything that goes to 
make a first-class high school, is not a little remarkable. It has over 11 per 
€ent in attendance of all the pupils in the public schools ; and it is believed 
that there are not half a dozen pupils from this city attending schools or acad- 
emies of a like grade abroad. 

" The medal and diploma which were awarded the Board of Education of 
Burlington, by the Centennial Commission, for an exhibit of fifty-six volumes 
of pupils' work at Philadelphia in 1876, are gratifying evidences of the excel- 
lence of our schools, and are prized as such by our citizens, teachers and school 
officers. 

" Another important statement to be made in this connection is, that the 
schools of Burlington cost less for tuition, than the average for the country 
schools of the State, and less than any county in the State, except six of the 
more sparsely settled counties, where six months' schooling was the maximum, 
while we have ten months. This statement is made upon the basis of the 
State Superintendent's report for 1876. There is no school debt, and conse- 
quently no interest on bonds to be paid. The people of Burlington have built 
their schoolhouses with cash, and now they are able to boast of efficient schools 
with less taxation, than that of any other city of the same size in the North- 
west. 

The present Board of Education is composed of William Wolverton, Presi- 
dent; William McD. Houseworth, Vice President; Charles Mason, Treasurer; 
H. A. Kelley, Secretary ; C. B. Parsons, Theodore Guelich, H. Bailey and J. 
S. Schramm, Directors. 

The independent school district of Sunny Side was organized in 1863. 
The present schoolhouse was built in 1870. The records of this district were 
burned. R. L. Alspaugh is the Principal of this school which has an aver- 
age attendance of sixty-five scholars. 

THE UNIVERSITY. 

The following sketch of the University is furnished by Mr. G. J. Johnson, 
now Missionary Secretary of the American Baptist Publication Society at 
Philadelphia, and is pronounced by him to be correct. The sketch has already 
appeared in print, but is presented as a satisfactory record, and is here pre- 
served in full : 

" This institution had its origin in an educational convention, called by 
a committee of the Iowa Baptist State Convention, and held at Iowa City, then 
capital of the State of Iowa, April 13 and 14, 1852. Propositions bidding 
for the location were presented and considered at that meeting from fourteen 
different points of the State, but, after much discussion and many ballotings, 
the preference was finally given to Burlington, and then the location unani- 
mously made there. Articles of Incorporation, under the name of Burlington 
University, were next adopted by the Convention, the object of which was 
declared to be the establishing and conducting of an institution of advanced 
learning in Burlington, Iowa, that should offer equal advantages to all pupils, 
irrespective of sex or condition, and should consist of such departments — 
academic, collegiate, theological and others, as the Board of Trustees might 
from time to time see fit to organize and be able to sustain. A Board of Trustees 
to represent the corporation, consisting of twenty-four members, was also 
elected. 



540 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

"Two (lavs after the adjournment of the convention at Iowa City, a first 
meeting of the Board of Trustees was held in Burlington, at which the incor- 
j)orati()n was perfected by the necessary legal steps. Officers thereof were 
elected, and work in earnest was commenced. First, a proposition previously 
made by the city of Burlington and other parties who held a reversionary 
interest, to convey certain lands formerly occupied as a grave-yard, and which 
were desired as a site and campus, and to remove incumbrances therefrom, and 
to give sole and perpetual possession — all in consideration of the establishment 
of the institution and the conveying to the city of another parcel of ground in 
another location, was accepted. Additional lands adjoining were also purchased,^ 
making the entire grounds of the college, as now, about five acres. Next^ 
committees were appointed to raise funds and to superintend the erection of a^ 
building, and also to secure teachers, and, at the earliest date practicable, to open 
the school. 

" On the 4th of July, 1853, the corner-stone of the present main building 
Avas laid, with appropriate public ceremonies, and July 4, 1854, the completion 
of the building was celebrated with similar public demonstration. A'^reparatory 
.school was also opened in the basements of the Baptist and Congregational 
Churches of this city, while the work upon the building was yet in progress, 
January 4, 1854, Rev. G. W. Gunnison, A. M., being Principal and Professor, 
and Mi-s. M. A. P. Darwin, Preceptress. Mr. Gunnison, though an excellent 
scholar and teacher, yet did not remain long in charge of the school. Mrs. 
Darwin, also an accomplished teacher, soon afterward resigned. Passing over 
several names which, following Mr. Gunnison, were for brief periods succes- 
sively in charge of the institution, in 1857, Rev. L, B. Allen, D. D., became 
the presiding officer, and for several years did worthy service. As associate 
with Dr. Allen, and soon after him, Ret. J. T. Robert, LL. D., who, to all the 
scholarly attainments, added the highest social qualities, was also secured to the 
school as a Professor and Instructor. Associated with these gentlemen teachers 
were also in turn and in the order named, the following ladies, in charge of the 
female department, each an accomplished and efficient preceptress : Miss 
Anna Chamberlain, Miss Cornelia Skinner, Mrs. Sophia Bishop, Miss Josephine 
A. Cutter and Miss Emma Brown. 

" During the years these teachers were in service, the school attained to a 
hiiih degree of prosperity, the number of pupils jnci'eased, and the standard 
of scholarship was elevated. During these years also, various improvements 
were made upon the building, and important" additions in the appointments of 
the institution. New rooms were constructed in the main edifice, and a 
smaller building was erected upon the premises for purposes of dwelling and 
boarding. A library of 1,500 volumes was also purchased, to which over 500 
volumes have been subsec^uently added. Apparatus was also secured for philo- 
S()j)hical, chemical and astronomical purposes, which is still unsurpassed in this 
vicinity ; and a museum embracing several hundred curiosities and collections 
in natural history. 

" In the spring of 1857, a second large edifice, intended more especially for 
the ladies' department, was commenced, and July 4 the corner-stone was laid. 
A subscription of over ^10,000 was secured for this enterprise, but, ere the 
foundation and basement-walls were completed, a financial revulsion swept 
over the country, which compelled the summary surrender of the work, 
destroyed the larger part of the subscription on which the work had depended, 
and threatened for awhile the breaking up of the institution itself A few 
years after came the war of the rebellion, with its gloom and paralysis, during 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 541 

which the teachers who had so long and well served the school, most of them, 
went to other and stronger institutions, or into other relations in life, and num- 
bers of the young men of the school entered into the service of their country. 
Thus for awhile little progress was made. 

" But toward the closing of the war and after, came again brighter pros- 
pects ; money was once more plentiful and hopes were high. Efforts were then 
put forth to relieve the institution of the heavy indebtedness incurred by the 
reverses of 1857 and otherwise, and a happy success was the result. And not 
only were all debts soon paid, but the buildings and various property also 
repaired and important improvements made, and then by the liberality of one 
generous friend, $5,000 to aid in the future support of the institution were 
paid into the treasury. It had been hoped that a large sum conditionally 
promised to the school by Dr. Richard F. Barrett, one of the Board of Trus- 
tees from the beginning, and an earnest friend and liberal supporter of the 
institution while he lived, would now be added to its funds, but after several 
years of litigation, it was decided that only $2,000 and the interest thereon 
should be derived from that source. 

"•^The institution has, as is always necessary to the very existence of an insti- 
tution of learning, been surrounded by a few specially earnest and faithful 
friends. In the earlier years, Mr. Wm. B. Ewing was Chairman of the 
Executive Committee, and while his strength allowed him, was ready and effi- 
cient in all work for the cause. . In these years also, when large demands were 
made by way of time and service, and many perplexities, too, were connected 
with the office, T. W. Newman, Esq., performed efficiently the duties of Treas- 
urer. Mr. Newman is now the Chairman of the Executive Committee. Rev. 
G. J. Johnson has, from the beginning, been the Secretary of the Board of 
Trustees and Clerk of the Executive Committee, and in all ways of looking 
after its general and particular interests, served the enterprise. Later in the 
day, but with equal heart and efficiency, came also into the committee Mr. H. 
H. Hawley. and yet a little later Mr. Erastus Chamberlain, present worthy 
Treasurer of the institution. Nor should the names of Hon. J. M. Beck, the 
present President of the corporation, and Hon. A. C. Dodge, the Vice Presi- 
dent, be omitted in the list of those who have done, and are still disposed to 
do, the enterprise their best possible service." 

The present condition of the University is gratifying to the friends of edu- 
cation, but there is much which might be done to extend its usefulness. Liber- 
ality toward such institutions is repaid a thousand-fold by the improvement 
wrought in the growing minds of the young, who must soon take the places left 
vacant by the dropping-away of former leaders. The buildings are finely 
located, and from them an extended view of the city and surrounding country 
is afforded. 

The present Trustees and Faculty are here given : Trustees — Hon. J. M. 
Beck, President ; Hon. A. C. Dodge, Vice President; Hon T. W. Newman, 
Secretary ; F. T. Parsons, Esq., Treasurer. Faculty — L. E. Wortman, A. B., 
Principal and Professor of Latin, Greek, etc.; Miss C. DeW. Hague, Pre- 
ceptress and Teacher of Mathematics, English Language and Literature, etc.; 
Mrs. Marie Sprenger. Teacher of Modern Languages ; Louis Richard, Profes- 
sor of Instrumental Music ; Mrs. L. W. Williams, Teacher of Music. 

The college edifice is of brick, three stories high and beautifully situated in 
an ample campus. Including endowments, this property is worth in the vicinity 
of $85,000. A commodious building was erected last year, which contains 
refectory and janitor's rooms, principal's apartments, etc. The erection of this 



542 HISTOBY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

buil(lin<T has made boarding accommodations for fifty pupils. Good board is 
furnished at the low rate of from |^2.00 to $2.25 per week. Tuition is fur- 
nished at low rates, no extra charge being made for the languages. A high 
grade of work is being done, the thoroughness and efficiency of which is stead- 
ily bringing the school up in the estimation of its patrons and the public gen- 
erally. Although this school bears the modest name of College Institute, it is 
working with the hope and prospect of being able, at no distant date, to do the 
work of a college, and of assuming its chartered name. The citizens of Bur- 
lington and vicinity ought to take hold of this Institute, with its ample grounds, 
with its present endowment and enviable reputation, and make it a first-class 
college. At least, more attention should be given to this institute of learning, 
and put it still farther up in the grade of educational prominence in our State. 
It only wants the combined efforts of some of our public spirited men, and the 
donations of the liberal citizens of this part of Iowa, to cause it to climb the 
ladder of promotion, until it reaches that creditable eminence in Burlington, of 
being a college of high capacity and rank. 

PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

Allen's Burlington Business College was organized by Bryant & Sti'atton, 
in 1865. The full business course includes bookkeeping, commercial arith- 
metic, commercial law and political economy, business correspondence, pen- 
manship and a course in the practical department. The College is now con- 
ducted by Mr. W. P. Allen and is open to both sexes. 

The Cierman-Avieriean School was organized in February, 1866, and run 
quite successfully for ten years, after which it was discontinued. Miss Wree 
now keeps a private school in the room formerly occupied by the above-named 
institution. 

There are several private schools maintained, independent of church organ- 
izations or the public system. The "'Conservatory of Music" is well patron- 
ized, and is a credit to the city. 

EARLY EDUCATIONAL ENACTMENTS. 

As interesting reminders of the first steps toward the development of edu- 
cational interests in Burlington and Des Moines County, we condense from the 
old session laws the following bills : 

The Philandrian College, in the town of Denmark, was incorporated by an 
act of the Legislature, approved January 19, 1838, and the following Trustees 
were appointed : Rev. Jeremiah Porter, Samuel Barrett, James P. Stewart, 
Robert A. Leeper, Timothy Fox, Lewis Epps and H. M. Dixon. 

An act was approved January 19, 1838, establishing in the town of Bur- 
lington an institution of learning, for youth of both sexes, to be called " The 
Burlington Seminary," with George W. Hight, Jesse P. Webber, Jonathan J. 
King, William R. Ross, John Parson, Hiram C. Bennett, Jeremiah Lamson, 
Isaac Leffler and James Dyer as corporators. 

" The Union Seminary of Des Moines County," a school for the youth of 
both sexes, was established by an act of the Legislature, which was approved 
January 19, 1838, with a board of incorporators consisting of William Morgan, 
Stephen Gearheart, Solomon Perkins, Israel Robinson, Henry Walker, John B. 
Berry and David R. Chance. 

In June, 1838, the '' Burlington Academy of Science and Literature " was 
opened by J. P. Stewart, in the " spacious upper rooms of the building formerly 
occupied by Mr. C. Neally as a storeroom." 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 543 

The same month, Miss L. W. Gay opened a select school for young ladies 
in Burlington. 

An act was approved by the Council and House of Representatives of 
the Territory of Iowa, on the 23d of January, 1839, for the incorporation of a 
seminary of learning in science and literature, for youth of both sexes, in the 
town of Burlington, Des Moines County. Charles Mason, George Temple, 
William H, Starr, James P. Stewart, George H. Beeler, William B. Remey, 
James W. Grimes, Jeremiah Lamson, John S. David, Augustus C. Dodge, 
Ver Planck Van Antwerp, Enos Lowe, James Clark, David Rorer, Gilbert 
Knapp and S. S. Rawson, and associates and successors were declared a body 
politic and corporate in law, under the name of "The Burlington Academy." 

" The Union Academy, of Des Moines County," was established in Town 69, 
Range 3 west, in Des Moines County, on the 23d of January, 1839. William 
Morgan, Stephen Gearheart, Solomon Perkins, Israel Robinson, Henry 
Walker, John B. Berry and David R. Chance were the corporators. 

"The Augusta Academy," an institution of learning for both sexes, was 
established at Augusta, January 23, 1839. The corporators were John Whit- 
aker, Levi Moffit, William Smith, Berryman G. Wells, Joseph Edwards, George 
Hepner, Y. L. Hughes, Francis Redding, Joshua Holland, Isaac Basey, Daniel 
Harty, William Buchanan and John 0. Smith. 

The Burlington Mechanics' Institute was incorporated on the 25th of Jan- 
uary, 1844. The object of this Institute was to improve its members in literature, 
the sciences, arts and morals ; the establishment of a reading-room, cabinets of 
geological, mineralogical, botanical and other specimens ; the endowment and 
support of a school for the children of indigent mechanics and others, and to 
advance the social, intellectual and moral condition of its members generally. 
The corporators were George Temple, James McKell, Silas A. Hudson, 
Anthony W. Carpenter, Morgan Evans, John L. Corse and Jacob K. Field. 

" The Jefferson Academy " was established in Yellow Springs Township, 
February 7, 1844. Its corporators were Frederick Heizer, James Bruce, Levi 
Anderson, Thomas Blair, A. L. Leonard, Joshua Heizer, James Hukill, John 
Anderson and P. B. Bell. 

PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

The Bu?'Ungton Public Library is not a free public library, supported by 
general taxation, but the property of an incorporated association. The first 
meeting with a view to the establishment of this institution was held at Union 
Hall on the 22d day of February, 1868, when it was resolved and encouraged 
by the offer of $5,000 for the object, by Hon. J. W. Grimes, to organize an 
association, for the purpose of founding a public library. At an adjourned 
meeting held on the 7th day of March, 1868, Articles of Incorporation were 
adopted and the following-named Trustees elected, viz., C H. Phelps, J. J. 
Owen, Phillip Harvey, James Putman, William Salter, J. W. White, W. B. 
Chamberlain, J. S. Schramm and J. C. Peasley. Temporary quarters were 
secured in Marion Hall, but the active existence of the library dates from 
September, 1868, when 2,000 volumes, presented by Mr. Grimes, were placed 
upon the shelves. After several removals, the Association finally,, in Septem- 
ber, 1876, took possession of its present very accessible and beautiful room in 
Mr. S. H. Jones' block, corner of Fourth and Jefferson streets. The number 
of volumes now on the shelves is 6,670, which have cost $9,104.16. The 
periodicals have cost |682.28. The furniture and fixtures have cost $890. 
The present officers of the Association are as follows: J. S. Schramm, Pres- 
ident ; J. C. Peasley, Treasurer ; J. B. Fuller, Secretary and Librarian. The 



544 HISTORY OF D£S MOINES COUNTY. 

oric^inal permanent membership was about three hundred. The present Trus- 
tee" of the Association are: J. S. Schramm, J. C. Peasley, J. B. Fuller, J. 
G. Foote, L. H. Dalhoff, John Darling, Thomas Hedge, Jr., William Salter 
and J. V.i5y . religious history of burlington. 

In the fiill of 1833, William R. Ross built a cabin for religious and daj 
school purposes. This was the first building erected solely for such uses in 
Southern Iowa. The cabin stood a little southwest of what is now the park. 
In the winter of 1833-34, the cabin was occupied as a residence, by the Phil- 
ips family ; and in the spring, a young man named Zadoc C. Inghram, opened 
therein the first day school in Burlington. 

In February, 1834, Peter Cartwright, Presiding Elder of the Northern Dis- 
trict of Illinois, held a quarterly meeting at Mr. Pierce's, which was about 
twenty miles east of Burlington. W. R. Ross sent a letter to the venerable 
preacher asking for a supply at Burlington. Rev. Peter licensed a young man 
named Parton G. Cartwright, to go there and preach. The new man procured 
a team of oxen, and in March, 1834, he arrived at Mr. Ross' house. Young 
Cartwright was willing to work and pay his own way ; so Mr. Ross hired him 
to break thirty acres of prairie. During the week, he labored with his oxen, 
while on Sundays he preached in the log cabin already spoken of. Because of 
this double duty, the people in the Hoosier settlement, whither he also went to 
preach occasionally, or to hold prayei'-meetings, gave him the title of " Ox- 
driver Preacher." 

About the 1st of April, Asa McMurtry was the second preacher that 
called at Burlington. He was on his way to Rock Island, as a missionary 
to that mission. He was traveling by steamboat, and stopped two or three 
days. 

During this same spring, at a two-days meeting, held in Dr. Ross' wood- 
land pasture, just back of the public square, the venerable Peter Cartwright 
formed a class, composed of six members, of which Dr. Ross was made leader. 
About the 1st of May, W. D. R. Trotter, who preached at the Henderson 
River Mission, and was called the " trotting preacher " by the Indians, held 
services at Burlington for a few days. 

When Peter Cartwright returned from Galena, and the upper part of his 
mission, he stopped at Rock Island to preach to the Sacs and Foxes. Mr. 
McMurtry joined him. and returned with him to Burlington, to hold a two-days 
meeting in company Avith Barton G. and Daniel Cartwright. Mr. Ross asked 
Peter how he had succeeded with the Indians at Rock Island. The " fighting 
parson " replied that he could do nothing with them, for " they were under 
the influence of the devil, alias old Davenport." 

Mr. Ross remarked to the writer: "In my pasture, near my residence, a 
lynn tree had been blown partially down, Avith the bend of the tree about as 
high as my head. Upon this tree we made a stand for the preacher, and after 
those service were concluded, we formed a class of half a dozen members. I 
was chosen Class-Leader." 

In the summer of 1834, James H. Jam'eson, of the Missouri M. E. Confer- 
ence, came to Iowa as a missionary to the Sacs and Foxes, to ascertain the 
prospects of establishing schools among them. Mr. Ross interceded for him 
with Keokuk, but the chief said he would have to go to St. Louis, and see Gen. 
Clark, the Superintendent, before he could give an answer. As Mr. Jameson 
could receive no satisfactory response from the Indian, he preached at Mr. 
Ross' house, and also in the country, and then returned home. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 545 

In the summer of 1834, Mr. Ross organized the first Sunday school in Iowa, 
furnishing a library from Cincinnati at a cost of $12.50. He taught the school 
himself. As the population increased, a now library was needed ; the old one 
was donated to Mount Pleasant, where a school had been organized, and a new 
lot of books, costing $25, was put in. Of those denominations who joined in 
the work of maintaining the school, Mr. Ross remembers Mr. and Mrs. J. 
Edwards, W. H. Star (then a lawyer), of the Congregational faith ; George 
Partridge (who became a wholesale merchant of St. Louis), of the Unitarian 
fiiith ; David Rorer, of the Presbyterian faith ; John B. Gray, of the Baptist 
faith. Mr. Newhall and Dr. John Campbell are warmly spoken of in this con- 
nection, also. 

The day school was taught by Mrs. Shelton and Mrs. Mayfield ; and after 
the Old Zion M. E. Church was built. Rev. E. M. Scott, the tallest man in the 
neighborhood, lived in the basement of the church and taught school therein. 
Afterward, a man named Townsend taught. 

In the winter of 1834-35, L. B. Stateler, of the Missouri M. E. Confer- 
ence, whose mission was on the Des Moines River, preached in Burlington 
once every four weeks. In the spring of 1835, Andrew Monroe, Presiding 
Elder of the Missouri Conference, accompanied by some others, went to Bur- 
lington and held a quarterly meeting. In the fall of 1835, the Missouri Con- 
ference formed the Burlington Circuit and appointed John H. Ruble preacher 
in charge. The circuit included all of the territory south of Rock Island to 
the Missouri line, and west to the Missouri River. In May, 1836, Mr. Ruble 
died, and Peter Bovin preached his funeral sermon. Wilson Pitner then sup- 
plied the charge for a brief time. In the fall of that year, the Illinois Con- 
ference took charge of the Burlington Church, as Peter Cartwright asserted 
that the Missouri Conference had ''jumped his claim." The Illinois Confer- 
ence made all of Iowa one district, with Henry Summers Presiding Elder, and 
Norris Hobart preacher at Burlington. In the fall of 1837, Mr. Ross went to 
Jacksonville, 111., where the Annual Conference was in session, to procure a 
stationed minister for Burlington, and by the aid of Peter Cartwright and Jesse 
L. Green, who introduced him to Bishop Soule, he obtained Nicholas S. Bastion. 
The next year, the station was given up. Mr. McMurtry had charge of the 
circuit in 1838. In 1839, Asa West was in charge; ii( 1840, Joel Arrington 
was the preacher. In 1841, Burlington was again made a station and supplied 
by Isaac I. Stewart. A portion of the year 1841 Mr. Whitford was in charge. 
In the winter of 1842-43, there was a revival under his direction which lasted 
three weeks. One hundred and sixty members were added to the Church. 

At a camp-meeting held at New London, Henry County, under the charge 
of Henry Summers, Presiding Elder, there was an accession to the Church of 
upward of one hundred. 

An amusing incident may, perhaps, be here introduced, while we are writ- 
ing of the early Methodist settlers, although the anecdote is not, strictly speak- 
ing, of a local nature. 

Dr. George W. Teas had formerly been in the traveling connection with the 
M. E. Church, and held license as an Elder. In the spring of 1836, he settled 
near Burlington. The fall of that year found the Doctor fully launched on the 
sea of politics, as a candidate for a seat in the lower branch of the Territory of 
Wisconsin, from Des Moines County. He was successful, and served in the 
Legislature which convened at Belmont in the winter of 1836. But, alas, his 
success in politics, as is too often the case, proved his downfall in spiritual mat- 
ters. During that session, some brother in the church criticised, with some 



546 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

severity, his political course, which called forth from the Doctor a publication 
in one of the newspapers, stating in substance that he had been wounded in 
the house of his friends, and closing with the following lines : 

" Be it known from shore to shore 

That I'm a Methodist no more." 

In the year 1837, the Doctor became a resident of Mount Pleasant and 
encTa<^ed in the practice of law. Finally, in 1843, he recovered his former 
bearint^, and joined the church on probation. In December, he was licensed 
to preach. When the Doctor united a second time with the church, some en- 
emy of his noticed the fact in the papers, and closed by saying : 

" Know ye from Florida to Maine 

That I'm a Methodist again." 

The Doctor ever afterward maintained his Christian integrity, joining the 
travelino- connection and filling several important churches. He died at Wash- 
int^ton, Iowa, early in the sixties. 

° On the 20th of June, 1858, Rev. William Salter, Pastor of the Congre- 
gational Church, delivered an historical sermon in the city of Burlington. 
The discourse was published in the Haivk-Eye of July 28, 1858. It is valu- 
able for many reasons, but especially on account of the date of its delivery. 
Twenty years ago one could obtain information much more readily than now, 
because of the presence of many who have since passed away. The sermon 
treats of the "Progress of Religion in Iowa," but deals particularly with 
Burlincton. We make such extracts from the discourse as apply to the 
development of religious interests in Burlington and vicinity. 

"We owe, to our Methodist brethren the earliest introduction of Christian 
institutions in Iowa. They followed close upon the steps of the hardy pioneers 
who first ventured upon our soil. So far as I have been able to learn, the first 
Methodist minister, and the preacher of the first sermon in Burlington, was 
Barton G. Cartwright, a local preacher from Illinois. He is said to have been 
sent over here by the eccentric backwoods preacher, Peter Cartwright, who 
was at that time Presiding Elder of the Quincy District, Illinois, which 
embraced all of that State lying west of the Illinois River. This was in 1834. 
The same year a Methodist class was formed, of which Dr. W. R. Ross, an 
active Christian and a man of public spirit, was appointed leader. A Methodist 
class was also formed that year, in Dubu(|ue, composed of four persons. Peter 
Cartwright, his son-in-law, W. D. R. Trotter, who was then preaching on the 
Henderson River Mission, embracing the country in Illinois opposite to this 
vicinity, and Asa McMurtry held a two-days meeting here, in the summer of 
18;)4. In his autobigraphy, Mr. Cartwright says (page 302): 'There were 
then only a few cabins in the place, and but a scattered population. The cab- 
ins were small, and not one would hold the people. We repaired to a grove 
(said to have been in the vicinity of the public square, North Hill), and hastily 
prepared seats. Years before this, an old tree had fallen across a young sap- 
ling, and bent it near the earth. The sapling was not killed, and the top of it 
shot up straight beside the tree that had fallen on it, and it had grown for years 
in this condition. The old tree had been cut off, and they scalped the bark 
from that part of the sapling which lay parallel with the ground. They drove 
a stake down, and nailed a board to it, and to the top of the sapling that grew 
erect. This was my hand-board, and I stood on that part of the sapling that 
lay near to and level with the ground. This was my pulpit, from which I 
declared the unspeakable i-iches of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. And we had a 
good meeting.' 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 547 

" Old Zion was the first Methodist house of worship, and the first of any 
Protestant denomination built in Iowa. It was erected in 1838. Meetings 
were held at various places previously ; among others, in a house on Columbia 
street, and in a log house on Main street, near the corner of Valley street. 

" The first Baptist Church was organized in this county near Danville, in 
1834." 

We condense from Mr. Salter's sermon the following items confirmatory 
of other statements made in this work : 

The first Congregational and Presbyterian labor was performed by Rev. 
Asa Turner, then of Quincy, 111., in 1835-36. Old-school churches were 
formed in this county and in Burlington in 1837. The oldest Congregational 
Church in the State was organized at Denmark, May 5, 1838. The Congre- 
gational Church, at Danville, was organized June 30, 1839. 

The German Evangelical Church was formed in Burlington, August, 1843, 
by Rev. Joseph Rieger. 

The earliest Episcopal Church was formed in Burlington, by Rev. John 
Batchelder, in 1840. 

" Old Zion," which was the first church edifice in Burlington, has a remark- 
able history, closely associated in a multitude of ways with the secular as well 
as with the religious life of the place. Its history was compiled in 1866 by 
the Rev. E. H. Waring, for the annual report of the Iowa Methodist Confer- 
ence, and we produce it here as reliable and quite complete, though, aside 
from this source, we have personal letters from Dr. Ross upon the subject, from 
which we occasionally draw. 

In the original survey of Burlington, there were no lots set apart either 
for churches or schools, and Dr. William R. Ross bought the two lots upon 
which Old Zion now stands, paying $100 for them, and donated them to the 
church, "to build a new meeting-house." In 1836, he dug "the cellar," as he 
terms the basement, which cost $72 ; and all the financial help he had in that 
portion of the work was $50 from Hon. David Rorer. 

Illustrative of the devotion of Dr. Ross to his labor of building a church, 
and of the conscientiousness of the man, it is related, that when he fully 
determined to begin work, he began to look about him for pecuniary aid. He 
applied to Judge Rorer, who at once contributed $100 toward the project. 
The task proved too great to be carried out, and Mr. Ross was almost dis- 
couraged. One day he met Mr. Rorer, and admitted to him that he could not 
get means enough to complete the church, and that he should be obliged to 
postpone building it. The Doctor acknowledged that he had used half of the 
contribution made by Mr. Rorer, but that the balance had not been so employed. 
However, he had used the cash in other ways, and was unable to refund the 
$50, but would gladly send him brick to that amount, if Mr. Rorer would 
accept them. The Judge agreed to do so, and Dr. Ross supplied the brick, 
which went toward constructing the first brick house in Burlington. 

The next year, the building proper was commenced ; but, owing to a lack of 
money, little progress was made. The old record-book has the minutes of a 
meeting, held March 5, 1838, at "Mr. Chapman's room,". to "take into con- 
sideration, measures for the erection of a meeting-house." The Pastor, Bastion, 
J. C. Sleeth, Thomas Ballard, Levi Hagar, William Davis and William R. 
Ross were present. They resolved to build a house of brick, 40x60 feet in 
size, and Ross, Sleeth and Hagar were appointed a Building Committee. They 
received the most precise instructions, and were " to estimate the probable 
expense ; to raise funds ; to 'plan said building ; to let out and make all con- 



548 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

tracts, and for security, to have a lien on the building ; to exercise a general 
superintendence over the work until completed ; and to have power to make 
their own regulations, and to fill vacancies in their number occasioned in any 
way." Thus, it will be seen, they had ample powers, and their duties Avere 
plainly defined. 

On the 10th of March, 1838, the Quarterly Conference, composed of the 
above-mentioned men, with the addition of the Presiding Elder, approved of 
the Committee as arranged, and added Adam Fordney to the number. The 
Committee was zealous in attention to its business, and frequently met to discuss 
the plans and specifications and proposals submitted by various mechanics. 
Finally the contract for brick was made with Dr. Ross, on the 15th of June,- 
at the rate of $7.50 per 1,000 ; the contract for stone was made with certain 
parties, styled the " Germans," at the rate of " one dollar for every twenty- two 
and a half cubic feet, to be measured clear measure when in the wall." The 
basement walls were to be two feet thick, and the basement was " to have 
doors and windows sufficient to make it light and airj^" so that the the rooms 
would be "pleasant and comfortable for meetings and schools." But this the 
situation of the site, dug out as it was from the steep hillside, efi'ectually 
prevented. 

March 7, 1838, the form of subscription was agreed upon, but the list 
of subscriptions is lost. The probable cost of the house, " partially completed," 
was stated at from $2,000 to $3,000. Under date of April 2, 1838, Mr. 
Bastion says : " The contracts for the stone, lime, lumber, brick, timber amd 
digging are all let. See list of contracts in this book." But the list of con- 
tracts is missing. 

The work upon the Church, under these arrangements, was commenced in 
April or May, 1838. June 14, 1838, the following Trustees were appointed: 
John C. Sleeth, W. R. Ross, Thomas Ballard, Robert Cock and Robert Avery. 
They held their first meeting June 18, 1838, and resolved, " in their capacity 
of Trustees of the Church, to assume the responsibility of the business here- 
tofore transacted by the Building Committee, and attend to all the duties of their 
ofiice." In view of this action. Bastion records, June 25,1838, "• the Building 
Committee is annihilated, and the Trustees assume all the business and obliga- 
tions." 

At this time a begging tour was undertaken by Mr. Bastion, in behalf of 
the Church. To foot the current expenses of the trip, Ross, Sleeth, Ballard 
and Hagar made up a purse of $30, and Bastion went as far south as Louis- 
ville, Ky., where he had to borrow $25 to pay his expenses home. So the 
account of the trip may be summed up thus : 

Cost of trip 155 00 

Receipts 00 00 

Loss ?55 00 

The Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session in Burlington, passed an Act of 
Incorporation, which was approved June 22, 1838. This Avas one of the first acts 
of its kind passed for Iowa, and the following is its substance. It provided 
that: "John C Sleeth, Thomas Ballard, William R. Ross, Robert Avery and 
Robert Cock, and such other free white persons of full age, as shall be associated 
with them, according to the rules and discipline of said (M. E.) Church, shall 
be, and are hereby constituted and made a body in deed and law, by tlie title 
and name of the ' Trustees of the M. E. Church in the city of Burlington,' 
with perpetual succession, and are hereby made capable in law to have, pur- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 549 

■chase, receive, take, hold, possess and enjoy to them and their successors, to 
the use of the said M. E.. Church in Burlinojton, Lots 374 and 375." 

During the summer and fall of 1838, the work on the building was pressed 
vigorously. In a report signed John C. Sleeth and Robert Cock, in which they 
state the amount of the original subscription to be $1,500, they say : " After 
having proceeded with the building to a considerable extent, an opportunity 
presented itself of renting the church (if completed) to the Legislative Assembly. 
Thinking this opportunity a favorable one for raising funds to pay the expenses 
of erection, every effort was made to have the building completed in time for 
that special purpose." This report was made to the Quarterly Conference 
March 6, 1841. The proposition to rent the church came from Hon. Robert 
Lucas, Governor of the Territory. The work on the church, so far as it was 
then completed, was finished by December, 1838, but nothing further was done 
than to inclose it and put on one coat of plastering. The part then built con- 
sisted of the " old part " only; the present front and tower were not built until 
184G. The doors that stood under the front of the old gallery were originally 
the front doors of the building. A framed platform extended along the front 
of the church on the outside, on a level with the floor of the audience-room ; 
this platform stood on turned posts, and was ascended by a flight of steps from 
the front pavement. The building, as completed, cost about $4,500. 

The Legislature took possession of the building immediately after its com- 
pletion. The upper room was assigned to the House of Representatives, the 
front basement to the Senate, and the rear basement Avas divided by rough board 
partitions into offices for the Legislative and Territorial officers. Some long 
benches were provided by the Trustees, but the chairs used in the halls were 
provided by the Government. The Speakers' desks were made of boards 
roughly planed and nailed together, so as to form a kind of stand, and the one 
in the audience-room served, at preaching times, for the pulpit. Amid such 
surroundings the machinery of legislation was put in motion in the Territory of 
Iowa. 

In their report of 1841, the Trustees gave their aggregate receipts to that 
date as follows : Received for rent from the Legislature, $2,200 ; on subscrip- 
tion, $980; total, $3,180. Remaining debt, $1,320; total cost, $4,500. To 
meet this debt they had a balance of rent due, $300, and of subscription (de- 
preciated) of about $500. 

The debt continued for some years to be a source of vexation and trouble. 
Rev. D. G. Cartwright relates that while he was filling the place of Rev. I. I. 
Stewart, during his absence in 1840, the building was threatened with sale, but 
he succeeded in getting a number of the creditors to release their claims, and 
in this way over $1,000 of the debt was canceled in less than two days. Dr. 
Ross, whose attachment to the church was manifested in the most substantial 
way, writes : "I paid for most of the rock, lime, lumber and all the brick, 
beside many of the other materials, and many of the workmen, costing me up- 
ward of $6,000 ; and, after all, to keep it from being sold at a sacrifice — for it 
had gone through a court of law and equity, and Conference — I had to sell 
my own private residence, which cost me $3,400, for $1,200 to save and free the 
church from debt." 

The location of Old Zion, on the west side of Third street, between Wash- 
ington and Columbia streets, is excellent, being sufficiently central for the 
northern part of the city, convenient of access to the hotels, and comparatively 
retired. The church stands on Lots No. 374 and 375 of the original town plat 
of Burlington. The claim to the town site was held by two brothers-in-law 



550 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

named White and Doolittle, and was purchased, as has been stated, by Dr. 
Ross for $100. The title, however, passed through the preacher, Bastion, who 
was bound in a penal bond of $10,000 to make the Trustees a title according 
to the deed of settlement of the M. E. Church, as laid down in the discipline, 
BO soon as he should receive the same from the Patent Office at Washington. 
The duplicate of tlie certificate of title, issued in the name of Bastion, was 
placed in the hands of John C. Sleeth, who was to send it and the entry money 
to the Land Office. The lots were finally patented to the Trustees of the 
Church February 4, 1841. 

The Iowa Patriot^ of December 13, 1838, contains the following : " The 
new Methodist meeting-house is now occupied by the Legislative Assembly. It 
is a very neat and substantial building. The basement story, partitioned ofi" 
for Conference and class meetings, is composed of stone, and the upper part of 
brick. It is in a commanding situation, and when finished with its cupola and 
bell, it will be a great ornament to the city of Burlington." 

The Legislature of Iowa held four sessions in Old Zion, viz. : The regular 
sessions of 1838-39 and 1839-40 ; the extra session of July, 1840, and the 
regular session of 1840—41. The appropriation bills show that the Terri- 
torial Government paid for the use of the church a total of $2,500. 

Beside its use by the Legislature, the church was rented for several years 
for the Supreme Court of Iowa, and the District Court of Des Moines County. 
While used for this purpose in June, 1845, the Mormon murderers, the Hodge 
brothers, were tried and convicted of murder in the first degree. The verdict 
was delivered on Sunday morning, June 22, and in the afternoon of the same 
day, the wretches were sentenced to death from the pulpit of Old Zion, by 
Hon. Charles Mason. They suifered the extreme penalty of the law July 15 
following. 

The church being, at that time, the only commodious building in Bur- 
lington, was used for a long time for political meetings, lectures and even 
shows. 

On the 23d and 24th of January, 1840, it was the scene of an Indian 
council, held by Gov. Lucas with the chiefs of the Sac and Fox Indians. 
About fifty Indians, including Hardfish, Nasheaskuk, and many other prom- 
inent men of the tribes, were present. They came to complain of the des- 
ecration of the old Black Hawk's grave. The whole afiair wound up with 
a big war dance and Indian show. 

On Monday night, December 16, 1838, it was the headquarters of a 
company of soldiers, numbering about one hundred and fifty, from Musca- 
tine, who were on their way to the threatened border war between Iowa and 
Missouri, respecting the Territorial line. The principal circumstance remem- 
bered with this event is that of their being supplied with a barrel of whisky 
by the citizens, many of whom joined with the volunteers in the revelry of 
the night. 

After the vacation of the church by the Courts, the basement was fitted up 
for school purposes. 

Four sessions of the Iowa Conference have been held in Old Zion, viz. r 

September 3-8. 1845 — Bishop Morris ; Secretary, H. W. Reed. 

September 20, October 4, 1852 — Bishop Ames ; Secretary, M. H. Hare. 

August 21-26, 1861 — Bishop Scott ; Secretary, E. H. Waring. 

September 2-7, 1868 — Bishop Janes ; Secretary, E. H. Waring. 

On account of its various uses, the building was known by different names. 
Usually, in early times, it was called " The Methodist Church " ; but frequently 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 551 

it was styled " The Court House " or " The State House." An illustration of 
the use of the latter title is found, queerly enough, in a religious notice in the 
Iowa Patriot of December 13, 1838 : "A two-days' meeting will be held in 
the State House on Saturday evening next, and continuing until Sunday night. 
Revs. Scott and Arrington are expected. 

The popular name of "Old Zion" dates from 1851. J. S. McKenny, 
formerly one of the editors of the Burlington Telegraphy gives the following 
account of the christening: "In 1851, we were publishing, in company with 
Hon. James M. Morgan, the Daily Telegraph. Some time during the year, it 
was found that the roof of the church was in very bad condition, and the 
ladies of the congregation determined upon holding a festival to raise funds to 
put a new roof on the building. When the time arrived for holding the festi- 
val, the late Hon. Judge Stockton came to the Telegraph office, and requested 
that we should get up a 'poster' for the occasion, saying that he would leave 
the matter with us. The bill was printed, the leading lines reading thus: 
'Old Zion wants a new roof We had no intention at the time of naming the 
church, our object in using the name being merely to make the bill attractive, 
but thus we accidentally had the honor of naming 'Old Zion.' " 

The name thus given was immediately attached to the church, and has 
continued to be its title. In 1851, the station organized in the church was rec- 
ognized by the Conference as Old Zion Station. In reference to the remarka- 
ble history of the old church, Hon. Charles Mason, in his speech delivered at 
the Old Settlers' Festival, held in Old Zion Church, June 2, 1858, made some 
interesting remarks which we reproduce: 

"As illustrative of the novel uses to which it was necessary to adapt the 
limited means within our reach in those early days, and the shifts to which we 
were driven by the great mother of invention, I need but remind you of some 
of the scenes which have been witnessed within these vei'y walls. The main 
body of this edifice has now been standing about twenty years. It was the 
first, and for many years the only, church-building in the city of Burlington. 
Whoever at the present day sits within its hallowed precincts, listening 
to the fervid prayer, the calm discourse, the swelling anthem, the loud hosan- 
na, would be very erroneous in the conclusion that these were the only sounds 
that had ever echoed within its consecrated walls. No; other halls have 
witnessed more important and more tragical scenes; but where will you find 
those that can give a more varied history of what had transpired within 
them? 

"Here was embodied for a number of years the legislative wisdom of the 
Territory of Iowa — the 'Lower House' occupying, paradoxically, the halls 
above, and the 'Upper House' the rooms below. From these went forth 
those edicts which for many a year have ruled this goodly land. Here 
too, the supreme judicial tribunal of the Territory held its sometime 
session, and the regular terms of the District Court were here convened for 
many a successive year. Here the rights of person and property were adjudi- 
cated; here the felon trembled and hoped at the prospect of an inefficient pen- 
itentiary, and here the murderer received his final earthly doom. 

"Nor is this all. With the eye of vivid recollection I see before me the 
assembled patriotism of this young city in democratic council convened, to hear 
the propositions brought by the bearers of a flag of truce from a hostile camp, 
to discuss, in high debate, the momentous question of peace or further war 
with our more powerful though not more valiant antagonist. A model war 
was that and right worthy of our praise, where not one di'op of hostile blood 



552 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

was shed; where those who won the glory j^aid the hills, and ever since then 
their hearts have inclined to peace. 

" Finally, within these walls the amiable Governor of the Territory met in 
friendly conference the representatives of some of his dissatisfied red children, 
to hear their complaints, and at least to promise them redress — an easy and 
oft- repeated remedy. Here the citizens listened to the native eloquence of the 
red men, and were treated to the exhibition of the song and the war-dance. 
The wild whoop of the savage, which had so often carried dismay and 
horror to many a stout heart, failed to make any impression upon Old 
Zion, which then, as now, looked on in strange gravity, and seemed to be fully 
determined not to be surprised at any strange scene that might transpire within 
it." 

The war to which the JAdge referred was the dispute which sprang up be- 
tween the State of Missouri and Iowa respecting their border line, when the 
military forces were actually called out and bloodshed seemed not improbable. 

Nor has Old Zion lacked a poet to celebrate its history in immortal verse. 
At the Old Settlers' Festival, before referred to, Johnson Pierson, Esq., read a 
poem, in which there are the following lines : 

" Now rose thy walls, Oltl Zion, which have stood 
The dread assaults of wasting time and flood. 
Thou wast our hope for many rolling years, 
Shook with our joy, as often soothed our tears. 
Poured out like raindrops from the smitten cloud 
When the live vaulting thunder rifts its shroud. 
Thou wert our forum, scene of many a sport, 
In Pleasui'e's drama and Ambition's court. 
Here, too, our village beauty rushed to see 
The motley Indian-dance of savage glee ; 
Here was the patriot's stand, when border war 
Chained his fierce dragons to his bloody car. 
But our good guns, and swords of burnished sheen, 
Showed we were brave — a dangerous set of men. 
We went, saw, conquered — not the foe— the meat 
Our knapsacks held ; then made — a grand retreat ! 
We rushed with eager haste from war's alarms, 
Covered with glory, to our shops and farms, 
To hear the plaudits : ' Patriots brave, well done ! ' 
So thou, old pile, hast been our guiding star 
In all the varied scenes of peace and war." 

After the church was abandoned by the Legislature, in 1840, the members 
united and put in some rough benches, with a narrow back to each seat. These 
were placed in the "amen corners," and just in front of the stand. The rest 
of the house was filled with benches destitute of backs. About 1845, the 
house was comfortably fitted with pews. The plastering, however, was not 
finished for several years. 

The first pulpit, as used by the Speaker of the Legislature, was succeeded 
by a regular "^w6" concern, that half encircled the preacher as he stood within 
it. The third pulpit, a high and massive structure, " marbleized," and no doubt 
thought tasteful in its day, was built by Evan Evans, Esq. Inside of one of 
the columns, when taken down in 18G2, was found written in pencil, "August 
22nd, 1845." This pulpit was displaced by a small grained desk, erected by 
Rev. E. H. Waring, in 1862. But its day was brief, for in the renewal of the 
church in 1864, the neat, small pulpit of oak and walnut now in use took its 
place. The pulpit originally stood in its present position ; but, in 1843, the 
seats were reversed, and the pulpit placed between the entrance doors. This 
was done at the instance of the Presiding Elder, Rev. B. Weed, in order to 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUIITY. 553 

avert the confusion incident upon a whole congregation turning round to scan 
every new arrival. But later, the original arrangement was restored. 

The front and cupola date to 1846. Then, under the superintendence of 
Rev. E. S. Norris, the addition, including the vestibule, stairways, gallery and 
steeple, was put up, at a cost of $1,200. The external work was much better 
done than the internal. The stairs were awkwardly arranged, and the gallery 
— once termed by C. Dunham, late editor of the Hawk-Eye^ " the cock-loft of 
Old Zion " — was almost wholly unfit for use. 

The bell, weighing 1,452 pounds, was put in in 1850. It is of fine material 
and of excellent tone. In 1862, the Old Zion and Ebenezer stations were 
united under the charge ot the Rev. Mr. Waring. In the spring of 1864, by 
a vote of the membership, at a meeting held for the purpose, the place of meet- 
ing was changed to Ebenezer. Upon the occurrence of these events, the friends 
of Old Zion rallied, a meeting was held, and it was determined to repair the 
church, and ask for a re-establishment of Old Zion Station. Subscriptions 
were taken, and the work of restoration undertaken. The Haivk-Eye chronicled 
the changes thus : 

" Old Zion. — This venerable edifice, in its internal arrangements, has been 
thoroughly remodeled. Through the body of the church now run three aisles, 
two side and one center ; the old gallery has been removed, and in its place 
are the pews, but slightly raised above the main floor, and a new and tasteful 
pulpit succeeds the old one. The ceiling is adorned in fresco, while on each 
side of the pulpit is a tablet in fresco, on which are appropriate scriptural 
quotations, admirably lettered. In the center of the ceiling is a circular 
aperture five or six feet in diameter, constructed for the purpose of ventilation. 
The windows, formerly old-fashioned and quite low, are now arched, thereby 
adding greatly to the beauty of the church, not only within, but without. The 
seats are somewhat lower than formerly, and have been tastefully grained. 
Where the two side doors were, book-cases are arranged." 

This account omits the removal of the fence in front, and the reconstruction 
of the stairs, and gives the cost of the repairs at $2,000. 

The church, which has never been formally dedicated, was re-opened, Avith 
appropriate services by Rev. Bishop Janes, assisted by G. B. Jocelyn, D. D., and 
other ministers, on Sunday, June 10, 1864. 

The standing and condition of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the sta- 
tions in the 'Burlington District which belong to Burlington, are shown by the 
following statistics from the last annual report of the Iowa Conference : Divis- 
ion Street Church, probationers, 12 ; full members, 217 ; probable value of 
church, $32,000 ; parsonage, 1, of $5,000 value ; expense of improving 
church and parsonage, $690 ; indebtedness, nothing ; paid toward support of 
Bishops, $20 ; salary of Pastor, $1,700 ; claim of Presiding Elder, $125 ; 
claims of Conference, $100 ; Sunday-school expenses, $100. For Old Zion, the 
probationers are o ; full members, 240 ; probable value of church, $15,000 ; 
value of parsonage, $5,000 ; cost of keeping in repair, $125 ; toward support 
of Bishops, $7 ; salary of Pastor, $1,550 ; Presiding Elder, $120; Conference 
claims, $25 ; Sunday-school expenses, $150. For the South Station, the pro- 
bationers are 2 ; full members, 85 ; churches, 2 ; probable value, $4,000 ; sal- 
ary of Pastor, $1,200 ; receipts, $786.85 ; claim of Presiding Elder, $65 ; 
receipts, $40.75 ; Sunday-school expenses, $50. In the Burlington Circuit, 
the probationers are 15 ; full members, 150 ; churches, 2 ; probable value, 
$2,000 ; salary of Pastor, $400 ; Presiding Elder, $75 ; Sunday-school ex- 
penses, $25. None of these churches are incumbered with debt. 



554 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The First German Methodist Episcopal Church. — The mission was begun 
in September, 1845, by Rev. Sebastian Barth, and the society was regularly 
organized January 8, 1848, by Rev. William Hemminghams. Early mem- 
bers were Andrew Delle, Christina Delle, Rosina Fichtner, Barbara Klau- 
berg, Kathina Kriechbaum, Margaretta Funk, Franz Reif, Christina Reif, 
Anna Meyer, Henry Fengel, Peter Fengel, Margaretta Fengel, Friedrich 
Fleischmann, Margaretta Fleischmann, Maria Schpefer, showing a regular 
membership of fifteen, besides twenty-three members on probation. They 
first worshiped in the basement of Old Zion Methodist Episcopal Church. 
The first house of w^orship was erected on the corner of Sixth and High 
streets, during the fall of 1848, and dedicated by Rev. L. S. Jacoby, D. D. 
The present house of worship, on the corner of Seventh and Washington 
streets, was built in 1868, and dedicated May 9, 1869, by Rev. William 
Nast, D. D., of Cincinnati, Ohio, the Father of German Methodism. The 
cost of the new church and lot was about $20,000. The following Pastors 
have served this society : 1845-47, Sebastian Barth. William Hemming- 
hams, after he had been Pastor four months, died. Friedrich Kerkmann 
served seven months, and Thomas Schulz only one month — he died, also. 
Charles Hollmann officiated one year, and Henry Nuelsen one year and 
four months, when he was sent as a missionary to Germany. John L. 
Walther served two years. He was afterward Chaplain of an Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantry Regiment, and fell in the battle of Shiloh, during the late 
rebellion, dying the death of a Christian patriot and hero. Then came Charles 
Hollman, H. F. Hoeneke, Charles Klukholm, Friedrich Kopp, A. C. Locher, 
John M. Wenkler, Jacob Haas, Louis Harmel, Charles Heidel, Philip Hehner, 
Henry Naumann, Rudolph Havighorst, E. R. Irmscher and Charles Holtkamp, 
who came in September, 1877, and is the present Pastor. 

The first officers were : Stewards — George Blickhahn, Jacob Fichtner, 
Tobias Hartraann, Henry Fengel, Friedrich Fleischmann. Trustees — J. C. 
Sleeth, Jedidiah Bennett, George Blickhahn, J. F. Fichtner, J. Adam Funk. 

The present officers are : Stewards — Fred. Steinmeyer, John Burg, John 
Hertgler, Philip Benner, Henry Ewinger, Henry Droegemeyer, Robert Leist, 
John Schneider, Fred. Buhrraeister. Trustees — Fred Steinmeyer, John 
Hertzler, John Burg, George Otto, Henry Ewinger, John Greiner, Fred Yon 
Behren, Henry Faiser, Henry J. Schroeder. The present number of members 
is 180; of probationists, 15. The Sunday-school is under the supervision of 
Rebert, Superintendent: Philip Benner, Vice Superintendent; Arthur F. 
Hertzler, Secretary ; Edmund E. Hertzler, Librarian ; Samuel Huebner, Assist- 
ant, Librarian. The number of scholars is, at present, 280, who are instructed 
by twenty teachers. 

Division Street M. E. ChurchwsiS organized in October, 1853. The member- 
ship of the society numbered something over a hundred. Rev.W. F. Coles was the 
first Pastor. The first official Board of which we have any record, consisted of 
the following persons : Oliver Cock, D. S. Eberol, Levi Hager, H. C. Hawkins, 
W. C. Hunt, W^illiam E. Brown, William Johnson, Thomas Robertson, Adam 
Fortney. The first Board of Trustees consisted of Oliver Cock, W. E. Brown, 
H. C. Hawkins, Martin Heiser. The congregation worshiped for several 
months in the South Hill Schoolhouse, where a flourishing Sabbath school 
was established, with Martin Heiser, Superintendent. Early in the spring of 
1854, ground was broken on the corner of Fifth and Division streets, and the 
foundation was laid for the substantial and commodious church edifice Avhich the 
congregation now occupies. When the church was built, material of all kinds 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 555 

was very high, and the good enterprise was only carried forward to completion 
through the tact and perseverance of the Pastor and the liberality of the con- 
gregation. In September, 1854, the basement was so far completed that it 
became the place of worship for about one year, when the audience-room was 
dedicated by Bishop Simpson, who preached on the occasion a discourse of great' 
eloquence and power. 

The following ministers have served the society as Pastors : Revs. W. F. 
Coles, P. P. Ingals, S. Reynolds, I. A. Bradwick, W. Dennet, A. W. Stryker, 
E. Miller, E. H. Mering, T. E. Corkhill, H. W. Thomas and J. C. Brown, who 
has been appointed to the charge for the second time, and is now in the second 
year of his present pastorate. The Sabbath school has for a number of years been 
one of the largest in the city. It is now doing well under the efficient manage- 
ment of J. C. Bonnell. 

The present membership of the church is 230. According to the minutes 
of the Iowa Conference for 1878, Division Street Church raised and disbursed 
the following sums of money for the cause of benevolence and to carry on the 
church enterprise at home and abroad : 

Pastor's salary $1,600 00 

Parent Missionary Society 220 00 

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society 114 42 

To Board of Cliurch Extension, Tract Society, etc 55 00 

For Sunday-school work 118 00 

For improvement of church property 510 00 

For the poor 100 00 

Sexton, Organist, fuel, etc., etc 425 00 

Total 13,147 42 

St. John's G-erman Methodist Church. — This Mission was organized in 
September, 1871, with the following constituent members : John Schmidt and 
wife, Otto Lawrenz, Hanna Kamphoefer, Louisa Held, Louisa Derwein, Caro- 
lina Derwein, Conrad Miller, Eliza Miller, Conrad Peiff, Elizabeth Peiff, Cath- 
erine Derwein, John Freitag and wife, Johanna Freitag, Pone and wife, John 
Wagner, Lizzie Wagner, Kate Hemig. The first Pastor was Christian Piesch, 
and the present one is George Enzeroth. The present number of members is 
sixty-five and the property of the church is valued at $3,000. 

South Street 31. E. Church. — At the twenty-eighth session of the Iowa 
Annual Conference, held at Mount Pleasant October 4-9, 1871, the Com- 
mittee on Missions recommended the establishment of the South Burlington 
Mission, and that $150 be appropriated to its support, which recommendation 
was concurred in by the Presiding Bishop, E. R. Ames. The same Conference 
appointed Rev. W. G. Wilson to this field, who organized the society with six 
members — Edgar Bloomer, Sr., Eliza Bloomer, Edgar Bloomer, Jr., Clemen- 
tine Bloomer, George Mantor and Mrs. M. M. Mantor. In the same year, 
the present church edifice was built, a neat frame structure, situated corner 
South and Thirteenth streets. Prior to the occupancy of this building, the 
society held services in the West Madison Schoolhouse, on Summer street. The 
first Stewards were appointed at the first Quarterly Conference of the South 
Burlington Charge, held at Spring Grove December 11, 1871. They were 
George Mantor and E. Bloomer, Sr.; and at the second Quarterly Conference, 
held at South Burlington (South street) Chapel March 23, 1872, Philip Chris- 
singer, B. T. Deal, E. Bloomer, Jr., E. Bloomer, Sr., and G. Mantor, were 
elected Trustees, having been previously nominated by the Pastor, Rev. Mr. 
Wilson. At the same meeting, R. Findlay was elected^ Recording Secretary. 



556 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The society reported ninety-one members, including seven probationers, to the 
Annual Conference of 1874. To the Conference of 1878, the membership wa& 
reported at eighty-seven. A new parsonage is now about completed, valued at 
about |1,500. Key. W. G. Wilson served the Church as Pastor from Septem- 
ber, 1871, till October 9, 1872 ; Rev. J. H. Power, D. D., from October 9, 
1872, till removed by death, January 26, 1873 ; Rev. Mr. Leonard filled the 
vacancy till September 21, 1873 ; Rev. J. G. Barton was appointed Pastor 
September 21, 1873, and served till September 12, 1876; Rev. N. Wells was 
appointed September 10, 1877, and served one year ; Rev. G. W. Byrkit, the 
present efficient Pastor, was appointed in September, 1878. A flourishing 
Sunday school is connected with the Church, with about one hundred and fifty 
members, and the society is growing in numbers and influence. Mr. Byrkit 
was a Burlington boy, formerly, and a compositor in the Hawk-Eye office 
twenty-one years ago. The present Trustees of his Church are Dr. Moss, I. 
S. Shoutz, C. T. Patterson, George Mantor and J. F. Jordan. Samuel 
Crownover is present Superintendent of the Sabbath school. 

Congregational Church. — This Church was first formed in the year 1838, 
by Rev. James A. Clark, a missionary of the American Home Mission Society, 
who was then stationed at Fort Madison. On November 25 of that year, 
Christian friends, to the number of twelve, met in a house on Court street, then 
occupied as a schoolroom by Park Stewart, and associated themselves as a 
church, which was known and recognized as " The Constitutional New School 
Presbyterian Church of Burlington." James G. Edwards and wife, Mrs. 
Ellen T. Edwards, William H. Starr, Mrs. Frances C. Starr, Dr. Knapp, 

William Jaynes, Bronson and wife, Arthur Bridgman, Joseph Bridgman, 

Mrs. Helen M, Lamson, Mrs. Lockwood and Mrs. Ruth Sheldon, composed 
the infant organization, from which has grown the present large and prosperous 
Congregational Church. Of this little band of pioneer Christians, very few 
are living, and only one, Mrs. Edwards (noAv Mrs. J. M. Broadwell), resides 
in this city. She was formerly a member of the famous Old South Church, 
Boston, having come to the West in 1829. Arthur Bridgman resides in 
Keokuk, and Joseph Bridgman in Muscatine. The house in which the Church 
was organized was destroyed by fire January 6, 1867. 

For several years after its establishment, the Church was ministered to 
occasionally by Rev. Mr. Clark, before mentioned, Rev. Asa Turner, Jr., of 
Denmark, Iowa, Rev. Reuben Gaylord, of Danville, Iowa, and Rev. W. C. 
Rankin, of Yellow Springs, then laboring in the Territory under the patron- 
age of the American Home Mission Society. The same society aided this 
infant Church for ten years, expending upon this field nearly $1,500 in that 
period. For several months, in 18-42. Rev. John M. Boal, a graduate of Lane 
Theological Seminary, officiated for the society, during which a revival was 
experienced. In October, 1843, fhe Church invited Rev. Horace Hutchinson, 
a graduate of Amherst College and of Andover Theological Seminary, to 
become their minister, which invitation was accepted, and he continued their 
Pastor until removed by death, March 7, 1846. 

A re-organization of the Church was effected December 28, 1843, and the 
Congregational name and form of government adopted. The meeting for this pur- 
pose was held in their room on Main street. Rev. A. Leonard presiding, and A. S. 
Shackford acting as Secretary. There were also present at this meeting R. 
Armstrong, W. H. Starr, Charles Hendric, Mrs. D. Leonard, J. G. Edwards, 
Mrs. A. Leonard, Mrs. M. J. Kelley, Mrs. McCash, Mrs. E. T. Edwards, Mrs. 
L. Buel and D. Leonard. The motion to re-organize as a Congregational 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 55T 

Church was unanimously carried, and other members of the old organization, 
not present at the meeting, were to be recognized as members of the new, on 
assenting to the Constitution, Confession of Faith and Covenant. At this time 
the membership included forty-one souls. January 4, 1844, James G. Edwards 
and Albert S. Shackford were chosen the first Deacons of the new Church, 
which, as re-organized, was incorporated by an act of the Sixth Legislative 
Assembly of the Territory of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844. This act 
authorized the Church and society to hold property to an amount not exceeding 
115,000, Abner Leonard, William B. Ewing, Seth T. Ransom, James G. 
Edwards and Albert S. Shackford are mentioned in the Act of Incorporation. 
The act was amended June 19, 1844, giving the society more explicit au- 
thority as to rules and by-laws, and making valid previous transfers to or 
from the society, and a farther amendment passed by the Legislature, approved 
March 30, 1866, authorizes the organization to hold property to the value 
of 1100,000, and to dispose of pews and other property for the support of the 
Church. The Constitution adopted, December 28, 1843, was then, or soon 
thereafter, signed by Abner Leonard, Elizabeth Leonard, David Leonard, Mary 
S. Leonard, Jane Wilkins, Benjamin Lewis, William H. Starr (2d), John B. 
Fry, Ruth Sheldon, Eliza Kurtz, James G. Edwards, William H. Starr, Rob- 
ert Armstrong, Albert S. Shackford, Sarah McCash, Louisa Buel, Margaret 
J. Kelley, Ellen T. EdAvards, Sarah S. Prince, Mary M. McGuire, Ann E. 
Chase, Catherine Nealy, Frances C. Starr, Susan E. Bruner, Maria Pitt, Mary 
Allen, Rebecca Field, Matilda B. Ransom, William and Jane Moore. On the 
same day the Church signified their wish to become connected with the Den- 
mark Association, to the next meeting of which A. S. Shackford was chosen 
delegate. And thus was completed the organization of the Congregational 
Church of Burlington, destined to increase in nuipbers and power, and to wield 
a wide iniluence in the city and among sister-churches. 

The building of the society's first house of worship was commenced in 
June, 1843, 40x50 feet in size, built of brick, completed at a cost of $6,000, 
and dedicated December 29, 1846, the Pastor, Rev. William Salter, preaching 
the dedicatory sermon from the second chapter of Isaiah, third verse. 

The former Pastor, Rev. Mr. Hutchinson, having recently died, at a 
church meeting held at the old meeting-place on Columbia street, near Water, 
where the McCutcheon House now stands, March 15, 1846, an invitation was 
extended to Rev. William Salter, then of the church in Makoqueta, Iowa, to 
become their Pastor. The invitation was accepted, and Mr. Salter, who had 
preached his first sermon in Burlington, March 1, 1846, was regularly installed 
by an Ecclesiastical Council held December 30, of the same year. At this 
Council Rev. Reuben Gaylord, of Danville, Iowa, was Moderator; Rev. T. M. 
Post, of Illinois College, Jacksonville, preached the sermon ; Rev. Asa Turner, 
of Denmark, Iowa, ofiered the prayer of installation ; Rev. Benjamin A. 
Spaulding, of Ottumwa, gave the charge to the Pastor, and Rev. James A. 
Clark, of Fort Madison, the address to the people. Mr. Salter has ever since 
remained Pastor of the Church, sharing their joys and sorrows and triumphs, 
through the long period of over thirty-two years; the membership under his devoted 
and efficient labors, increasing from fifty- three in 1846, to two hundred and 
ninety-three in 1879. It is not often that any church is blessed with the min- 
istrations of a single Pastor for so long a period. 

The Haivk-Eye of January 7, 1847, speaks with pride of the " new Con- 
gregational Church on Fourth street." It was 60x40 feet, well proportioned 
and surmounted by a graceful spire. The internal decorations were tasteful^ 



558 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

and the "bell had a pleasing tone." The church cost about $6,000, $279.18 
of which was raised by the Ladies' Sewing Society. The installation of Rev. 
W. Salter as Pastor Avas alluded to as having taken place December 29, 1846. 
The services attending this interesting and now historic event lasted during the 
day and evening. Rev. R. Gay lord led the introductory exercises, and Prof. 
Post, of Jacksonville, 111., preached the sermon from Ephesians, iv, 15. The 
installing prayer was offered by Rev. A. Turner, The charges were delivered 
by Revs. B. A. Spaulding and J. A. Clark. 

This house was enlarged by an addition twenty feet to the west end, in 
1854, and was taken down in 1866 to make room for the building of the new 
house on the same site, on Fourth street, between Jefferson and Washington 
streets. 

October 13, 1852, the Church organized a Missionary Society and adopted 
a constitution for the same. D. Leonard was the first President and M. S. 
Foote, first Secretary of this society, which has been active and liberal in aiding 
the extension of the Gospel. During the months of October and November, 
1854, the services of the Church were held in Marion Hall, during the building 
of the addition to their old house of worship. February 28, 1864, Rev. Almon 
Underwood, of Newark, N. J., was invited to assist this Church in a protracted 
meeting. He came and preached thirty-nine sermons, beginning March 6, of 
that year, from which much good followed. June 30, 1864, the Pastor was 
granted leave of absence for six weeks to go the Army of the Cumberland in 
the service of the Christian Commission, where he rendered invaluable service 
to the sick and wounded of the Union army. April 16, 1866, Mr. Salter 
preached his twentieth anniversary sermon as Pastor of the Church. 

The society having voted to build a new and more commodious house of 
worship, to be erected on the site of the old, and necessary expenses having 
been provided for the purpose, the last services were held in the old house Sep- 
tember 9, 1866, and the last prayer-meeting in the same, September 13, on 
which occasion the Pastor lectured from Haggai, ii, 1-4. This house having 
to be removed, the society occupied the basement of the Cumberland Presby- 
terian Church, beginning September 16, 1866, and till September 12, 1867, 
going thence to Marion Hall, which they occupied till December 19, 1869. 

At a church-meeting held July 1, 1867, arrangements were made to lay the 
corner-stone of their present beautiful church-building, which memorable event 
occurred July 4 of that year, under the supervision of the architect, Mr. 
Charles A. Dunham. Li the afternoon of the day appointed, invitations having 
been extended to all the Pastors in the city and others to be present, the con- 
gregation and friends met at Marion Hall, and marched in procession to the 
designated site, headed by Robert Donahue, Marshal of the Day. Appropriate 
hymns were sung ; Psalms Ixxxiv and xcii were read by Rev. G. D. Stewart; an 
address was delivered by the Pastor, Rev. William Salter ; the corner-stone 
was laid by the Deacons and Trustees respresenting the Church, the congrega- 
tion singing the 548th hymn : 

" Here in tliy name, eternal God, 

We lay tliis corner-stone for Thee ; 
make the house Tliy fixed abode. 

And keep it, Lord, from error free," etc. 

The dedicatory prayer was offered by Rev. Asa Turner. Hymn 605 was 
sung, and Rev. J. B. Fuller pronounced the benediction. Under direction of 
the committee appointed for the purpose (the Pastor, Clerk and Dr. Charles 
Beardsley), a metallic box was placed in the corner-stone, containing the articles 



HISTORl' OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 561 

named as follows : The Bible, the church hymn-book, manual, list of officers 
and members of the church, copy of Burial Hill Declaration of Faith of June, 
1865 ; a copy of the Declaration of American Independence, of the United States 
Constitution, of Washington's Farewell Address, of Lincoln's Emancipation 
Proclamation, of the Constitution of Iowa, a copy of the Burlington City Charter 
and Ordinances, copies of Burlington newspapers, copy of the Religious Neivs 
Letter, of the Congregafwnalist and Recorder, and a copy of the Independent, 
a photograph of the old church-building, and of the plan of front elevation 
of the new, and specimens of national currency. The building thus begun, 
progressed as rapidly as means and circumstances would permit, till December 
26, 1869, when the vestry, with other rooms in the first story, was dedicated 
with appropriate services, Rev. William Salter preaching the dedicatory sermon, 
Rev. W. F. Baird and Prof. J. T. Robert taking part in the exercises. In the 
afternoon of the same day, the vestry was dedicated by the Sunday school, at 
which addresses were delivered by Dr. Charles Beardsley, Robert Donahue and 
by A. E. Millspaugh. The work necessary to complete the house was pushed 
forward, and the magnificent edifice, complete and beautiful, was finally dedi- 
cated December 25, 1870, Avith the following programme : Invocation by the 
Pastor ; reading of Scriptures by Rev. D. E. Jones ; sermon by Rev. J. P. 
Gulliver, D. D., President of Knox College, Galesburg, 111.; prayer of dedica- 
tion by Rev. Asa Turner, Hymns 548, 549 and 550 were sung at intervals, and 
at last, after having worshiped in private dwellings, schoolrooms, halls, and in 
a house of their own inadequate to accommodate their numbers, and after years 
of trial and various vicissitudes, the First Congregational Church of Burlino-- 
ton were permanently at home in a church edifice in which both the conffreo-a- 
tion and the entire city feel a commendable pride. 

In the construction of this beautiful house of worship, some materials of 
the old were used, the stone sills of which are placed at the gateway on the 
south side. The front walls and tower are of stone from Long Creek 
quarries; the side and rear walls are of white limestone; the frescoing is rich 
and beautiful, harmonious in design and coloring. The arched ceiling 97 feet 
in length and 42 feet high, presents a most attractive appearance; the stained- 
glass windows (that in front the gift of Gen. John M. Corse, as a memo- 
rial of his mother, an old member) are beautiful in figures and colors. The 
main audience.rOom is lighted by the aid of two large reflectors, diffusing 
a clear light over the entire room, and the whole building is warmed by one 
large stationary and two portable furnaces. The organ, furniture, carpets and 
upholstery, chiefly furnished and paid for by the ladies of the Church, are 
costly and elegant throughout. There are 141 pews in the audience-room on 
the main floor and 24 in the gallery, capable of seating comfortably 825 per- 
sons, and 200 more may be accommodated as occasion may require. From the 
desk to several of the pews pipes have been laid to accommodate deaf persons, 
and the entire structure is most creditable in solidity, convenience and archi- 
tectural beauty and taste. The house completed, cost $80,000, including the 
organ and furniture, and for generations to come thousands after thousands 
will come and worship in this beautiful temple. 

The first baptism in this congregation, of which we can find a record, took 
place April 28, 1844, Avhen Mary Jane and Eben, children of George and M. J. 
Kelley, and Henry, son of Mrs. Ann E. Chase, received the rite, since when not 
less than two hundred and sixty have, at different times, been baptized. The pres- 
ent officers of the Church are: Clerk, I. N. Stevens; Treasurer, T. R. Rankin; 
Visiting Committee, Mrs. W. S. Berry, Mrs. J. L. Brown and Mrs. Troxel. 



562 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The regular expenses of the congregation ure defrayed from pew rents^ 
amounting to about $5,000 per annum, and of the extraordinary expenses it 
may be stated as a fact most creditable, that the Ladies' Benevolent 
Society of the Church, within eight years, as per report of 1875, had contribu- 
ted for the furniture and building of the new church, $8,376.78. There is 
also a AVoman's Missionary Society connected with the Church, to help in sup- 
porting missionaries to women in foreign lands. TheX^hurch library contains, 
according to report of 1878, 220 volumes. It was founded in 1844, by a 
donation of fifty books from avails of a fund left by Samuel Phillips, in 1802, 
in the hands of the Trustees of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. This 
library is open to all members of the congregation. 

At the organization of the Church, the members co-operated in a Union 
Sabbath school, which was opened June 2, 1839, and was held in Old Zion M. 
E. Church, and of which James G. Edwards was Superintendent for two 
years, as he was subsequently of the Church Sunday school, organized in 
1841, and of which the gentlemen named below have in different years, acted 
as Superintendents: Albert S. Shackford (1843), Charles Hendrie, David T. 
Sheldon, David Leonard, T. D. Crocker, H. B. Spelman, James Morton, John 
Darling, R. Donahue, Charles Beardsley, James R. Nairn, George A. Miller. 
The school has a library of well-selected books, a large membership, and is 
accomplishing a glorious work in training the youth of the fold in the ways of 
piety and virtue. The present officers are: Superintendent, George A. 
Miller; Assistant Superintendent, I. N. Stevens; Secretary and Treasurer, 
Gray Foote; Organist, Mrs. Bessie Kendal; Librarian, Mrs. Johri G. Foote. 

Presbyterian Church. — The early history of the Presbyterian Church in 
Burlington is almost identical with that of the Congregational, both having 
grown out of the same early religious organization of 1838. The records of 
the Presbyterian Church, however, attribute to Rev. L. G. Bell, who came 
from Tennessee, the honor of first planting the Presbyterian Church in Bur- 
lington, in the year named. This organization was reported to the General 
Assembly three years later, with thirty-two members, the Rev. John Fulton, 
stated supply. This organization having adopted the Congregational name and . 
form in 1843, it was dropped from the Assembly's roll in 1844, and such of 
the members of the infant organization as were not satisfied with the change 
took measures to effect a new organization. 

In February, 1845, Rev. Dr. Cummins and Rev. William L. McCalla met 
these pei'sons, organized them into a church and ordained Mr. David Mclntyre 
the first Ruling Elder. Mr. David Rice was elected and ordained to the same 
office July 9, 1846. William B. Ewing, John F. Henry, M. D., J. C. Fletcher, 
Robert Armstrong and Nathaniel Ervin were selected, October 29, 1846, the 
first Board of Trustees for the young Church, Col. Isaac Leffler presided 
over the first meeting called for the purpose of taking measures to build a house 
of worship, and at this meeting a subscription for the building was started. 
Dr. John F. Henry and Nathaniel Eryin, Esq., heading the list with $50 each, 
which was considered a very large and liberal amount. The church-building, 
corner Fifth and Washington streets, was so far completed that services were 
held in the basement in the autumn of 1846. In the early part of the follow- 
ing year, the house was completed and dedicated to the service of God. Father 
Stewart, then of Macomb, 111., preached the dedication sermon. Before this 
house was ready for use, the congregation met in the schoolroom of Miss Mary 
Calkins, which stood on Main street, nearly opposite Old Zion Church. Here 
the first communion was administered, by the Rev. Aaron Leonard. For three 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 563 

years, the Church depended on occasional supplies for the ministry of the 
Word. Rev. Thomas Bracken preached for six months, and was followed by 
Rev W. R. Stewart, then of Macomb, 111., who came over once a month, as the 
roads and river permitted. Up to the autumn of 1848, fifteen persons were 
added to the membership of the Church. 

Early in the year 1848, Rev. C. C. Cuyler, D. D., then Pastor of the Sec- 
ond Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia, visited the city and preached for the 
congregation. Through his recommendation. Rev. James G. Shinn, a recent 
graduate of Princeton Theological Seminary, was invited to become Pastor of 
the Church. He arrived in the summer of 1848, and November 2 following, 
he was ordained and installed first regular Pastor of the First Presbyterian 
Church of Burlington. On the next day, Sabbath, he held his first commun- 
ion season, on which occasion seven persons were admitted into the Church on 
profession of faith, and nine on certificate. 

During the pastorate of Mr. Shinn, the organization of the Church was 
fully completed, according to the Presbyterian standard, by the election of 
Charles L. Rentz to the oflSce of Deacon, and to the Board of Deacons Will- 
iam Grier, M. D., and Nathaniel Ervin were soon after added. In 1849, Mr. 
Rentz was ordained Elder, in place of John G. Law, who had removed to St. 
Louis, and Peter Jacoby and John Thompson were made Deacons. At this 
time, the Church had not yet become self-supporting, receiving from the Board 
of Home Missions annual aid to the amount of $200. The infant Church was 
burdened with a debt incurred in building ; but both Pastor and people strug- 
gled bravely with their difficulties, the former contributing to his own support 
by teaching, and many of the latter working with their hands on the building, 
cheered by the sympathy and aid of fellow- Christians in other places. The 
old pulpit Bible and the lamps that originally lighted the house were presented 
by friends in Dr. Rice's church, at Cincinnati, Ohio. The first communion 
service was the gift of two sisters of Rev. Mr. Shinn. The present commun- 
ion service is a memorial in memory of Mr. Silas Williams and his daughter, 
Miss Louisa Williams, given by two other daughters. 

Mr. Shinn continued his pastoral relations to the Church until 1851 ; but 
having been called East in October, by the illness of his wife, in November 
following, his resignation was received, and on the 22d day of December, 1851, 
the pastoral relation was dissolved -at a meeting of Presbytery held in West 
Point, Iowa. During his pastorate of three years, eighty-five persons were 
added to the Church, of whom thirty-one were on profession of faith. Mr. 
Shinn is remembered as a faithful and successful Pastor, as a man of culture 
and refinement, an able and forcible preacher, and was beloved by his congre- 
gation. In 1876, he was residing at W^terford, N. J. 

For one year, from May 27, 1852, Rev. Joshua Phelps, D. D., ministered 
to the Church, on a salary of $700. At the close of the year, he received a 
call to become Pastor, but declined. He was a talented man and a strong 
preacher, and the Church prospered under his ministry, receiving, in the year, 
an addition of thirty-eight to the membership. The total membership, in the 
spring of 1853, was 118. The first record of contributions to the Boards is 
found in this year, $57 to foreign missions and $10 to publication. After Dr. 
Phelps' time, for a period of six months, the Church was supplied by Rev. W. 
E. Larkin, then of Rock Island, 111., a period in which not much of interest is 
on record, excepting that a call was issued to the Rev. I. N. Candee, D. D., of 
La Fayette, Ind., and declined by him on account of the large opposing minority. 
About the time Mr. Larkin's ministrations closed, an unfortunate diiference 



5t)4 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

arose between the Session and the members of the Church, which culminated 
in an appeal to the Presbyter}^ for advice, followed by that body sending Revs. 
Salmon Cowles and Robert McQuigan to give counsel. They advised that the 
actinw Session ought to resign, and that a new Session acceptable to the major- 
ity should be chosen. Their advice was followed, and on the 10th of April, 
1854, John Flournoy Henry, Denise Denise and J. B. Browning were elected, 
ordained and installed Ruling Elders, Mr. Coles presiding over the meeting. 
This measure of compromise did not bring the longed-for reconciliation. The 
day after the installation, the new Session, as its first official act, granted cer- 
tificates of dismission to twenty-three persons, who formed a new organization 
known as the Second Presbyterian Church of Burlington, no records of which 
are accessible. Rev. Mr. Jennings was stated supply of the new society for a 
time, and afterward the Rev. Tracy M. Oviatt. They erected the house of 
■worship on Third street, and, after struggling for a few years under a debt of 
over .^7,000, the organization broke down. It was followed by another, under 
the name of the Westminster Church ; but, after a vain attempt to pay the old 
debt, they abandoned the enterprise, and the house was sold, and purchased by 
the Roman Catholic Bishop. From the beginning to the end of the Second 
Church enterprise, was about five years. An attempt Avas once made to effect 
a union between the First and Second Churches ; but, for some reason, failed. 
AVe are unable to give the exact cause of the original differences between them, 
nor is it now deemed advisable to perpetuate a record of them. 

Resuming the history of the Church proper, the pastorate of Rev. Joseph 
Harrison, D. D., began September 27, 1854, and ended in October, 1857. 
During this period, extensive repairs were made on the church-building and 
lot, debts were paid, and Pastor's salary increased to $800, and fifty-five per- 
sons united with the Church. Dr. Harrison is reported as a devoted minister. 
Succeeding him, the Church was supplied for a year by Licentiate W. L. 
Mitchell, who, though twice called to the pastorate, declined. During this 
year (1858), no increase in membership occurred ; the number reported to the 
Assembly, April 1, 1859, was ninety-seven. Rev. James Harvey Clarke began 
as a supply in July, 1859, and in September of the same year he received a 
call, and was installed Pastor, remaining two years and one month, when he 
resif^ned, going into the Seventh Regiment Iowa Volunteers as Chaplain. 
During his pastorate, twenty were added to the membersliip. Mr. William L. 
McPherren was added to the Session February 10, 1861, and died in 1870. 
The Rev. W. E. Westervelt became stated supply in August, 1861, continuing 
until the spring of 1864, when he was succeeded by Rev. George D. Stew^art, 
D. D., and for six years and a half ministered to the Church, which was a 
period of unusual prosperity to the organization. One hundred and six persons 
Avere added to the Church, a net increase of forty members ; the financial in- 
terests were put into good shape ; the house was enlarged and repaired, and the 
Pastor's salary raised from $800 to $1,500 per annum. Dr. Stewart is an 
able and eloquent preacher, and is noAV Pastor of the church at Fort Madison. 
During his stay here, the Church raised $938 for the Boards of the Church, 
and the Session was increased by the installation of Prof. J. Allison Smith, 
Thomas Darling and Thompson McCosh. Samuel Robinson, and afterward 
O. II. Schcnck and John Dickie, were added to the Board of Deacons. 

Rev. John C. McClintock, present Pastor, at the request of the Session, 
came from Mount Pleasant, where he was preaching, to preside over a Congre- 
gational meeting held on the 5th day of December, 1870. To the surprise of 
the Chairman, as it had been unpremeditated by the people and unsought and 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 565 

unthought of by him, the result of the meeting was a unanimous call to become 
their Pastor. His installation took place January 19, 1871. The Rev. W". B, 
Noble, then of Fort Madison, presided and preached the sermon. The Rev. 
Alexander Scott, then at Kossuth, Iowa, delivered the charge to the Church, 
and the" Rev. H. B. Knight, of OttumAva, the charge to the Pastor. His pas- 
toral work has been attended with the most gratifying results, some of which 
we briefly mention. In 1871, the Sunday School Teachers' meeting was organ- 
ized. In January, 1873, the Ladies' Society was formed, its object to raise 
funds to furnish a new house of worship. February 2, 1873, Mr. John R. 
Nelson was ordained and installed a Ruling Elder. During the same month, 
a series of union meetings were held by the various Pastors, assisted for tAvo 
weeks by the evangelist, Rev. E. P. Hammond ; and, as the fruits of the meet- 
ing, the Presbyterian Church received sixty-one members on the profession of 
faith, and thirty-six on certificate, the largest total ever before received by this 
Church in one year. November 10 of the same year, the Ladies' Missionary 
Society was organized, under the direction of Mrs. S. J. Rhea, formerly a mis- 
sionary in Persia. May 3, 1874, W. E. Blake, Esq., was ordained and 
installed a Ruling Elder. In 1876, the Church abolished the pew-renting sys- 
tem as a means of Church revenue, and all funds are now raised through the 
envelope plan, by voluntary pledges and weekly offerings. At the end of the 
year, the Trustees reported, for the first time in the history of the Church (as 
far as is known), that the salary had all been paid before it was due. 

Christ Episcopal Church. — This Church was organized on the 2d day of 
February, 1840, and is the oldest Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Iowa. 
The first Vestry were : Charles Mason, Senior Warden ; V. P. Van Antwerp, 
Junior Warden ; A. C. Dodge, George Partridge, Bernhard Henn, Charles I. 
Starr, Charles Nealley, James W. Grimes, William B. Remey, J. P. Brad- 
street and Henry W. Moore. Rev. John Batchelder was the first Rector, and 
presided at the meeting when the Church was organized. He continued to be 
the Rector of the parish until the 21st day of November, 1850, at which time 
he tendered his resignation. During his incumbency, the lot was secured and 
the church-building, at the corner of Fifth and High streets, was erected. 

The rectorship was vacant, after Mr. Batchelder's resignation, for about a 
year. On July 22, 1851, Rev. William Adderly accepted a call to the rector- 
ship, and the records show that he was present at a meeting on the 1st of 
December. At this time, the Church was only able to pay the Rector a salary 
of |500. The records do not show when Mr. Adderly resigned. He was 
present and presided at the annual Parish meeting for the election of ofiicers 
on Easter Monday, April 12, 1852. His name nowhere appears in the 
records after that." January 7, 1854, at a meeting of the Vestry, the Secre- 
tary was authorized to write to F. R. Haff, requesting him to visit the parish ; 
and, on the 20th of the same month, the Wardens were authorized to write 
Mr. Haff and request him to take charge of the parish, " with a salary of $300 
in addition to the amount agreed to be given by the Bishop." At the regular 
Easter meeting, April 17, 1854, Mr. Haff was present and. acted as Chairman. 
Mr. Haff was Rector of the parish until February 7, 1859, at which time he 
tendered his resignation. During his incumbency, the tower and chancel addi- 
tions to the church were made, and an organ purchased, which is still in use. 
On March 28, 1859, the Vestry called to the rectorship Rev. W. H. Barris, 
D. D., now Ely Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Griswold College, Daven- 
port, Iowa He accepted the call, and was Rector of the parish until January 
22, 1866, at which time he resigned to accept said professorship. Under his 



566 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

administration, the Church prospered greatly, and his resignation was accepted 
with much regret by the Vestry. A series of resolutions, expressing esteem 
and confidence and indorsing and approving all his acts as Rector, and regrets 
at his departure, were adopted. He was succeeded in the rectorship by Dr. 
George W. ^\'atson, who took charge of the parish about Easter, 1866. His 
incumbency continued till September 28, 1874, at which time he resigned th^ 
rectorship to accept a call to Red Wing, Minn. During the time Dr. Watson 
was in charge of the parish, the people undertook to purchase eligible grounds 
and to erect a new church, the growth of the Church seeming to demand more 
room and better accommodations. The lots fronting on North Hill Public 
Square, corner of Fifth and High streets, were purchased by the Vestry, in 
pursuance of the expressed wishes of the people. A partial subscription was 
raised, plans and specifications for an elegant church were prepared, and the 
stone foundations were laid. But, unfortunately, a change in the times pre- 
vented the completion of the new church. The people refused to give the 
necessary amounts even to pay for the lots. The rapidly accumulating interest 
soon involved the Church in difficulty, and finally resulted in the sale of the 
lots purchased, and also the old church property, which still left a portion of 
the debt unpai d; so that the Church to-day, so far as property is concerned, is 
about where it Avas nearly forty years ago. After the resignation of Dr. Wat- 
son, the parish was vacant for a time. About April 1, 1875, Rev. F. B. Nash, 
Jr., was called, but his incumbency only lasted till July 1, 1876, when he 
resigned. On the 2d of July, 1877, the Rev. Frank M. Gregg, the present 
able and efficient Rector, was called, but did not accept and take charge of the 
parish until April 22, 1878. The prospects of the Church have much 
improved since Mr. Gregg entered upon his work. He is recognized as one of 
the ablest and most zealous Rectors in the Church. The Church now occupies 
and holds worship in a building near the corner of Third and Valley streets, 
known as "Guild Hall." It was rented and fitted up by the Church Guild, 
which was organized under the direction of the Rector, and which numbers 
about two hundred and fifty members. The Church numbers some two hun- 
dred communicants and one hundred and twenty-five families. The Sunday 
school is in a fiourishing condition, under the superintendency of A. Coots- 
worth, Esq., and numbers about one hundred and fifty scholars. Under the 
chai'ge of the Rector, there is an industrial school for girls, where poor children 
are taught to sew, materials being supplied by the charity of its friends, and 
the garments made by the children arc given to them. Over two hundred girls 
are enrolled upon the lists of this school. Some of our most prominent citizens 
have been connected with the Church as its officers, among whom we might 
name Gen. Jacob G. Lauman, Maj. W. H. Mann, George C. Laumau, Hon. 
Charles H. Phelps, Gen. Fitz Henry Warren, William Garrett, Harvey Ray, 
Jr., Joshua Copp, John H. Armstrong and many others. 

The present officei^s of the Church are : Hon. Charles Mason, Senior War- 
den ; P. Henry Smyth, Junior Warden ; Thomas Wilkinson, Gen. S. L. 
Glasgow, E. Sherwood, Vestrymen. 

The congregation are now contemplating the erection of a new church in a 
central locality, and already a fund for that purpose is being raised, and the pros- 
pect is fair that soon this Church will be in the full tide of a renewed prosperity. 
It is the only Episcopal Church in Burlington fully organized and in union 
with the Convention. 

The Burlington Baptist Association, under this name, had its origin in a 
meeting of the old Des Moines Association held with the Pisgah Baptist 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 567 

•Church, twelve miles north of Burlington, August 27, 1859. In the minutes 
of that year, the following report is found: "The committee on the division 
of the Association report that as the Association has now become so large, 
and is spread over so wide a territory, it be now divided by the line of 
the Skunk River, and resolved into two new associations, the northern to be 
known as the Burlington Association, and the southern as the Keokuk Associ- 
ation, which shall terminate the existence of this organization. It appears 
from the minutes of the two Associations, for a number of years after the 
division, they both spoke of their meetings in 1860 as their first anniversaries. 
But at a meeting of the Keokuk Association, held at Fort Madison in 1866, 
Bro. Hubbard, of Keokuk, offered the following preamble and resolutions : 

Whereas, It is desirable to preserve our associational name and number, so far as is con- 
sistent, and the denominational history, so far as it is connected with the Association : 

And Whereas, This Keokuk Association is a chief part of the territory of the original Des 
Moines Association, the first one organized in the State of Iowa, and is a continuation of 
the same more properly than any other one Association, and may also more justly than any 
other similar body assume the old name, as Des Moines County formerly embraced all Southern 
Iowa, therefore 

Resolved, That the name of the Association be so far restored to the original as to be called 
the Keokuk Baptist Association (formerly Des Moines), and that the constitution be amended 
accordingly; and also that the numbers of the annual meetings hereafter date from the organi- 
zation of the Des Moines Association. 

" These were adopted, and the Keokuk Association has taken the name and 
date of the old Des Moines Association ever since. Now it seems to your com- 
mittee that the action of the Keokuk Association is correct, except in this, that 
it assumes that it is more properly the successor of the old Des Moines Associ- 
ation than any other. It is legitimately a successor ; so is, also, the Burling- 
ton Association ; and if the preference is to be given to either of the two, it 
properly belongs to the Burlington Association, as it not only covers territory 
that was covered by the Des Moines Association, but it contains all the churches 
which originally constituted that body ; and, moreover, as the Keokuk Associ- 
ation is dated, it is older than any church in it. We do not and have not pro- 
posed, however, that the Burlington Association find any fault with the Keokuk 
Association, but that it places itself before the world historically, as it did last 
year (at the suggestion of your committee), by calling itself the Burlington 
(formerly Des Moines) Association, and dating its anniversaries accordingly. 

"•The history of the Burlington Association as now dated, therefore, begins 
with the history of the feaptists in Iowa. It was organized in Danville, Des 
Moines County, on Saturday before the fourth Lord's Day in August, 1839, in 
a grove in the southwest part of the township, near what was the residence of 
Bro. William Mathis. Three churches united in the organization. These were 
the Danville, then known as Long Creek Church, organized October 20, 1834, 
by Rev. John Logan, of McDonough County, 111. ; Union, organized in 1839, 
afterward known as Rock Spring Church, but long since extinct, principally on 
account of removals, located six miles southwest of Burlington and three miles 
southeast of the present Spring Creek Church ; and the Pisgah, now located 
twelve miles north of Burlington, organized in 1838. The Association was 
organized by electing Elder Jonah Todd as Moderator, Elder Alexander 
Evens as Clerk, and appointing Elder Hezekiah Johnson to preach the intro- 
ductory sermon. Four delegates were present from Danville, and three from 
each of the other churches. The whole business of the body was transacted 
while nine of the delegates were sitting on a log, and the Moderator standing 
behind a chair. The body then took the name "Iowa Association," as it was 
the first and only one in the Territory. But upon the organization of the 



568 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Davenport Association, tlie name was changed to the "Des Moines Association,"^ 
not as Rev. S. J. Johnson in his history suggests, after the name of a church 
in Des Moines Township, in Lee County, but after the name of Des Moines 
County, which originally covered all Southeastern Iowa. The time and place 
of the subsequent anniversaries, and the statistics of the same, as far as can 
now be gathered, we present you in the statistical table, published in your min- 
utes last year, and which we recommend to be published this year also. The 
minutes of the seventh anniversary are the oldest to which your committee has 
had access, and they are probably the oldest now in existence. Of this meet- 
ing Elder J. M. Post was Moderator, and Bro. Otis Thompson, now living near 
Bonaparte, was Clerk. It was held with the Ebenezer, in Lee County. Before this 
anniversary. Elders Alexander Evens, Hezekiah Johnson and Ezra Fisher had 
removed to Oregon, and Elders Hiram Burnett and William Elliott had arrived 
fi'om Ohio, coming in 1842. Other ministers, such as Elder William Sperry, 
R. Cheadle, M. J. Post, A. Ball, J. Moore and B. B. Nichols, had also come 
to the Territory and commenced work, mostly within the bounds of the Asso- 
ciation. In their minutes of 1845, the names of Samuel Pickard, G. W. Bond 
and J. Bond appear as licentiates. Others had labored with us and gone 
already, such as J. N. Seeley and Hope. The Association had increased from 
3 churches and 90 members in 1839, to 25 churches and 655 members in 1845, 
making a general average of 26 members to a church. The largest churches 
were: Fox River, with 77 members; Danville, 57; Rock Spring, 56; Farm- 
ington, 48 ; and Round Point, 48. The Association met for the third time in 
Danville in 1850. Hiram Bennett preached the introductory sermon, and 
served as Moderator. During the meeting, Elder A. Seamans preached the 
dedication sermon of the new meeting-house. New churches admitted were the 
Burlington, Brighton, Richland, Charleston and Anamosa. In 1851, the Asso- 
ciation was held in Agency City. Here took place the first division ; the east- 
ern portion was to be known as the First Des Moines, and was to be composed 
of the following churches : Keokuk, Burlington, Mt. Pleasant, Danville, Pisgah, 
Washington, Columbus City, Denmark, Farmington, Charleston, Liberty, 
Ebenezer, Mount Zion, Union, Marion and Township — 15 in all. It had for 
ministers and pastors. Elders Elihu Gunn, G. J. Johnson, J. Williams, H. 
Burnett, S. J. Penny, W. H. Surton, William A. Wells, D. Jewett, W. B. 
Morey, J. Moore and Wilson Woodruff — 11 in all. The Western Division to 
be known as the Second Des Moines Association was composed of the follow- 
ing churches : Fox River, Keosauqua, Fairfield, Liberty ville, Brighton, Rich- 
land, Sigourney, Middle Creek, Agency City, Blakesburg, Oskaloosa, Anamosa, 
White Creek, Knoxville and Harmony — 15 in all, with ministers and pastors 
as follows: Elders William Elliott, 0. Ormsby, J. Bond, G. W. Bond, B. B. 
Arnold, A. W. Atwood, J. C. Curtis, C. L. Riley and W. D. Everett — 9 in alL 
In this division, you will observe that Fort Des Moines Church, with others in 
that part of the State, was left out of both the Des Moines Associations to 
form a new one in that part of the State." 

These arrangements were virtually carried out, the upper association, how- 
ever, not taking the name assigned above, and some of the churches not affili- 
ating with the bodies to which they were assigned. A second division was 
made, as referred to above, at Pisgah, in 1859. The Association had grown 
from its organization in 1839, from 90 members, on its first division in 1851, to 
1.126 members. In 1852, it started again with 725, and 'grew to 2,036 in 
1859. The ordained ministers at this time were Elders J. B. Knight, Isaac 
Leonard, W. H. Surton, D. Jewett, A. Edson, M. Sutton, H. Burnett, E. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 569 

Crane, S. Pickard, B. P. Bishop, L. B. Allen, D. D., J. S. Robert, A. D. 
Bush, J, Lee, J. M. Wood, G. W. S. Bell, W. R. Woodruff, C. Bush, T. M. 
Ind, S. W. Marston, W. J. Cochrnn, J. W. Coggshall, G. J. Johnson, Morgan 
Edwards, W. A. Eggleston — 25 in all, with 6 licentiates. The visiting breth- 
ren present were: Elders I. J. Stoddard, of the Assam Mission, India; Dexter 
Smith, of the State Convention, and E. C. Cady, of St. John, N. B. 

At the thirtieth anniversary, or the sixth of the Burlington Association, 
held in Burlington, a committee of five were appointed to try to effect a union 
between this and the Keokuk Association, and the committee recommended that 
the following churches be dismissed to form the Washington Association, viz. : 
Richmond, Washington, Columbus City, Davis Creek and Ainsworth — 5 
churches with 365 members. This was virtually a third division of the Asso- 
ciation. 

The thirty-fourth aniversary was held in New London in 1872, and is 
especially worthy of note, because of the presence of Rev. J. E. Clough, of 
Ongole, India, who was educated in Burlington University, where he was con- 
verted, baptized, and afterward ordained in 1864. Here he still holds his 
membership. He had then returned to us after an absence of less than eight 
years, during which time he had baptized about 2,000 Tellagoos. He came 
home seeking for health, $50,000 for the Ram-a-potam Seminary and four 
new men for the Tellagoos Mission. Here the first subscription was made 
toward that $50,000, all of which was afterward raised; and the three things 
sought by Bro. Clough were granted in the good providence of God. It may be 
well also to mention here the fact, that soon after the thirty-ninth anniversary, 
held in Danville in 1877, Miss R. A. S. Norwood, of Burlington University, 
left to engage in mission work in Swaton, China. Thus has Burlington been 
most highly honored in having two such noble representatives in the foreign field. 

It may be well here to mention the names of Pastors of the different churches 
since the division of the Association in 1859. At Danville, J. B. Knight, Eli- 
jah Russ, S. West and li. King. At Pisgah, Isaac Leonard, W. E. James, 
S. Brimhall, H. Burnett, I. J. Penny. At Washington, A. Edson, Charles 
Thompson, A. Pratt, H. A. Braden, A. Scott. At First Mount Pleasant, M. 
Sutton, Elihu Gunn, W. L. Brown, R. W. Benton, L. M. Berry, J. F. Mer- 
riam. At Burlington, P. P. Bishop, A. F. Willey, D. F. Carnahan, J. B. Ful- 
ler, L. W. Hayhurst, J. E. Hopper and J. C. Hurd, M. D. At Jefterson, J. 
Lee, J. D. Wilson, L. Frescoln, J. Warren, D. Simmons, George Berry. At 
Richmond, C. Thompson, A. C. Sangster, E. Ward. At New London, John 
Warren, M. Edwards, R. King, H. H. Parks, J. W. Hoffman, B. F. Goldsby 
I. H. Denton. At Columbus City, W. R. Woodruff, J. L. Cole. At Marion 
Township, Charles Thompson. At Flint River, E. Russ. At Huson, Moses 
Parker. At Davis Creek, J. W. Coffman, A. W. Sutton. At Fairfield, Isaac 
Leonard, C. Darby, C. B. Egan, J. R. Shanefelt, J. H. Storms, J. Frey, H. 
W. Thiele. At Second Mount Pleasant, J. D. Wilson, William Webster, J. H. 
Handy, A. M. Colston, William Washington. At Brighton, J. C. Burkholder, 
D. Morse, H. H. Parks. At Second Burlington, John Warren, E. Burkett, G. 
C. Corey, William Webster, G. W. Shelton. At Ainsworth, A. W. Sutton. 
At Mount Carmel, H. Burnett, E. Crane. At Goldsby, I. H. Denton. At 
New Sweden, Peter Colson. At Beulah, D. Simmons, George H. Berry. At 

South Hill, Burlington, J. D. Fuller, L. D. Benedict, Fish. At Spring 

Creek, A. F. Sharpnack, M. T. Lamb, Joel H. Austin. 

Thus since 1859, there have been twenty- four different churches in the Asso- 
ciation, with about sixty different men as Pastors. 



570 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

First BajJtist Church was organized April 1, 1849. The tAvelve following 
persons were its constituent members, viz.: Rev. G. J. Johnson, William B. 
Ewing, William R. Hinkley, Hannah Chamberlain, Mary Kitchen, Ann Bridges, 
Kitsey Martin, Benjamin Gore, Kitty Gore, Aaron Chamberlain, Harriet Smith, 
Susan Holdridge. 

On the same day the following persons, who had been received as candi- 
dates for church fellowship, were baptized : John M. Webber, John Bridges, Mary 
Garret and Arville McGuire, at the close of the morning service, and at 6 
o'clock on the evening of the same day, George Van Beck and Adaline Van 
Beck were baptized by the first Pastor, Rev. G. J. Johnson. 

The first pastorate continued for five years, when, after an interval of a few 
months, it was formed again and continued about four years longer, closing Sep- 
tember 1, 1858. Rev. P. P. Bishop then became Pastor, and held the office 
for one year and nine months, resigning June 2, 1860. The Church was 
then without a Pastor six months, when Rev. A. F. Willey became Pastor 
December 16, 1860, continuing this relation for three years and nine months, 
resigning October 1, 1864. He was succeeded bj Rev. D. T, Carnahan, 
April 2, 1865, who resigned November 3, 1866. Then came Rev. J. B. 
Fuller, February 10, 1867, remaining until January 1870. Rev. L. W. Hay- 
hurst then supplied the pulpit for one year, and, at its expiration, February 3, 

1871, accepted of the pastorate, resigning in February, 1872, when, after a 
short vacancy in the pastorate. Rev. J. E. Hopper accepted of the office, March, 

1872, and began work the following month, April 19, 1872. 

The present church edifice was built during the pastorate of Rev. G. J. John- 
son, at a cost of about $9,000. The largest additions to the Church were dur- 
ing the pastorates of Johnson, Willey and Hopper. In all over one thousand 
persons have been enrolled members of this Church. 

There are now four Baptist Churches in the city, and church and school 
property held by Baptists in the city worth $80,000. The Church has erected 
a pleasant and commodious parsonage on West Hill. The present membership 
of the congregation is about two hundred and fifty, which is presided over by 
Rev. J. C. Hurd, who succeeded J. E. Hopper as Pastor. Connected with the 
Church is the Sunday School, the Women's Foreign Missionary Society and the 
Ladies' Benevolent Society. 

Roman Catholic Societies. — Catholicity had an early start with the youth- 
ful village, now the- flourishing city of Burlington. The old St. Paul's Roman 
Catholic Church, on Fourth and Columbia streets, was commenced about the 
year 1840, by Rev. Father Mazrezelle, first Pastor, by direction of the vener- 
able Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, who dearly loved this infant city at that 
time. 

The second resident Pastor was the Rev. Father Reffee, an Alsatian by 
birth ; the old, old settlers remember him with aftection. Having early ac- 
quired a fair knowledge of the English language, he ministered to the spiritual 
wants of the numerous German, Irish and French Catholics of this city for 
several years. Dodgeville Mission was also attended by liira. 

In January, 1854, Rev. Michael Kinsella was sent by Bishop Loras to take 
charge of the English-speaking portion of St. Paul's congregation. Father 
Reffee continuing Pastor of the German Catholics. Shortly after, a division 
of the church effects was made between the Irish and Germans, Bishop Loras 
presiding. In about one year, the German Catholics built the St. John Baptist 
Church on Division street, and moved into it for divine worship, with Father 
Reffee' as their Pastor, leaving Father Kinsella sole Pastor of St. Paul's. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 571 

After the first eighteen months of his missionary life, Kinsella was called, 
reluctantly, against the will of his Bishop and the people of St. Paul's, to 
Allamakee County to take charge of mine missions. He was succeeded in St. 
Paul's by Rev. Matthew Harmon. 

But after seventeen months' absence, Rev. M. Kinsella was recalled to St. 
Paul's. Now the active life of the young priest had full scope. Schools for 
his parish children was his motto ; by collections and travel he kept two paid 
teachers with schools in the church basement, and when he had but one, he 
taught himself in person. In the mean time he wanted permanent schools, or 
Sisters devoted to schools for life, and to procure means for this object every 
sacrifice was overcome. Without residence or place of rest, renting a room 
from the venerable Madame Wetzler, he, by the raffle of his gold watch. Lives 
of Saints, many volumes of books and other means, saved up |840 to procure 
a Sisters' dwelling and schools. About this time, the Third Street Chapel 
(Presbyterian) was for sale. It was at that early day the pride of the city — a 
thing of beauty. The congregation of St. Paul's bought in this Third Street 
Chapel, Father Kinsella paying in his $840 on the first payment. Now his 
wishes were realized. The name was transferred to the new St. Paul's and the 
old church remodeled and partitioned, and five Sisters of Charity of B. V. M. 
placed there. The schools flourished, and before long nine Sisters were on 
active duty. Laying aside all religious prejudices, the schools of the Sisters 
were patronized by the wealthiest, the most influential and refined citizens in 
the place. 

In 1861, Rev. M. Kinsella was called by Rt. Rev. Bishop Smith, of 
Dubuque, to Muscatine and then to Garryowen. In both places he built and 
established Sisters' Schools. He w^as succeeded in St. Paul's, Burlington, by 
Rev. J. B. Donelan, who continued its Pastor until his death. Father James, 
as he was familiarly known, was beloved by all classes, irrespective of creed or 
country. He built the steeple on St. Paul's Catholic Church, and also a dwell- 
ing-house for the Sisters, and died December 28, 1869. 

About one year previous to his death, his church being too small, the parish 
was divided ; the ground was purchased and the new St. Patrick's Church 
erected on West Washington street, at that time one of the lone and romantic 
places of the city, Father Lee being its Pastor. On the death of Father Don- 
elan, in 1869, Father Moran became Pastor of St. Paul's Church. In 1872, Rev. 
T. F. Gunn succeeded Father Moran in St. Paul's Church, and continues its 
present Pastor. Father Gunn is a most zealous and energetic priest, and has 
shown by his works what energy and perseverance can do. His zeal for the 
promotion of his schools caused him to purchase very expensive grounds, on 
which he erected the beautiful Academy of our Lady of Lourdes, and into 
which the Sisters and pupils moved, in 1877. 

In 1870 or 1871, Father Lee, of St. Patrick's New Church, became de- 
mented. The church was closed, with a heavy debt, but the creditors were 
gentlemen, who neither pressed nor asked until a successor was sent. On the 
20th of December, 1871, Rev. Father Kinsella for the third time was returned, 
by Rt. Rev. Bishop Hennessy, D. D , of Dubuque, to take charge of St. Pat- 
rick's Church. 

Father Kinsella, than whom few love Burlington better, commenced on this 
new field of labor with a double will, with an unfinished church and wild 
grounds and in debt. His first work was to procure Sister teachers from St. 
Paul's, who came every morning and returned each evening, the schools being 
held in the church basement. Every sacrifice was made by him and his people 



572 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

to pay off' debts ; he even raffled his own mare and buggy, realizing thei'efor 
^500. Now the grounds and buildings testify to the above. A costly addition 
to the church, all neatly finished, was made, a large pastoral residence was 
built, and, one year ago, a large and substantial building, the Academy of the 
Immaculate Conception, was erected, where seven Sisters and one hundred and 
eighty pupils teach and study. Number of families, about one hundred and 
sixty. 

Academy. — The Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes belongs to St. Paul's 
Catholic Church, and is located on Fourth street. The ground upon which 
this new and imposing educational building stands was purchased in 1875. 
The work of construction began in 1876. The building was completed and 
the school opened in the summer of 1877. Only female scholars are admitted 
to this institution. It is calculated both for boarders and day scholars, and the 
higher branches are taught by eight Sisters of Charity of the Order of the Blessed 
Virgin. A parochial school for girls is also taught here. In all, there are 175 
pupils. 

St. Johns Catholic Church was organized by a separation of the Germans 
from the Irish, effected by Father J. G Relfe, in 1855, and the construction of 
the church-building was commenced in 1856 and completed the same year. 
The congregation at this time consisted of about forty or fifty families. One 
year after the church was finished, a good, substantial brick building was con- 
structed for the purpose of establishing an elementary school, which is now con- 
ducted by four Sisters of Charity of the Congregation of Notre Dame, and one 
male teacher, Frank Mayrhofer, who is also organist of the Church. The school 
is divided into four classes, and has a present scholarship of about three hundred 
and thirty. In 1873, the St. John's Academy building was commenced by 
Father Fendrick and completed in 1875. The present attendance of the Acad- 
emy consists of twenty scholars, who are instructed by one class teacher, one 
music and one female work teacher, all of whom are sisters of Notre Dame. 
In 1876, the entire church property, including a fine brick residence for the 
accommodation of the Pastor, and not spoken of before, was given by Bishop 
J. B. Hennessy, of Dubuque, to the Jesuit Fathers. The property described 
is valued at $50,000. Rev. Father Neubrand is the present Pastor of the con- 
gregation, which is now about two hundred families strong. 

First German Evangelical. — The First German Evangelical Church, of 
Burlington, was organized in 1841, by Jacob Wilhelm, Seibert Magel, Conrad 
Pfeiff", Balthasar Schmitt, John Philip Kriechbaum, George Blickhahn, Louis 
Teuscher, Henry Fehling and Fred Funck, The first Pastor was Rev. Mr. 
Rieger, who came in 1841, and stayed till the spring of 1844. The first meet- 
ing-place was in the garret of a house on the corner of Main and Columbia 
streets. In 1844, Rev. IL A. Eppens became their Pastor, and remained until 
April, 1849. In or about the year 1847, their place of worship was changed 
to a room over what is now Carpenter's jewelry store, corner of Third and 
Jeff"erson streets, where they continued to worship till 1850. In 1849, Rev. 
Theodore H. Dresel became Pastor, and so continued until July, 1855. On 
the 10th of July, 1855, the present devoted and beloved Pastor, Rev. Freder- 
ick Fausel, from the Theological Seminary of Marthasville, Mo., became Pastor, 
and has continued ever since to minister to his people with success and uniform 
satisfaction. 

In 1850, their present elegant and commodious house of worship, situated 
on the southwest corner of Columbia and Sixth streets, was begun. It is a 
brick structure, original size 40x60 feet, with stone basement, and with taste- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 573 

fully and beautifully finished interior, in imitation rosewood. A semi-circular 
gallery runs around the east end of the audience-room, in which is a fine organ, 
and all the appointments of the house are such as becomes a temple devoted 
to the worship of the Almighty. In 1869, some additions were made to the 
edifice, including an extension of twelve feet to the main building, and the 
erection of a steeple ninety-two feet high. The house occupies, a commanding 
position, overlooking a large part of the city, the river, etc. ; will conveniently 
seat about seven hundred people, and cost $12,000. It was dedicated April 6, 
1851, Rev. Christopher Young, of Quincy, 111., preaching the sermon from 
John, xxi, 1-5. Rev. M. Kroenlein, of Franklin Center, Iowa, Rev. Conrad 
Riess, of Muscatine, Rev. J. G. Shinn, of the Burlington Presbyterian Church, 
and Rev. William Salter, of the Burlington Congregational Church, assisted at 
the dedication, which was a joyful occasion to the faithful members and friends 
of the Church. 

In 1849, the Church was re-organized by changing some and adding new 
articles to the Constitution, and at present is in a most flourishing condition. 
Soon after the re-organization, the Church was incorporated by an act of the 
State Legislature. The present membership includes the heads of eighty 
families, representing not less than four hundred members in all, including 
children. The Sabbath school connected with the Church has an average 
attendance of about two hundred members, and is accomplishing happy results. 
The present Superintendent is Henry Berges ; Librarian, Louis Blaul. In the 
basement of the church a day school is conducted eleven months of the year, 
supported by private tuition ; present teacher, Charles Grueninger. About 
eighty pupils are now in attendance. There is also connected with the Church 
a Mutual Aid Society, organized in April, 1856. It now has ninety-four 
members, each of whom, when disabled by sickness, receives $4 per week, and 
at the death of any member, lus funeral expenses are paid, to the amount of 
$25, and the widow or orphans left by him, receive $300 from the Society. 
This Church is one of the most active and harmonious in the city, and during 
the many years it has been blessed with the ministrations of the present able 
and worthy Pastor, Rev. Mr. Fausel, the society and congregation have greatly 
increased. 

Grerman Evangelical Zion Church was organized the 13th of March, 1864, 
with the following constituent members : H. Hoelscher, G. H. Biklen, G. 
Bischofi", S. Magel, F. Funck, J. Wilhelm, C. Kassel, P. J. Paul, M. Gutekunst, 
E. Wehman, H. Schnicker, J. Hohl, F. Schwarz, C. Aspelmeier, C. Andre, 
William Lalk, W. Schlick, J. P. Kriechbaum, H. Keitzer, M. Goetz, H. J. 
Gugeler, G. Lemberger, J. Jaeger, H. W. Wehman, F. Flad, D. Schwarz, W. 
Schultheis, J. Keitzer, J. C. Woellhaf, G. Blaese, K. Wolkenhauer, J. Hammer, 
George Kriechbaum, L. Bauer, F. Schildt, J. Wollman, B. Jugenheimer, F. G. 
Klein. The first ofiicers were: Elders, H. Hoelscher, C. Andre, W. Lalk, 
W. Schlick and G. Bischoff ; Trustees, S. Magel, J. P. Kriechbaum, F. Funck. 
The congregation worshiped in Marion Hall until August, 1865, when the 
present edifice was dedicated on the second Sunday in August. The corner- 
stone was laid August 16, 1864. The present officers are : Elders, II. 
Hoelscher, C. Andre, G. H. Bikler, G. Bischoff", M. Gutekunst ; Trustees, 
George Kriechbaum, Chris. Wehmeier, Aug. Kriechbaum. The first min- 
ister was J. Zimmerman, who is still in charge of the congregation. A Sun- 
day school was organized with the Church. The day school, supported by the 
Church, with two teachers, M. F. G. Klein and Miss Emma Klein, has an 
attendance of about one hundred scholars. The Church at present has a mem- 



674 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

bership of sixty-five families, or about three hundred persons. The value of 
the Church property, including the parsonage, is $25,000. 

First German Baptist CJmrch. — This society was organized in July, 1869, 
by Rev. John Kohrs, with eleven members, from families newly arrived from 
Germany. For some time they met in the church of the American Baptists, 
until their neat and new house of worship, at 1303 North Oak street, was com- 
pleted, in 1870. Rev. Mr. Kohrs remained Pastor until April, 1877, and was 
succeeded by the present Pastor, Rev. Frederick Holzen. The first Deacon 
was H. Ricker, and he and D. Theilengerdes and F. Jordan are the present 
Deacons and Trustees of the Church. The number of members at present is 
130. The Sabbath school has about 140 members, of which Chris. Jordan is 
the Superintendent. 

*S'^ Lucas Crerman Evangelical Gnurch. — This society was organized in 
the year 1877, by a number of former members of the First German Evangel- 
ical Church, on North Hill, assisted by Rev. Frederick Fausel and Rev. R. 
Zimmerman. Their new and elegant church-building, size 60x40 feet, on the 
corner of South and Fourteenth streets, was begun in September, 1877, when 
the corner-stone was laid, with appropriate ceremonies. Rev. Fausel and Rev. 
Zimmerman officiating. It was dedicated May o, 1878, by the same ministers, 
assisted by the then and present Pastor of the Church, Rev. D. Ankele. 
Forty families are attached to this congregation. 

Connected with the Church is a day school, taught at present by the Pastor, 
in the basement of the church. There is also a Sabbath school, with about 
120 members. The building cost about $5,000 ; will seat 500 persons ; has a 
fine cabinet organ ; a bell weighing 1,200 pounds, made at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
The house is neatly constructed and handsomely furnished. 

Christian Church. — Sometime about the year 1853, a few adherents of the 
denomination, including D. P. Henderson, Mr. Matlock, Joshua and Arthur 
Miller, organized a society in this city. A lot was purchased, but no building 
Avas erected ; and after a struggle of two years, the organization ceased. In 
May, 1870, Mr. C. C. Miller became a resident of the city, and finding a few 
others here of like religious adherence, and feeling the need of agreeable church 
associations, he undertook to effect an organization. And, as a result of united 
effort, the present Christian Church of Burlington was organized, October 11, 
1870, at the residence of Ann Harris, on North Main street, with twenty-two 
members, aided in the organizing by Elder S. T. Shortess, then of Vinton, 
Iowa. Messrs. C. C. Miller, A. Abbott and Ranson Trobee were chosen 
Elders, at the meeting for organization, and the following-named persons, at 
the same time, became members of the infant Church : Ranson and Elizabeth 
Trobee, Alexander and Mary A. Abbott, George R. and Emeline M. Scott, 
Thomas Hinkson, Thomas Barr, George Knesram, A. Muzzy, Mary E. Muzzy, 
James A. Duvall, Japhet Hand, Rachel E. Hand, L. F. Smith, Sarah Allen, 
Ann Harris, Elizabeth Harris, C. C. Miller, Charity A. Muzzy, Mrs. A. C. 
Smith, Sallie Ann Hand. At the next regular meeting, Mary Cornwell, L. 
Kate Ewords, Mrs. Lizzie Phillips, Mrs. Hinkson, Mrs. Catherine Miller and 
Mrs. Duvall were added to the society. 

In the fall of 1870, the society went from the residence of Ann Harris to 
a small room in the old Court House (Marion Hall), where they worshiped 
during the winter of 1870-71. They then occupied the Reformed German 
Church building on Market, between Sixth and Seventh streets, until January, 
1874, when they bought the Olivet Congregational Church property, on Bound- 
ary street, paying therefor about $4,200, which they now own and occupy. For 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 575 

some time, they were without a regular Pastor, and the public teaching from the 
organization till the spring of 1874 was done by Elder C. C. Miller. In the 
fall of 1872, Elder John Errett visited the Church and preached for them about 
a week. They were next successively visited by Elders J. C. Hay, F. M. 
Bruner and G. T. Carpenter. In December, 1873, State Evangelist J. B. 
Vawter came and remained until February, 1874, during his stay holding a 
very successful meeting and adding about twenty-five new members to the 
Church. Elder H. H. Black was then engaged, who began his labors in May, 
1874, and remained about seven months. Elder C. S. Blackwell was next 
engaged, beginning his work May 29, 1875, remaining one year and about 
three months. The next effort to have regular preaching was in April, 1878, 
when the present Pastor, Elder L. S. Wallace, began his labors and is doing 
good service. 

The Bible school in the Church was commenced when they met in the Mar- 
ket street house, and continued until the summer of 1877, with C. C. Miller, 
Superintendent, until June, 1874, when K. A. Givens was selected and remained 
in that office until it was abandoned, but was revived the first of the present year. 

The present officers of the Church are as follows : Elders — R. A. Givens, 
William M. Cornwell, Thomas flinkson. Deacons — Phillip Cronk, Samuel 
Murch. Board of Trustees — C. C. Miller, Chairman, George R. Scott, R. A. 
Givens and Thomas Hinkson ; Church Treasurer — C. C. Miller. The Trust- 
ees were appointed in December, 1873, the Elders and Deacons in June, 1874, 
and all hold their respective offices at the pleasure of the congregation. The 
present number of members is about seventy, and the Church is increasing in 
strength and usefulness. 

Sivedish 31. E. Church of the Northwestern Swedish Conference: In 
1857, a class was organized among the Swedish settlers, between four and five 
miles west of Burlington, by Rev. P. Newberg. Among its first members 
were John Pearson and wife, C. P. Peterson and wife, J. P. Ericson (died in 
1877) and wife, Andrew Carlson and wife and Mrs. Margaret Staff. A small 
church was built in 1861, in which the following have officiated as Pastors : 
Peter Newberg (who organized the society at the close of his second year's serv- 
ice), two years ; N. Peterson, four years ; Joseph Osterlund, two years ; P. 
Newberg, one year ; J. E. Berggren, three years ; A. Wahlgren, one year ; P. 
Long, one year, and A. G. Engstrom, one year. During this period, it was 
connected with the society at New Sweden, Jefferson County, Adolph New- 
berg having been for several years a local minister of the society. 

In 1871, Rev. Alfred Anderson was appointed Pastor of this charge, and 
he also organized a society in the city of Burlington, and built a two-story 
church on West Hill, corner of Spray and Leebrick streets. The church cost, 
after the improvements made in 1878, $2,700. Among its first members were 
Mrs. Christina Streed, Mrs. Greeta C. Wall and Mrs. Carrie Falen, all of whom 
were members at the time the church was built. 

Since that time the society has had hard struggles under a heavy burden of 
church debts ; but in 1878, it was increased in numbers by the addition of many 
new members, so that it was able to pay off the greater part of its debts, only 
$300 now remaining, which will be paid this year. 

The upper story of the church is not yet finished. Including the church a 
little distance out of the city, which was the first one to be organized, the soci- 
ety has now 104 members in full connection and seventeen on probation. 

The Trustees are A. Wall, J. Pearson, J. Lundgren, A. P. Falen, P. Olson, 
A. Landin, Fr. Swanson, 0. Moberg and C. Hedell. The Stewards for 



676 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

the society are, G. V. Sheargren, A. Wall, S. A. Streed, A. Sandin and P. 
Olson. 

The following have officiated as Pastors since the city organization : Alfred 
Anderson, one year ; A. G. Engstrom, two years ;• J. 0. Nelson, three years ; 
H. W. Eklund, the present Pastor, was appointed for this charge in 1877. 

The society has one Sunday school, Avith seventy scholars and ten teachers. 
Its officers are : C. A. Hagerstrom, Superintendent : Gust. V. Sheargren, 
Assistant Superintendent ; Fr. Swanson, Secretary, and Andrew Wall, Treas- 
urer. 

Second Baptist Church (colored). — On the 10th of February, 1866, a meet- 
ing was held in this city, by persons interested, to take general action in regard 
to being constituted a Regular Baptist Church. A council was present from the 
First Baptist Church, approving of the organization. It was voted to form a 
separate church, composed of those recently baptized, together with others 
received on experience. Rev. J. D. Wilson was Moderator of the meeting, and 
S. E. Taylor, Clerk. Delegates were present from other churches, as follows : 
Burlington, Rev. D. F. Carnahan ; Deacons, H. H. Hawley, S. E. Taylor, 
George Merritt, E. A. Van Meter, J. C. Johnson ; Mount Pleasant Colored 
Church, Rev. J. D. Wilson and Jefferson Lick ; Danville, Rev. E. Russ ; 
Fairfield, Rev. Isaac Leonard. 

After the preliminary action had been read and a full statement in regard 
to their condition made, it was unanimously resolved to recognize them as a 
church ; the recognition services were conducted by Rev. Isaac Leonard. 

The church edifice is situated on the corner of Sixth and High streets, and 
was purchased on the 15th of June, 1868, but is not wholly paid for. 

The names of the first officers were as follows : Trustees, William Martin, 
D. Tyler, John William. Deacons, Asa Chapial and Thomas Roland. The 
names of present officers are : Trustees, Noah Cartwright, George Garven, 
Samuel Lee. Deacons, P. Corish, Sandford Mitchell, Jackson Wilson and 
Edward Davis ; Church Clerk, Samuel Lee. 

The names of the Pastors up to the present time are the Revs. John War- 
ren, Elder Faulkner, E. Burkett, J. C. Carey, W. M. Webster, G. W. Shel- 
ton, J. Bandy, George Chambers, G. G. Robinson and F. Gray. 

The first membership numbered sixteen, and the present membership num- 
bers forty-three. The officers of the Sabbath school are : Samuel Lee, Super- 
intendent ; Mrs. Mary Roland, Assistant Superintendent ; Miss Rebecca Tyler, 
Secretary ; Mrs. Maggie Lee, Treasurer, and Mr. George Garven, Librarian. 
The scholars number twenty-five. 

The Ministerial Relief Society was organized June 5, 1878, with Rev. F. 
Gray, President ; Mrs. F, Gray, Vice President and Treasurer, and Miss E. 
Tyler, Secretary. 

The Burlington Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Bay 
Saints, was organized April 28, 1872, by Alexander H. Smith, President of 
the Spring Prairie and Nauvoo districts, 0. P. Dunham, W. D. Morton and 
Levi Lightfoot. There were then seven members, namely : 0. P. Dunham, 
High Priest; W. D. Morton, of the Seventy; L. Lightfoot, Elder; 0. Owen, 
Mary A. Morton, Christian Halbick and Ellen Owen. On the same day W. 
D. Morton was appointed President and Owen Owen ordained Teacher of the 
branch, besides wdiich the latter attended to the duty of Secretary. From April 
28, 1872, to August 28, 1876, W. D. Morton was Pastor. From August 28, 
1876, to August 20, 1877, John R. Nichols was Pastor, and has been succeeded 
by Fred Johnson, who now officiates as such. The present membership of this 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 577 

Church is seventy-four. The congregation has worshiped in various places, 
but at present hokls its meetings over Whiting's music store, on Jefferson 
street. Connected with the Church is Bright Prospect Sabbath School, organ- 
ized March 5, 1876, with an average ^ittendance of twenty-five scholars. 

United Presbyterian Ohurch. — August 11, 1875, Rev. R. C. Hamilton, 
of Morning Sun, Ohio, having been appointed to supply Keokuk Presbytery 
of the United Presbyterian Church for one quarter, was sent to Burlington 
by the Superintendent of Missions (Rev. Henry Wallace), to look up the 
prospects for the organization of a church of that denomination in this city. 
Mr. Hamilton's first sermon was preached August 15, in the First Presbyterian 
Church, corner of Fifth and Washington streets. He visited the families and 
preached a fcAV Sabbaths, and September 14, 1875, went to Presbytery with 
the request for the organization of a church in this city — having found thirteen 
persons who would unite as members, and eleven as adherents. 

The request was favorably considered by the Presbytery and on its recom- 
mendation, Rev. E. D. Campbell, of Mansfield Presbytery, was sent as stated 
supply by the General Committee on Missions. He arrived January 14, 
1876, and entered actively upon his labors. He preached his first sermon 
January 15, at 3 P. M., in the Presbyterian Church on the text, " For I 
have much people in this city." 

February 16, 1876, the " United Presbyterian Church, of Burlington, 
Iowa," was organized in the basement room of the Presbyterian Church, at 
11 A. M. Rev. Henry Wallace, of Morning Sun, and Ruling Elders F. 
A. Duncan, of Columbus City, and Henry M. Ochiltree, of Morning Sun, were 
the Committee on Organization. Rev. Mr. Wallace preached the moderating 
sermon, and Mr. Duncan Avas appointed Clerk. The names of thirteen United 
Presbyterians, as members, were presented, and the names of eleven Reformed 
Presbyterians as adherents. Following is the list : 

Members — Robert W. Coulter, Mrs. Nancy D. Coulter, Wilson W. Blake, 
Mrs. Maria S. Blake, John Paisley, Mrs. Margaret McCosh, Mrs. Jane Dun- 
gan, Mrs. A. G. Swindler, Mfc. Nancy McLane, Mrs. Rosa Sponholtz, Rob- 
ert G. Saunderson, William C. Stewart, Mrs. W. C. Stewart. 

Adherents — W. J. Donahue, Mrs. Lizzie G. Donahue, James W. Wright, 
Samuel A. Wright, William G. Wright, Miss Anna Wright, Calvin McCon- 
aughey, Mrs. Eliza McConaughey, Samuel Mclntyre, W. J. Cunningham, 
Mrs. W. J. Cunningham. 

The election of Ruling Elders resulted in the choice of Robert W. Coulter 
and Wilson W. Blake. They were ordained by Rev. James Brown, D. D., of 
Keokuk, June 9, 1876. The first communion was held June 11. 

Services have been held regularly ever since, at Choral Hall, No. 419|- 
Jefferson street. Rev. E. D. Campbell was succeeded as stated supply, 
July 1, 1877, by Rev. J. C. Herron,of Lawrence, Kan., and he, July 1, 1878, by 
J. A. Pollock, of Logan County, Ohio, the present Pastor. The membership 
at present (February 1, 1879) numbers thirty-six. There have been three 
deaths in the congregation, and nine persons have removed from its bounds. 
Services are held every Sabbath, at 10:30 A. M. and 4 P. M. Prayer-meet- 
ing, Thursday evening, at 7:30 o'clock. 

The first Trustees were W. J. Donahue and Calvin McConaughey. The pres- 
ent Trustees are Archibald McArthur, M. E. Blake and James W. Wright. 

The Sabbath school has an average attendance of seventy, with nine 
classes. The officers are : James W. Wright, Superintendent ; James Wilson, 
Secretary and Treasurer, and W. G. Wright, Librarian. 



578 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The Building Committee, having charge of the erection of a new church, 
are Rev. J. A. Pollock, R. W. Coulter, W. W. Blake, John Cairns and John 
McMullin. They have closed the contract for the erection of a fine frame 
building, of the beautiful Swiss style of architecture, on a lot on Jefi'erson 
street, a few doors west of Boundary. The church will be 34x62 feet in 
dimensions, with an alcove or recess in the rear, of 5x13 feet. It faces the 
north, and in the northeast corner, a tower, 12 feet square, rises in a neat 
and tasty spire to a height of 90 feet. There will be two entrances in front, 
with a class-room between the two halls. The stairs to the gallery will be 
in the tower. The ceiling will be arched and very high and airy. The win- 
dows will be of stained glass. The church will have a seating capacity of 
about four hundred people. The building will be completed about May 
1, 1879, and the entire cost of lot, church and furniture will be about 
^5,000. 

The Hehreiv Church. — In 1875, the Jews of the city effected an organiza- 
tion in accordance with their faith, and for some time held religious services 
in the Luke Palmer Building, on North Main street, between Washington 
and Columbia, in rooms formerly occupied by the Mercantile Club. About 
twenty families are included in the association, and Rev. S. Hecht ministered 
for the congregation one year. They are now organizing under the leadership 
of Rev. Isaac Moses, of Quincy, 111., who will give part of his time regularly 
to this congregation. They now worship in the B'Nai B'Rith Lodge-room, 
corner Main and Washington streets. 

Free Methodist Church. — This society was organized April 1, 1878, by 
Rev. E. B. Hart and Rev. M. L. Vorheis, with about fifty members. E. 
Osborn, William Roger, E. P. Kyle and P. C. Burhans, were the first and 
present Stewards. They rented the church-building formerly occupied by the 
South Hill Baptist Society (now out of existence), Avhere they continue to wor- 
ship ; Rev. Mr. Vorheis is the present Pastor. The sabbath School connected 
with the Church has about one hundred and twenty-five members — William 
Roger, Superintendent. 

The Congregation of B'nai Sholem was organized January 1, 1879, with the 
following officers : Joseph Lehman, President ; Frank Weil, Vice President ; 
Morris Lehman, Secretary ; Harry Weiler, Treasurer. Isaac Moses, tiie Pastor, 
resides in Quincy, and comes to Burlington once each month. Connected with 
the Church is a Sabbath school, held twice a month. 

The African Methodist FJpiseopal Church was organized in 1867, by Rev. 
J. W. Malone, with a membership of four. The present membership is fifty, 
with Rev. J. W. H. Jackson as Pastor. 

YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION. 

The Burlington Y. M. C. A. owes its existence to G. F. W. Sherwin, a 
resident of Erie, Penn., who, while visiting Burlington as an insurance agent, 
in 1876, went from one to another talking to them of the Y. M. C. A. and 
its work, of the good that might be accomplished through such an organization 
in Burlington, and urged Christian men, whom he had never seen before, to do 
what he claimed and they confessed was their plain duty. Finally, a meeting 
was held in the office of Dr. J. V. Bean, during the month of November, 1876, 
to consider and talk over the matter. On the 1st day of January, 1877, at a 
meeting in Choral Hall, the Y. M. C. A. was organized by W. *E. Blake, C. 
H. Whiting, Dr. J. V. Bean, W. J. McClure, J. S. Kelly, H.. J. Wakerly, G. 
H. Challender and James Coulter. The first officers, elected at the meeting. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 579 

were: W. E. Blake, President ; J. V. Bean, Vice President; C. H. Whiting, 
Corresponding Secretary; G. W. Challender, Recording Secretary; W. J. 
Wakerly, Treasurer. The regular constitution was not adopted until March 
26. 1877, and the Board of Directors adopted the first code of by-laws April 
12, 1877, at a meeting held in the law office of the President, W. E. Blake. 
Among the efforts put forth by the associational work should be mentioned 
the Depot Reading-room, established May 5, 1877, through the co-oper- 
ation of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in the conductors' room 
at the depot, and maintained until the necessities of the company demanded 
the room for offices. The Association organized, on the 1st of April, 1877, a 
Mission Sunday School at the Walnut Street Baptist Church, on South Hill. 
The school afterward removed to South Boundary Schoolhouse, and becoming 
self-sustaining, the Association withdrew from the management November 5, 
1877. Until June, 1877, the Association had no regular meeting-place, but 
since then the meetings have been held at Choral Hall. The present officers 
are : W. E. Blake, President ; J. W. Burdette, Vice President : C. H. Whiting, 
Corresponding Secretary ; W. J. McClure, Recording Secretary ; J. L. Kelly, 
Treasurer. The Directors are: W. J. Samson, J. H. Bremmerman, Dr. J.V. 
Bean, H. J. Wakerly, H. A. Risset and T. B. Snyder. 

SECRET SOCIETIES. 

Des Moines Lodge, No. 1, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons. — The 
history of this Lodge embraces the history of the origin of Freemasonry in the 
State of Iowa, as hereinafter recorded. Burlington Lodge was constituted No- 
vember 20, 1840, by letters of dispensation granted by R. W. Joab Bernard, 
of St. Louis, Mo., appointed for its first officers: Hiram C. Bennett, W. M. ; 
William Thompson, S. W. ; Evan Evans, J. W. 

On October 20, 1841, said Lodge was chartered by the Grand Lodge of 
Missouri, and named Des Moines Lodge, No. 41, of which the first officers 
were : Hiram C. Bennett, W. M. ; William Thompson, S- W. ; Evan Evans, 
J. W.; Robert Martin, Treas. ; William D.McCord, Sec. ; William Fry, S. D. ; 
Theodore S. Parvin, J. D. ; David Hammer, Tiler. The Lodge was opened in 
due and ancient form, in the city of Burlington, November 20, 1840, and a 
charter was issued to Des Moines Lodge, No. 41, by the Grand Lodge of Mis- 
souri October 20, 1841. A charter was issued to Iowa Lodge, No. 42, by the 
Grand Lodge of Missouri October 20, 1841. A charter was issued to Dubuque 
Lodge, No. 62, by same Grand Lodge of Missouri October 10, 1843. A 
charter was also issued to Iowa City Lodge, No. 63, October 10, 1844. 

The above-named Lodges met in convention in Iowa City, Iowa, January 2, 
1844, and, after mature deliberation, adopted a Constitution and By-Laws for 
the Grand Lodge of the State of Iowa, and elected Oliver Cock first Grand 
Master and Theo. S. Parvin first Grand Secretary. The charters of said 
Lodges Avere then deposited in the Grand Lodge, and new charters issued, and 
Lodges named and numbered as follows : Des Moines Lodge, No. 1, at Bur- 
lington, Iowa; Iowa Lodge, No. ,2, at Muscatine, Iowa; Dubuque Lodge, No. 
3, at Dubuque, Iowa ; Iowa City Lodge, No. 4, at Iowa City, Iowa. The full 
membership of the above-named Lodges at that date, January 2, 1844, was 
101. The number of Masons in Iowa at the present date is estimated to be 
about 20,000. The present officers of Des Moines Lodge, No. 1, are : Evan 
M. Willis, W. M. ; John M. Jackson, S. W. ; Thomas C. Whiteby, J. W. ; 
A. J. Hillhouse, Treas. ; William H. Macleod, Sec. ; James Whitaker, S. D. ; 
C. P. De Haas, J. D. The present membership of Des Moines Lodge is eighty, 



580 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

and the property thereof is estimated at $1,000. Lodge meets in Bodeman's 
Block, on Second street, Burlington, Iowa. 

Burlington Lodge, No. 30, was instituted under dispensation granted No- 
vember 30, 1850, by Ansel Humphrey, G. M. of G. L. of the State of Iowa, 
and a charter was issued to the above-named Lodge June 3, 1851. The charter 
members were : Dean Rogers, W. M. ; J. L. Corse, S. W. ; Lyman Cook, 
J. W. ; Isaac Derwein, Treas. ; J. P. Wightman, Sec. ; David Harrison, S. D. ; 
J. M. Neely, J. D. The present officers are : J. E. Spnnger, W. M. ; T. D. 
Wannfried, S. W. ; Samuel Herschler, J. W. ; Charles Anderson, Treas. ; 
W. E. Woodward, Sec. ; B. F. Brown, S. D. ; Thomas Gregson, J. D. ; A. 
L. Daniels, Tiler. The present membership of this Lodge is eighty, and the 
property thereof is estimated at $100. It also meets in Bodeman's Block, 
corner of Third and Washington streets. 

Malta Lodge, No. 318, was instituted under dispensation, granted June 29, 
1872, by 0. P. Waters, G. M. of G. L., of Iowa. A charter was issued to said 
Lodge, June 5, 1873. The .charter members were : S. W. Snow, W. M. ; E. 
C. Blackmar, S. W. ; George H. Squires, J. W. ; E. S. Edgar, Treasurer; F. 
X. Kuechen, Secretary ; E. W. Conner, S. D. ; J. R. King, J. D. ; F. W. 
Godard, S. S. ; W. E. Woodward, Tiler. The present officers are: E. C. 
Blackmar, W. M. ; Eugene Sherwood, S. W. ; I. P. Wilson, J. W. ; Daniel 
W. Peasley, Treasurer ; F. X. Kuechen, Secretary; Frank Conner, S. D.; 
J. D. Miller, J. D. ; W. E. Woodward, Tiler. This Lodge has a membership 
of thirty-one, property valued at $50, and meets in Bodeman's Block. 

lowi Chapter, No. 1, Royal Arch Masons, wa? instituted by dispensation 
granted by General Grand Chapter of the United States to H. C. Bennett, H. 
P., September 19, 1813, and a charter was issued September 13, 1844. The 
first officers were : H. C. Bennett, H. P. ; H. T. Hugins, King and Secretary ; 
Richard Mansly, Scribe ; W. Deveau, Treasurer ; Pattison, C. of H. ; J. R. 
Hartsock, P. Sqj. ; Hooten, R. A. Captain; Weeks, G. M. of 3d Vail ; 
Blanchard, G. M. of 2d Vail ; Peter Beers, G. M. of 1st Vail ; John Gray, 
Guard. There were also the charter members. The present officers are as fol- 
lows : E. M. Willis, H. P. ; R. S. Skinner, King ; T. G. Foster, Scribe ; 
James Whitaker, Treasurer; E. W. Woodward, Secretary; T. C Scholes, G. 
of H. ; E. C. Blackmar, P. Soj. ; Horton Bailey, R. A. Captain; H. J. Wak- 
erly, G. M. of 3d Vail ; Christopher Miller, G. M. of 2d Vail ; A. Mitchell, 
G. M. of 1st Vail ; Thomas Gregson, Sentinel. The present membership is 
fifty-eight, the value of property $300, and the meeting-place is in Bodeman's 
Block. 

St. Omar Oonimandery, No. 15, Knights Templars, originated by a sep- 
aration from Jerusalem Commandei'y, No. 7, whose charter was located to meet 
at Burlington and Mt. Pleasant, alternately. A charter was granted October 
6, 1870, and it was organized and instituted October 10, of the same year, 
by W. E. Woodward, Past Eminent Commander of Jerusalem Commandery, 
No. 7. The first officers being M. E. Gillette, E. C. ; W. E. Woodward, Gen- 
eralissimo; Frank Phelps, Captain General; T. J. Copp, Prelate; Isaac Der- 
wein, Treasurer ; A. P. Bentley, Recorder : S. W. Snow, S. W. ; George Hill, 
J. W. ; Charles Anderson, Standard Bearer ; 0. W. Borden, Sword Bearer ; Paul 
Lange, Warden ; F. G. Kendall, Sentinel. The present officers are : W. E. Wood- 
ward, E. C. ; A. W. Manning, Generalissimo ; A. S. Umberger, Captain Gen- 
eral ; C. Anderson, Prelate ; S. H. Jones, Treasurer ; A. Mitchell, Recorder ; 
J. N. Martin, S. W. ; Horton Bailey, J. W. ; E. P. Dunham, Standard 
Bearer; R. Glendy, Sword Bearer; Paul Lange, Warder; Thomas Gregson, 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 681 

Sentinel. The present membership of this Commandery is twenty-eight, and 
the value of its property, $400. The meeting-place is in Bodeman's Block. 

Friendship Lodge^ No. 11, Knights of Pythias, was instituted under dis- 
pensation, February 2, 1872, and a charter was granted March 12, 1872. The 
charter members were J. D. Weeks, A. B. Dodge, Christopher Osterberg, J. P. 
Joy, R. P. Ploutz, H. C. Garrett, C. C. Mathews, R. Binder, R. B. Mason. 
The first officers under the charter were : J. D. Weeks, V. P. ; A. D. Dodge, 
W. C. ; C. Osterberg, V. C ; B. M. Ploutz, F. S. ; H. C. Garrett, Banker ; 
C. C. Mathews, Guide ; R. B. Mason, 0. S. ; R. Binder, I. S. The present 
officers are : A. V. Dodge, P. C. ; W. A. Torrey, C. C. ; S. A. Eads, V. C. ; 
W. G. Mercer, K. of R. S. ; W. R. Rhein, M. of F. ; Carl Wigert, M. of E. ; 
Bryce Campbell, Prelate ; F. Bloomer, M. of A. The present membership is 
thirty, and value of property, $400. The Lodge meets in the Knights of 
Pythias hall, corner Third and Jefferson streets. 

Flint Hills Lodge, No. 39, was instituted July 16, 1877, under dispensa- 
tion, and chartered February 12, 1878, the following being the charter mem- 
bers: John H. Gear, N. J. Bent, 0. H. Andrews, R. M. Washburn, Dan W. 
Peasley, Wesley Jones, A. B. Kleghorn, W. C. Comer, C. C. Spalding, H. H. 
Garrett, J. J. Sanford, W. P. Foster, W. S. Darling, William Pilger, Frank 
Hatton, C. S. Edger, J. W. Burdette, A. A. Perkins, T. J. Copp. The first 
officers were: T. J. Copp, P. C; George Whipple, C. C; A. A. Perkins, V. 
C; J. W. Burdette, P.; A. B. Cleghorn, K^ of R. S.; W. 0. Foster, M. of 
F.; Dan W. Peasley, M. of C; William Pilger, M. of A. The present officers 
are: A. A. Perkins, P. C; James A. Guest, C. C; William Pilger, P.; H. C. 
Garrett, K. of R. S.; W. S. Darling, M. of F.; R. M. Washburn, M. of C; 
W. P. Foster, M. of A.; T. J. Copp, J. G.; H. A. Brown, 0. G. The present 
membership is twenty-nine, and the property of the Lodge is valued at $150. 
The Lodge meets in the Knights of Pythias hall, corner of Third and Jefferson 
streets. 

Section No. 93, Endowment rank of the Knights of Pythias, was organized 
and chartered February 21, 1878, the first officers being: T. J. Copp, Prest.; 
W. S. Darling, V. Prest.; Chris. Osterberg, Chaplain; R. M. Washburn, 
Guide; A. B. Cleghorn, Guard; Robert Allison, Sentinel. The charter mem- 
bers were: William Torrey, W. G. Mercer, T. J. Copp, H. C. Garrett, Robert 
Allison, Chris. Osterberg, Peter Wigern, F. W. Bloomer, A. B. Cleghorn, M. 
C. Conner, Dan W. Peasley, R. M. Washburn, A. A. Perkins, W. S. Darling, 
H. D. Walker. The present officers are : T. J. Copp, Prest., W. G. Mercer, 
V. Prest.; A. A. Perkins, Chaplain; H. C. Garrett, Sec. and Treas.; Robert 
Allison, Guide ; F. W. Bloomer, Guard ; William A. Torrey, Sentinel. The 
present membership is tAventy-one, and property is valued at $50. 

Charity Tent No. 3, of the Knights of Maccabees of the World, was organ- 
ized January 11, 1879, and chartered January 12, 1879, the charter members 
being D. E." Johnson, W. J. D. Meyers, J. A. Kleppisch, J. M. Bradley, J. H. 
Hall, E. Lawrence, E. Zerber, Henry Clay Judson, W. L. Rhodes, G. W. Mil- 
ler, C. A. Davis, William A. Torrey, James Frame, J. H. Wakerly, Jacob 
Shontz, T. J. Fuller, William Atkinson, Dr. R. L. Robb, W. H. Hendy, 
Samuel Peabody, J. T. Smith, E. J. Dougherty, Charles Tienes, M. G. Haight, 
A. T. Skelly, J. W. Jenkins. The first and present officers are : D. E. John- 
son, Ex. Sir Kt. Gen. Commander; Henry Clay Judson, Sir Kt. Commander; 
Samuel Peabody, Sir Kt. Lieut. Commander ; C. A. Davis, Sir Kt. Prelate ; 
J. A. Kleppisch, Record-Keeper; W. J. D. Meyers, Finance-Keeper; J. T. 
Smith, Sergeant ; G. W. Miller, Master-at-Arms; E. Lawrence, 1st M. Guard; 



582 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

E. J. Dougherty, 2d M. Guard; James M. Bradley, Sentinel; William Atkin- 
son, Pricket. The membership is thirty-seven ; the property is valued at $200, 
and the place of meeting is in the Knights of Pythias hall, corner Third and 
Jefferson streets. 

Iowa Hain, No. i, United Ancient Order of Druids, was chartered July 
2,1855, with the following charter-members: L. Krieg, N. Graeser, C 
Derwein, J. Schaefer, F. G. Brand. The first officers were : N. Graeser, E 
E. ; J. Schaefer, U. E. ; L. Krieg, Secretary; J. G. Brand, Treasurer; John 
Steiner, I. W. ; J. Winter, R. H. D., E. E. ; W. Weis, L. H. D., E. E. ; S 
Hodop, R. H. D., U. E. ; E. Nordheim, L. H. D., U. E ; H. Lachman 
Fuehrer. The present officers are: J. Gross, Ex. E. ; S. Mesmer, E. E. 
Peter Gunter, U. E. ; Robert Sutter, Secretary ; S. Hodop, Financial Secre 
tary ; H. Demland, Treasurer ; W. Stadtlander, I. W. ; J. Heinz, Fuehrer 
J. Blum, A. W. ; J. Wolwend, R. H. D., E. E. ; A. Ganz, L. H. D., E. E 
P. Tropman, R. H. D., U. E. ; J. Peck, L. H. D., U. E. The present number 
of members of this lodge is one hundred and nineteen, and the place of meet- 
ing is in Druids Hall, corner of Fourth and Jefferson streets. 

United Brothers Gfrove, No. 3, U. A. 0. D., was instituted by charter 
from the Grand Grove of the United States, August 10, 1858, with the fol- 
lowing as charter members : L. Krieg, F. Funck, G. Hoerr, J. Egenolf, J. P. 
Krichbaum, Chris. Ulrich, A. Meyer, Isaac Derwein, C. Hartman. The first 
officers were : L. Krieg, J. P. A. ; J. P. Kriechbaura, N. A. ; Isaac Derwein, 
V. A. ; W. E. Woodward, Secretary, Chris. Mathes, Treasurer ; F. Funck, 
Conductor; Charles Hartman, I. G. ; Jos. Klem, 0. G. ; J. Egenolf, R. H. 
B. to N. A.; G. Ulrich, L. H. B. to N. A.; C. Ulrich, R. H. B. 
to V. A. ; F. Uttry. L. H. B. to V. A. The present officers are : C. Steimker, 
J. P. A. ; J. L. Lemberger, N. A. ; Jacob Blum, V. A. ; W. E. Woodward, 
Secretary ; William Fordney. Treasurer ; C. P. De Haas, I. G. ; L. Krieg, 
R. H. B. to N. A. ; P. Bouquet, L. H. B. to N. A. ; T. C. Whiteley, R. H. 
B. to V. A. ; B. Shugar, L. H. B. to V. A. ; Henry Weber, 0. G. The 
present membership is forty-seven, and the lodge meets in Druids Hall, corner 
of Fourth and Jefferson streets. 

Harmonia Grrove, No. 6, U. A. 0. i>., was organized March 26, 187-4. and 
chartered June 9, 1874. The charter members were John Hassel, C. A. 
Braentegan, Gottlieb Wollhaf, Adolph Ott, Jacob Hill, Fred Stodtmeister, 
Georgo Leiwe. The first officers were : John Hassel, P. A. ; C. A. Braentegan, 
N. A. ; Gottlieb Wollhaf, V. A. ; Adolph Ott, Secretary ; George Leiwe, 
Financial Secretary ; Jacob Hill, Treasurer ; Fred Stodtmeister, I. G. The 
present officers are : Henry Berwis, P. A. ; V. Dehner, N. A. ; Andrew Heyer, 
V. A. ; Adolph Ott, Secretary ; Jacob Hill, Treasurer ; George Bosch, I. G. ; 
Jacob Blum, 0. G. ; Charles '^Ilolstein, Conductor. The present membership 
of this lodge is twenty-six ; its property is estimated at $700, and it meets in 
Druids Hall, corner Fourth and Jefferson streets. 

Burlington Lodge, No. 16, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was organ- 
ized and chartered February 16, 1875, with the following charter members : 
Paul Brech, Charles Anderson, D. D. Marshall, R. A. Baylor, S. Shippert, J. 
L. Lemberger, Charles Lengel, William A. Torrey, J. C. Cover and John 
Heinz. A second charter was granted July 2, 1877, and the following officers 
were elected : Charles Lengel, P. M. W.; John Heinz, M. W.; C. 0. Lof- 
stromm, G. F.; Fred Biermith, Overseer; C. H. Bickler, Recorder; S. Ship- 
pert, Treasurer ; II. Woellhaf, Receiver; Chris. Mueller, G.; Frank Hirt, 0. 
W. Early in 1876, this was changed into a German Lodge, with a member- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY, 583 

ship of thirty-six and the following officers : John F. Geiger, Ex. 0. M.; Chris. 
Paulus, 0. M. ; H. Weber, U. M.; J. C. Cover, Aufscher; J. H. Gereche, 
Fuehrer ; J. H. Bremmermann, S. F. ; S. Shippert, F. S. ; H. Woellhaf, 
Schatzmeister ; Fred Disque, I. W.; P. Pfanmiller, A. W. The Lodge meet* 
in Parsons' Block, corner of Third and Jefferson streets. 

Orchard City Lodge, No. ^7, A. 0. JJ. TF., was instituted under dispensa- 
tion by 0. J. Noble, Deputy Grand Master, May 15, 1875, and a charter was 
granted on the same day, the charter members being as follows : D. 0. Fosgate, 
G. S. Stripe, George Le Baron, E. J. Hicks, J. W. Toothacher, C. A. 
McChesney, A. Trimble, Thomas McChesney, C. D. Hall, George Stewart and 
G. W. Clemens. The first officers were : D. 0. Fosgate, P. M. W.; George 
Le Baron, M. W.; George W. Stripe, Foi-eman ; Thomas McChesney, Over- 
seer ; George Stewart, Recorder ; A. Trimble, Financier ; G. W. Toothacher, 
Receiver; C. A. McChesney, Guide; G. W. Clemens, Watchman. The pres- 
ent officers are : A. M. Antrobus, P. M. W..; A. Q. Smith, M. W.; H. A. 
Kelley, Foreman ; D. A. Mason, Overseer ; Ellis Griffith, Guide ; Robert 
Spencer, Recorder ; C. French, Financier ; I. P. Wilson, Receiver ; S. E. 
Hawkins, Inside Watchman ; William Sabins, Outside Watchman. The present 
membership is seventy, the property of the Lodge is valued at $200, and its 
meeting-place is in Parsons' Block. 

Stephenson Lodge., No. 34-, A. 0. U. W., was instituted by D. D. G. M. 
VV. D. L. Stephenson, November 9, 1875, and a charter was issued under the 
same date, with the following as first officers : J. L. Lemberger, M. W. ; Leon 
Huffman, P. M. W.; R. A. Baylor, Foreman; D. D. Marshall, Overseer; 
William Franken, Recorder; W. H. Rhein, Financier ; Joseph Troxel Re- 
ceiver; John Golden, Guide; G. A. Licuyer, Inside Watchman ; F. Flack- 
man, Outside Watchman. The charter members were J. L. Lemberger, Leon 
Huffman, G. A. Licuyer, Charles Chamberlain, F. Flackman, George Pickup, 
M. J. Haddix, John Metz, B. Segall, Fred Lippert, William Herchuback, Sam- 
uel Peabody, P. F. Unterkircher, D. D. Marshall, R. A. Baylor, William 
Franken, W. H. Rhein, Joseph Troxel, John Golden, W. C. White, N. Bou- 
quet, George Gray, C. Anderson, H. Hoelscher, Charles Gienger. The pres- 
ent officers are : William A. Torrey, M. W.; S. E. Nixon, P. M. W.; R. E. 
Doran, Foreman; William Turner, Overseer; Charles Chamberlain, Recorder; 
Al. S. Teuscher, Financier; C. A. Davis, Receiver; L. P. Eads, Guide; E. 0. 
Holmquist, Inside Watchman ; A. J. Agren, Outside Watchman. The pres- 
ent membership is foYty-three. The property of the Lodge is valued at $250. 
The place of meeting is in the Knights of Pythias Hall, corner of Third and 
Jefferson streets. 

Lincoln Lodge, No. 125, A. 0. U. W., was instituted July 16, 1877, and 
chartered the same day, Avith the following charter members : J. F. Jordan, 
Alexander Hannum, D. C. Griffin, Samuel Long, E. A. Hanchet, H. M. Coy, 
M. R. Renshaw, G. W. Lowery, Isaac Vanorman, C. T. Patterson, C. A. Light- 
foot, M. P. Tilton, R. H. Johnson, E. M. Kirk, W. D. Crumpton, W. A. 
Drew, C. A. Paine, Emmerson Follett, S. C. Moss, E. J. Willey, G. C. Mudg- 
ett, AlonzoEdson, D. P. Elliott, A. Giroux, C. FoUett, W. A. Roberts. The 
first officers were as follows : Samuel Long, P. M. W. ; Alexander Hannum, 
M. W. ; J. F. Jordon, F. ; D. C. Griffin, 0. ; C. T. Patterson, Receiver ; E. 
A. Hanchet, Financier; M. R. Renshaw, Receiver; G. W. Lowery, Guide; 
W. D. Crumpton, Inside Watchman ; E. Kirk, Outside Watchman. The pres- 
ent officers are: D. C. Griffin, P. M. W. ; E. A. Hanchet, M. W. ; William 
Pucklin, F. ; W. P. Tilton, 0. ; G. W. Lowery, Receiver ; G. C. Mudgett, 



584 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Financier ; C. T. Patterson, Receiver ; A. Hilderband. Guide ; J. C. Johnson, 
Inside Watciiman ; I. Vanorraan, Outside Watchman. The present member- 
ship is fortv-one. The Lodge meets in Patterson's Hall, on Summer street. 
South HilL This Lodge is, indeed, a lodge of workmen. With the exception 
of two members, they all earn their living by manual labor. This Lodge has 
had a slow but steady growth from the first of its existence. In less than two 
years it has paid out in sick benefits $200, disbursing to its sick members $5 
per week during their sickness, after the first week thereof. The quarterly dues 
of this Lodge are $1 per year higher than those of its sister-lodges. 

Phcenix Lodge, No. IJfSi, A. 0. U. W., was instituted by D. D. G. M. W.; 
J. L. Lemberger, December 6, 1877, and a charter was issued the same 
day. The following were the charter members: H. 0. Browning, J. L. 
Lemberger, C. P. De Haas, James Frame. Henry Lemberger, Paul Lange, 
Chris. Allen, S. H. Stutsman, 0. W. Lemberger, T. L. Pilger, T. J. Raper, 
A. P. Eklund, H. N. Howe, A. H. Kuhlmmeir, J. W. Burdette, L. M. 
Pilger, J. M. Parham, C. F. Gall, J. B. Jaeger, A. E. Milspaugh, Con- 
rad Lutz, Henry Weis, J. W. C. Jones, George Kriechbaum and William 
McD. Houseworth. The first oflicers were; Henry Lemberger, M. W. ; C. 
C. De Haas, P. M. W. ; J. W. Burdette, Foreman ; James Frame, Over- 
seer ; T. L. Pilger, Recorder ; J. L. Lemberger, Financier ; Chris. Allen, 
Receiver; J. P. Jaeger, Guide; C. W. Lemberger, Inside Watchman ; J. M. 
Parham, Outside Watchman. The present officers are : C. P. De Haas, M. 
W. ; James Frame, P. M. W. ; H. C. Schramm, Foreman ; J. 0. Smythe, 
Overseer; W. R. Fabert, Recorder; J. L. Lemberger, Financier; C. F. 
Gall, Receiver ; J. W. Burdette, Guide ; W. F. McCosh, Inside Watchman ;: 
James G. Bull, Outside Watchman. The present membership is thirty-seven. 
The property of the Lodge is valued at ^250, and its place of meeting is in 
Druid Hall, corner Fourth and Jefi"erson streets. 

Standard Lodge, No. '2i26, Independent Order of Mutual Aid, was insti- 
tuted under authority of S. P. of the United States, by W. A. Halstead, Dep- 
uty Supreme President, Nov. 29, 1878, with fortv-three members and the fol- 
lowing officers : 0. H. Denise, P. P.; R. N. Green, P.; J. V. Bean, V. P.; Robert 
Spencer, Recording Secretary ; H. A. Kelley, Financial Secretary ; L. C. Wal- 
bridge, Treasurer; M. M. Palmer, Chaplain; C. French, Conductor; G. W. 
Halliday, Inside Guardian; L. C. Skinner, Outside Guardian. This society pays 
the heirs of a deceased member |2,000. and allows its sick members $1 per 
week. The Lodge meets in Druid Hall, corner Fourth and Jefferson streets. 

The R. W. (x. Lodge of I. 0. F. of Lowa Avas instituted at Muscatine, 
on the first day of May, 1848, by D. D. G. Sire John G. Potts, by authority 
of the G. Lodge of the United States, and by virtue of dispensation by G. L. 
of U. S., after which the following Past Grands were duly elected, and installed 
into their various offices by the D. D. G. Sire : Pc G. J. Whitfield Garner, 
M. W. Grand Master ; P. G. Amos Mathews, R. W. D. Master ; P. G. 
Samuel McCormick, R. W. G. Warden : P. G. Richard Calle, R. W. G. 
Secretary ; P. G. Joseph Bridgman, R. W. G. Treasurer. The D. D. Sire 
then delivered a short address to the members of the G. Lodge. The M. W. 
G. M. then made the following appointments, viz.: P. G- William Patterson, 
Rev. G. Chaplain ; P. G. J. T. B. Martin, W. G. Marshall ; P. G. Benjamin 
Rupert, W. G. Guardian ; P. G. William Longley, W. G. Conductor. It was 
resolved to appoint a committee of three to draft a Constitution and By-Laws 
for this Lodge. It was also resolved to appoint a committee to draft a Consti- 
tution for subordinate lodges throughout the State. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 58& 

The present oflBcers of this Grand Lodge are : B. S. Merriam, Keokuk, M. 
W. Grand Master ; W. C. Harriman, Dubuque, R. W. D. Grand Master ; Will- 
iam Garrett, Burlington, R. W. Grand Secretary; John Van Valkenberg, 
Fort Madison, R. W. Grand Warden ; B. B. Woodward, Davenport, R. W. 
Grand Treasurer ; Eric J. Leech, Keokuk, R. W. Grand Representative ; 
Benjamin Newman, Council Bluffs, R. W. Grand Representative ; W. S. Bur- 
ton, Mount Pleasant, W. Grand Chaplain ; S. P. Leland, Charles City, W. 
Grand Marshal; A. H. White, Mount Ayr, W. Grand Conductor; J. W. 
Roper, Fort Dodge, W. Grand Messenger ; J. F. Abbott, Manchester, W. 
Grand Guardian ; Ferdinand Mueller, Davenport, W. Grand Herald. 

Washington Lodge, No. 7, /. 0. 0. F., was instituted at Burlington, Iowa 
Territory, April 4, 1844, by D. D. G. Sire John G. Potts, of Galena, 111., 
and by authority of the Grand Lodge of the United States, under dispensa- 
tion, and afterward chartered. The charter members were : Richard Mands- 
ley, W. H. Mann, W. D. McCash, John T. Jones, Oliver Cock and Thomas 
T Goodhue. The first ofiicers were: Richard Mandsley, N. G.; W. H. Mann, 
V. G.; Thomas T. Goodhue, Secretary ; Oliver Cock, Treasurer. 

The present officers are : Frederick Brickenbach, N, G.; William Mercer, 
V. G.; M. P. Sharts, R. Secretary ; W. E. Woodward, Treasurer. The pres- 
ent membership is 160. The property of the Lodge is valued at $10,000. 
All the I. 0. 0. F. Lodges meet in their hall, in Parsons' Block. 

Harmonia Lodge, No. 209, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation 
December 19, 1870, and a charter was granted October 19, 1871, with the 
following as charter members : Simon Hene, P. H. Greis, F. C. Hoffman,, 
Fred Riepe, P. F. Unterkircher, S. W. Greenbaum, Chris. Weymeier, E. M, 
Eisfeld, Otto Lorenz, Charles Starker, Joseph Strobel, Leopold Krieg, John 
Smith, J. J. Schen, Paul Lange, Charles Hartman, George Kriechbaum, 
Joseph Greenbaum. 

The first officers were: N. E. Hoffman, N. G.; Simon Henne, V. G.; 
Chris. Weymeier, C. S.; Otto Lorenz, P. S.; Paul Lange, Cashier. 

The present officers are: William Ihrer, N. G.; Charles Wederty, V. G.; 
Bernhard Hulsebus, R. Secretary ; Charles Steimker, P. Secretary, and 
Michael Gerlinger, Treasurer. The number of members is sixty-five. The 
property of this Lodge is estimated worth $1,000. 

Excelsior Lodge, No. 268, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation 
December 11, 1873, and a charter was granted October 22, 1874, with the fol- 
lowing charter members : F. E. Hoffman, George A. Duncan, Rudolph Glendy, 
James P. Joy, J. W. Jenkins, E. P. Wood, E. G. Squire, John Hall, P. Bru- 
mund, Charles Anderson, Charles Kriechbaum, G. W. Babbitts, A. W. Montfort, 
James Carroll, W. H. Piatt, Paul L. Brick, Richard A. Taylor. The first officers 
were : E. P. Wood, N. G.; George A. Duncan, V. G.; E. G. Squire, R. Sec; 
Charles Anderson, P. Sec; Rudolph Glendy, Treas. The present officers are 
Henry C. Cady, N. G.; D. E. Johnson, V. G.; J. F. Rolf, R. Sec; A. P. 
Eklund, P. Sec; E. G. Squire, Treas. The present membership is fifty-one, 
and the value of the property about $600. 

Eureka Encampment, No. 2, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted April 26, 1848, by 
D. D, G. Sire John G. Potts, of Galena, 111. The charter members were: W. 
H. Mann, William Garrett, William D. McCord, Oliver Cock, M. Wile, John 
Otten, J. S. McClure, William W. Scott. The charter was granted September 
22, 1847. The first officers were: W. H. Mann, C. P.; Oliver Cock, H. P.; 
William D. McCord, S. W.; W. W. Scott, J. W.; M. Wile, Scribe ; John Otten, 
Treas. The present officers are Charles Steimker, C. P.; Charles Sponholtz, 



:586 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

H. P.; J. W. Jenkins, S. W.; James Toft, J. W.; Charles Anderson, Scribe; 
Oeorge Whipple, Treas. The Grand Encampment of the State of Iowa was 
instituted June 17, 1852, at Muscatine. 

Burlington Lodge, No. 251, of the hidependerit Order of B'nai Brith, 
wrhich belon<Trs to District No. 6 of said organization was chartered November 
12, 1875, with following first officers : Jacob Schroder, President ; Emanuel 
Kaab, Vice President ; Joseph Greenbaum, Sec. ; Joseph Lehman, Treasurer ; 
S. Hecht, A. M.; Theodore D. Wanfried, I. G.; Henry Heschler, 0. G. The 
present officers are S. W. Greenbaum, President ; Jos. Lehman, Vice President ; 
Joseph Greenbaum, Secretary ; Emanuel Raab, Treasurer ; S. Himmelrich, A. 
M.; E. M. Eisfeld, 0. G.; Leopold Hirsch, I. G. The present membership of 
this Lodge is twenty-six. It meets in Mecke's Block, opposite the Congrega- 
tional Church, and has property valued at $400. 

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

Germania Mutual Aid Society was organized by a committee of nine 
persons March 1, 1851, and Articles of Incorporation adopted February 1, 
1860. The first officers of said Society were: Sigmund Schramm, President; 
Carl Mahlinger, Vice President ; Ambros Busch, Treasurer : Bernhard Buck- 
rode, Secretary. The present officers are : Chris. Paulus, President ; Chris. 
Klein, Vice President ; George Huber, Secretary ; C. Gall, Treasurer. The 
present membership is 178, and the property of the Society is valued at $6,000. 
It meets in Parsons' Block on Jefferson street. This is the oldest German 
Society in the State of Iowa, and celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary 
February 29, 1876. 

Sivedish Benevolent Society, " Gotha," was organized March 21, 1867, 
and incorporation papers were recorded October 5, 1870, with an original 
membership of nine. The first officers were asv follows : W. 0. Holcomb, 
President ; C. 0. Streed, Vice President ; Alf. Peterson, Secretary ; Andrew 
Leens, Treasurer. The present officers are : Andrew Peterson, President ; 
Andrew Eklund, Vice President ; C. 0. Streed, Treasurer ; C. J. Arden, 
Financial Secretary ; F. 0. Anderson, Corresponding Secretary, with a mem- 
bership of sixty-one, and property valued at $1,000. This Society meets in 
Palmer's Block, on Valley street. 

Burlington Turner gemeinde was originally organized in the fall of 1852, 
in the old City Brewery, and incorporation papers were recorded March 1, 
1866. The first members under the corporation thus constituted were : John 
Rosenzweig, President ; Charles Mallinger, Secretary ; John Steiner, William 
Enderle, J. G. Brand, E. H. Horst, F. Schramm, C. Waldschmidt, Adolph 
Meyer, Emil Dietzsch, J. II. Scholer, C. Eggelman, Charles Wachsmuth, R. 
Byers, B. Holstein, J. Schlamp and M. Keller. 

The present officers are : George Rappold, President ; A. Althoff, Vice 
Presidenl ; Paul Milker, Recording Secretary ; John Dalldorf, Corresponding 
Secretary ; August Stucke, Treasurer ; Samuel Herschler, Turnwart. The 
present membership of the society is thirty-three, and its property is valued at 
$10,000. Its meeting-place is Turner Hall, corner of Fourth and Division 
streets. 

Turnverein Vorwaerts was organized July 1, 1877, and Articles of Incorpo- 
ration were recorded by John Niewoehner, Ed. Kropp and Peter Stenger, 
December 19, 1877. The number of original members was about twenty-five, 
and the first officers under the corporation were : C. A. Braentigan, First 
Speaker ; August Neugebauer, Second Speaker ; B. Sterzing, Recording Sec- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 587 

retary ; A. Ott, Corresponding Secretary ; B. Bosch, Treasurer ; E. Kropp, 
First Turnwart ; E. Mahnke, Second Turnwart, and the following three 
Trustees : C. Franken, A. Bamberger and G. I. Botts. 

The present officers are : August Neugebauer, First Speaker ; Adolph 
Ott, Second Speaker ; Ed. Kropp, Recording Secretary ; E. F. Sterzing, 
Corresponding Secretary ; B. Bosch, First Turnwart ; Ed. Rapp, Sec- 
ond Turnwart ; Peter Stenger, Treasurer ; with a membership of thirty-five, 
and property worth $400. This society meets in Kriechbaum's Block, on 
North Main street. 

Burlington Schuetzenverein was organized May 24, 1868, by the follow- 
ing persons : F. Ebner, Peter Bouquet, L. Krieg, Charles Hartman, I. Der- 
vein, Joseph Sutter, George Bosch, W. Shueman, Jacob Bonn, George Hein- 
beck, Fritz Seitz, Chris. Demland, John Metz, Adam Metz, Julius Winzer, 
Chris. Geyer, John Haspel, C. Drecher, Theo. Waldschmidt. The first offi- 
cers were : F. Ebner, President ; George Bosch, Vice President ; Julius Win- 
zer, Secretary ; Peter Bouquet, Treasurer ; Joseph Sutter, First Schuetzen- 
meister ; John Hassel, Second Schuetzenmeister. Articles of Incorporation 
were recorded in 1871. 

The present officers are : Leopold Krieg, President ; W. Schueman, Vice 
President ; W. Metzger, Secretary ; Peter Bouquet, Treasurer ; F. Ebner, 
First Schuetzenmeister ; A. Metz, Second Schuetzenmeister. 

MEDICAL SOCIETY. 

Des Moines County Medical Society was organized at a meeting held on 
the 19th day of November, 1873. The first members were as follows : Philip 
Harvey, G. M. Crawford, John Sheehey, J. C. Stone, G. B. Little, H. B. 
Ransom, D. S. Forney, J. Howes, W. W. Nassau^" G. R. Henry, J. V. Bean, 
P. Brumund, R. C. Walker, F. Kuitham, J. Ransom, S. Scarff, J. A. Wright, 
L. B. Power. The first officers were: G. M. Crawford, President; H. B. 
Ransom, Vice President ; P. Brumund, Secretary and Treasurer. The present 
officers are : R. C. Walker, President ; G. B. Little, Vice President ; G. 
Nelson Jones, Secretary and Treasurer. The present number of members is 
twenty-three. The Society meets in the office of G. Nelson Jones, on the 
third Wednesday of each month. 

MILITARY COMPANIES. 

Mathias Post, No. 6, Department of Iowa, Gr. A. R. — This Post was 
organized December 14, 1874, and the charter granted by the National Head 
Post shows the following as charter members : W. G. Cummings, H, J. 
Wakerly, William Boyer, H. H. Gillman, C. W. Lemberger, H. A. Sailes, 
William Roth, James Halliday, A. A. Perkins, W. H. Warden, J. C. Stone. 
This organization has had its opposition in Iowa, and has enjoyed an era of 
prosperity seldom known in the history of organizations of its nature, being 
one of purely charitable motives. Those who associate politics with the Grand 
Army, and accuse it of being for political purposes, simply display their lack of 
knowledge ; as the constitution governing it especially directs that " nothing of 
a political nature shall be entertained, as nomination for office, discussion of 
partisan or political subjects," etc. It is composed of those Avho it is natural 
enough to expect would be heartily interested in the great sectional strife 
to-day, and since the close of the gigantic war ; but who, if true soldiers, are 
also true to the principles of fraternity, charity and loyalty, and do not carry 
it to the sessions of the Post, feeling that there is not the place it belongs. 



588 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

This Post has on its rolls the names of some of Iowa's most gallant soldiers ; to 
enumerate would simply do injustice to those whom we have not the space to 
name. The name of Gen. C. L. Mathias being its signet is alone enough. 
There is always a hand extended to those asking admission to its circle ; and 
as they recount the deeds of heroism in the dark days which tried men's souls, 
they are proud they can join the glad songs and call each other comrades. The 
present officers are: J. L. Kelley, Post Commander; H. H. Gillman, Senior 
Commander; C. A. Davis, Junior Commander; W. H. Horm, Quartermaster; 
J. C. Bonnell, Chaplain. 

The department officers are mostly members of this Post, being as follows : 
A. A. Perkins, Department Commander ; J. L. Kelley, Assistant, Quarter- 
master General ; W. W. Gillingham, Assistant, Adjutant General ; and others, 
whose names the records of the Post do not furnish. It is a deplorable fact 
that this is the only Post of G. A. R. in the county where so many old soldiers 
reside, and one that was ahvays among the first to furnish its quota when the 
call to arms told that more help was needed in supporting the war for the 
Union. This Post occupies a prominent position among the many charitable 
institutions of Des Moines County. The meeting-place of the same is in Par- 
sons' Block, corner Third and Jefferson streets. 

Lyons Battery was organized October 16, 1874. Its first officers were : 
M. L. Crane, Captain; John Sockmeyer and James Martin,' First Lieutenants ; 
Andrew Gartley and Robert Blanchard, Second Lieutenants. In April, 1878, 
this company was transferred to Battery H, First Artillery of Iowa National 
Guards. The present officers are : M. L. Crane, Captain ; William Treasure, 
First Lieutenant; William Atkinson, Second Lieutenant; Emanuel Zerber, 
Third Lieutenant. The company meets at No. 215 Valley street. 

The Burlington Red Bihhon Reform Club was organized November 27, 
1877. The first officers were : W. N. Jarvis, President ; W. E. Blake, First Vice 
President; W. H. H. Clark, Second Vice President ; J. A. Murphy, Third 
Vice President ; T. W. Lockwood, Secretary ; D. B. Colby, Assistant Sec- 
retary ; J. A. McCosh, Financial Secretary; J. H. Taylor, Treasurer. The 
present officers are : W. N. Jarvis President ; Charles J. Dodge, First Vice 
President ; J. W. C. Jones, Second Vice President ; W. D. Inghram, Third 
Vice President; J. L. Sharp, Secretary; T. W. Lockwood, Assistant Secre- 
tary ; S. A. McCosh, Financial Secretary ; J. TI. Taylor, Treasurer. 

When first organized, this club had a membership of 1,200 ; at present it 
has 2,000 regularly enrolled members. During the Drew and Reed meetings 
in the early winter of 1858, 1,730 persons, male and female, signed the Red 
Ribbon pledge. The club meets in Mozart Hall, corner of Sixth and Jefferson 
streets, and has property valued at $800. 

The Women's White Ribbon Reform Club was organized November 27, 
1877, with the following first officers : Mrs. J. L. Brown, President ; Miss 
Lou Acres, Secretary ; Mrs. W. N. Jarvis, Treasurer. The present officers 
are: Mrs. J. L. Brown, President; Mrs. J. N. Ripley, Secretary; Mrs. 
W. N. Jarvis, Treasurer. This society meets at Mozart Hall also, and has 
property valued at $500. When the club first organized it had a membership 
of 600, which has increased to 1,000. In addition to the officers named, there 
are one Vice President representing each church, and one Vice President at large. 

MUSICAL BANDS. 

The Burlington Silver Cornet Band and Orchestra was organized in 1856, 
and consisted at that time of ten members. Many changes have occurred in the 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 589 

membership, and of the original members, only four, namely, M. Albert, Henry 
Bauer, Fred Bauer and William Brand, are now connected with the band. M. 
Albert is the leader, and it numbers six regular members. 

Rhein's Cornet Band, formerly the Orchard City Band, was started in 1873, 
with ten members. Frequent changes have been made in the membership, which 
at one time numbered fourteen. July 6, 1876, a re-organization took place, 
and the present name was adopted. The band is composed of six pieces, and 
has for its leader W. H. Rhein. 

Lehman's Band consists of Joseph Lehman and his three sons, and is a 
strictly private band. 

CEMETERIES. 

Aspen Grove Cemetery was incorporated January 3, 1844, by B. White, A. 
Bridgman, G. Temple, John Johnson, Levi Hager and their associates. The 
first officers were : B. White, President ; Oliver Cock, Secretary ; Levi Hager, 
Treasurer. The Board of Control were composed of G. Temple, G. Partridge 
and A. Bridgman. The present officers are C. Starker, President ; William 
Garrett, Secretary ; F. Schramm, Treasurer, and F. Leicht, Sexton. The 
Board of Control consists of Lyman Cook, Evan Evans, J. G. Foote, S. E. 
Taylor, John Ganhn and 0. H. Schenck. The cemetery is located in the 
northwestern part of the city, contains fifty-one acres of ground, several large 
vaults and many fine monuments. 

The Catliolic Cemetery is located at the end of Sixth street, and contains 
ten acres of ground. 

The Jewish Cemetery is located on the Germantown road, and contains one 
acre of ground. 

DES MOINES COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

The history of the Agricultural Society of Des Moines County, dates, 
according to the i^ecords of the Society, to 1852, in which year the citizens of 
Des Moines County organized an agricultural society, which held its first annual 
fair in 1853. In the succeeding year, the annual fair was a success, but it 
involved the Society in debt, and no fair was held again until 1856, and then in 
an open field. This was repeated in 1857, after which the organization was 
abandoned. In the spring of 1859, the citizens of Des Moines County again 
began to agitate the question of having an agricultural society, and a new 
organization was effected May 28, and a Constitution and By-Laws adopted. 

The first officers — President, H. W. Starr ; Vice President, J. K. Scott ; 
Secretary, George H. Lane ; Treasurer, William F. Coolbaugh. Directors — 
Calvin Gamage, Robert Stewart, M. W. Robinson, John S. David, Elbridge G. 
Leffler. 

The subsequent history of the Society we will not give in detail, but shall 
content ourselves with the fact that the history of the association shows a 
career of uninterrupted progress ; each successive exhibition has generally been 
a decided improvement over that of the previous year. Its sole aim and pur- 
pose is to advance the agricultural and industrial interests of Des Moines 
County, and the vast and fruitful country surrounding it. 

The grounds are beautifully situated near the western limits of the city of 
Burlington, embracing within the inclosure thirty acres of beautiful level land. 
There is an abundance of good water on all parts of the grounds, from springs, 
ponds and wells. 

The race-track, one-half mile in length, with a grand stand, from which the 
horses can be seen on any part of the track, is acknowledged to be the finest in 



590 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

the State. There are the other customary buildings and improvements on the 
grounds, including Fine Art and Floral Halls, Fruit and Vegetable Hall^ 
Mechanical Hall, etc., and fine covered stables and stalls. 

The fair of 1875 was a complete success financially and otherwise. Since 
the above-named year, fairs have been held annually, and, though the exhibi- 
tions have always been a success, yet they have not always proven financially 
satisfactory. 

The present officers are: John Patterson, President; E. Chamberlin, Vice 
President ; C. C. Fowler, Treasurer : C. M, Garman, Secretary. Directors — 
G. R. Henry, D. Leonard, W. F. Johnson, C. Messenger, H. C. Cameron, R. 
B. Foster, J. Bock. 

' POOR-FARM. 

The County Poor-Farm is located on Section 4, Township 69, Range 3 
west, and is composed of cultivated fields, pastures, corn-fields, an orchard and 
several buildings. The present keeper is Lemuel Ewing. Tt is but right to 
state that this public institution of Des Moines County has been repeatedly con- 
demned by the Board of Supervisors as inadequate for the purpose in general 
as well as for the accommodation of the present number of deserving applicants 
for admittance. The erection of workshops nearer the city has been recom- 
mended, as also the building of tenement-houses and an insane hospital, to 
insure the proper care and employment of the county poor. 

PIONEER SOCIETY. 

The Hawk-Eye Pioneer Association, an organization limited to the county, 
was organized on the second of January, 1858. It Avas designed to include all 
as members who came to the county on or before the first day of June, 1840, 
though its constitution admitted to corresponding membership those who were 
residents of Iowa at that time. The Association reached about two hundred 
members. The oldest settler was Judge William Morgan, now deceased, who 
came to the county from Illinois on the 5th of June, 1833, five days after the 
Indian claim had expired. He was Judge of the first court ever held in Bur- 
lington. The oldest settler now living is Henry Moore, who was Mayor 
of Burlington in 1842. 

BURLINGTON'S OPPORTUNITIES. 

Burlington is well situated for becoming a great commercial and manufact- 
uring city. With lines of railroad radiating in every direction, bringing to her 
warehouses the products of near and distant portions of the country ; with the 
Mississippi River at her door, ready to float upon its bosom such products as 
seek a Southern market ; with a wealth of timber suited to manufacturing pur- 
poses near at hand; with inexhaustible coal deposits within easy reach either to 
the east or west ; and with the great South and West as an unfailing market 
for either manufactured articles or surplus breadstuffs ; it does appear as if a 
promising future opened before the city ; and it is not unreasonable to believe 
that within a few years these expectations may be realized. 

We commend the following remarks, taken from the Hmvk-Eye, to all who 
feel an interest in the future of Burlington as a manufacturing city : 

" We have not the statistics at hand, but the total amount paid by the State 
of Iowa alone into the coffers of manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Penn- 
sylvania, Michigan, and the Eastern States, is almost incredible. 

" Do we want a threshing machine or a reaper ? It comes from Ohio. Do 
we need furniture ? A manufacturer in Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, or the East, 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 591 

immediately supplies our wants. Do we want iron or glass ? Pittsburgh stands 
ready with open and capacious pockets, ready to draw in our last dollar. Do 
we need cotton or woolen goods ? Nothing is easier than to send our orders to 
a Stewart or a Claflin. And so the list might be continued indefinitely. Out of 
all the labor-saving machinery and other articles of daily consumption in the 
State of Iowa, what a beggarly array is made here ? 

" The people of Iowa pursue a suicidal policy in shipping their grain to the 
manufacturing districts of the East, submitting to outrageous freight tariffs, and 
then duplicate their folly by purchasing three-fourths of everything they con- 
sume, as well as a large proportion of all the machinery with which they make 
and secure their crops, from a distant market, and, besides paying a large profit 
to the manufacturer, again contribute to the plethoric purses of the railways. 

" The true remedy for the growing evils of which farmers complain, is to 
encourage home manufactures. Give them the preference always, and as a legit- 
imate result, factories of every conceivable kind will at once spring into exist- 
ence in the West, attracting large bodies of mechanics and their families, and 
creating a home demand for a large per cent of the breadstuffs that now find an 
Eastern or Southern market. 

" No city in the West offers more decided advantages as a point for the in- 
vestment of money in manufacturing enterprise than does Burlington. R,eal 
estate is cheap and local encouragement of a substantial character will be cheer- 
fully, gladly extended. 

" Fuel is abundant. Both to the east and west, within easy distance from 
this city are vast quantities of coal, as yet but partially developed. It can be 
laid down at the doors of factories in large quantities at almost nominal cost. 

" There is an unfailing supply of water obtainable — whether it maybe needed 
in rolling-mills, in paper-mills, or simply to supply boilers. 

" There is a ready market. No one will dispute this proposition, we pre- 
sume. And when we reflect how large a per cent of the territory of this and 
the Western States is yet undeveloped, the magnitude of the future market al- 
most passes comprehension. 

" There are abundant modes of transportation, by which raw material can be 
obtained cheaply and expeditiously, and these opportunities are constantly mul- 
tiplying, and by the same or other routes manufactured articles can seek a 
market. 

" Burlington possesses all of these advantages, and that they are correctly 
stated, and that the deduction drawn from them is a fair one, witness the flour- 
ishing condition of such manufacturing enterprises as are now in operation here. 
We ask capitalists and others to consider these facts." 



TOWNS AND POST OFFICES. 

The geographical position of Des Moines County precludes the possibility of 
a. large city besides Burlington, but there are several very pleasant villages in 
different portions of the county. 

The townships of Flint River and Union, which adjoin Burlington Town- 
ship on the west, have no villages, but are both old in time of settlement. 
Union Township claims Isaac Canterberry, who came over with the original 
pioneers, as its first settler, dating the arrival in 1833. William Walters, T. 
L. Hughes, John Moore, James Hilleary and Mr. York were all '33 men. In 
1837, the first schoolhouse was built on Section 27. In 1838, the first church 



592 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

was erected, on Section 3. Benjamin Ogle was the first minister to officiate in 
the town, and Mr. Quarles was the first teacher. Alexander Hilleary and 
Sarah Morgan were the first couple to marry. The ceremony was performed 
by a clergyman from Monmouth, 111., who came down to the east shore of the 
Mississippi, in response to Mr. Hilleary's request, and there met the wedding 
party, which had crossed over to Illinois on a flatboat. The festivities of those 
times were primitive, but were, undoubtedly, as thoroughly enjoyed as are the 
more studied methods of to-day. The wedding referred to took place in 1834. 
The first child born was a daughter of Cooper and Elizabeth Harris — Mary E., 
born May 4, 1835. The first mill was operated by Mr. Moore, by horse-power. 
The first Justice of the Peace was J. L. Dyar. The township was laid out in 
1836, sectionized in 1837 and opened to purchase in 1838. 

The pioneers of Flint River were J. D. Spearman, Leonard Abney, John 
Crawford, Jacob Wolf, Jonathan Morgan, David Love and others, who dated 
tlieir arrival 1835-36. J. L. McMaken. who has since held several offices of 
responsibility came in 1838. David Fees came that year, also. The veteran 
Methodist Missionary, Peter Cartwright, was the first minister to hold services 
within the limits of this town. Wealthy Ann Holton was the first teacher, in 
1836. Willam Morgan and Elizabeth Sexson were the first couple to be joined 
in wedlock, in 1837. The township is a fertile one, and is a most desirable 
place for farm residence. 

^ AUGUSTA. 

The village of Augusta is pleasantly situated on the Skunk River, in the 
southeastern portion of Augusta Township, in Sections 23 and 24. The sur- 
rounding country is what may be properly termed a rolling prairie. It is well 
watered, by not only the river once navigable, but also by numerous brooks and 
many cool springs. The soil is rich, and produces corn in great abundance, 
which is really the main support of the township. However, very fine winter 
wheat is also raised, the last crop being the largest known in many years. The 
neighborhood is rich in gray-lime, sand and flint stone. Numerous quarries are 
now in operation, and large quantities of lime are burned. The events herein- 
after recorded, will explain how the village originated ; Avho were its prime ben- 
efactors, and who the pioneers of the vicinity. John Whitaker was born the 
21st day of March, 1795, in Washington County, Va. When five or six years 
old, his parents moved to Tennessee, where he remained, working at farm labor 
until the war of 1812, when he enlisted in the army of the United States, at 
Tazewell, Tenn. He was under Gen. Jackson, at the battle of Horse-Shoe, on 
the Tallapoosa River. Samuel Houston, subsequently Governor of Tennessee, 
hero of San Jacinto, President of Texas, and after the admission of Texas into 
the Union, Senator in Congress from Texas, was Lieutenant of the company 
Whitaker served in at the battle of Horse-Shoe. Having served out his term 
of enlistment, he was discharged near Pensacola, Fla., and returned to Ten- 
nessee. He married there soon after the war, and was engaged in farming, 
until he had a family of five children, when he moved to Indiana about 1827, 
where he remained one year, and then went to Illinois, remaining there four or 
five years. In November, 1832, the same year of the treaty of Fort Arm- 
strong, which gave the whites that part of Iowa which lies along the Mississippi, 
and extends fifty miles west of it. called, in those days, the Black Hawk Pur- 
chase, he came to Iowa, landing where Burlmgton now stands, but which 
was then called Flint Hills. He found there, two or three small log cabins, 
and perhaps a dozen people in all. The ground was generally covered with 
brush and timber. The Indians had not yet vacated the country to the whites ; 



'yi^-- 



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itrnj^ 



dJ ' 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 595 

and in a short time after he arrived, a party of regular soldiers were sent 
by Gen. Scott, and drove the new-comers east of the Mississippi. Whitaker 
returned to Flint Hills in February, 1833, and was allowed to remain in Iowa. He 
went from Flint Hills to where Augusta now stands, erected a log cabin, and 
was the first settler claimant of what now constitutes the town plat of Augusta. 
He made his settlement there, because he thought that Skunk River, at that 
point, furnished a good location for a mill-site. After the cabin was built, he 
returned to Illinois, and moved his family to his new home. During the sum- 
mer of 1833, he built a log-cabin storehouse about one mile from his dwelling, 
toward Flint Hills, and in November, of the same year, he brought from St. 
Louis a stock of dry goods and groceries, and put them in the building where 
the late Jesse Weber, of Burlington, acted as clerk during the winter of 
1833-34. Indians were still numerous about his premises ; but he says they 
were strictly honest and among his best customers, paying for what they got in 
peltries and furs. In the mean time, settlers had been coming into Iowa rap- 
idly, and Burlington and Fort Madison began to show the appearance of small 
villages. 

Levi Moffet was born in York State, in the town of Oppenheim, Mont- 
gomery County, May 10, 1800, from there he went to Orangeville, Columbia 
€o., Penn., living there many years. There he was married to Elizabeth 
Keck, January 29, 1824, by William Scott. The family was increased until 
it included five children. In 1834, Levi Moffet traveled West, prospecting for 
a location suited for the erection of a mill. In company with a man named 
William Smith, Levi Moffet worked on a dam near La Ilarpe, 111., expecting to 
erect a mill there. He then returned to Orangeville for the purpose of organ- 
izing a colony to locate in Illinois. The undertaking Avas successful, and Mr. 
Moffet purchased a flatboat, which was loaded with furniture, mill machinery, 
bought in Ohio, tools, provisions, and thirty barrels of Orangeville whisky. 
When the entire party had taken quarters on board the flatboat, it consisted of 
the following men and their families: Levi Moffet, George Coltson, Mr. Drake, 
Z. Lotos Moffet, Jesse Wilson, Lott Moflfet, Peter Barb, Mr. Gideons and Mr. 
Hosford. Besides these there were in the colony, Robert Chestnut, carpenter, 
and Fred Kessler, millwright, employed by Levi Moffet, also Mr. Lee, Cibby 
Bauers and Dr. Farnsworth. The flatboat with its cargo started down the 
headwaters of the Beaver River in the spring of 1835. At the mouth of the 
Cumberland River, in Kentucky, while attempting to effect a landing, the 
boat sprung a leak, which necessitated the unloading of almost the entire 
cargo. Here the goods and emigrants were transferred to a steamboat bound 
for St. Louis. Robert Chestnut and Fred Kessler, however, remained in charge 
of the flatboat, which was repaired, and by them brought to the mouth of the 
Ohio River, where the balance of the goods were loaded on a steamboat, and 
passage on the same secured by the two men for St. Louis. The flatboat was 
left to the mercy of the Avaters. In St. Louis, the entire party was re-united, 
and lived for about one week in an abandoned stone-cutter's shanty on the bank 
of the Mississippi. From this point the colony Avent by boat to Warsaw, 111., 
where they separated, branching out into Illinois, mostly settling near La Harpe. 
Upon his return to the dam built before leaving Illinois, Levi Moffet was not 
satisfied with the locality, and decided to look further. Hearing of the Skunk 
River, he started out with Fred Kessler to inspect that section of country, 
which resulted in the purchase of John Whitaker's mill-site claim, including a 
fractional quarter-section of land. The transaction took place in May. 1835, 
and William Smith, of La Harpe, was a partner in the claim. After an absence 



59G HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

of nine days, Levi Moffet and Fred Kessler returned to La Harpe, and moved 
the goods and the ftimily to Skunk River; William Smith now joined the party. 
Arriving at their destination May 12, 1835, Avork was immediately begun by 
Moffet, Smith, Chestnut and Kessler on a dam and saw-mill, which was soon 
in running order. In one corner a one- stone run was placed to grind corn and 
wheat, and this was the first mill in Iowa. At this time, Mr. Edwards, Basey, 
Alexander Robertson and John Haynes lived in the vicniity. As soon as the 
existence of a mill became known, settlers came from all directions, which fact 
induced Levi Moffet to lay out town lots on the claim owned by William Smith 
and himself. In 1837, William Smith sold out his interest in the mill and 
claim to Levi Moffet in consideration of the sum of $5,000. The same year, 
Moff'et built a regular independent flouring mill. As soon as the village of 
Augusta was founded, John Whitaker moved his prairie store into the town, 
where he continued to sell goods for eight years. In the fall of 1838, Levi 
Moffet purchased of the Government the land included in his claim. In 1840, 
a few Mormons came from Nauvoo, 111., and purchased a miil-site. and built a 
saw-mill, but only remained a short time. The mill passed into various hands, 
and, in 1878, was carried away by high water. In 1844, Moffet & Jones built 
and launched a steamboat to run on Skunk River, and named it " Maid of 
Iowa." Mrs. Moff'et died March 29, 1838, and on June 17, 1840, Mr. ]\Ioff"et 
married Mrs. Antoinette Roff", of St. Louis. During the last four or five years 
of his life he suff'ered much, and died March 31, 1857, of apoplexy. His 
oldest son, Joseph, succeeded the departed pioneer in business. After leaving 
Augusta, John Whitaker made several changes of location, but now resides in 
Fort Madison, and rather than be idle, keeps a store in the front part of his 
dwelling. Mr. Moffet's family still live in Augusta. The founder of the 
village of Augusta is said to have been a man of fine personal appearance, 
intelligence and education, very social, fond of telling a good story, and always 
prepared for an argument, particularly if of a political nature. Mr. Whitaker 
is a splendid specimen of Iowa pioneers ; he is about six feet three inches tall, 
and when in the prime of life weighed about two hundred "and fifteen pounds. 
He has always been noted for his generous hospitality, truth in all things, and 
strict integrity. He was first entitled to a vote in 1810, and commenced his 
politics as a Democrat, and has remained such ever since. 

The covered bridge which spans the Skunk River, was built in 1858, by 
Des Moines County in conjunction with a private companj^ and made a toll 
bridge, which it has since remained, although several efforts have been put forth 
to make it a free public institution. 

The first school in Augusta Township was taught by Alex. Hilleary, in a 
log schoolhouse built on Section 13, in 1836. The graded system was intro- 
duced by demand and unanimous vote of the people, in 1877, after it had been 
decided to build a new schoolhouse, and the taxes had been levied therefor. The 
new two-story frame schoolhouse was erected in 1878, and when opened the 
new system was introduced. Previous to the introduction of the graded system 
and for the past twenty years, the school was held in the old frame schoolhouse 
familiarly termed " the hill." The first teacher of this school was W. P. Mor- 
rett. The present teachers are F. Funck and W. P. jNIorrett. 

The first church was built of brick by the Metdiodists, in the eastern part of 
Augusta Township. The first sermon was preached in Levi Moff"et's house. 
The Methodist parsonage was sold to satisfy a deed of trust on the church, 
which is now on the Burlington Circuit and visited once in two weeks by Rev. 
Tuttle. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 597 

The first death in the township was that of Mrs. Randall Smith, in 1835. 
July 9, 1835, Mary Whitaker, daughter of John Whitaker, was married by a 
Methodist preacher named Brown, to William Sawtelle, a young settler farmer 
of the neighborhood, which was the first marriage in Augusta Township. 

Joshua Holland, appointed Postmaster October 2, 1846, was the first one 
we have any account of in Augusta. Since August d, 1862, Mrs. C. Cameron 
has held the office of Postmistress. 

The Hiram Lodge, No. 7, of A., F. & A. M., was instituted under dispensa- 
tion April 25, 1844, and chartered January 8, 1845, The first officers were : 
W. A. Weston, W. M.; C. S. Whitney, S. W.; A. C. Graves, J. W.; Isaac 
Butterfield, Treasurer; J. F. Hutchinson, Secretary; P. Jackson, S. D.; Levi 
Moffet, J. D. The present officers are: Millard Rogers, W. M.; Martin Thomp- 
son, S. W.; Joseph Fry, J. W.; Daniel S. Carter, Treasurer ; Walter Bryant, 
Secretary ; A. H. Colby, S. D.; John Cline, J. D. 

The Augusta Literary and Debating Society was organized February 6, 
1879, by William Stewart and C. D. Cameron, with a membership of fifteen. 
The following officers were elected: Henry Hill, President; F. Funck, Vice 
President ; William Stewart, Secretary ; Harvey StcAvart, Treasurer. 

The Augusta Red Ribbon Club was organized July, 1878. The first offi- 
cers were F. M. Johnson, President ; Charles Schultz, Treasurer ; W. P. Mor- 
rett, Secretary. New officers are elected every three months. At the last 
election the original officers were re-instated. The Club has now a membership 
of two hundred. 

The village of Augusta has two general stores, one hotel, two blacksmith- 
shops, one flouring-mill and one physician. 

The present township officers are H. A. Hills, Justice of the Peace ; Frank- 
lin Shay, Justice of the Peace; Robert Hean, Jr., Constable; Alfred Walker, 
Constable ; H. A. Hills. Township Clerk. Trustees — W. S. Cline, Raymond 
Harty and J. W. Moore. 

Augusta has never been incorporated as a town. 

DANVILLE. 

Danville Center, an old settlement, so called because it is the center of 
the township of that name, has never been laid out into town lots or incor- 
porated as a town, although it is quite thickly populated. The first settlers 
in the vicinity referred to came together from McDonough County, 111., 
in the spring of 1834, established claims and built log cabins in the southwest- 
ern part of the present township, which was not laid out and sectiortized until 
1836 and 1837. The names of these pioneers were William Dickens, Noble 
Hously, Enoch Cyras and Elihu Chandler. Enoch Cyras intended to build a 
log cabin somewhat superior to those of his companions ; but, being unable to 
complete it by fall, he constructed two temporary double-rail pens to shelter 
him from the winter's cold. In the fall of the same year, Azariah Gregg and 
William Sawtelle came from Ohio County, Va., near Wheeling, which place 
they left October 1, 1834, traveling by team. They halted in Morgan County, 
111., a few weeks to rest, then, continuing their journey, arrived at Flint Hills 
November 17, and stopped one day with a party who had come the previous 
spring and built a cabin. November 21, 1834, they reached Enoch C^n^as' 
pens, where they passed the night. While entertaining his guests and describ- 
ing to them the beauties and merits of his adopted prairie home, Mr. Cyras 
told them that he and two companions had cut down eighty bee- trees and 
abstracted therefrom six half-hogsheads of honey and comb ; and, to verify his 



598 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Statement, exhibited to them his one-third share of two half-hogsheads. Sur- 
prised at the sight, Mr. Gregg exclaimed, " Well, this is indeed a land where 
milk and honey flow." Noble Hously, brother-in-law to Enoch Cyras, had a 
claim, which Gregg and Sawtelle purchased. They also took up a claim bor- 
dering on the one purchased, and, in the cabin built by Hously, kept bachelors' 
hall. In due time, a cabin was erected on the claim taken up. In the fall of 
1835, Gregg bought Sawtelle's interest in the claim purchased of Hously, and 
still retained his half-ownership in the other claim. After William Sawtelle 
married Mary Whitaker, they moved into the new log house. 

During the first week in December, 1834, Noble Hously's wife w^as deliv- 
ered of a son, the first child born in what is now Danville Township. 

Azariah Gregg tells the following snake story to illustrate or give some idea 
of the superabundance of reptiles in the vicinity of their humble homes at that 
period. He says : " Sawtelle and I were plowing some time in the month of 
March, 1835, Avhen we were approached by William Dickens and Enocii Cyras 
and asked if we wouldn't like to go snaking. I confess we did not exactly 
understand the meaning of the term, and had a sneaking idea that they intended 
to perpetrate some practical joke upon us. However, I replied that I would 
not mind unhitching, which we did. After we had been walking for some time, 
an explanation was made to the effect that, while on a hunting tour, Dickens 
and Cyras had discovered signs of the existence of snakes, and, supposing that 
on this warm day I speak of the vipers would be likely to come out and enjoy 
the sun, they concluded that, with our assistance, some of them might be placed 
out of harm's reach. We arrived at a ledge of rocks on Wolf Branch, which 
led into Skunk River, when we beheld, proje3ting over one of the rocks, a huge 
rattlesnake. We knew that we were on the right track, and, taking a round- 
about way, we soon saw, lying on the withered leaves of the previous autumn, 
several piles of snakes, of all sizes and kinds, sunning themselves, gathering 
strength and preparing to travel through the country during the summer 
months, and finally return to their rendezvous in the fall. In one cluster there 
W'cre blacksnakes, gartersnakes, rattlesnakes and other species, constituting one 
happy family ; but both their travels and their happiness were of short dura- 
tion, for there and then we slaughtered eighty of them. Many of the rattle- 
snakes were, according to their rattles and buttons, thirty-three and thirty-four 
years old. What seemed most strange to us Avas that all the diff"erent varieties 
inhabited the same den." 

Mr. Gregg also relates an occurrence which later came very near costing 
him his liffe. Sawtelle and Gregg had been at Avork in the timber one day and 
in the evening as they were returning toward their cabin, they met William 
Dickens, Avho informed them that he had noticed two young Indians loitering 
about their cabin and trying to effect an entrance, with the probable intention 
of pillaging the house. He said the two young bucks would no doubt make a 
second attempt, and advised his friends, in case they could succeed in surpris- 
ing and catching the Indians, to present them with a good strong dose of 
strap-oil. This, they concluded, would be a wise plan and agreed to act upon 
Dickens' advice. The following morning, as Gregg and Sawtelle were partak- 
ing of a scant morning meal, the door opened and in stepped unceremoniously 
the young bucks. The one had left his gun outside standing against the cabin, 
wdiile the other had brought his inside and leaned it against the wall. Sawtelle 
told Gregg to hold the door to prevent their egress, while he would get a raw- 
hide, which lay on a shelf, and do the whipping. The Indians at once per- 
ceived that something was wrong, became frightened and tried to escape ; only 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 599 

one succeeded and the unfortunate one received a sound threshing. In his 
anxiety to get away, he forgot his gun but soon returned and begged for it. He 
had been gone but a very short while the second time, when a dozen or more 
warriors, dressed in their war-blankets, deliberately entered the cabin in a state 
of apparent excitement and displeasure. They growled and in their own lan- 
guage called Sawtelle and Gregg bad white men. Mr. Gregg says, "it Avas 
our turn now to become frightened, and I really expected they would murder 
us. I told Sawtelle we must by all means appease their anger, and knowing 
their fondness for flour, I gave them all we had, besides making them other 
presents. Finally they departed, some calling us good white men while others 
still growled. Presently, a second party made their appearance in much the 
same manner, but as we had no more presents to give them, I told Sawtelle we 
must stand our ground, and I ordered them to leave, which, after a good deal 
of talk they did, and to my utter astonishment. From that day on every 
Indian we saw seemed to know us. The course we had taken with the two 
young Indians proved to be bad policy. Gregg came to Burlington long after 
he had ceased to think of the matter, and hearing that Chief Keokuk was at 
the time in Jeremiah Smith's store trying to buy his stock for distribution 
among his tribe, Gregg concluded he would like to see the old felloAv. Jere- 
miah Smith being anxious to make a trade with Keokuk, had been dealing out 
whisky to him quite liberally, until the Indian blood had become aroused, and 
his savage nature showed itself plainly. The moment Gregg entered the store, 
Keokuk looked at him fiercely, as though he recognized in him a foe. He 
exchanged a few words with a young Indian standing near who quickly left 
but very soon returned, handing Keokuk what proved to be a long dagger. 
"Quick as lightning," says Gregg, "he made an overhanded thrust at me, 
striking me in the abdomen. Fortunately, however, my vest and underclothing 
were so thick that the force of the blow was deadened and I only received a 
slight wound. By this time the interpreter standing near the door interfered 
and as soon as possible, I departed in search of better company. From my 
experience, I would judge Indian whipping rather an unprofitable business to 
indulge in." 

Edwin Cady was born April 18, 1799, in Brooklyn, Conn., and always lived 
there until he started West, June 19, 1887, with his family, consisting of his 
wife Lydia Cole, whom he married April 9, 1827, and his four sons, George, 
Charles, Ebenezer, and Edwin C, now a Baptist minister. The family 
brought with them their furniture and provision, and traveled by team twenty 
miles to Norwich, Conn. There they secured deck passage on board boat for 
New York, providing their own stafi' of life. Arrived at the great metropolis, 
Mr. Cady remembered having a resident friend there, and decided to pay him 
a short visit ; however, not wishing to impose upon the friend's hospitality, he 
packed along his stock of eatables. After a short repose, he bethought him it 
might be a good plan to negotiate for the cheapest mode of transportation, and 
to this end started out on a tour of inquiry, which resulted in the purchase of 
second-class tickets for the family to Philadelphia. However, as the household 
goods could not be taken on the same train, he remained Avith his friend in Ncav 
York two days, to give the furniture a good start. Landing in Philadelphia 
with empty stomachs, the family concluded to go to an hotel for a good, square, 
warm meal. "But," remarks Mr. Cady, "all but the square meal did we get; 
the cabbage was warmed over, and so tough I couldn't chaw it." The party 
returned to the depot, bought more second-class tickets to Pittsburgh, and, 
wanting to give the furniture another good send-oif, the next question was, 



600 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

" Where shall we stop two days ? " Although somewhat verdant as a traveler 
at this time, but in no way ceremonious, and having a keen eye to economy, 
the first requisite of a Western pioneer, Mr. Cady says : " I hunted up the 
head man of the depot and asked him why we couldn't lay our loose bedding 
(which, by the way, we carried with us) on the floor of the waiting-room and 
stop there ? He said we could, and we found it not only cheap, but comforta- 
ble enough. We didn't go to the hotel again, but cooked what we wanted to 
eat on the stove in the depot waiting-room. When we got to Harrisburg, Penn., 
we found our goods transferred to a canal-boat, on which we also took passage, 
and fell in company with a family just arrived from Ireland. On the boat, we 
lived like princes. At the base of the Alleghany Mountains, both the furni- 
ture and ourselves were put into a bare car, drawn up the incline railroad, and 
by regular train down the other side of the mountain, where Ave again took to a 
canal-boat. About twenty-eight miles east of Pittsburgh, a heavy rainstorm 
raised and broke the canal to such an extent that we were obliged to lay up one 
week for it to be repaired. The little village on the canal at this point was a 
pleasant one, and we had a very enjoyable time among the clever inhabitants 
while we remained there. At Pittsburgh, we took deck passage per steamboat 
for St. Louis, where we transferred to another boat, bound for Quincy, 111. 
From there we went to Pay son, 111., where we remained in a rented room some 
eight weeks, for the purpose of making inquiries in reference to a suitable loca- 
tion for us to settle in." 

Mr. Cady went on horse-back to see Samuel Jagger, who had a claim, and 
was then living about two miles west of what is now Danville Center, in a log 
cabin. While negotiating with Preacher Tally for a claim, Mr. Cady assisted 
Jagger to raise a frame house on his claim, one mile and a half west of Dan- 
ville Center of to-day. The claim joining Mr. Jagger on the east was bought 
by Mr. Cady. Then he returned to Illinois and brought his family by teavn to 
the old log cabin standing on the purchased claim, the family arriving there in 
October, 1837. About one year later, he pre-empted his claim. 

The first log schoolhouse in Danville Township was built in the summer of 
1837, on Section 20, and taught by Cordelia Terrill. 

The first mill in the township was a saw-mill run by horse-power, and owned 
by Edwin Cady. 

. The first mechanic w:.s Jolm Necl, wagon-maker. Dr. Jeremiah Hall Avas 
the first physician, and Alfred Clark the first Justice of the Peace. 

Mr. Cohorn, from Kentucky, kept the first store in the township, on Sec- 
tion 20. The second store Avas kept by David Prichard, of Cincinnati, in 
Deacon Porter's house. 

The first death Avas that of Mrs. Jaggar, at the age of eighty three. 
The first couple married Avere Jacob Hearty and Margaret Eslinger. 
The first church in the toAvnsliip Avas the Baptist, Avhich Avas organized 
October 20, 1834, and its history is as folloAvs : In the spring of 1854, a fcAv 
Baptists from Illinois and Kentucky settled in what is now called Danville and 
Augusta ToAvnships. 

The country at this time Avas, of course, nothing but a Avilderness. What is 
noAv the city of Burlington contained then four or five log huts. A few fam- 
ilies settled at different points along Skunk River and on the Flint, and one or 
two had already commenced making a home near Pleasant Grove. The spring 
of 1831 may be said to be the commencement of the settlement of Des Moines 
County ; and these Baptists Avere among the very earliest pioneers in this part 
of the State. 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 601 

At this time there was no church organization in that part of the Territory, 
now Des Moines County, no minister of the Gospel of any denomination, and 
no public religious services of any kind ; and these brethren, accustomed to stuch 
privileges in their former homes, determined upon organizing themselves into a 
church. Accordingly they invited Elder John Logan, of McDonough Co., 111., 
to come over and preach for them and assist them in organizing a Baptist 
Church. On the l9th of October, John Logan and Gardner J^artlett arrived 
in the settlement and stopped at the cabin of Noble Hously, situated in Augusta 
Township, subsequently owned by Mr. Azariah Gregg and now by Mr. Gibson. 
There in that rude hut, the same evening, John Logan preached, probably the 
first sermon preached in this part of Iowa by an evangelical minister to a con- 
gregation of white people. 

On the next day after John Logan had preached, the brethren and sisters 
met again in the same place and organized themselves into a Church to be 
known as the Regular Baptist Church, at Long Creek, Iowa. Revs. Logan and 
Bartlett officiated on the occasion, Rev. Logan preaching the sermon.. The 
Articles of Faith adopted by the Church, were those of the Brush Creek Baptist 
Church, Green Co., Ky., which had been brought here by Brother and Sister 
Manly. 

The following are the names of the constituent members of that little organ- 
ization, the pioneer Baptist Church of Iowa :' Enoch Cyrus, Rebecca Cyrus, 
Anna Cyrus, Frank Cyrus, Rachel Dickens, Mary Ann Dickens, Noble Hously, 
Naomi Hously, William Manly, Hephsibah Manly and Jane Lamb. 

The next day after the organization being Sabbath, religious services were 
held again in the same place. Rev. Logan preached in the morning and Rev. 
Bartlett in the evening. For several months after this they had no preaching. 

In the following spring. Rev. Logan again visited the little band and preached 
to them. By this time the number of Baptists had been increased by the arrival 
of new emigrants into the community. Among those who had settled in the 
neighborhood since the organization were William Mathis and family, and 
Jemima Dobson (now Chandler). These had come as early as October 27, of 
the year 1834. The visits of the Illinois preacher were continued at irregular 
intervals for some time, perhaps up to the spring of 1836. 

The next preacher that visited the Church was Elder Alexander Evans. 
The first minutes we have are of a church-meeting held the first Saturday in 
February, 1838, at the house of William Mathis ; and at this time the Church 
must have had a Pastor, for the minutes of this meeting show that the ordinance 
of baptism was administered, and that divine service was held regularly at these 
church-meetings. By " divine service" was meant the preaching of the Word, 
for it was the universal custom' in the West, in early times, to have preaching 
on the day of their church-meeting, even if they had no preaching on the 
Sabbath. 

The first mention of Rev. Evans being called to the pastorate was in June, 
1840. The minutes of that meeting read : " Called Elder A. Evans, for one 
year, for which the Church agree to contribute for his support $75." Rev. 
Evans was called again in June, 1841, and the Church subscribed for his 
maintenance |112. In June, 1842, Rev. Evans received another call, and, 
in July, 1843, he received a fourth call, but in September of that year he 
resigned. 

The first Deacons mentioned in the minutes are Israel Cannes and Jonathan 
Philpott. The first Church Clerk mentioned is William Mathis, who held the 
office till June, 1845. 



602 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The first baptism recorded in the minutes was that of Mary Ann Kees, 
She was received as a candidate for that ordinance on the first Saturday of Feb- 
ruary, 1888. The aged Elihu Chandler was received for baptism on the first 
Saturday in July, of the same year. That was he day on which Edwin Cady 
and Lydia Cady, his wife, united with the Church by letter. 

In November, 1843, the aged Rev. Elder Burnett commenced his first 
pastorate of the Church and closed it in November, 1844 ; and in 1849, Rev. 
Burnett preached for the Church again. 

During the period of nearly thirty-seven years, of which time we have 
record, the Church has had eleven pastors. Of the first fifteen years of that 
time, they had four pastors, viz.: Revs. A. Evans, H. Burnett, Seamans and 
Wells. During this time, there is a gap in the minutes of three years, from 
1845 to 1848; and again of eight months, from September 1851, to May 
1852. The minutes of May, 1852, say that "the Church met regularly during 
the last interim." 

The pastors, from 1853 to the present time, have been seven, viz. : Revs. 
Sperry, Bowen, Paul, Knight, Russ, West and King. The period of which we 
have an account would give an average pastorate of something over three years 
to each one. But this by no means gives a correct view of the Church's his- 
tory on this point. The first pastorate embraces a period of five years and five 
months ; Rev. Russ' pastorate four years and four months, and the last pastor- 
ate six years, while one or two others were less than one year. 

The deaconship of the Church presents a very different picture. Mr. 
Philpott was elected in 1838, and resigned in 1854, at the time of his dismis- 
sion from the Church to unite with the Church at New London. Mr., Cady 
was elected one of the Deacons in 1845, twenty-nine years since. Messrs. 
Ritner and Lough ry were both Deacons for quite a number of years. Mr. 
Scovil was also Deacon for some three years ; and Messrs, Lindley and Foster 
during the present pastorate. 

There have been only three Church Clerks. The first, William Mathis, 
served eleven years ; the second, Jonathan Philpott, over four years ; the 
present incumbent, Jacob Alter, was elected to the office on the second Satur- 
day in September, 1853. 

Up to the year 1850, the Church worshiped in the "old Danville school- 
house." In 1849, being desirous of building a meeting-house, they became 
incorporated by the name of the "Long Creek Baptist Church, located at Dan- 
ville, Des Moines Co., Iowa," and this is its corporate name to-day. Edwin 
Cady, William Mathis and Jonathan Philpott were elected Trustees. In the 
spring of 1850, measures Avere taken to build the house now occupied, and on 
the third Saturday in August of that year, the Des Moines Association held 
its twelfth anniversary in the new meeting-house, and on the following day the 
house was formally dedicated to the worship of God, Father Seamans preach- 
ing the dedicatory sermon. 

Since the organization of the Church, or perhaps more correctly, since the 
existence of any written record, there have been received into its fellowship 301 
persons ; 195 of these by baptism, and 106 either by letter or experience. Of 
the number received by baptism, 53 were baptized during the first pastorate, 
and 63 during the last pastorate. Of the number received by letter or experi- 
ence, 39 were during the first pastorate, and 25 during the last. 

One peculiar feature of the early history of the Church is its gradual and 
constant increase. Conversions seemed to take place through the entire year, 
and baptisms are reported on twenty-three regular meetings during a period of 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 603 

four years and ten months. Unlike the present time, the reception of mem- 
bers by baptism was looked for on every church-meeting, rather than once a 
year, or, as it frequently happens, once in several years. 

And this gradual increase in the membership of the Church continued until 
an antimission element appeared in the Church, and a controversy arose in 
consequence of one of the members having left the Church, joined another 
Church and was rebaptized. On the occasion here referred to, resolutions were 
adopted by the Church strongly protesting against the practice of rebaptizing, 
as both unscriptural and sinful. 

During this period of a third of a century, as is common to most churches, 
there were periods of religious declension, and then again times of most gra- 
cious visitations of the Holy Spirit. But at no time has the Church been 
unsound in its doctrines or loose in its practices. It may seem at times to have 
been more strict in its discipline than churches are ordinarily, but perhaps not 
more so than loyalty to the Master demanded. 

There is no opportunity of knowing the exact amount of its benevolent 
contributions to various objects, but in this respect, it may be saii that of late 
years, its record will compare favorably with most churches of its pecuniary 
strength. From its earliest history, it identified itself wnth the work of mis- 
sions, both home and foreign, and but few churches in the State of Iowa have 
been more liberal in aiding the needy ministerial student. 

The first Pastor came to the Church under the auspices of the Home Mis- 
sion Society, and, for several years, the Church received help from that society. 

In the educational interests of the denomination, the Church has taken an 
active part. Both Burlington and Bella have received material assistance and 
a large share of patronage from some members. From its earliest history. Mr. 
Cady has been enlisted in behalf of Burlington Collegiate Institute, and the 
decea'sed Henry Ritner,was among the founders and very first patrons of the school 
at Bella. But the sympathies of this Church have not been confined to schools 
of this State. To-day, the Theological Seminary in Chicago is receiving liberal 
assistance from this Church, and not a few ministerial students have, both in 
this State and others, been cheered by the benefactions of this people. 

In the history of Iowa and associational organizations, this body finds a 
creditable record. The first association in this State was organized on a spot of 
ground sacred in the memory of this people as a preaching place for the Dan- 
ville Church. A small grove adjacent to the house of William Mathis, and 
now owned by Mr. Jacob Funk, but since then defaced of its primal beauty 
by the ruthless hand of the woodsman, was the birthplace of the old Des 
Moines Baptist Association. That parent Association largely owed its existence 
to this the oldest church in the State. Danville was not only the first in 
moving for an association, but was more largely represented in that meeting 
than any other church. Besides this, was given to them the additional honor 
of entertaining the first representative body of the Baptists in Iowa. 

It is found on the minutes of the Church that at a business meeting, on the 
the fourth Saturday in May, 1842, Henry Ritner and Daniel Smead were 
appointed delegates to sit in council at Iowa City with delegates from the differ- 
ent churches, for the purpose of organizing a general association of the State 
of Iowa. And in the early history of Baptists in Iowa, it will be safe to say 
that, among lay members, no names were more familiar, and but few more active 
and useful, than those of William Mathis, Jonathan Philpott, Edwin Cady and 
Henry Ritner. Of that number, three have gone to their reward, and Mr. Cady 
alone is left of that band of workers to toil on, by assisting grace, a little longer. 



604 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

George Cady was baptized by Elder A. Evans, on the Sunday after tlie first 
Saturday in October, 1841, thirty-three years since. Edwin Cady, Jr., was 
baptized March, 1844. Charles Cady and Jacob Ritner, both deceased, were 
baptized the same day. The vote on his license to preach was taken on the 
second Saturday in February, 1853. 

During the history of the cliurch we have been sketching, Messrs. Philpott, 
Cady, Ritner, Loughery, Mains, Scovil, Lindley and Foster have served as 
Deacons. Five members — Langdon, Cady, Seamans, Judd and Loughery — 
have been licensed to preach. Two members, Knight and Ross, have been 
ordained whilst members of the Church. 

The present membership numbers 134. At this writing the Church is with- 
out a pastor. 

The Congregational Church, of Danville, was organized June 29, 1839, by 
Rev. Reuben Gaylord and Rev. Asa Turner. The following were the con- 
stituted members : Samuel B. Jaggar and wife, Cordelia Terrill, Harriet C. 
Hall, Mary Corning, Anna Messenger, Amanda Higley, Reuben Gaylord and 
wife, Heman Seymour and wife, Thomas K. Hurlbert. Betsj Mathews, Lucinda 
A. Moore, Ebenezer 0. Messenger, Peter Moore, Lydia Humphrey, John C. 
Hitchcock and wife, John Hitchcock and wife, Madison JMinor and wife, 
Rachacl Hitchcock, Irene Hitchcock, Clark Hitchcock. Rev. Reuben Gaylord 
was the first Pastor. The congregation first worshiped in a log house, and, in 
1844, built the first church edifice in the township. The present church was 
erected in 1868, and E. P. Smith first officiated as Pastor in it. The present 
Pastor is Rev. J. D. Baker. The present membership numbers about one 
hundred, and the church property is valued at $700. 

The 3fethodist Church records have been kept in such a manner as to be 
unintelligible ; wherefore, no early history of the Church can be given with 
any degree of accuracy. The present church-building was erected in 1856. 
Prior to this time, the congregation worshiped in the Baptist Churcli. In 
1854, Samuel Clark Avas minister, and preached in the Baptist Church building. 
I. N. Busby is the present Pastor. The membership numbers eighty, and the 
church property is valued at $1,000. 

Danville is situated one-half mile north of the center of the township, 
or the settlement called Danville Center, and, like it, lies on an open prairie. 
The village was founded by Alanson and Miss Harriet Messenger, in 1854, and 
laid out into town lots the same year. The village has never been incorporated. 
Danville is located on the property owned by the deceased Hiram Messenger, 
who pre-empted and bought the claim, and was the first settler on the site of the 
present villajie. 

Hiram Messenger was born a,t Beckett, Mass., in 1786. In 1812, he moved 
to Ohio, and from there to Iowa, and the present Danville in the spring of 
1839, when he built a slab-board stable, in Avhich the family resided until the 
fall of the same year, when they moved to a double log house just completed. 

In 1842. Hiram Messenger was appointed Postmaster, and was the first one 
in what is now Danville Township. He died in 1851. 

The first store at Danville Station was started by Alanson Messenger, in 
1855^ in a little old building noAv used by A. Still as a warehouse. In 1873, 
Mr. Messenger built his present fine business block. He has been Postmaster 
since 1863. 

The coming of the B. & M. Railroad, in 1855, changed mercantile matters 
entirely, and brought all the business to Danville Station ; but, for religious 
comfort, the inhabitants are compelled to visit the old settlement. The people 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 605 

of both the Center and the Station pride themselves, and with justice on their 
fine two-story frame schooliiouse, located between the two "places, and erected 
in 1877. The graded system has been adopted in the Independent School 
District of Danville. J. E. Cavenee was the first teacher in the new school- 
house, and J. B. Hungerford is the present Principal. The average attendance 
at this school is sixty-five. 

The Danville Cornet Band was organized in February, 1876. The mem- 
bers are : Harvey Wilcox, Leader ; H. H. Shepherd, William Shepherd, E. H. 
Porter, J. P. Irwin, H. A. Lewis, David Rittner, Edward Neal, William Cady, E. 
H. Seymour, H. H. Higley and William Sawtelle. The instruments cost $400. 

Danville Lodge^ No. 31^3^ I. 0. 0. .^., was instituted February 24, 1876, and 
a charter was granted October 19, of the same vear. The charter members were A. 

A. Miller, J. J. Patton, John Irwin, Jr., R. H. Bolton, B. W. Shepherd, W.H. 
Swan, J. P. Irwin. W. H. Stewart, J. S. Irwin, D. W. Paine, Reuben Tomes, 
Samuel A. Smith, Frank Cady, W. D. Moore, J. F. Masters, J. S. Koontz, 
Vear Porter. The first officers were : J. H. Besore, N. G. ; M. P. Stoner, 
V. G. ; S. E. Keller, Recording Secretary ; P. M. Guion, Permanent Secre- 
tary ; M. P. Ruth, Treasurer. The present officers are : J. P. Irwin, N. G. ; 
Frank Cady, V. G. ; Samuel A. Smith, Secretary ; J. F. Masters, Treasurer. 
The Lodge meets in Central Block. The present membership is thirty-seven, 
and the value of the Lodge property $300. 

Danville Lodge., No. 4'^', ^., F.^ A. M., was instituted under dispensa- 
tion July 1, 1854, and a charter was granted June 6, 1855, the charter mem- 
bers being as follow'S : R. B. Foster, R. G. McFarland, Caleb Webster, Pren- 
tice Yoeraan, J. S. Stephenson, L. L. Beery, C. D. Beebe, Clark Jackman. 
The officers under the dispensation were: Prentice Yoeman, W. M. ; R. G. 
McFarhind, S. W. ; Caleb Webster, J. W. ; J. J. Stephenson, Treasurer ; R. 

B. Foster, Secretary ; L. L. Beery, S. D ; C. D. Beebe, J. D. ; Clark Jack- 
man, Tiler. The first officers under the charter were : L. L. Beery, W. M. ; 
Caleb Webster, S. W. ; William Wiggins, J. W. ; R. B. Foster, Treasurer ; 
Christian Fischback, Secretary ; R. G. McFarland, S. D. ; Clark Jackman, 
J. D. ; C. D. Beebe, Tiler. The present officers are : J. A. Wright, W. M. ; 
R. M. Chamber, S. W. ; B. F. Berton, J. W. ; W. H. Stewart, Treasurer ; 
J. P. Irwin, Secretary ; Reuben Tomes, S. D. ; A. A. Wilcox, J. D. ; J. F. 
Masters, Tiler. This Lodge has a membership of forty-nine. The value of its 
property, including building, furniture, library and money at interest, is $1,800. 
It was first instituted at Lowell, Henry County, under the name of Lowell 
Lodge, No. 48, and chartered June 6, 1855. This charter was surrendered 
June 4, 1857, and returned June 8, 1864. The place of meeting was changed 
to Danville, Des Moines County, and Lodge named Danville Lodge, No. 48, 

Danville has three general stores, one furniture store, one harness-shop, two 
blacksmith-shops, one tailor-shop, one carpenter-shop, one tinshop, three phy- 
,sicians, one live-stock firm, one elevator, one flouring-mill and one cheese-fac- 
tory, also one public hall. 

"^ ^ MIDDLETOAVN. 

Middletown is situated four miles southeast of Danville on the line of the 
B. & M. Railroad. Josiah T. Smith, now in California, came from Ohio to 
Danville Township in April, 18o9, and settled on the site of present village of 
Middletown. He laid out a portion of his land into town lots, which were sur- 
veyed by T. L. Sergent, in December, 1846. Subsequently other lots were 
surveyed by John D. Wright, County Surveyor, October 4, 1847. During the 
year 1847; a preliminary meeting of settlers Avas held to decide on a name, to 



606 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

be mentioned in the petition for a post oflSce. John Sharp, of Pennsylvania, 
proposed the name of Middletown, which was accepted for the office and future 
village. The first house built after the survey, was constructed of logs, and 
owned by Theodore Folensbe, who was appointed the first Postmaster. The 
office was established in 1847, in the log-cabin tailor-shop of the above named. 
In 1839, a log-cabin schoolhouse was built near the east line of Danville Town- 
ship, in the neighborhood of the present village of Middletown, but really lo- 
cated in Flint River Township. It was called Lewins Point, and named after 
Mr. Lewins, one of the early settlers. In this building, the religious meetings 
of the various denominations of neighboring settlers were held for many years. 
T. L. Sergent opened the first store in Middletown in a brick building, which 
was the first of its kind in the village, and was erected by him in 1851. In 
1848, Mr. Sergent built a steam saw-mill which he afterward sold to a man 
who moved it away. From 1853-55 he built a steam flouring-mill, but shortly 
after moved it to Mount Pleasant. 

Thomas R. Davis was one of the earliest settlers in Danville Township ; he 
came in 1835. Other pioneers in the vicinity were Francis Reddin, Mr. 
Basey, Joseph Edwards, John Hodgen and William Lanimo. 

George W. Dee, born in Franklin County, Vt., March 2, 1807, de- 
parted from that rocky country by a two-horse team May 3, 1839, traveling 
overland to Buffiilo, N. Y., thence shipping by boat over Lake Erie to Detroit, 
Mich. Here the wagon and tough French Canadian horses were again 
brought into use. Traveling across the country, leaving Chicago twenty-five 
miles to the north, Mr. Dee reached Fulton, 111., and from there shipped 
by steamboat to Burlington ; thence he proceeded at once to his brother War- 
ren Dee's farm on the line of Augusta Township. Warren Dee had come in 
the fall of 1838, just before the land-sale, bought a claim and entered it. This 
claim was located two miles southwest of what is now the village of Middletown. 
George W. Dee bought a claim of his brother, built a log cabin upon the same, 
entered it, and at the time of the land-sale paid $200 for the same. 

The first mai'riage in the village of Middletown took place in the winter of 
1847, when W. W. Correll and Elizabeth were united. 

The United Presbyterian Church, of Middletown, was organized over thirty 
years ago and an edifice was erected in 1851, which was sold to the Methodists 
in 1874, about the time the United Presbyterian Church disbanded. 

The First Presbyterian Church, of Middletown, was organized December 
29, 1851, by a committee of the Presbytery of Iowa, consisting of J. C. 
Sharon and F. B. Dinsmore. The first members were; Samuel P. Jaggar, 
Ruling Elder ; Mrs. Ann McClelland, Mrs. Parmelia Jaggar, Miss Cordelia 
Terrill, J. G. W. Robinson, Mrs. Hester Long, Miss Elizabeth Long, M. W. 
Robinson, Mrs. Martha Robinson, John Baird, John M. Clark, Mrs. Hannah 
Huntington, Mrs. Keziah Jaggar. The first Pastor was Rev. Robert iNIcGui- 
gan. The present Pastor is W. J. Bohlman, who was installed October 1, 
1875. He resides in Burlington, and is teacher at the High School. The 
present membership is eighty, and the value of the church property, $2, GOO. 

Connected with the Church is the Ladies' Missionary Society. A Union 
Sabbath school is held in this church. 

The Methodist Church, of Middletown, has for its Pastor I. N. Busby. 
Nothing of its early history could be ascertained. 

In 1858, a new frame schoolhouse was built in Middletown, and called 
Subdistrict No. 9 of Danville Township. The present teacher is Morris 
Clark. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 607 

The Middletoum Temperance Union was organized in 1871, and existed 
. until February, 1878, when a re-organization took place and the name was 
changed to Union Reform Club, of Middletown. The first officers of the new 
association were : S. J. McMaken, President ; Frank Garden, Recording Sec- 
retary ; Benjamin Burton, Financial Secretary ; Miss Carry Utter, Treas- 
urer. The present officers are the same, except that W. T. McMaken has been 
elected Vice President. 

In connection with the temperance work, literary exercises are indulged in 
by the members of the association. The present membership is something over 
one hundred. 

Middletown has two general stores, two carpenters, one blacksmith, one 
butcher, one painter and one physician. It also has two public halls. The 
present Postmaster is John Hodgen. 

The township officers of Danville Township are : E. Beans and William 
Stewart, Justices of the Peace ; J. P. Wing and W. W. Kelley, Constables : 
Samuel E. Keller, Clerk; David Philips, Assessor; B. W. Antrobus, Henry 
Mathews, J. W. Hough, Trustees. 

Parrish Post Office is also located in the township of Danville. 

MEDIAPOLIS. 

In 1867, a north and south railroad was talked up and subscriptions made. 
The citizens of Yellow Springs Township contributed |20,000 local aid, and 
in August, 1869, the track was laid and cars running to what is now Mediapo- 
lis. During the same month. W. H. Cartwright, A. Hemphill and W. W. 
King laid out town lots, which were surveyed by J. Wilson Williams. The 
first business building was put up in the fall of 1869, by Mr. Cartwright, and 
occupied by him with a general stock of goods in December, 1869. The 
erection of the depot building was commenced as soon as the track was com- 
pleted to that point. 

Additions have since been made to the town by William Harper and D. G. 
Bruce. 

A tinshop was one of the early institutions. The post office was estab- 
lished in 1870, A. Messenger, Postmaster, who still retains the office. In 
1875, $10,000 was subscribed to the B. & N. W. R. R., on which Mediapolis 
promises to be an important point, as it is already on the B., C. R. & N. The 
Burlington & Northwestern Narrow-Gauge also passes through Mediapolis. 

Through the energetic labors of Rev. M. Bamfoi'd and his fellow lay work- 
ers, a good Methodist Church was built in Mediapolis in 1875, of which Rev. 
Bam ford is still the Pastor. 

Tlie United Presbyterians effected an organization in 1871, and built a 
church in Mediapolis in 1872. Rev. D. G. Bruce has for the past five years 
been its Pastor, having been preceded for short periods by Rev. Messrs. McDill, 
Blake and others. Since January, 1879, the Church has been without a 
minister. 

The Independent District School, of Mediapolis, was established in tempo- 
rary quarters in 1873, and taught by Miss Maggie Bruce. During the summer 
of 1877, a two-story frame schoolhouse was built at a cost of $2,500. The 
first teachers in the new schoolhouse were Miss Maggie Getty and Miss Minnie 
Cartright. The present teachers are Miss Maggie Getty and Miss May Cramer. 
The present attendance is about one hundred and thirty. 

Progress Lodge, No. 226, A., F. §- A. M., was instituted under dispensa- 
tion December 18, 1867, and chartered June 3, 1868. The first officers were : 



608 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

George Wright, W. M. ; 0. A. Paul, S. W. ; D. M. Adams, J. W. ; J. R. 
Backus, Secretary. The charter members were Morris Boss, George Wright, 
0. A. Paul, J. R. Backus, D. M. Adams, Isaac Guy and C. W. Littleton. 
The present officers are: R. W. Wilson, W. M. ; N. B. Hixon, S. W. ; U. C. 
Kline, J. W. ; H. B. Cartright, Treasurer; Fred. C. Tuttle, Secretary. The 
Lodge meets at Masonic Hall, has a present membership of forty-two, and 
property valued at |2,o00. 

Cramer Lodge^ No. 879, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation 
May 17, 1878, and named after Dr. Garner, first Grand Master of the State 
of Iowa, by A. J. Morrison, G. M., assisted by William Garrett, Grand Secre- 
tary. A charter was granted during the session of the Grand Lodge in 
October, 1878. The charter members Avere R. Smith, J. W. McCov, J. W. 
Merrell, H. Ross, J. A. Nelson, J. S. Taylor and B. F. Stahl. The first offi- 
cers were: R. Smith, N. G. ; J. W. McCoy, V. G.; J. W. Merrell, Secretary; 
B. F. Stahl, Treasurer. The present officers are: J. W. McCoy, N. G.; J, 
W. Merrell, V. G. ; T. H. Rhodes, Secretary; J. S. Taylor, Permanent Sec- 
retary; C. M. Adams, Treasurer. The Lodge meets in Masonic Hall, has a 
membership of twenty, and property valued at $150. 

MediapoJis Lodge, No. 67, of the Anti-Horse-Thief Association, was 
November 15, 1874, with the following as charter members : J. H. Guthrie, W. 
B. Bradley, H. C. Harper, Daniel Matson, Samuel F. Edwards, Joseph Carl, 
A. C. Brown, S. S. King, J. W. Talbott and E. G. Archer. The first officers 
were : John Talbott, W. P.; S. S. King, W. V. P.; John H. Guthrie, W. Sec- 
retary ; A. C. Brown, W, Treasurer; Samuel Fry, W. Marshal. The secret 
work was given by the Grand Deputy, Henry Evans. The Lodge has noAV a 
membership of over forty, and has done some very efficient work. The object 
of this association is not to create a mob law, but to see that the laws of the 
State are properly enforced, and the community protected from rogues and 
outlaws. The present officers are: Fred C. Tuttle, W. P.; Thos. Davis, W. 
V. P.; J. P. Ware, W. Secretary; James Purcell, W. Treasurer; R. R. Lock- 
hart, W. Marshal. Lodge meets in Carmean's Building. 

TlLe MediapoUs Brass Band Avas organized in October, 1878, with the 
following members : 0. H. Talbott, R. Ware, Edward Bridges, Charles Deets, 
J. W. Hemphill, James McMullen, E. C. Loper, Charles Amborn ; J. W. 
Hemphill, President ; 0. II. Talbott, Secretary. 

The Enterprise was established by Newton & Green in December, 1874, 
with Mr. NcAvton as editor. It came into the possession of J. W. Merrill in 
September, 1875, after several changes of proprietorship. Mr. Merrill has 
conducted and edited the paper since that time. It is now in its fifth volume, 
and is enjoying a good local circulation. 

The business interests of Mediapolis consist of three general stores, two 
hotels, one hardware establishment, one drug store, one restaurant, one com- 
m.ission house, one grain firm, tAvo harness-shops, tAVO agricultural-implement 
concerns, three blacksmith-shops, one tinshop, two wagon-manufacturing 
establishments, tAVO physicians, two millinery firms, four carpenters, two shoe- 
makers, one painter, one jeweler, one Avatchmaker, one livery-stable, tAVO tailors, 
one plasterer, one barber, one printing establishment, one real-estate firm and 
one butcher-shop. 

The toAvnship officers of Yellow Springs ToAvnship are : B. F. Stahl and 
Grafton Rhodes, Justices of the Peace ; D. L. Tubbs and EdAvard Adams, 
Constables ; L. F. Pierce, Clerk ; J. H. Black, Assessor ; J. R. Jones, J. R. 
Braden and William Housted, Trustees. 



HISTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY. 609 



KOSSUTH. 

The first permanent settlement in this nei^'hborhood was made by Jacob 
Westf^xll ami Allen Eliot, near Yellow Springs, in the fall of 1834. Thomas 
and D. E. Blair made claims earlier, in the southwest part of this neighbor- 
hood, but coming on to improve, found them taken by others. Looking for 
unoccupied land, one went west as far as Mount Pleasant, the other came to 
Round Prairie, and was pleased with it. Both coming across next day, they 
found the Carter tribe, form the " State of Macoupin," making claims, and 
occupying from Thomas Hutchcroft's place to that of A. Rankin, inclusive. 
The man living on the last-named place oflFering to sell, they bought his logs 
and built a cabin, to which T. Blair moved his family in May, 1835. One day 
earlier, B. W. Clark and his relatives, moved in, occupying from the Mediap- 
olis Road, south to Westfall's, and south of Westfall's to near Sperry. Allen 
Eliot had a claim on the north side of Round Prairie, the west half of which was 
sold to Joshua Swank, in March, 1835, Eliot retaining where J. and S. Waddle 
now live. Swank finding the bottom better for his stock, moved there the 
same spring, and with his brother Wesley and W. Milligan, were the first settlers 
there. Job Carter made the claim on which Kossuth now stands, and but a 
few rods from the present location his humble cabin stood. 

July 3, 1836, the Territory changed its political relations, being then made 
a part of Wisconsin. The 4th of July dawned on a growing community. 
There were ten thousand people west of the river. They were opening farms 
and building houses; they were buying and selling; they were marrying and 
giving in marriage, and children were being born unto them. 

Allen Eliot and Miss Cole were married the previous winter, and so were 
Wesley Swank and Miss Henrietta Hilleary, but they were obliged to go within 
the jurisdiction of Illinois for the purpose. The first marriage in the neighbor- 
hood was that of Josiah Edwards and Miss Pamela Westfall, in 1837. In 
Huron, the first was Nathan Westfall and Miss K. McKee. The first birth was 
that of Jacob Westfall, Jr., at Yellow Springs. There were as yet no schools, 
but the Gospel was already preached by the adventurous and earnest Methodist 
itinerant. Rev. Mr. Stateler had made Westfall's a preaching-place in 1835, 
followed by Rev. Mr. Ruble, who died early in 1836. Father Ishara Edwards, 
of the Newlight Church, also preached to his neighbors occasionally in the 
neighborhood of the Spring. 

The next ten years of Territorial life worked many changes. The main 
interest was agriculture, and the farmers became producers instead of con- 
sumers. Previously bread and meat had been hauled from Illinois. Hogs 
were few, and fattened on the acorns. Horses of that day would not satisfy 
the horsemen of this. Cattle were largely used for all kinds of labor, especially 
for breaking prairie, ten or twelve oxen making a plow-team. Many cattle 
died in the winter and spring from the scarcity of food. A traveler, finding a 
man beside a dead ox, offered sympathy ; the granger replied " he didn't mind 
the loss of the ox, but was bothered for a place to dry the hide, as every panel 
of his fence was already in use." The coming years were years of plenty. 
The productiveness of the soil and freedom from weeds made farming easy. But 
there was no mai-ket except to new-comers, and new-comei"s and old settlers 
were alike hoarding their small means for the purchase of their homes. The 
land in Yellow Springs was sold in the winter of 1838. Claim organizations 
had been formed by the people throughout the country, and their rules were 
rigidly enforced. 



610 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

The first Justice of the Peace was William Dupont, who was appointed by 
Gov. Dodge in 1836. His decisions are still quoted, or rather those of his 
wife, for his family relations were like those of Adam, as given by the epigram- 

" He was the first by woman ruled, 
The Devil ruled the woman." 

Tsham Edwards, Esq., Alexander and Philip Mascal, exercised the same office 
at an early day. 

The Yellow Springs Presbyterian Church was organized September 12, 1840, 
by Rev. J. A. Carnahan with eleven members, and fourteen were added within 
the year. The first Elders were Thomas Blair, S. Fullenwider and John Bandy. 
The first preacher employed was Rev. W. C. Rankin in 1841. The Rev. S. 
Paine succeeded him in 1842, and the building of a church began. Rev. B. 
Roberts was his successor, remaining until 1847. 

During the summer of 1836, the members of two or three families met 
occasionally on the Sabbath, for Bible-reading and instruction, but no regu- 
lar Sunday school was organized till April, 1837, at which time the 
"Round Prairie Sunday School" began its existence with thirty or forty 
scholars. T. Blair was the first Superintendent. The school was held in pri- 
vate houses at first, and afterward in a temporary schoolhouse until the sum- 
mer of 1838, when it took possession of the schoolhouse here, and has had 
a home in Kossuth ever since. In 1841, a school was organized at the R. P. 
P. Church, and the school here took the name of "Yellow Springs Sunday 
School." 

A temperance society was formed in 1837, with Judge D. Rankin, Presi- 
dent. A barrel of whisky was brought here in 1836, by Thomas Carter, for 
sale, but it was bought up by the temperance people, and the seller promised to 
bring no more, and intoxicating liquor has never been publicly sold in the 
neighborhood since. 

The first school was taught by Miss M. A. Blair, at the house of her father, 
T. Blair, in the spring of 1838. The next winter an unoccupied claim cabin 
Avas obtained, and Rev. Elihu Springer was employed. Miss Blair taught there 
the following summer. The same summer, Miss Becky McGinty taught the 
first school on the Bottom. In the summer of 1838, the first house built 
expressly for school purposes was erected here at Job Carter's spring, and William 
E Gilliland taught the winter school. In 1841, May 15, the Board of School 
Inspectors of Yellow Springs Township, sent greetings through William Rankin, 
Township Clerk, to certain citizens in four districts of given bounds, to notify 
the electors to meet on the 19th of June following:, to elect a Moderator, a 

"TV • . 

Director and an Assessor for each of said districts, thus inaugurating the com- 
mon-school system of free schools for the children of free men. 

In 1844, the charter for Jefferson Academy was obtained, and through the 
efforts of Rev. S. Paine, S. Fullenwider, T. Blair and others, the brick build- 
ing, now the front of the Kossuth House was completed, and Rev. B. Roberts 
began, in the fall of 1845, his labors as Principal, with his daughter, Miss 
Louise, as Assistant. 

The close of the year 1846, December 28, found Iowa one of the States of 
the Union. In the first State Legislature were Dr. S. Fullenwider in the Sen- 
ate, and D. E. Blair in the House. The political change of relation had little 
effect on local communities, or the life of the people. For the next ten years, 
the religious, material, educational and social interests of the county made steady 
advancement. 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 611 

The Methodists had raised and covered a log church at Yellow Springs, but 
loss of members at that point made a change desirable. In 1846, it was taken 
down and rebuilt as Wesley Chapel, two miles east of its first location, and oc- 
cupied for ten years as a preaching-place by Rev. D. Crawford, 1846 ; J. Jam- 
ison. 1847 ; J. B. Hardv and J. T. Coleman, 1848 ; Thomas Kirkpatrick and 
N. King, 1849: Joseph" McDowell and Joseph Cameron, 1850; H. N. Wilber 
and D. Dickenson, 1851; E. Lathrop, 1852; M. See and N. Wells, 1853; 
T. Ct. Thompson, 1854; J. Haynes, 1855. Through the efforts largely of 
Rev. J. Haynes a commodious and tasteful church was built at Northfield, 
1855. 

In 1854, the Presbyterian Church was built at Kossuth, and Rev. B. Wall 
began his ministry there in 1855. The members seceding in 1846, united with 
the Yellow Springs Church. Rev. M. Whittlesey succeeded Mr. Roberts as 
preacher to that Church, followed by Mr. Eastman, for six months each. Rev. 
W. A. B. McCuistion began his ministry in 1849. Dying in 1851, Rev. G. 
W. Spaulding held the place for n arly a year. From 1852 to 1854, Rev. J. 
M. Philips labored here. After him. Prof. Ottinger filled the pulpit for a short 
time. Rev. E. J. Gillet was called to the pulpit in 1855, and supplied it for 
five years. In 1855, the ultra Abolitionists again bolted, and in 1856 built a 
church on the North Hill, in Kossuth. In 1850 and 1851, a general religious 
interest pervaded the entire community, and all the churches shared in ingath- 
ering of new members. 

Meanwhile, education was not neglected. Schools were established and 
well sustained everywhere. Rev. B. Roberts continued to teach at Jefferson 
Academy, assisted, in 1846, by Prof. M. L. Comstock and Miss M. A. Blair. 
In 1840, Prof. Comstock was Principal. For two or three years after this, it 
weakened badly, but began to improve in 1852, under the management of Rev. 
J. M. Philips. In 1853, J. W. McDill was a teacher, and also Prof. N. R. 
Leonard. Prof. Ottinger, in 1854, was its last Principal. The next summer, 
a new house was built, and it put on the new style of "Yellow Springs Col- 
legiate Institute," and Dr. Gillet was called to the Presidency, with N. R. 
Leonard, Professor of Mathematics, and E. Pierce, of Language. 

The college prospered under the guidance and instruction of Dr. Gillet, 
Prof. Leonard, Pierce, Comstock and others, until 1861. From that time it 
declined, in spite of the efforts to sustain it by Prof. Pierce, S. R. Allen, J. W. 
Peet and others, till its final dissolution under W. D. Moore, 1869. 

July 5, 1873, Articles of Incorporation of " Kossuth Academy " were 
signed, and a school was started a few months later, with Miss V. L. Scott as 
Principal, and November 7, 1874, the college-building was purchased by the 
stockholders of the new institution. Under its present popular management, 
it presents a show of much good work done by both teachers and students. 

YeKow Springs had failed to become a center of either business or popula- 
tion, and in the fall of 1849, Messrs. W. H. Cartwright and J. J. Crowder, 
owning a stock of goods there, moved them to the basement of the Academy. 
In 1850, the postofiice was established and named "Kossuth," J. J. Crowder, 
Postmaster. S. S. McBride started a store later. Afterward. R. J. Harper 
was his partner. Still later, it was run by Heizer & Yost. Dr. Fullenwider 
was for some time a partner in the firm of W. H. Cartwright & Co., but retired 
and built the Kossuth House in 1856. In 1855, Oliver & Yost built and put 
in operation the Kossuth Mills, and sold, the year following, to Sweeney & Har- 
per. The Kossuth Mills, after passing through the hands of Sweeny & Har- 
per, Harper k Cox, Heizer & Cox, became the property of Heizer, Hntchcroft 



612 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

& Co., and under their management became one of the best paying institutions 
in the country, and the firm of Hutchcroft & Co. keep up their good name. 

A tile-factory a mile south of Kossuth, has added to the business, and 
greatly benefited the country. Messenger & McClurkin were its founders, in 
1871. Messenger & Pierce are the present proprietors. So great has been the 
call for their products that the aid of a steam engine and much new machinery 
has been required and provided the present year. W. H. Cartwright continued 
his successful mercantile career here till the close of 1869. J. L. Yost, S. B. 
Heizer, James Waddle, S. Pollock, J. J. Crowder, J. W. Chapman, B. F. Van- 
leaven, James Vannice, John Bridges, M. Crane, R. R. and F. Wycoff, R. S. 
Hedges, J. N. Covert, M. L. Heizer, Joab Harper, T. Rhodes and others have 
sold goods here at various times with various results. 

The Free Church employed Rev. S. K. Kain in 1856, his pastorate lasting 
two years. Rev. D. Gilmore was their preacher in 1860. Rev. W. G. Kep- 
hart succeeded him, and preached till 1865, Avhen Pastor and people were ab- 
sorbed by the Yellow Springs Presbyterian Church, to which Mr. Kephart min- 
istered until 1869. In 1870, April 13, the union of the Yellow Springs Church 
and that of Round Prairie was consummated and Rev. Alexander Scott became 
Pastor of the ''First Presbyterian Church of Kossuth." 

Kossuth has now two general stores, one steam flouring-mill, one furniture 
store, one nursery, three physicians, two blacksmith-shops, one shoemaker, one 
millinery establishment and one steam tile-mill. The present Postmaster of 
Kossuth is John Bridges. 

=" NORTHFIELD. 

Northfield is situated in the northeastern part of Yellow Springs Township. 
Part of the site of the village was claimed by Samuel Smith, who sold out to 
Silas Belknap. The latter entered the claim. The other portion of the pres- 
ent Northfield was originally claimed and entered by John Millard. Lewis 
Benedict was interested Avith Millard in the claim and sold the same to William 
Phiney. In the spring of 1837, James Carr came from Ohio and settled on a 
claim noAv partly joining and partly in Northfield. William Phiney, the 
founder of this village, was born in Connecticut, May 12, 1790, afterward lived 
in York State and Pennsylvania, from where, in 1836, he emigrated to 
Florence, Louisa Co., Iowa. There he kept a tavern and run a ferry-boat on 
the Iowa River. In 1843, he purchased the land heretofore referred to, which 
he improved and thereon built a frame house. The neighborhood soon became 
thickly settled and went by the name of Hickory Point. 

In 1851, William McMullen and William Moore started a carding machine 
there, selling the next year to W. F. Robinson and Thomas Davis, who added 
much to the business and capacity of the establishment, and, in 1855, removed 
it to Its present location. In 1852, the first dwelling-house was built by W. F. 
Robinson, and, in 1855, he was appointed Postmaster, the post office established 
and named Northfield. A store was started there in 1853, by Coty & Hiatt. 

The town lots were laid out by William Phiney, and surveyed by J. Wilson 
Williams, in 1866. 

In 1836, a German named Siedenbender established aclaimjusta half-mile 
north of the site of Northfield. He afterward sold to William Walter, he to 
Foster Carmean who now lives on it. 

Francis Blake residing in Huron Township, about two miles east of North- 
field, was born in Franklin County, Vt., September 9, 1804. From there 
he emigrated with his brother Calvin Blake, to Peoria, leaving Vermont in Sep- 
tember, 1834. They arrived at their destination in December of the same 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 613 

year. In April, 1836, Francis Blake and R. P. Burlingame, a nephew of Gen. 
Putnam, came to Iowa, on Iowa River, where they started a town called Iowa, 
and there opened a store. They dealt to a considerable extent with the Indians. 
During the summer of 1837, they dissolved partnership, Burlingame returned 
to Peoria, and Blake traded the remainder of his goods to Nathaniel Prime for 
a claim of 700 acres of land, which he commenced to improve at once, living 
in the old log cabin built by Prime. In 1849, Mr. Blake built a brick resi- 
dence, which has since been enlarged, and where he now lives. November 3, 
1842, he was married to Mary Houston, of Lee County. When Francis Blake 
came to Iowa, the following pioneers lived in the vicinity of Northfield : David 
Russell, Jerry Smith, Mr. Snowden, Thomas Sheridan, William Phiney, Thomas 
Blair, David Blair and Judge Rankin, most of whom settled in Iowa in 1836, 
In those days, religious meetings were held in private log cabins. The first 
preachers were Daniel Cartright, Mr. Comstock, Mr. Gilford, and N. Prime, 
all of whom were Methodists. 

The first school was taught in 1837, in a vacated claim cabin, located in what 
is now Yellow Springs Township, about three miles southwest of the present 
Northfield. In this cabin religious meetings were also held, and in the absence 
of a preacher, religious readings were substituted for sermons. Dr. S. Fullen- 
wider was frequently the reader. 

The Methodist Church was the first house of worship erected in Northfield, 
and was built in 1855. James Haynes was the first preacher, and the present 
Pastor is T. J. Meyer. Previous to the building of this church, meetings were 
held in the schoolhouse, one-half of a mile east of the villao-e. 

About 1856, the old school was moved into the village and taught by Miss 
Minerva Braden. In 1868, a new schoolhouse was built, and the teacher 
employed therefor was J. 0. Andrews. The present teacher is D. C. Hubbs. 

A. N. Wycoff is the present Postmaster of Northfield. 

The village has two general stores, two blacksmiths, one shoemaker, one woolen- 

factorv and two phvsicians. 

" " LINTON. 

Linton is located five miles northwest of Mediapolis, and was founded bv 
John H. McElhiney. ^ 

John H. McElhiney, son of Robert McElhiney, born in Ireland in 1795 
first saw the light of day in New York City July 9, 1827, and came to Iowa 
with his parents in 1841. They located in Louisa County, where Robert 
McElhiney still resides. In the spring of 1855, John H. McElhiney settled 
on 160 acres of land situated in the northwestern part of Yellow Springs 
Township. Afterward, he added 80 acres to the 160. Previous to bringing 
his family on to the farm, he erected a comfortable frame house as a residence. 
In 1869, when the railroad running north and south, called B., C. R. & M.' 
or Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota, was graded to where Linton now 
stands, Mr. McElhiney laid out a portion of his property, 14 acres, into town- 
lots. He also presented the railroad company with 11 acres of ground, on con- 
dition that they build thereon a depot. This proposition was accepted,' and the 
building was put up. The first buildings on the site of the prospective village 
were erected by John H. McElhiney, the same year the railroad-bed was 
graded, and one year prior to the coming of the first train. One of the build- 
ings was occupied^^by M. Hughes as a wagon-maker's shop, and the other as a 
residence by the same. In the fall of 1869, J. H. McElhiney, J. McElhiney 
and R. R. Armour opened in the depot building the first store in Linton, the 
firm being styled " R. R. Armour & Co." 



614 HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 

Linton has two general stores, one hotel, one blacksmith-shop, one shoe- 
maker, one wagon-maker and one carpenter. 

The children of Linton attend the District School No. 1, situated one mile 
west of the village and taught by W. W. Carithers. 

The. church-going people of Linton attend the Reformed Presbyterian 
Church; situated one and three-quarters mile southwest of the village, with 
Rev. T. P. Robb for Pastor. 

DODGEVILLE. 

Dodweville has for its founder John Lorton, who originally came from Illi- 
nois in the spring of 1836, and bought some two or three hundred acres of land 
about three miles south of the present village. The following spring, Mr. Lor- 
ton laid oat town lots and adopted for the prospective town the name of Dodge- 
ville, in honor of Gen. Dodge. When the lots were advertised for sale, some 
practical jokers struck out the letters d and e on the bills, making the word 
Dodgeville read Dogville, which angered the old gentleman greatly. The first 
store in Franklin Township was started by John Lorton, in Dodgeville, soon 
after the town was laid out. 

The first church edifice in Franklin Township was built by the Baptists in 
1847, of stone, under the direction of James L. Gilmore, who was the first 
preacher in it. Surrounding this church is a beautiful cemetery, where are de- 
posited the remains of the first Pastor and his wife. Rev. Gilmore died in Ken- 
tucky in 1865. In 1870, E. Ping was ordained Pastor, and has held the posi- 
tion ever since. Meetings are held in this church every second Saturday and 
Sunday in each month. The congregation was organized two or three years 
previous to the building of the church. The present membership is thirty-six. 

In 184(1, John Thompson taught the first school in Franklin Township in a 
rented log building, near the site of the present district schoolhouse. After 
this a stone schoolhouse was built, and David Thompson taught the first school 
in it. In 1871, this structure was demolished, and on the same ground the 
present brick schoolhouse was built. The present teacher is Mr. O'Brien. 
The earliest settlers in Franklin Township were Mr. Naudy, an Irishman, who 
claimed 1,300 acres of land, on which he had built a log cabin. Claiming 
more than he cold hold after the survey, part of it was jumped by Elias and 
Levi Larkin. Naudy finaljy sold the balance of his claim to G. Barnes and 
Dr. Hutcheson and left the country. After Naudv, came straggling along from 
1836 to 1839, John Farrell, E. Dugan, John Burkhart, John^McDonald, John 
Markley, Tillman Smith, Jonathan Zion, the Gilraores, Christian Cliner, W. 
C. Berry and Bolin Ping. The last-mentioned pioneer came from Pulaski 
County, Ky., in the fall of 1839, and settled on 320 acres, purcliased of Levi 
Larkin, now a resident of Burlington. Mr. Ping's cabin was a mile and a half 
southeast of the present Dodgeville. 

The first post oflSce in Franklin Township was established in 1836, at Burk- 
hart's Point in a double log house with John Burkhart as Postmaster. 

Dodgeville has one general store, one blacksmith-shop, one wagon-maker, one 
hotel and one physician. 

^ -' SPERRY. 

In 18<)t>, John M. Sperry located on Sections 12 and 13 of Franklin Town- 
ship, and started the post-station of Sperry. Mrs. Sperry was the first woman 
to settle there, and B. M. Sperry the first child born in the place. The first 
marriage was that of Leander Roberts and Martha Milligan. solemnized by Mr. 
Sperry, as Justice of the Peace. There is one church society in the village, 
the Methodist. Services are held in Sperry's Hall. The Methodist Episco- 



HISTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY. 



615 



pals hold monthly services there. There are two general stores and the usual 
mechanical places of business. 

Franklin Mills post office is located in this township. 

The first child born in the township was W. H. Smith, son of Tillman 
Smith, m 1835. The first flouring-mill was built by Mr. Burmeister, and was 
modeled after the ancient wind-mills. The mill was constructed of stone, cir- 
cular in form, and was a genuine wind-mill. Many years were consumed in its 
erection, and the ruins of the old fortress-like edifice are to be seen at the pres- 
ent time. Modern improvements crowded out the primitive Dutch methods of 
making flour. The township was laid out in 1887, sectionized in 1838 and 
sold in 1839-40. 

KINGSTON. 

Benton Township lies immediately north of Burlington. Kingston, located 
on Section 1, is a pleasant little village. It has two general stores, a black- 
smith-shop, a shoe-shop, a hotel and other business interests. It was laid out 
by W. King. The old settlers in that vicinity were James Gordon, A. J. 
Hedge, Esquire Duryea and others. The present school averages an attendance 
of about forty, and is taught by J. Schenck. The Postmaster is W. G. Miller. 
Latty Station is a post office on the B., C. R. & N. R. R., located in Section 20. 

PLEASANT GROVE. 

Pleasant Grove is located on Section 11, of the township bearing the above 
name. The first settler in the township was William Miller, and the first white 
child born therein was his daughter, Lucetta. The first marriage ceremony w^as 
performed for a couple who were passing through in 1836 — Mr. Elters and Miss 
Colton. The first schoolhouse was erected on Section 9. The first church 
was that of the Cumberland Presbyterian, built in the town of Pleasant Grove. 
The first minister was of that fiiith, and named Bonham. The township was 
laid out in 1838, surveyed into sections in 1839, and came into market in 1840. 

South Flint Post Office is in this township. 

Amityville and Huron are post offices in the Township of Huron. This 
township was settled in 1835, by Joshua and Wesley Swank. S. D. Coonrod 
came in 1839, and Benjamin Luckinbill in 1840. Nathan Westfall and 
Catharine McKee were the first couple married in this township. 

Washington Township has two post offices — La Vega and Roscoe. Yar- 
mouth is a new town on the line of the Burlington & Northwestern Rail- 
road. 




BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY. 



^BBRE"VI^TIONS. 



agt agent 

bdg boarding 

carp carpenter 

elk clerk 

Co company or county 

dlr dealer 

far farmer 

gro grocer 

I. V. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery 

I. V. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalry 

I. v. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry 

lab laborer 



niacli machinist 

mech mechanic 

mer merchant 

mfr manufacturer 

mkr maker 

P. Post Office 

prop proprietor 

S. or Sec Section 

St street 

supt superintendent 

Treas Treasurer 



BURLINGTON CITY. 

(P. 0. BVRLINGTON ) 



[Note — AVheu business is not mentioned, the location given is residence.] 



Abercrombie, J. C, 823 N. 6th. 

Acott, John, blacksmith; res. 109 Plane. 

Acres, Blackmar & Co., printers and blank- 
book makers, 206 N. 3d. 

Acres, Henry, postal clerk, 1013 S. 9th. 

ACRES, STEPHE^Sf T., of the 
firm of Acres, Blackmar & Co., was 
born in Gibraltar Aug. 17, 1816 ; came 
to the United States in July, 1853; 
located at Waukegan, 111., July 20, 

1853 ; engaged in bookbinding business 
there about nine months ; he then came 
to Burlington, arriving here April 29, 

1854 ; engaged in bookbinding, which 
business he has continued ever since ; for 
ten years he had charge of the circulation 
of the Haick-Er/e. Exactly onej^ear from 
the date of his arrival in the United 
States, Mr. Acres signified a desire to avail 
himself of all the rights of an American 
citizen, and five years from the date of 
his arrival in New York City, he was 
admitted to citizenship by the Des 
Moines County Judge — Oliver C. 
Wightman. Mr. Acres has served for 
three terms as Alderman of the Seventh 
Ward of this city. Oct. 1, 1842, he 
was married, in Gibraltar, to Sarah 
Newman ; she was born in Gibraltar 
July 29, 1817 ; they have eight chil- 



dren living. Mr. and Mrs. Acres are 
members of the M. E. Church. 

Acres, Thomas K.., bookbinder, Central 
Block ; res. 121 Clay. 

ACRES, WIEIilAiri, dealer in 
groceries, provisioos, candies and notions, 
west cor. of Summer and Dill streets ; 
was born Aug. 29, 1833, in Gibraltar, 
Spain, and moved to America and to 
Burlington in 1857, remained until 
1863, then returned to Europe, and, in 
1871, returned to Burlington, where he 
is permanently located. Married Oct. 
16, 1865, Adela Molinare ; they have 
four children — Thomas R., Arthur F., 
Mary C, EmmaL. 

Acres, William, Jr., car-reporter, 913 S. 
Boundary. 

Adams, A. G., wholesale boots, shoes, etc., 
310 N. Main ; res. 727 N. 5th. 

Adelheim, C, teamster, 1025 Ash. 

Adolphson, John, carpenter. 

Adkinson, William, plasterer, 214 S. 6th. 

Affleck, John, boards 501 N. Main. 

Agnew, D. Z., painter, 105 N. 7th. 

Agnew, John, painter, 610 Washington. 

Albertson, Albert, res. 1213 Spruce. 

Allen, Christopher, plumber and gas-fitter, 
408 N. Main ; res. West av. " 

Allen & Whipple, hardware, 319 Jefierson. 



618 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



ALIjEX, W, p., was born in Warren 
Co., 111., Oct. 24, 1854; when 12 
years of age, he came with his parents 
to Cedar Co., Iowa; received a mer- 
cantile education at the Davenport Busi- 
ness College, leaving which he entered 
into a partnership with Theo. Frey, pro- 
prietor of the Rock Island Business Col- 
lege, and took charge of the Molina 
Branch School ; during the winter of 
1874-75 he organized a three-months 
business school at Keithsburg, 111. ; 
after the expiration of that period he de- 
cided to establish a permanent school 
there, and remained until the spring of 
1877, when he moved to Aledo, Ills. ; 
there opened a school, which he sold out 
to his brother A. M. Allen, in Novem- 
ber, 1878; the same month he pur- 
chased the old reliable Bryant & Stratton 
Business College, of Burlington, which 
he has since most successfully and cred- 
itably conducted. During February, 
1879, he organized and opened Allen's 
Conservatory of Art and Academy of 
Design, which was placed in charge of 
G. C. Searle, formerly of Providence, 
R. I. Oct. 20, 1875, Mr. Allen was 
married to Miss Mary F. Merrill, of 
Jones Co., Iowa; they have two chil- 
dren — Frederick Leman and Edward 
Merrill. 

Allison, Robert, car-repairer, 1401 S. 14th. 

All wart, Christ, tailor, lOG Adams. 

Almendingcr, D., teamster, 871 Court. 

Anderson, A., clerk, 255 S.Botmdary. 

Anderson, August, cigar-maker, 319 S. 
Main; res. 213 S. Leebrick. 

Anderson, Charles, shoemaker, 314* 
Jefferson; res. 1309 Griswold. 

Anderson, Charles, janitor, 1319 N. 9th. 

Anderson, Fred, blksnith., 1113 Linden. 

Anderson, Gustaf, engineer, 22G S. 10th. 

ANDERSOX, C., dealers in dry 
goods, gruceries, notions and provisions, 
at No. 900 Maple st. 

Anderson, J. A., tsamster, 115 N. Gun- 
nison. 

Andre, C. A., watchman, 1304 Summer. 

Andre, Henry P., clerk, 900 Maple ; res. 
1231 Summer. 

Andre, P.- A., mfr. of shoes, etc., 218 Jef- 
ferson ; res. cor. 8th and Maiden Lane. 

Andrens. J. B., carpenter, Elm st. 

ANKELE, DAVID, REV., Pas 
tor of the St. Lucas Evangelical Church, 



cor. of South and 14th sts.; he was 
born Feb. 16, 1826, in Germany; came 
to America in 1853, and located in Gal- 
veston, Texa^; finished his education in 
his native country, and was prepared to 
commence his labors as soon as he ar- 
rived at his new home ; he came to Bur- 
lington in March, 1878, having re- 
ceived a call from the Church he now 
occupies. He married, in December, 
1854, Dorothea Matzke. Independent 
in politics. 

AXTROBITS, A. M., attorney at 
law ; was born in Greensburg, Decatur 
Co., Tnd.. May 15, 1839; he came with 
his father to Pleasant Grove Tp., this 
county, where, at the old homestead, 
his father, Thomas H. Antrobus, still 
lives; in 1867, he graduated from the 
Iowa Wesleyan University, and taught 
as Principal in the Prepai\atory Depart- 
ment of that institution for one year ; 
he was admitted to the bar at Mt. Pleas- 
ant in 1868, and, in the latter part of 
that year, came to Burlington ; he was 
associated with Judge Power until last 
May, except the time he was upon the 
bench. Mr. Antrobus married Miss 
Arpin C. Ross Jan. 23, 1873 ; she is a 
native of Pennsylvania ; they have had 
three children, two of whom are living 
— Margaret Dorr and Edgar Hammond. 

Armknecht, Charles, book-keeper ; bds. 
616 Columbia. 

Armstrong, Barney C, pat. right ngt.,res. 
1106 Market 

Armstronir, John H., Jr., book-keeper, 610 
N. 4th.' 

Arnold, John, far., 4th, cor. Elm. 

Archibald, \Vm., carp., 517 Gertrude st. 

Arden, Charles, grocer, 504 Jefferson ; res. 
312 S. Marshall. 

ARTZ, JOHX, dealer in groceries 
and provisions, cor. Adams and Emelia 
sts. ; born in Ohio July 4, 1847 ; came 
to Burlington in November, 1873. Mar- 
ried, July 1, 1875, Emelia Nehans ; 
they have one child^Clarence. Re- 
publican. Mrs. Artz is a member of 
the Lutheran Church. 

Aspclmeier, C, grocer, 879 Jefferson. 

Atkinson, C. N., book-keeper, 917 Col- 
lege place. 

Atz, Robt., machinist, 1004 Mt. Pleasant. 

Augsbur-er, N., stone-cutter, 817 Maple. 

Ayres, B. F., operator, res. 507 Bassett st. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



619 



B 



AIRD, J AS. a., 317 S. Boundary. 



Baird, W. F., Rev., G15 S. 12th. 

Baird, W. H., 615 S. 12th. 

Baker, J. M., res. 705 West av. 

Baker, Henry, mason, 817 North. 

Baker, Jacob, teanaster, 1211 N. 9th. 

Baldwin, W. W., attorney, 1211 ^lEtna. 

Bane, John, engineer, 1137 Franklin. 

Bangs, C, sawyer, 60U Lynn. 

Bantleon, George, saloon, 518 S. Main; 
res. 50-i S. Main. 

Barden, C. F., laborer, Bassett. 

Barger, S. R., manufacturer of trunks 
221 N. Front; res. 702 N. 7th. 

BARHIDT, THEOJ>ORK 
WELL.S, President of the Mer- 
chants' National Bank ; was born in 
Newark, N. J., April 10, 1835, but 
brought up in Schenectady, N. Y., being 
there educated at the Lyceum ; he is a 
descendant from the old Knickerbockers, 
known as the first and wealthiest fami- 
lies of the Hudson River, N. Y., who 
were among the first and at the front to 
struggle for the independence of Amer- 
ica; during the war of the Revolution ; 
his grandfather was active in the serv- 
ice, and, during the war of 1812, was in 
the Quartermaster's Department ; his 
father was a boot and shoe manufact- 
urer in Schenectady, N. Y. ; Mr. Bar- 
hydt left his home of youth to enter 
upon the cares of life and the scenes of 
personal and telling activity, in March, 
1855 ; locating at Burlington, he acted 
as Assistant Postmaster for some time ; 
in 1859, Mr. Barhydt started in the retail 
boot and shoe business, and, warranted 
by success, commenced wholesale trade 
in 1860 ; this he still continues ; how- 
ever, as his time is entirely occupied by 
business, which has come into promi- 
nence through his untiring efforts, the 
boot and shoe business has been placed 
under the supervision of his 'partner, 
H. A. Brown. He has been twice 
elepted Alderman of the 5th Ward, and 
is a hard-money Democrat ; he was a 
Director and member of the Executive 
Committee of the B., C R. & M. R. R. 
for several years, until the new company 
organized ; elected during his absence 
from home, without his knowledge, he 
is now a Director of the Burlington & 
Northwestern Narrow-Gauge R. R. ; 



through the long-continued exertions of 
Judge Mason, Messrs. Barhydt, Patter- 
sou, McKell and others, the Burlington 
Water W^orks came into existence ; ^Iv. 
Barhydt is a Director of the Burlington 
Water Company; assisted by others, he 
organized the Merchants' National Bank 
in 1870, was elected its first President, 
and, owing to his superior financial abil- 
ity, has been continued in that position 
ever since; although yet a young man, 
Mr. Barhydt has for many years been, 
and is now, prominently identified with 
the general public enterprises of Bur- 
lington. To no one man does the pres- 
ent attractive city owe more for its pub- 
lic improvements and erection of fine 
business buildings, than to T. W. Bar- 
hydt ; he is the owner of some of the 
most valuable property in Burlington, 
including one of the blocks most prom- 
inently located in the city, corner of 
Jefferson and Main streets ; also the 
Gorham House, now undergoing great 
improvements and embellishments, which 
will make it one of the most popular 
hotels in the State. Mr. Barhydt mar- 
ried Miss Eleanor C. Christiancy, de- 
scended from the same race as himself, 
and who it may be said has virtually 
grown up with him. They are both 
members of the First Presbyterian 
Church; Mr. Barhydo's parents were 
strict adherents to the religious faith of 
the same denomination. 
BARKER, CHARLES I., was 
born in Westmoreland, Cheshire Co., 
N. H., June 4, 1826; his parents were 
Benjamin Barker and Abigail Babbitt 
Barker; he was the youngest of thir- 
teen children, ten boys and three girls, 
all born in the old homestead, on a hill 
farm back some three miles from the 
Connecticut River; this large family 
lived to be men and women, and nine 
are still living (1879), showing moral 
habits and vigorous constitutions, not 
only reflecting credit upon parents, but 
speaking well for their representative 
children ; the girls grew to be wives 
and mothers respected by all, and the 
boys to citizens of various localities, 
and all have received manifestations of 
confidence by their fellow citizens in 
many ways in being selected represent- 
atives in the New Hampshire, Vermont 



620 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



and Massachusetts Legislatures, county 
officers, members of the city govern- 
ment of Boston and Worcester, Mass., 
Government officers under Pierce and 
Buchanan's administrations, regimental 
officers in the last war, etc. These facts 
are mentioned as much in honor of 
parents as children. The subject of 
this sketch was left at the age of 3 
years without a father ; but in this mis- 
fortune he was spared a mother pos- 
sessed of those Spartan qualities that 
did not allow her to sink under the 
weight of the many cares falling upon 
her, but who resolutely determined to 
keep her family together and provide 
for them a home, aided by the older 
children, until all were prepared to go 
forth into the world with habits of mo- 
rality, industry and economy fully 
formed ; she died at the good old age of 
82 years, in March, 1870. In 1845, he 
left the old homestead, and the first 
point he made was to secure two terms 
at two different academies as a little fin- 
ishing touch to his district-school edu- 
cation back on the rough hills of New 
Hampshire, obtained only in the winter 
months; in the winter of 1845-46, he 
taught school, and, in the spring, went 
into a printing office in Keene, N. H., 
and there and at Newport of the same 
State, he served two years as an appren- 
tice to that business; lutein 1847, he 
started out as a journeyman and worked 
at Barre and Worcester, Mass., until 
September, 1849, when he left the old 
Worcester Spy office for the West; he 
visited Detroit, Milwaukee, Racine, 
Chicago and other points, and arrived at 
La Fayette, Ind., late in October, 
where he at once took charge of the 
Daily Courier office as foreman, and 
remained there about fourteen months, 
the four last of which he published the 
paper for the estate of its late owner, 
who died during the summer; he made 
his arrangements to buy the office at 
administrator's sale, and would have 
done so but for the treachery of one 
who ought to have been a friend; from 
La Fayette he went to Nashville, Tenn., 
to Washington, D. C, where he spent 
a winter, and then to Cincinnati, in the 
spring of 1852, where he soon became 
foreman of the Gazette office, which 



office he left in July, 1853, to go to 
Hamilton, Ohio, where he became edi- 
tor and part proprietor of the Telegraphy 
the Democratic paper of Butler Co. ; at 
the close of 1855, he sold out his inter- 
est in the paper and at once went to 
Bloomington, III., where he purchased 
the National Flag, a Democratic paper, 
and edited it during the canvass of 
1856, which resulted in the election of 
Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency; after 
the election, he sold out and went to 
Indianapolis and took charge of the 
State printing; in the fall of 1857, he 
purchased the Democratic Standard, 
at Anderson, Ind., which he edited un- 
til 1863, when he sold out and went 
into the boot and shoe trade, which he 
sold out in 1864, and purchased a large 
flock of sheep and came to Iowa, into 
Polk Co., and went into the real estate 
business at Des Moines; in 1865, he 
disposed of his sheep and went to Mem- 
phis, Tenn., and remained two years, 
connected with the press of that city ; 
but in the summer of 1867, he came to 
Burlington, Iowa, and went into the 
Daily Gazette as part proprietor and 
one of i^s editors ; shortly afterward, he 
purchased the entire office, and con- 
ducted the paper until late in 1874, 
when he sold out, and at once purchased 
a steam book and job office, and added 
a bindery, which establishment he is 
conducting at the present time (spring 
of 1879). In 1862, he was candidate 
for Secretary of State before the Demo- 
cratic State Convention of Indiana and 
secured a solid Congressional vote with 
several counties outside for that office, 
by which vote he felt flattered ; in 1872, 
he was a delegate from the First Dis- 
trict of Iowa to the Baltimore Conven- 
tion, which nominated Horace Greeley 
for the Presidency; in 1875, was 
elected a member of the Council of 
Burlington, leading all other candidates 
by a handsome vote; he has been mod- 
est in his aspirations fur office ; he has 
been an earnest, active and consistent 
member of the Democratic party al- 
ways. His life has been an active and 
earnest one, keeping up the habits of 
his earliest boyhood days, which have 
been so regular that he has scarcely ever 
lost a meal on account of sicknes-s ; his 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



621 



tastes run in the line of newspaper life, 
to which profession he proposes to re- 
turn at the first favorable opportunity, 
if life and health be spared. On Feb- 
ruary 19, 1856, he married Hannah M. 
Bell, at Hamilton, Ohio, while publish- 
ing his paper in Illinois ; she was the 
daughter of Hon. Daniel S. Bell, for- 
mer y a prominent lawyer of Urbana, 
Ohio, where she was born Feb. 10, 
1838 ; after the death of her father in 
1849, she lived with her uncle, Geo. 
P. Bell, a retired merchant, at whose 
residence she was married ; another un- 
cle, Hiram Bell, represented the Green- 
ville, Ohio, District in Congress early in 
1850 ; she is still living, a,nd has been 
the mother of fuur children — two boys 
and two girls — the baby boys dying, one 
in 1859, the other in 1876 ; the former 
18 and the latter 1 month old ; Bell 
Corwin and Abbie Florence, the former 
18 and the latter 9 years old, are left 
to their parents, and are members of 
the flourishing high school of Burling- 
ton, and have every promise of becom- 
ing ornaments of society and a comfort 
to their parents in their declining years. 

Barnickel, Paul, engineer, 1117 S. 10th. 

Barnes, J. W., contractor and broker ; res. 
809 N. 7th. 

BARRET, R. A., DR., was 
born in Green Co., Ky., June 22, 1835, 
and spent his early youth in Illinois, 
principally at Springfield. At this time, 
Mr. Barret's father, Richard F. Barret, 
was Fund Coiumissioner of the State of 
Illinois. The elder Barret was a heavy 
land-owner in Illinois and Iowa. Dr. 
Barret was a pupil in Judge Samuel 
Treat's private school at St. Louis, Mo.; 
he also attended the St. Louis University, 
and was privately instructed by Chester 
Harding, who, in 1849, accompanied 
him East, where he was, by the latter, 
placed in Phillips' Exeter Academy, in 
New Hampshire; there remained three 
years preparing for college, which he 
commenced in 1852; the degree of 
M. D. was conferred upon him in 1854, 
and that of Master of Arts in 1856. 
In the latter year, he went to Europe 
and graduated at Heidelberg University, 
where he received the degree of Ph D.; 
for a time, he acted as Secretary of 
Legation to Mason (of Mason & Slidell 



notoriety), who was then Minister from 
the United States to France, and located 
at Paris. At the expiration of his 
sojourn of three years in Europe he re- 
turned to St. Louis; there he studied 
law with his uncle, Aylett Buckner; 
was admitted to the bar in the fall of 
1859, and became his uncle's partner. 
In 1861, he was appointed Attorney for 
the United States Government, and in- 
stalled in the ofl&ce of Gen. B. G. Farar, 
General Supervisor of confiscated and 
contraband property, remaining until 
June, 1864, at which time he was 
transferred to the office of Gen. E. B. 
Alexander, Provost Marshal General 
United States, for that District, acting 
as his Chief Clerk and Private Secre- 
tary until April, 1866 ; then Dr. Bar- 
fet came to BurUngton to settle up the 
estate of his father; in August, 1867. 
he purchased the Burlington Gazette, 
which paper he edited and managed 
until 1869; from 1869 to 1872, he 
was editor-in-chief of the St. Louis 
Dispatch; in 1874, he was commercial 
and city editor of the St. Louis 
Times ; subsequently, private secretary 
to his brother, then Mayor of St. Louis. 
After his brother's death in April, 1875, 
he continued in his former position of 
Secretary to James H. Britton, Mayor, 
until the spring of 1876. From April 
until December, 1877, he conducted 
the Barret House. Mr. Barret mar- 
ried Miss Mary Finney, daughter of 
the late William Finney, one of the 
earliest settlers and most prominent 
citizens of St. Louis. Of late years, 
the subject of our sketch has been 
principally engaged in the practice of 
law in St. Louis, spending, however, 
much of his time in Burlington, in the 
attention of his property. 
BARRETT, B. F., meat market, 
1321 Osborn street ; was born in Bel- 
mont Co., Ohio; came to Burlington in 
1870 ; enlisted in the 2d Mo. V. C. in 
1864, and served till the close of the 
war. Married in 1868 Belle Carnes ; 
they have two children living — Freddie 
L. and Harry. Democrat. 
Bartruff, H. S., cabinet-maker, 125 S. 5th. 
Bauer, Fred, cigar mfr., 1106 Chalfant. 
Bauer, Fred, teamster, 400 S. Main. 
Bauer, Henry, cigar mfr., 114 S. 7th. 



622 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



Bauerback, Aug. dry goods and groceries, 
401 Leebrick. 

Baumberger, Fred, porter, 20-4 N. Main. 

Baunian, Chas., surveyor; res. 218 S. 9th. 

Baumgartnor, A., laborer, 1.521 Bodeman. 

Baura^artnor, F., clerk, 1.507 Thul. 

BEAN, J. v., M. D., office 321^ 
Jefiorson ; is a member of Des Moines 
County Medical Society; a native of 
Crawford Co., Penn. ; was educated at 
Cunneautville, Ohio, and a graduate 
from the Bellevue Medical Hospital, 
New York City, in the Class of 1868 ; 
came to Iowa in 1870, located in Ap- 
panoose Co. for practice, and came to 
Burlington in 1873 ; held a position as 
Contract Surgeon in the United States 
Army from 1868 to 1870, serving in 
the Department of Dakota ; is a member 
of the Presbyterian Church, and Vice 
President of the Y. M. C. A. of this 
city. 

BEARD, HIRAM, of the firm of 
Beard, Mahiinger & Co., wholesale 
liquor dealers ; was born in Montgomery 
Co., Ohio ; came to Burlington in 1851 ; 
engaged in the dry goods business until 
1876; since September, 1877, he has 
been engaged in his present business. 

Beardsley, Charles, 219 7th. • 

Beck, Andrew, stonemason, 106 S. Adams. 

Beck, J icob, carp., 1600 Mt. Pleasant. 

BECK, JOHIV, dealer in groceries 
and provisions, 1504 Mt. Plea.sant street ; 
was born in May, 1811, in Germany; 
came to Burlington in 1 855 ; he mar- 
ried ill 1839 Zitonia Beck ; they have 
three children — Vincent, born Jan. 27, 
1840; Philip, Sept. 23,1843; Mary, 
Dec. 12, 1845. All members of St. 
John's Church ; he is a Republican. 

Beck, Jacob, barber, 106 S. Adams. 

Beck, J. W., bookseller, 212 N. 3d ; res. 
1115 Rhein. 

Beck, Vincent, barber-shop, Gorham House, 
res. 101 N. Gunnison. 

Begemann, Fred, 700 S. 10th. 

Bell, William, 420 S. Main. 

Bell, Wm. M., lab.; res. 1109 S. Uth. 

Bender, George, carp., 231 S. lOth. 

Benedict, B., res. 611 George st. 

Benne, Edward, carp., 1318 N. 9th. 

Benner, Philip, res. 808 8th. 

Bennett & Frantz, carriage manufacturers ; 
factory, 418 N. 3d. 

Bergantzelle,S., night-watch, 1218 Gnahn. 



Berges,H., foreman GasWorks, 1301 Corse' 

Bergman, Wm., mach., 1216 Doemland- 

Bernard, Cornelius, far., north of Ash. 

BEREX^I, PETER, restaurant and 
wholesale dealer in oysters. No. 113 S. 
Main St. ; born in Duekwiler, Germany, 
in 1826; came to Burlington in 1857 ; 
started present business in 1872. Mar- 
ried Miss W. Hawmes in 1860; she 
was born in Duekwiler, also, in 1836; 
they have three children — Constantine, 
Mary and Peter. Mr. Bernes is a mem- 
ber of the Germania Society ; members 
of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. 

Bernet, F., grocer, 801 S. Main. 

Biesenbruck, J. H., farmer, 200 S. 6th. 

Biklcn, Charles H., confectioneries, 413 
Jefferson ; res. 523 S. 7th. 

Berry, William, superintenJont saw-mill; 
ros. 319 S. 7th. 

Berry & Co., G. L. B. & H. H. G., lum- 
ber manufacturers, near Cascade. 

Berthold & Dupuis, City Mills, corner 
Front and Court. 

Betzinger, Jacob, lab., 408 N. 6th. 

Beckenbach, Fred, harness-shop, 518 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 600 Gertrude st. 

Biklen, L. H., shoeing-shop, 314 Division; 
res. 312 S. 7th. 

Biklen, Winzer & Co., wholesale grocers, 
110 N. Main. 

Bingham, Y. W.; res. Madison av. 

Bird, Curtis, book-keeper.; 829 N. 4th. 

Berkenstadt, John, night-watch, 1018 N. 
10th. 

BischoflP, George, wagonmaker, 227 N. 
Boundary; res. 903 Jefferson. 

Bistorias, Christ., mason, 301 Summer. 

Bittner, Julius, cigar-maker, 211 S. Main. 

Blake, M. K., attorney at law, 307 Jeffer- 
son ; res. Miller cor. Darwin. 

BJLAKE, WIL,L.IAM ED- 
OAR, born in Morning Sun, Preble 
Co., Ohio, June 27, 1844; came to 
Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1845 ; graduated 
at Monmouth College, Illinois, in 1867, 
then studied law in the law dei)artment 
of the Iowa State University, loAva City, 
Iowa, where he graduated in 1869 ; he 
came to Burlington, in August of the 
same year, and has since been engaged 
in the practice of law ; the firm was 
styled Newman & Blake until Septem- 
ber, 1874, when it was changed to 
Blake & Hammack, Jan. 1, 1879; Mr. 
Blake a<i:ain associated himself with 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



623 



Judii'e Newman. He was married July 
4, lS(i7, to Miss Sarah Lucretia Hurd, 
of ]M(iniiii<;- Sun. Towa. 

Bi.AKE, WILSON WII.BER- 
FOR€K, editor-in-chief of the Bur- 
lington Gazette ; was born in a farm 
house 'near ^lorniiio; Sun, Louisa Co., 
Towa, Oct. 26, 1850, his parents having 
removed from Ohio to this State four 
years previously ; he led the life of a 
farmer's boy until the age of 1(5, when 
he entered Monmouth College ; being 
obliged to suspend his studies fur a time, 
he edited a country newspaper (the 
Morning Sun Free Press) ; taught school 
and farmed durinij the interval of six- 
teen months, while yet a minor, and 
finally graduated with honor from the 
institution, June 20, 1872. He mar- 
ried Aug. 31, 1871^ Miss Maria S. 
Acheson, of Monmouth, 111. ; three chil- 
dren — girls, are the fruit of this union. 
He removed from Morning Sun to Bur- 
lington, in the fall of 1872, to accept a 
position on the City Dcparunent of the 
Daily Hnwh- Eye ; he was S' on jiromoted 
to be City and News Editor of that 
paper, which position )je retained until 
the 1st of August, 1874 ; failing health 
caused by the exacting duties of morn- 
ing newspaper work led to his resigna- 
tion ; the proprietor of the Hawh-Eye^ 
on his retirement, presented him with an 
elegant silver-headed cane as an expres- 
sion of esteem ; he sought the much- 
needed rest of a few weeks in the coun- 
try, but soon returned to the ranks of 
journalism ; and, Sept. 24, 1874, he in 
conjunction with Messrs. W. II. Finch 
and Charles H. Playter, bought the 
Evening Gazette, and organized a stock 
company ; Mr. Blake was at fir.st city 
editor of the paper and afterwards busi- 
ness manager ; in the month of Decem- 
ber, 1876, he became the editor-in-chief, 
and has reigned supreme in the ^anctum 
ever since that time. 

BLAUL, JOHM, wholesale grocer ; 
born in Germany, Dec. 18, 1826; came 
to United States in 1850 ; l^ved in the 
Eastern States four years, then came to 
Burlington ; he worked at machinist's 
trade for two years, and, in 1856, he 
engaged in retail grocery business, which 
he continued until he engaged in whole- 
sale business in 1874; his ■ nsiness 



amounts to about $250,000 per annum ; 
his sales are principally in Iowa, Illinois 
and Missouri. Mr. Blaul is Treasurer 
of the Mutual Aid Association of this 
city. 
BLISS, CMLBERT, Asst. Eng. 

Fire Department; les. 300 S. Marietta. 

Bliss, L. M., stoves and tinware, 513 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 201 Augusta. 

Blodgett, S. VV., attorney at law, 31 2 J 
Jefferson ; res. 1703 Potts. 

Bloom, C. M., tinner, 110 N. Pond. 

Bloomer, Ferris, carp., 1802 Madison st. 

Bloom, Georo-e, hib., 106 N. Pond. 

BLYTHE, JOSEPH W., attor- 
ney ; is a native of New Jersey ; came 
to Burlington in December, 1874, where 
he has since been engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession. 

Bock, J., nurseryman, Madison av. 

BOECK, G., dlr. in all kinds of fresh 
and salt meats, at 210 and 212 N. 5th 
St. ; he was born in Germany ; came to 
America and Burlington in 1857. En- 
listed in Co. G, 4lh Missouri Cavalry ; 
served the term of his enlistment, and 
was mustered out. Married, October, 
1863, Hannah Roth ; they have five 
children — Anna, Katie, George, Ed- 
ward and Albert. 

Boecklin, Warner, 614 Locust. 

Boesch, C. F. & J., dry goods, etc., 322 
Jefferson. 

Boesch, C. L., Sr., 1201 Boundary. 

Bokencamp, D., carp.; res. 562 S. Bound- 
ary. 

Bollman, W. J.,Rev , teacher ; res. 304 S. 
Pond. 

Bolsinger, E., switchman, 1413 Valley. 

BOMASTER, HENRY, wagon 
manufacturer, S. W, cor. of Locust and 
Summer sts. ; he was born June 20, 
1829, in Germany ; moved to America, 
and to Burlington in December, 1844. 
Elected, in 1871, Alderman of the City 
Council, and served five years. Married, 
Nov. 6, 1851, Mary A. Zerber, who was 
born in Dauphin Co., Penn. ; they have 
four children living — Youtichey, Nellie, 
Lizzie and Belle. Republican. 

Bomaster, H. B., wagon-shop, Locust, cor. 
Summer; res. 910^8. 14th. 

Bomberger, Louis, far.. Sunny Side. 

Bomgardner, George; res. 812 S. 7th. 

Bongert, William, mason, 1225 Angular. 

Bonn, Jacob, ice dlr., 426 Lewis. 



624 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



BOXITZ, H., dealer in early vegeta- 
bles, groceries and provisions, 2:^0 Wash- 
ington St. ; born in Saxony, Germany, 
Dec, 21, 1842; came to America in 
18G2, and to Burlington in 1864. Mar- 
ried, Oct. 9, 1867, Frederica Dewein ; 
she was born in Burlington ; they have 
five children — Alwina, Nettie, Nanna, 
Robort and infont. Republican. 

BOXX, P., of the firm of Bonn Bros., 
butchers, 117 S. Main St.; born in 
Burlington in 1854; started in present 
business in 1876. 

Bonnell, J. C, Sec'y C, B. & Q. Land 
Office ; res. 1610 South. 

Boorman, James, mfi*. wigs, etc., 401 N. 
Main; res. 214 S. 10th. 

Boquet, Peter, cooper-shop. Front, corner 
of Court; res. 406 N. 6th. 

Bosch, Adolph, brewery. 

Bosch Brothers, brewers, B. k M. R., 
north of Mt. Pleasant. 

Bosch, Charles (x., bottler of lager beer, 
ale and porter. Central Block ; res. 
Western Brewery, in rear. 

Bosch, J. G., saloon, 852 Washington. 

Boshard, Henry, box-maker, 820 Jefferson. 

Bossier, F. G., upholsterer, 1226 N. 7th. 

Bosse, Henry, clerk, 414 S. 6th. 

Bossmeyer, A., clerk ; res. West av. 

Bossnieyer, H., clerk; res. West av. 

BOTT, O. J,, boot and shoe manu- 
facturer, 314 W. 3d st. ; born in Mus- 
kingum Co., Ohio, Oct. 22, 1850 ; 
moved to Burlington in 1869. Mar- 
ried, November, 1875, Carrie Smith. 
Enlisted in Co. G, 160th O. V. I., 
March, 1864 ; served till the close of 
war. Democrat. 

BOUQUET, N. S.,born near Landau, 
in the kingdom of Bavaria, Nov. 14, 
1842; left Germany at the age of 15 
years for America, landing in New 
York ; from here he went to St. Louis, 
where he learned the cooper trade ; in 
the spring of 1860, he came to Burling- 
ton and worked at his trade until 1861, 
when he enlisted in the 1st I. V. I., for 
three months, being actively engaged 
under Generals Lyon and Seigel at the 
battle of Wilson's Creek, after which he 
was discharged and re-enlisted July 5, 
1862, in the 25th I. V. I., 1st Division, 
2d Brigade, 15th Corps, commanded by 
Gen. John A. Ijogan ; Mr. Bo(|uet was 
appointed 2d Sergeant of Company E ; 



they went from St. Louis to Helena, 
Kan., thence shipped to Young's Point, 
and Wire engaged at the siege of Vicks- 
burg and the surrounding battles ; came 
to Memphis, and from Resaca, JTenn., 
engaged for the Atlanta campaign and 
were all through Sherman's march to 
Georgia ; he was at Goldsborou, N. 
C, the deciding battle of the late war ; 
his regiment, the 25th Iowa, fought as 
skirmish line on the right of the corps, 
for forty-eight hours, which gave them 
the prominent position of the army ; 
the regiment was reduced by 147 men 
killed and wounded ; after the capture 
of Johnson's army, they went to Rich- 
mond and Washington ; the 15th Corps 
was in advance of the army, the divis- 
ion in advance of the corps, the brigade 
in advance of the division, the regiment 
in advance of the brigade, and the 25th 
Iowa had the right at the grand review ; 
N. S. Boquet, was the left guide ; the 
25th Iowa went to Davenport, Iowa, 
where the respective companies were 
disbanded ; during the ceremonies of 
disbanding, the brigade at Davenport, 
Sargeant Boquet was presented by 
Brig. Gen. Geo. A. Stone, former 
Colonel of the 25th Iowa, with the 
colors of the regiment for safe-keeping, 
in honor of the bravery and heroism dis- 
played in serving his country ; coming 
home to Burlington, Companies E, D 
and G disbanded and retired to private 
life in 1865. In 1873, Mr. Boquet was 
appointed Deputy City Marshal, and 
served till March 1, 1874 ; he then went 
to California, where he engaged in pros- 
pecting, spending the main part of his 
time on or near Lone Star Mountain ; 
some of his hunting exploits in the Far 
West, are of an interesting character ; 
in 1876, he returned to Burlington, and 
has since been on the police force 

Bowersock, Israel, auction and com. mer., 
512 Jefferson; res. 512 Amelia. 

Boyer, William, police ; res. 1209 Smith. 

Boyle, Patrick, teamster , 318 Shields. 

Brack, M., blksmth., 1013 N. Boundary. 

Brady, John, contractor, 713 N. Main. 

Brand, Wm., tinner ; res. Gertrude st. 

Brandebury, W. F., carp., 427 Adams. 

Braun, G. H., mach., 608 S. Boundary. 

Braun, Henry, carp., 608 S. Boundary. 

Braunberger, Adam, saloon, 312 N. 3d. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



625 



Braunberger, John, manufacturer of cigars, 
318 N. 3d; res. 837 Arch. 

Braunberger & Trau, grocers, 301 Divis- 
ion, corner 3d. 

Breen, William, contractor, 119 S. 4th. 

BREIIMERMAXN , J. H., attor- 
ney at law ; was born in Frederick Co., 
Md., Nov. 4, 1851; in 1860, he re- 
moved with his parents to Harper's 
Ferry, and, in 1862, to Washington, 
D. C; he was educated at the Columbia 
University, in that city, and received 
the degree of A. M. in 1872, and, after 
two years' further study, graduated 
from the law department of the same 
institution ; he then entered upon the 
practice of his profession in Burlington. 
He was married to Miss Lillie A. Bangs, 
of Washington, Sept. 14, 1875. 

Breudell, George, iron, steel and heavy 
hardware, 308 N. Main ; res. 934 N. 5th. 

Bresser, Henry, cooper, 1105 Corse. 

Bringer, Henry, lab.; res. 705 S. 10th. 

BROADWELE, JAMES M., 
printer; born iu Calhoun Co., 111., June 
27, 1821 ; hved there and in Morgan 
Co., 111., until 1837; then came to Ft. 
Madison, Iowa ; came to Burlington in 
November, 1838; this has been his 
home ever since. 

Brocker, Louis, carpenter, 1217 Linden. 

BROWN, HENRY A., wholesale 
and retail dlr. in boots and shoes, 217 N. 
Main St.; res. 1109,N.5ths^; Mr. Brown 
was born in Dunkirk, N. Y., March 27, 
1841 ; lived in New York State until 
the fall of 1857, when he came to Bur- 
lington ; engaged in clerking most of 
the time until July, 1862, when he 
became connected with the Suttlers' 
Department of the United States army, 
where he remained until the fall of 
1865. The firm of H. A. Brown & Co., 
retail dealers in boots and shoes, was 
established in January, 1866 ; in July, 
1874, Mr. Brown became a member of 
the firm of T. W. Barhydt & Co., 
wholesale dealers in boots and shoes ; 
tliis firm is well known for its reliabil- 
ity, and is doing a large trade in Iowa, 
Nebraska, Missouri, Northwestern Kan- 
sas and in a portion of Illinois; their 
annual sales are about ^250,000. 

Brown, John L., farmer, 1003 N. Fifth. 

Brown, Nathaniel, plasterer, 1001 Mt. 
Pleasant. 



BROWNING, H. O., attorney at 
law and Police Judge ; was born in 
Burlington Jan. 1, 1841; he was edu- 
cated in Kentucky, admitted to the bar 
Jan. 22, 1863, and has been engaged 
in practice here ever since ; he was Jus- 
tice of the Peace from 1872 until Jan. 
9, 1878, when he was appointed Police 
Judge to fill vacancy, and, March 4, 
1878, was elected to that office. 

Browning-, M. D., Jr., attorney at law, 
306.] N. 3d; res. 805 N. 5th. 

Brucker, Joseph ; res. 806 Court. 

BRUGGE, J. H., & SON, mer- 
chant tailors and dyers, proprietors of the 
Burlington Steam Dye-House, 304 N. 
3d St., opposite the Barret House. Wm. 
J. Brugge, junior partner of the firm, 
has been in the business with his father 
for a number of years. J. H. Brugge, 
the senior partner, commenced in this 
city in a small way, and has built up a 
fine business. He was born in Prussia ; 
came to America in 1840, and to Bur- 
lington in 1857, and permanently located 
here. Married Aprd 6, 1842, Anna M. 
Akamp ; they had seven cliildren — 
Henry J., Joseph B , P. W., WilHam 
J., Anton, Philomena, Wilhelmina (P. 
W., Anton and Philomena, deceased, 
and Mrs. Brugge died June 29, 1872). 
All members of St. John's Catholic 
Church 

BRYAN, SYLVESTER T., 
photographer ; born near Newcastle, 
Penn., Jan. 18, 1833; removed with 
parents to Henderson Co., 111., in 1839; 
lived there until 1859 ; then he went to 
California, engaged in mining there 
for a year and a half, then returned to 
Illinois, and was mustered into the 
United States service, in Co. G 118th 
I. V.I. , Sept. 16, 1862, served until close 
of the war, and was mustered out Oct. 
13, 1865 ; he was principal musician of 
his regiment ; after leaving the army, he 
came to Macomb, 111., where he remained 
about two years and removed to Kirk- 
ville, where he lived until he came to 
Burlington, in 1874. Mr. Bryan has 
been engaged in his present business 
twelve years. He married Josephine 
Pearson, May 2, 1857 ; she was born in 
Centerville, Penn. ; they have four 
children living — Amy, Minnie, Willard 
and Josephine; lost one son, Edgar, 



626 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



who died in June, 1861, aged 18 
months. 

Brydolf, Fabian, artist, 905 Summer. 

Bucklew, John, carpenter, 02!) S. 6th. 

Buell, John, 800 N. 6th. 

Buettiier, Charles, furniture, 520 Jeffer- 
son ; res. 841 Arch. 

Buffington & Fornev, wagon manufacturers ; 
factory 1029 OsbornT 

Bullock. V. W., & Co., grain dealers, 
200 Valley ; res. -423 S. 3d. 

Burdette, John W., attorney at law and 
City Auditor; res. 1317 N. 7th. 

BURDETTE, ROBERT J., 

tlie Burlington humorist ; was born at 
Greensboro, Greene Co., Penn., July 
30, 1844; his parents removed to Cin- 
cinnati, and thence in 1852, to Peoria, 
111., where Burdette was raised and re- 
ceived an education such as the place 
afforded, graduating from the high 
school. In 1872, he enlisted in the 
47th Reg. 111. v., and served three 
years in the ranks ; at the close of the 
war, he returned to Peoria, and, after 
engaging in several mercantile pursuits, 
all of which proved distasteful to him, 
he entered the editorial rooms of the 
Peoria Iranscn'pt, as night editor ; he 
was soon promoted to the city editor- 
ship, and, soon afterward, embarked in 
an independent enterprise, which proved 
a financial failure, but made his reputa- 
tion as a humorist ; he then accepted 
the position on the staff' of the Burling- 
ton Jldwk-Eye^ with which he is still 
connected, and which his humor has 
made famous ; although that character- 
istic has attracted the widest attention, 
Burdette's literary ability is not con- 
fined to making fun ; as a political 
writer, he has few equals, and can do a 
greater quantity and a greater variety of 
hterary work, in a given time, than 
could reasonably be expected of two 
men ; as a lecturer, he is no less suc- 
cessful than in the editorial room. Bur- 
dette married March 4, 1870, Miss 
Carrie S. Garrett, a daughter of a 
prominent Peoria merchant. 

Burir, John, & Sons, wagon manufacturers, 
1015 Osborn. 

Burg, John, Sr.; res. 1017 N. 8th. 

BURGES, J. H., foreman of City 
(.xas Works ; res. 1301 Corse St.; born 
in Germany, in 1829; came to Burling- 



[ ton in 1854. Married Miss A. C. L. 
Valdorf in 1854 ; they have six chil- 
dren — H. H. C. (the oldest is fin n):in in 
the Gas Works, has held ihat pdsiiion 
for the past two years), John H^ Chris- 
tine L., Mary M., Minnie, Eddie. Mr. 
and Mrs. B. are members of the Evan- 
gelical Church ; Liberal. 

Burhans, A. H., patentee Burhans patent 
merchandise car.; res. 1201 Division. 

Burhans, C. N., 1116 Osborn. 

Burnham, J. F., foreman Oil-Mills ; res. 
827 High. 

BIJRXHAH, J. R., of the firm of 
J. R. Burnham & Co., proprietors of 
the Pioneer Linseed-Oil Mills ; he was 
born March 22, 1857, in Burlington, 
Iowa. 

Burnham, J. R., mfr. of linseed oil, 
800 Osborn. 
\ Burns, George, carriage-maker; res. 1214 
Patterson. 

BURRUS, E. S., Deputy County 
Treasurer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Frankliu 
Mills ; was born in Franklin Tp., Dcs 
Moines Co., May 31, 1840, and edu- 
cated at the Burlington Univer.«ity ; 
until 1875, he was engaged in farming 
and teaching school ; served as Assessor 
of Franklin Tp. during 1872 and 1873 ; 
in 1870, Mr. Burr us was appointed 
Postmaster at Franklin Mills, which 
position he held until Jan. 1, 1879 ; in 
1875, he was elected County Superin- 
tendent of Schools, serving in that 
capacity one term. April 11, 1871, Mr. 
Burrus married Joanna Weirman, a 
native of Gettysburg, Adams Co., Penn. ; 
they have three children — Charles R., 
Thornton and an infant son. 

Burt, N. J., & Co., seeds, 213 N. Front. 

Burton. A., trimmer, 704 N. Main. 

Buser, Charles, bds. 800 Valley. 
^user, Henry, blacksmith, Starr av. 

Butler, Thomas, macliinist. 938 Warren. 

Buttles, John A., 920 7th. 

CADY, HENRY C, cigar maker, res. 
705 S. Boundary. 
Cameron, C. A., civil engineer, 1209 S. 

Boundary. 
Cameron, Robert, grocer, cor. Marshall 

and Smith; res. 114 S. Augusta. 
Campbell, Bryce,carp.; res. 1603 Agency st. 
Carnes, I). C, carpenter; res. Ervin st. 
Carpenter, G. B. P. & E. H., jewelers, 222 
1 Jefferson, cor. 3d. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



629 



Carroll, John, painter; res. 1410 S. 
Boundary. 

Carter, David, car-reporter; res. 1014 S. 
13th. 

Casey, John E., night watch, 802 Warren. 

Casey, Patrick, laborer. 802 Warren. 

CATLETT, THOMAS G., at 
torney ; was born at Lexington, Mc- 
Lean Co., 111., and came to Burlington 
in the fall of 1873 ; he read law with 
Stutsman & Trulock, and was admitted 
to the bar in June, 1876 ; he was 
Township and City Clerk in 1877 ; ap- 
pointed Justice of the Peace Jan. 9, 
1878, and elected Oct. 8, 1878, to the 
same position. 

Chamberlin, Charles H., commercial agent; 
res. 809 N. 7th. 

Chamberlin, Erastus, capitalist ; res. 1031 
N. 4th. 

Chase, Hiram, dry goods, etc., 877 Jeffer- 
son ; res. 123 N. Marshall. 

Chilberg, H. C, fireman, 100 N. Gunnison. 

Chrissinger, J. M., gro., 725 N. 6th. 

Chrissinger, S. C, farmer, 1217 N. Oak. 

Christman, J., engineer ; res. Division. 

Christy, I. M.', 509 S. Pond. 

Clapp, C. B., Agent C, B. & Q. Transfer 
Co. ; res. 814 N. 6th. 

CLARK, SAMUEL, P., attorney 
at law and Notary Public ; the first col- 
ored man commissioned as Notary Public 
in the State of Iowa ; office in Starr 
Block, cor. Jeff'erson and 5th sts. ; he 
was born Jan. 1, 1842, in New York 
City; came to Burlington in 1877; he 
graduated at Howard's University, 
Washington, D. C, in 1874, and was 
admitted to practice at the Iowa bar 
during the June term, 1878, in Burling- 
ton, Iowa, where he is permanently lo- 
cated. 

Clayton, J. D., commercial agent. 

Closser, Christian, saloon, 215 Division. 

Coad, Gr. S., box-maker, 820 Jefferson. 

Coad, James, machinist, 605 S. 9th. 

Coalter, T. J., Jr., carp., 523 Cameron. 

COCHRAX, R. L., DR., was 
born in Wrightsville, York Co., Penn., 
Dec. 18, 1843; bis parents moved to 
Philadelphia when he was 3 years old, 
remained there about nine years, and 
then returned to Wrightsville ; from 
their old home they went to Mechanics- 
burg, where R. L. commenced the study 
of dentistrv, which he continued at the 



Pennsylvania College, where he matricu- 
ulated; he practiced in Mechanicsburg 
one year and a half; in September, 
1863, he came to Burlington. The 
struggle, the absolute poverty endured 
by him ; the hard battle fought for suc- 
cess, without, as he then imagined, even 
the shadow of a chance, is known and 
no doubt well remembered by some men 
prominent in Burlington to-day. George 
Sweny recollects how he slept in an om- 
nibus standing in front of the Lawrence 
House, one night; how he went hungry 
for the want of a few cents ; how he was 
induced upon the young man's frank 
and open representation of his case to 
rent him a bare room in which to under- 
take to establish a practice. We might 
here mention the fact that previous to 
his advent in Burlington, he worked in 
a grocery store, in Philadelphia, owned 
by Isaac Griffith, as errand boy ; Mr. 
Griffith also practiced dentistry up-stairs, 
J nd the compensation of Dr. Cochran 
was the ])rivilege of having access to his 
(Griffith's) library and the observation 
of his operations. Dr. Cochran has 
known privations of the severest nature, 
which the friends of his present well 
deserved prosperity would hardly credit. 
He graduated regularly at the Missouri 
Dental College in 1873. Dec. 19, 1866, 
the Doctor mai'ried Miss Maria Holland; 
they have two children — Maud Z. and 
Willie L. He was elected Vice Presi- 
dent of the Iowa State Dental Society 
in 1877, and made its President in 
1878. No doubt Dr. Cochran has as 
fine a practice as may be found in the 
State ; through merit and perseverance 
he has risen from absolute poverty to 
position and ease. 

Cogswell, R. H. L., painter, 219 N. 5th; 
res. 1508 Smith. 

Colby, D. B., druggist, 400 Jefferson ; res. 
314 S. 8th. 

Colgai;, Chas., contractor, 522 N. Main. 

Collins, A. B., engineer. 1208 Madison. 

Ccmbs, J. C, farmer. West av. 

Coiubs, R. B., roofer, West av. 

COMNTOCK, JOAB, retired; 
boin Feb. 9, 1804, in Hamilton Co., 
Ohio; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839, 
and bought a farm in Union Tp., seven 
miles from Burlington, where he has 
followed farming until 1868. Married. 

1 



630 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Sept. 12, 1823, Jane Lemon ; they had 
eleven children, seven living — Milton L., 
Loraida E., Austin AV., Mary E., 
Martha J., Joab C. and 0. B. C. Mrs. 
Comstock died in May, 1875. Second 
marriage June 6, 1877, to Eliza Elliott. 
Mr. Comstock is a Republican. 

Condit, W. D., gen. agent, 520 Summer. 

Conlan, John, clerk, 1827 N. 7th, 

Conlan, Michael, cistern-builder, res. 1327 
N. 7th. 

Connell, J. M., Col., II. S. Internal Reve- 
nue Collector ; office 200 N. Main. 

Connor, E. W., agent. 251 S. 8th. 

Cook, Lyman, President First National 
Bank ; res. 613 N. Gth. 

Cook, Rudolph, Cashier C, B. & Q., office 
Central Block, 1235 Summer. 

Cooke, T. W., Division Freight Agent C, 
B. & Q.; res. 510 Columbia. 

Cooper, Henry, porter; res. 1205 S. 12th. 

COOPER, JOSEPH ii., carpen- 
ter and builder; resides at No. 1305 
Joy St. ; he was born in Peoria Co., 111., 
and came to Burlington in 1871. He 
enlisted in Co. D, 6th Kansas Cavalry, 
and served over three years, the last ten 
months as prisoner of war, at Tyler, 
Texas. He married May 27, 1869, 
Anna Conley ; they have two children 
— Charles and Joseph. All are mem- 
bers of St. Patrick's Church ; Demo- 
crat. 

Cooper, W. L., attorney at law, 307 J 
Jefferson ; bds. 306 Franklin. 

COPP, T. J., County Auditor, was 
born in Lower Canada Dec. 18, 1826 ; 
he came to Burlington in June, 1843 ; 
he was at first employed as a clerk in a 
dry goods store, and in the spring of 
1853, engaged in the commission and 
forwarding business; in 1864, he was 
Captain of Commissary in New Mexico, 
and in 1865, was .stationed at Fort 
Union, New Mexico. In 1871, he was 
elected Auditor, and has been three 
times re-elected, in 1873, 1875 and 1877. 

Corey, J. C, manufacturer of family medi- 
cines, 202 S. 3d. 

Cornic, J. W., conductor and express 
messenger C, B. & Q.; res. 255 S. 
Boundary. 

Coulter, F. J., commercial agent; res. 1207 
Linden. 

Coulter, James, librarian C, B. & Q. read- 
ing-room ; res. 830 Spring. 



Crawford, G. W., physician and surgeon, 
417^ Jefferson; res. 815 S. Main. 

Crawford, Humphrey, foreman C, B. & 
Q. shops ; res. 249 S. 8th. 

CRAPO, PHIEIP M., State 
Agent Conn. Mutual Life Insui'auce 
Co. for eight years past, and connected 
with the company in Burlington for 
eleven years ; real estate dealer. Trustee 
of the Armstrong Estate, and President 
of Burlington Mutual Loan Association ; 
was born in Freetown, Bristol Co., Mass., 
June 30, 1844; he studied law in the 
office of Stone & Crapo, New Bedford, 
and, in the summer of 1862, enlisted in 
Co. E, 3d Mass V. I., and served about 
ten months. He went to Flint, Mich., in 
the fall of 1863, and engaged as civil 
engineer in connection with the Flint 
& Holly R. R. His uncle was Gov- 
ernor of the State at that time, and he 
was engaged in the State offices for 
three years — from January, 1865, to 
January, 1868 ; he came to Burlington 
in April, 1868. 

CRUEGER, A., saloon-keeper. No. 
211 S. Main street; was born in East 
Prussia in 1842 ; came to Burlington in 
1867 ; started present business in 1874. 
Married Mary Eckey in 1875 ; she was 
born in Des Moines Co. in 1858 ; they 
have one child — an infant unnamed. 
Mr. Cruger is a member of the Turner 
Society ; Democrat. 

CULLATOIV, J., of the film of 
Acres, Blackmar & Co. ; was born near 
Watertown, N. Y., June 23, 1835; 
while he was yet an infant, his father 
removed with his family to Canada, and 
lived there until he was 1 6 years of age, 
then went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he 
learned the printer's trade. July 27, 
1861, he enlisted in the United States 
Navy; in June, 1862, he was promoted 
from sailor to master's mate ; promoted 
to ensign in March, 1863; previous to 
entering the navy, he was fur three 
years on board a whale-ship in the 
Pacific Ocean; in May, 1865, Mr. C. 
resigned his position in the navy and 
went to La Porte, Ind., where he 
published for two years the La Porte 
Union, being associated with a brother 
in the ownership and control of the 
paper; he then came to Burlington, 
and for eleven years has been a mem- 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



631 



ber of the firm of Acres, Blackmar 

& Co. 
Cummings, Spalding & Co., dealers in coal, 

229 S. Main. 
Cunningham, Geo. J., telegraph-repairer 

C, B. & Q.; res. 508 N. Boundary. 
Cunningham, Wm. E., dispatcher C., B. & 

Q. office; res. 508 N. Boundary. 
Cunningham, W. J., res. 103-t N. 8th. 

ferson; res. 821 Franklin. 

DALEY, JOHN, boiler-maker; res. 
420 Locust. 

DAAB, JOHM, baker and confec- 
tioner, No. 856, Washington st.; born 
Feb. 18, 1833, in Germany, came to 
America in 1852, to Burlington, May 1, 
1857. Married in 1860, Caroline Rust- 
berg ; has two children — Mary and 
John; Mrs. Daab died in 1863. Mr. 
Daab married the second time April 30, 
1871, Catharine B. Boeck. 

Daley, Wm., laborer, 111-4 Agency. 

Dalgleish, Walter, carpenter, 309 S. Adams. 

Dalhofi", L. H., & Co., gents furnishing 
goods, etc., 112 Main. 

Damon, Eugene, bdg. -house 1223 N. 6th. 

Dana, D. E., conductor, 906 Angular. 

Danforth, M., painter, 1000 lOih. 

Daniels, A. L., plasterer, 801 Warren. 

Danner, W. T., 401 Pond. 

Davies, Fred., 612 S. 9th. 

Darling, John, 702 Elm, cor. 7th. 

Darling & Donahue, general merchandise, 
323 8th, cor. Maple. 

Dasher, John S., engineer; res. 231 S. 4th. 

David, B. T., Constable, 813 S. 9th. 

David, John S., office 108 N. Main ; res. 
207 N. Gunnison. 

Davis, A. E., 508 S. Boundary. 

Davis, C. A., collector, 508 S. Boundary. 

Davis, D. W., butcher, Agency av. 

DAVIS, W. H., DR., born in Liv- 
ingston Co., N. Y., March 26, 1824; 
attended Dansville, N. Y., Academy sev- 
eral years, then read medicine for six 
years with his father and attended to 
office practice ; after two courses of 
lectures at the Eclectic Medical Insti- 
tute at Cincinnati, Ohio, he graduated 
there in the spring of 1847 ; returning to 
Dansville, he practiced alternately med- 
icine and dentistry having acquired the 
latter profession in 1844; leaving York 
State in 1850, he traveled through va- 
rious sections of the West, and finally 
settled in Burlington toward the last 



of the year 1851 ; since that time, the 
Doctor has practiced uninterruptedly 
as an Eclectic. 

Davison, George, teamster ; res. 1713 
Smith. 

D£CK]^R, H., grocery and saloon. 
No. 1618 Osborn St.; born in Germany, 
in 1824; came to Burlington in 1856. 
Married Mary Roth in 1 850 ; she was 
born in Germany in 1826 ; they have 
three children — Lizzie (now Mrs. 
Swartz), Mary (now Mrs. Duzhultz), 
Henry. Mr. and Mrs. D. are members 
of the Lutheran Church ; Liberal. 

Decklotz, N., stone-mason, 1605 Mt. 
Pleasant. 

DEE, WARREN, retired farmer and 
capitalist, res. 403 S. Main ; was born in 
Georgia, Frankhn Co., Vt., March 26, 
1805 ; he lived there until 1832, when he 
removed to St. Armans, Lower Canada, 
where he lived five years; in 1 838, he came 
to Des Moines Co. and settled in Augusta 
Tp., where he remained for twelve 
years; in 1851, he came to Burlington, 
where he has since lived. He has filled 
various township offices. Mr. Dee 
married Nov. 3, 1832, Eliza M. Blakes- 
ley, who was a native of Georgia, Vt. 
Both Mr. and Mrs. Dee are members of 
the M. E. Church. 

De Haas, Chas. P., city civil engineer; res. 
1107 Pleasant. 

Dehn, George; res. 218 S. 4th. 

Delahaye & Purdy, liquor dealers, 101 
Valley. 

DEMLING, JOHN, dealer in gro- 
ceries and provisions, feed, etc., cor. 6th 
and Division sts.; born Feb. 23, 1837, 
in Germany ; came to America in 1849 ; 
to Burlington in 1850. Was elected 
Alderman in 1873; served two years; 
declined serving a second time. Mar- 
ried Sept. 8, 1857, to Sophia Schuers ; 
they have three children — Charles, 
Louisa and John. Republican; mem- 
ber of the First Lutheran Church. 

DEWEIN, ISAAC, proprietor of 
Dewein's Vineyard, on the extension of 
S. Main st.; he and his son-in-law, Mr. 
Ebner, own 21 acres, 10 J acres in vines; 
the best varieties for wines, they think, 
are the Concord and Ives' Seedling ; 
they yield per year 500 to 600 gallons 
per acre ; price from 60 cents to $2 per 
gallon ; he has wine from 1 to 8 years 



632 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



old ; Mr. Dewein was born on the Rhine, 
in tlie kingdom of Bavaria, Aug. 1, 
Ibll; lame to New York Aug. 11, 
18;>2; ihcnce to Cincinnati and Bur- 
lington in 1 S-K) ; engaged in the cabinet 
business till 1848, then commenced 
raising grapes for wine, which he now 
carries on extensively ; his representa- 
tions as to the quality of his wine can 
be depended upon ; the vineyard is 
beautifully situated on the banks of the 
Mississippi River. He married in Cin- 
cinnati, in 1835, Mary A. Reahm ; had 
three children — Mary M., Elizabeth and 
Missouri; the latter died in 1841. 
Mrs. Dewein died in 1850. He was 
elected and served one term as Alder- 
man from the 4th Ward.p Reubli- 
can. 

Disque, F., & Co., dlrs. in saddles, harness, 
etc., 206 N. Main. 

Dodge, A. C, Hon.; res. 829 N. 5th. 

Dodge, A. v.; res. 823 N. 5th. 

DODGE, CHARLES J., of the 
firm of Dodge & Dodge ; was born in 
Washington, D. C, July 31, 1852 ; he 
lived in Spain four years while his 
father was Minister to that country, 
after which he lived here continuously 
until 1867 ; in that year, he entered 
Notre Dame and graduated in 1874; 
he then entered the law department of 
the State University, and has been 
engaged in practice here since his ad- 
mis^on to the bar in 1875. He married 
Miss Ella Craig, Jan. 6, 1876 ; she is 
a native of Ohio. 

DOEMLAND, CHRISTIAN, 

carpenter, residence 1129 Doemland 
street; he was born Dec. 23, 1824, in 
Germany ; came to Burlington in 1854. 
He married Nov. 11, 1849^ Mary Gada ; 
they have three children — Fred, Rachel 
and Bertha. Republican. 
DONAHUE, W. J., of the firm of 
Donahue & Co., cor. of 8th and Maple 
streets, dealers in dry goods, groceries 
and provisions ; was born at Pittsburgh, 
Penn., June 18, 1841 ; moved to Bur- 
lington June 3, 1875. Enlisted in Co. 
C, 5th Penn. Artillery in July, 1864 ; 
bad previously served six months in 
Knapp's Battery ; he served till the 
close of the war ; his regiment captured 
Mosely's Battery in the spring of 1864. 
He married July 7, 1868, P^Hzabeth K. 



Boowes; she was born July 12, 1843, 
at Pittsburgh, Penn. ; had five children 
— Lizzie M., deceased; Clara D., Jennie 
J., Alice R. and Gertie G. Republican ; 
members of the United Presbyterian 
Church. 
Donahue, McCosh & Co.. dealers in marble, 
101 4th, cor. of Market. 

Donahue & McCosh, wholesale dealers in 
Hardware, 100 and 102 3d, cor. Market. 

Doran, Michael, carp. ; res. 618 S. 4th. 

DORAN, R. E., mattress manufact- 
urer, at No. 618 Jeiferson st.; he was 
born Oct. 15, 1848, in Henry Co., Iowa, 
and moved to Burlington in 1873. En- 
listed in the 1st Kansas Battery in Feb- 
ruary, 1863, and served till the close of 
the war ; was in all of the battles that 
his regiment participated in. He mar- 
ried July, 1868, Emma E. Hepburn ; 
they have three children — Franklin, 
Susan and Harriet M. 

DORN, PAUJL, proprietor of new 
McCutcheon House, Columbia St., be- 
tween Main and Water ; born in Ba- 
varia, Germany, in 1825 ; came to 
Burlington in 1838, and engaged at 
farming ; started present business in 
1866. Married Miss E. A. Best in 
1850 ; she was born in Ireland in 1823. 
Democrat. 

Dorr, Russell R., 1448 Webb. 

Douglass, George, manager Dun & Co.'s 
mercantile agency, 208 N. Main. 

DRACH, JOSEPH, merchant tailor 
and dy.er, 309 N. 3d st., opposite the Bar- 
ret House; he was born February 9, 
1837, in Germany; came to America 
in 1869, and to Burlington October, 
1876. He married October, 1877, 
Caroline Schmitt, widow of Robert 
Schinitt ; she had four children by her 
first husband — Caroline, Oscar, Robert 
and Amy ; and by the present marriage 
they have one child — Arthur. Mr. D. 
is a Democrat. 

Drake & Dayton, wholesale dealers in heavy 
hardware, cutlery, etc., 113 and 115 N. 
Main. 

Dreher, Conrad, Teutonia Hall, 421 Jeffer- 
son; res. 521 Maple, cor. of 6th. 

Droegemeier & Schaefer, dealers in boots 
and shoes, etc., 209 Jefferson. 

Dryden, Carlton, 712 Warren. 

Due^meyer, F. J., shipping clerk, 1123 
Spiegel. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



633 



Duffey, M. E., real estate agt., 605^ 

Jefferson. • 

Dunbar, J. B., proprietor Passenger Depot 

Dinins-Hall ; res. 201 S. Main. 
DUNOAIV, tJEORCJE A., of the 

firm of George A. Duncan & Co., gen- 
eral insurance agents ; he was born in 
Indiana Co., Penn., Sept. 5, 1851, and 
came to Burlington with his parents in 
1858. In 1862, he entered the State 
Normal School at Millersville, Penn., 
remained three years, then entered 
Washington College, Washington, Penn., 
from which he graduated in 1868; in 
1873, he commenced his present busi- 
ness as successor of F. E. Hoffman 
& Co. 

Duncan, Thomas, 720 N. 4th. 

Dunham, F. R., postal clerk, 722 N. 6th. 

Dunham & Jordan, architects, 307 Jef- 
ferson. 

Dunn, Moses, grocer, 513 Jefferson ; res. 
612 N. 3d. 

DUPUIS, liOUIS, miller at the 
City Mills ; he was born April 19, 1841, 
in Germany ; came to America and to 
Burlington in 1865. He married, 1864, 
Mary Schultz; they have five children 
— Fred, Othelia, Louis, Anna and 
George. Republican. 

DUTTWILER, J., saloon-keeper. 
No. 1423 N. 8th St.; born in Germany 
in 1814. Married Catharine Durst in 
1859 ; she was born in Germany in 
1832 ; they have one child, Julia, now 
Mrs. Sterzing. Members of the Lu- 
theran Church ; Liberal. 

DUSTMAN, J. H., firm of Dust- 
man & Bro., dealers in groceries, pro- 
visions, crockery and furniture, corner 
of North and 8th sts., No. 1200 ; he 
was born June 24, 1848, in Germany ; 
came to America in 1852, and to Bur- 
lington in 1855. Married, Oct. 14, 
1875, to Pauline Paule ; she was born 
in 1853; they have two children — Ida 
C. and Philip H. 

Dustman Bros., grocers ; 1200 N. 8th. 

Dustman, Peter, 819 Sycamore. 

EGGLESTON, SETH, res. 1324 N. 
6th. 
Eads, S. J., res. 115 N. Marshall. 
Eastman, Charles ; res. 538 S. 10th. 
Ebert, Christ. J., manufacturer of cigars, 

620 Jefferson ; res. 826 N. 8th. 
Ebert, Jacob, painter, 1107 Garden. 



three 
nd 



rents 



Ebner, Ferdinand, gunsmith, 308 N. 3d ; 
res. S. Main 

Eckstein, David, clerk; res. 516 Court. 

Edwards, Morgan, Rev., 720 Cedar. 

EEL.1.S, CHARIiES,_ livery, sale 
and feed stable, in rear of the Barret 
House ; entrance on 4th St.; he was 
born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Jan. 19, 
1826 ; moved to Burlington in 1855, 
and for the last ten years has been in 
the livery business. Married July, 
1847, Susan Voden ; they have 
children — Charles J., Hattie S 
Louisa E. Republican. 

Ehlers, A., machinist, 1300 Osborn. 

Ehlers, Fred, machinist, 1026 Ash. 

Eibes, Joseph ; res. 306 S. 3d. 

Eisfeld, E. M., & Co., clothing and ; 
furnishing goods, etc., 213 N. Main. 

Ekdal, Anthony, painter, 630 S. 7th. 

Eklund, A. P., clerk, Cameron st. 

Elliott, Kelley & Co., agricultural imple- 
ments, 107 Valley. 

Ellis, Chas., carp., 235 S. 10th. 

EMBICK, FRED, Principal of 
Hibernia School; residence 210 S. Pond ; 
has only been connected with the Bur- 
lington schools since 1875, but was for 
many years engaged in teaching at Car- 
lisle, Penn., of which State he is a native ; 
born in Cumberland Co.; he was edu- 
cated in Dickenson College, Carlisle, 
Penn. , and has been constantly engaged in 
teaching for the past sixteen years. Is 
married and has four boys, two now at 
home ; book-keeping and teaching have 
been his principal occupations through 
life. During the Mexican war, he was 
for fifteen months in the U. S. service 
with the 4th U. S. I. Is a member of 
the English Lutheran Church, with his 
family. 

ENGLE, GEORCi^E B., JR., 

State agt. for Iowa of the Bell Telephone 

Co. 
Epstein & Co., dealers in hides and pelts, 

511 Jeffei'son. 
Erb & Schaefcr, hardware and cutlery, 204 

Main. 
Ervin, Nathaniel, Madison, cor. Ervin. 
Esau, Frank, salesman, 1101 N. 7th. 
Evans, Evan ; res. 415 N. 4th. 
Evans, Evan F., carpenter; res. cor. 7th 

and N. Oak. 
Everingham, M. E., 216 S. Marietta. 
Ewing, D. M., 815 N. 4th. 



634 * 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Ewinger, Henry, plumber and gas-fitter ; 
315 N. ad ; res. 826 N. 8th. 

FABKRT, W. R., supt. of the J. M. 
Bradstreet & Son Mercantile Agency, 
office 202 Valley, cor. Main. 

Falen, A. P., shoe-shop, 707 Jefferson ; 
res. 120 N. Pond. 

Farriher, Michael, laborer, 506 S. 4th. 
FAUSEL, F., REV., Pastor of 
First German I]vaogc'lical Church, located 
on the corner of 6th and Columbia 
streets; he was born June 23, 1827, in 
Wurtemberg, Germany, and came to 
America in August, 1850, and to Bur- 
lington July 19, 1855 ; he graduated 
at the Theological Seminary of the 
German Evangelical Synod of North 
America in June, 1855 ; was ordained 
the same year in the church he now oc- 
cupies. He was married Oct. 21, 1855, 
to Mai'garet Meyer; they have seven 
children, four living — Meta A., Her- 
mann C, Louisa and Rosa M. He is a 
Republican. 

Fawcett, Peter, boiler-shop, cor. Main and 
Elm ; res. 539 S. 9th. 

Fear, H. W., clerk, 1028 N. 9th. 

Fear, J. H., 815 N. 6th. 

FEGAN, GEORtJE, cabinet-maker 
and carpenter, Sunny Side ; was born in 
Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1823: came to 
Burlington in 1847. Married Maria 
Butt in 1849 ; she was born in Mus- 
kingum Co., Ohio, in 1829 ; they have 
two children — Walter S. and Daniel D. 
Mr. Fegan owns three lots, worth 
$7,000. Mr. Fegan is a member of the 
Dutch Reformed Church ; Mrs. F. be- 
longs to the M. E. Church ; Republican. 

FEGAN, W. SCOTT, attorney at 
law ; was born in Union Tp., this county, 
Sept. 21, 1854; he graduated from the 
Law Department of the Iowa State Uni- 
versity in 1875, and was admitted to 
the bar the same year. 

Fehse, William, carpenter, 612 S. 9th. 

Feldmann, Gust, 834 High. 

Fennimore, R., carpenter, 1101 N. 8th. 

Fensterer, Alois, 900 Jefferson. 

Fetterman, John, painter, 1407 Agency. 

Fitchner, A., blacksmith, 223 N. Bound- 
ary ; res. 207 N. Boundary. 

Fiesman, J., Mason, 1520 Osborn. 

Fink, John, blacksmith, 714 Jefferson; 
res. lOOG Angular. 

Fischer, A. W., upholsterer, 1205 Osborn. 



Fitzgerald, P. E., engineer, res. 612 Iowa. 

Fitzsimmons, George, Yiressmnnllawk-Ei/e 
office; res. 1136 Franklin. 

FIX, li. R., Vice President of White- 
Breast Cual and Mining Co., and Vice 
President and General Manager of the 
Iowa and Missouri Coal and Land Co.; 
also member of the firm of Fix & Postel- 
wait, of Ottumwa. Mr. Fix was born in 
Zanesville, Ohio, March 9, 1839. He 
served over four years in the 19th Ohio 
Vol. Inf; he enlisted in July, 1861, 
and was mustered out in December, 
1865 ; served as Major of his regiment. 
He came to Burlington in April, 1866 ; 
engaged in jewelry business in Bur- 
lington until May 1, 1878, although for 
the last twelve years he has been inter- 
ested in the coal business, for last ten 
years a member of the firm of Fix & 
Postelwait, of Ottumwa ; two years pre- 
vious, with L. L. McBride & Co., of 
same place. 

Flad, Chas. A., mfr. boots, shoes, etc., 500 
Jefferson ; res. 1427 S. Main. 

Flad, Frederick, v(!terinary surgeon ; res. 
842 Washington. 

Flege, Wm.; res. 1281 S. 10th. 

Fleming, C. S., with Buffington & Forney; 
res. 1222 N. 7th. 

Fleming, J. C, physician; office 315V N. 
3d; res. 1002 Maple. 

Flemming, J. J., book-keeper; 559 S. 
Boundary. 

Flemming, M., 559 S. Boundary. 

Flindt, John A., jeweler, 204 Jefferson ; 
res. 915 N. 7th. 

Flindt, Louis, jeweler, 521 Jefierson ; 
res. 915 N. 7th. 

Fogerstoom, C, carpenter, 1618 Market. 

Foley, D., carpenter, 1205 Plank. 

Foote, J. G., 722 N. 6th. 

FORDXEY, WIl.LIAM, con- 
tractor and builder, 512 Washington 
St.; he was born in Bedford Co., Penn., 
Jan. 31, 1818; finished learning his 
trade at Chambersburg. Married Sept. 
3,1840, Elizabeth Grove; arrived at 
Burlington Nov. 24, 1840; has served 
as Judge of City Elections for several 
years. They have four children — 
Maria L., Henrietta, Jane E. and Will- 
iam ; Mrs. Fordney died May 13, 1865. 
She was a member of the Baptist 
Church ; he is a Republican. 

Fordney, William, Jr., 512 Washington. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



635 



Forkel, August, harness-shop, 712 Jeffer- 
son ; res. 1300 Market. 

Forney, D. S., physician and surgeon; office 
and res. 1208 S. 10th. 

Forney, James M., 803 S. 4th. 

FOSTER, T. G., Clerk of the Courts; 
was born in the town of Gait, Canada 
West, May 4, 1848, and removed with 
his parents to Boone Co., Iowa, in 1856 ; 
lived there until 1861, then removed to 
Des Moines. He was connected with 
telegraphing for two years and in the 
post office two years ; Feb. 1, 1867, came 
to Burlington, since which time he has 
been in the office of the Clerk of the 
Courts, first as Deputy, then as Clerk. 
He married Lucia L. Schramm Jan. 3, 
1872 ; she was born in Burlington ; they 
have one daughter — Margaret, born Nov. 
24, 1878. 

Foster, Uriah ; res. Ripley st. 

Foster, W. P., Cashier First Nat. Bank ; 
res. 922 N. 5th. 

Fowler, C. C, Deputy Co. Auditor ; bds. 
310 Columbia. 

Frame, Jas., coal-dealer, cor. 3d and Mar- 
ket ; res. 903 N. 6th. 

Franken, Charles, 873 Arch. 

Frantz, John B., 412 Court. 

Frawley, John B., passenger agent T.,P. & 
W.;res. 1203 N. 6th. 

Frazee, George, attorney, U. 8. Commis- 
sioner and Collector of Customs, 307 Jef- 
erson ; res. Denmark, cor. S. Boundary. 

Frazier, John, carpenter, 642 S. 10th. 

Frebert, A. A., blacksmith, 308 S. 6th. 

Frebert, Conrad, plasterer, 308 S. 6th. 

Frederickson, Fred, 1113 S. Boundary. 

Freeland, Perry ; res. 1217 N. 7th. 

FREY", FREIDRICH, stone-cut- 
ter and contractor at 1506 Boundary st.; 
born May 15, 1819, in Germany ; came 
to America in 1838, and to Burlington 
March 15, 1851. Married May, 1850, 
to Margaret Papp ; they have one child, 
Freidrich. Both members of the M. 
E. Church ; Republican. 

Friedel, Mathew, carpenter, 802 Foster. 

French, Thomas, 1330 Angular. 

Friday, Fred, carpenter, 117 N. Wood. 

Fritts, Wm. D., 1502 Smith. 

Fritts, Frank, 1802 Agency. 

Fritz, Julius, machinist, 1122 Jefferson. 

Fritt; Brothers, druggists. 624 Jefferson. 

Fuller, J. B., Rev., librarian, rooms cor. 
Fourth and Jefferson ; res. 812 S. 7th. 



FULLER, WILLIAM E., 

attorney at law ; was born in Centre 
Co., Penn., March 30, 1846 ; he re- 
moved to Stephenson Co., 111.; thence 
to Fayette Co., Iowa; he was educated 
at the Iowa State University ; graduated 
at the Law Deparment of that institu- 
tion in June, 1870, and was admitted to 
the bar at the same time ; previous to 
this, in the years 1866 and 1867, he 
was in the Interior Department at Wash- 
ington, in the office of Indian affairs. 
Mr. Fuller was a member of the Six- 
teenth General Assembly. He mar- 
ried Lou J. Harper, daughter of Hon. 
William Harper, of Mediapolis, Jan. 1, 
1868 ; she was born at Kossuth, in this 
county ; they have four children — Levi 
H., Hattie M., Stella E. and Clara 
Augusta. Mr. and Mrs. Fuller are 
members of the M. E. Church. 

Fullerton, Nixon, clerk, 828 Valley. 

Fulton, Alexander, boarding house, 808 
Valley. 

Funck, Jacob, agent; res. 1022 N. 8th. 

Funck, John W., teamster; res. 841 Iowa. 

FUNCK & HERTZLER, man- 
ufacturers of the Orchard City Wagon, 
cultivators, plows, spring-wagons, etc., 
at the cor. of Jefferson and 8th sts. ; 
their factory was established in 1856 by 
John A. Funck, who died on the 8th 
of May, 1877; an extract taken from a 
circular issued by the surviving partners 
in July, 1877, will explain the wishes 
of Mr. Funck, and the condition of the 
concern at the present time : " The 
sad fact of the death of our senior part- 
ner and father, John A. Funck, one of 
the oldest citizens of this city, which 
occurred on the 8th day of May last, 
cast a gloomy cloud around the remain- 
ing partners; but, by his precaution, 
which was visible in all transactions of 
his life, this cloud was removed, as he 
had made such provisions in his last will, 
that the business and style of the old 
firm shall not only continue as hereto- 
fore, but, shall under his last wishes, 
prosper and grow in years coming." 
This establishment has grown to be one 
of the most extensive in the West ; they 
make 1,500 to 1,600 wagons per year; 
600 to 800 cultivators;" 1,500 plows; 
employ, upon an average, 55 men. The 
present partners are now John Hertzler, 



636 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



John Zaiscr, A. F. Hertzler, H. R. 
Miller, C. D. Funck and A. B. Funck. 

GADDAU, CHRIST, grocer, 1421 
Thul. 

GAKKIEL, HENRY, manufact- 
urer of cigars and snuif, 115 S. Main 
St.; born in Prussia in 1828; came to 
Burlington in 1852; since been en- 
gaged in the tobacco business. Married 
Barbara Durst in 1850 ; she was born 
in Baden, Germany, in 1826; theyhave 
four children — Charles, William, Louisa 
and Sophia. Mr. G. is Liberal. 

GAHE^AN, M. H.,_ dealer in gro- 
ceries, dry goods, provisions, notions, 
etc., corner of 9th and Maple sts.; born 
in Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 2-1-, 1846 ; 
came to Burlington in 1857. Married 
May 30, 1869, Mary E. Colgan ; had 
five children — Harry, born May 18, 
1870; Charles, Feb. 28,1872; Mary, 
Aug. 9, 1874; Frank M., Sept. 26, 
1875; Sadie, April 5, 1878; both 
Mary and Sadie deceased. Members of 
the Catholic Church. 

OALEY, F., saloon and billiard par- 
lor, Lawrence House Block. The sub- 
ject of this sketch was born in Germany 
in 1855 ; in 1862, came to Burlington ; 
worked in the Lawrence House for a 
period of twelve years, and at the Bar- 
ret one year and a half. In 1874, mar- 
ried Miss Emma Felte ; she was born in 
Lee Co., this State, in 1853; has two 
children — Anna B. and Edward. In 
politics. Mr. Galey is Liberal. 

Gall, C. F., mfr. cigars, cor. 3d and Jef- 
ferson ; res. 253 S^ 10th. 

Gantz, J., tailor, 1527 Bodeman. 

Gantz, Andrew, saloon, 613 Jefferson. 

Garber, Conrad, blksmith ; res. 1400 S. 
14th. 

Gardner, E. T., dlr. in flour, 709 S. 7th. 

GARRETT, HENRY C, Cashier 

of the Merchants' National Bank ; was 
born in Burlington Jan. 16, 1851; for 
the past seven years, he has been con- 
nected with the banking institutions of 
the city; though an unusually young 
man to hold a position involving such 
responsibility, and re(iuiring not only 
extraordinary business tact and ability, 
but also the entire confidence of the 
general business public, the Directors of 
the bank heretofore named were so 
thoroughly convinced of his possession 



of all the qualities necessary to ably fill 
the position, that they unhesitatingly 
appointed him as Cashier of their bank^ 
one of the leading moneyed institutions 
of the State. 

GARRETT, WILLIAM, Cashier 
of the Iowa State Savings Bank ; was 
born in Lexington, Ky., June 18, 1823 ; 
his father died when he was 7 years old ; 
four years later, his mother remarried, 
and, in 1836, came with her family to 
Burlington (then Flint Hills, Michigan 
Territory) ; in 1837, he engaged as a 
boy in the store of Webber & Reraey ; 
remained three years, then engaged as 
salesman in the store of Shepherd. Lef- 
fler & Co. ; on the 1st of March, 1844, 
he staged it over the mountains to Bal- 
timore, purchased a stock of goods, and 
went into business for himself before he 
was 21 ; remained in business till 1853, 
then was elected Sheriff of the county 
as the Whig candidate ; re-elected in 
1855 ; in 1859, he formed a copartner- 
ship with Mr. Postlewait and John W. 
Rhodes, under the firm name of Gar- 
rett, Rhodes & Co. ; remained in that 
business until 1862; in January, 1863, 
he was elected Clerk of the' Dis- 
trict Court ; served until 1874 ; was 
then elected Cashier of the Savings 
Bank ; he served his ward as Alderman 
for two years, and has been Secretary 
of the Aspen Grove Cemetery Associa- 
tion for over ten years. Mr. Garrett 
married on the 9th of May, 1848, Miss 
Martha Rorer, eldest daughter of Hon. 
David Rorer ; they have had nine chil- 
dren seven now living, four sons and 
three daughters. Mr. Garrett is a prom- 
inent member of the Episcopal Church ; 
is a Republican. 

Garrett, T. M., book-keeper Iowa State 
Savings Bank ; res. 521 Columbia. 

Gauer, Val., cigars, 211 N. Main; res. 
904 N. Oak. 

GEAR, JOHN H., son of Rev. E. G. 
Gear, a clergyman of the I'rotcstant 
Episcopal Church ; was born in Ithaca, 
N. Y., on the 7th of April, 1825 ; in 
1843, he came to Burlington, where he 
has since continued to reside ; he began 
his mercantile career by entering the 
firm of Bridgeman & Bros, as saleman ; 
he remained with this house a little 
more than a year, and then became clerk 



BURLINGTON CITY, 



637 



fur W. F. Coolbaugh, in which position 
he remained for five years, when he was 
taken into partnership ; at the end of 
another five years, he succeeded to the 
business by purchase, and has ever since 
carried it on, he being now the oldest 
wholesale grocer in the State ; Mr. Gear 
has been honored by his fellow citizens 
with many positions of trust; in 1852, 
he was elected Alderman ; in 1803, was 
elected Mayor, he being the first Re- 
publican, up to that time, who had been 
elected in Burlington on a party issue ; 
in 1867, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids 
& Minnesota Railroad Co. was organ- 
ized, and he was chosen President ; he 
was active in promoting the Burlington 
& Southwestern Railroad, as well as the 
Burlington & Northwestern Narrow- 
Gauge Road. In politics, he has always 
acted with the Republican party, and, 
in 1871, was elected a member of the 
House of Representatives of the Four- 
teenth General Assembly ; in 1873, he 
was elected to the Fifteenth Assembly 
and chosen Speaker; in 1875, he was 
for the third time elected to the Assem- 
bly, and again made Speaker ; he was 
elected Governor of the State in Octo- 
ber, 1877, and now fills the Executive 
chair. Gov. Gear was married, in 1852, 
to Harriet S. Foot, formerly of Middle- 
bury, Vt. ; has had four children, two 
now living. 

Gieger, John, Constable ; res. 1401 S. 13th. 

Gerber, August, cabinet-maker, 1906 St. 
Paul av. 

Gerhnger, Michael, 424 Lewis. 

Gerlinger, Buhrmister & Co., wagon-man- 
ufacturers, 324 6th, cor. Washington. 

GE YER, C, proprietor of Union Ho- 
tel, Main st., corner of Elm ; born in 
Bavaria, Germany, in 1835; came to 
Burlington in 1856; started present 
business in 1868. Married Anna Benne 
in 1859; she was born in Prussia in 
1840 ; they have five children — George, 
Louisa, Ida, Maud and Emma. Mr. G. 
belongs to the Turner Society. During 
the war, he was a recruiting-officer ; held 
the office of Steward of the Marine 
Hospital four years. Was Alderman two 
terms. In politics, he is Democratic. 

Giebrick, George, saloon, 1907 S. Main st. 

Gieger, Andrew, Jr., mach., res. 222 S. 
3d. 



Gieseker, Henry, grocery, 1406 N. 8th. 

Gilbert, Hedge & Co., wholesale lumber 
dealers, Jefi'erson, corner 8th. 

Gilbert, James I., Gen., Prospect Hill. 

Gilbert, Jas. W.; res. Vine, cor. Boundary. 

Gilbert, W. D., 910 Jefferson. 

Giles, J. A., Principal of Business Col- 
lege, corner Jeiferson and Main ; res. 
1990 Ripley. 

Gillett, William, 508 N. 8th. 

Gillett, S., & Co., dry goods commission 
merchants, 319 N. Main. 

Gillies, William ; res. 501 9th. 

GIL,I.IXGHAM, W. W., dealer in 
teas, coffees, spices and fancy groceries, 
308 Jefferson st. ; born in Jefferson 
Co., New York, in 1842 ; came to Bur- 
lington in 1875. Married Emma Jack- 
man in 1873 ; she was born in Toledo, 
Ohio, in 1852. Mr. G. enlisted in 1862 
in Co. G, 10th N. Y. Art. ; held the posi- 
tion of 1st Lieutenant ; mustered out in 
1865. Republican. 

Gilman, H. H.,802 5th. 

Gilson, Dustin, foreman B & M. round- 
house, 901 Summer. 

GLASGOW, S. li., attorney at law, 
was born near Winchester, Adams Co., 
Ohio, Sept. 17, 1838 ; he came to Oska- 
loosa,Iowa,inl856; lived there two years; 
then removed to Corydon, Wayne Co., 
where, in 1860, he was admitted to the 
bar. He enlisted as a private in Co. I, 
4th I. V. I., in 1861, and when the com- 
pany was organized, was elected 1st Lieu- 
tenant; he resigned in 1862, and came 
to Wayne Co.; organized Co. D, 23d I. 
V. I.; was elected Captain, and appointed 
Major of the regiment before it left the 
State ; he afterward became Lieutenant 
Colonel and Colonel, and Brigadier Gen- 
eral by brevet ; was mustered out in 
1865 ; returned to Corydon, and re- 
sumed practice. In 1868, he was P]lector- 
at-Large for Grant, and in April, 1869, 
he was appointed Consul to Havre, 
France, which position he held until 
Jan. 1,1874; he was then appointed 
Consul at Glasgow, Scotland, remaining 
in that office until 1876, when he came 
to Burlington, and has since been en- 
gaged in the practice of his profession. 

Glazeby, John, & Co., carriage mfrs., cor. 
5th and Market. 

Glazeby, John, 719 S. 10th. 

Gnahn, John, retired ; res. 127 S. 4th. 



038 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



GOETZ, J. G., saloon-keeper 1319 
Osburn st ; born in Germany in 1845; 
came to Burlington in 1870. Married 
Louisa Anglege in 1871 ; she was born 
in Germany in 1848; they have three 
children, two living — George and Ada; 
Jessie died in 1872. Mr. G. started 
present business in 1875. He was in 
the Prussian army four years. He is a 
Democrat. 

GORMAN, J. H., meat market and 
provisions, North Boundary St., bet. 
Washington and Columbia sts. ; he was 
born June 23, 1852, in Belfast, Ireland ; 
came to America 1862, and to Burling- 
ton in 1872. 

Gorham & Munday, props. Gorham House, 
cor. Main and Valley. 

Gould & Doty, dressmakers, 609 North 
Main. 

Graesser, H. J., Asst. P. M.; res. 517 S. 
Main. 

Graesser, Nicholas, grocer, 517 S. Main. 

Graff, Robt. J., Prin. Select School; res. 
722 N. 7th. 

Grant, G. S., res. rear North Western 
Brewery. 

Green, R. M.; res. 400 High. 

Greenbaum, Schroder & Co., dry goods, 
- 3d, cor. Valley. 

Greenbaum, S. W., 817 Summer. 

Greenough, Joseph, 404 Walnut. 

GREI^fER, JOHN, real estate 
agent ; was born in Wurtemberg, Ger- 
many, June 28, l832, and came to the 
United States in January, 1854, locat- 
ing in Boston, Mass., where he remained 
one year. He came to Burlington in 
the fall of 1855 ; he was thirteen years 
a blacksmith and veterinary surgeon, 
four years in mercantile business, and 
ten years in his present business ; he is 
district agent of the A., T. & S. Fe R. 
R. Co.'s land department, under the 
firm of Frost, Greiner & Co. Has been 
Alderman of 1st ward since April, 
1878 ; is Notary Public and President 
of School Board of Independent Dis- 
trict. He married Barbara Wilhelra in 
October, 1857 ; she was born in Lan- 
caster Co., Ohio; they have three chil- 
dren — Anna, John, Jr., and Edwin. 
Members of the German Methodist 
Church. 

Gries, P. H., carpenter, 647 S. 10th. 
Grimm, Lambert, 522 N. Main. 



Grinelle, A., fruits, cor. Main and Jeffer- 
son ; res. 213 Elm. 

Groeltz, J. A., mason, 316 S. 10th. 

Groetchel, Robt., carpenter. 111 N. Pond. 

Groethe, Christ, carp., 1008 N. Oak. 

Groethe, Wm., 1519 N. 8th. 

GROSS, J. M., of the firm of 
Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale 
liquor-dealer ; born in Bavaria ; came to 
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1860; came to Bur- 
lington in 1871 ; engaged in liquor and 
cigar business since he came here. 

Gross, Wm., mason, 1303 Mt. Pleasant. 

Grupe, A. B., painter, and dlr. in furniture, 
726 Jefferson ; res. 114 S. Gunnison. 

Grupe, E. Y., 1104 Jefferson. 

GRUXJJES, HENRY, proprietor 
of Green Tree House, 207 S. Main ; 
born in Germany in 1842 ; came to 
Burlington in 1866 ; started present 
business in 1878. Married Margaret 
Apple in 1873; she was born in Ba- 
varia, Germany, in 1849 ; they have 
three children — Lizzie, Henry and 
Mary. 

Guelich, Paul, attorney at law, 210 Jeffer- 
son. 

GUELICH, THEODORE, 
attorney and real estate, loan and in- 
surance agent ; was born in Germany 
Jan. 29, 1829 ; he came to the United 
States in the summerof 1851, locating at 
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained 
for ten years, then came to Burlington. 
He enlisted in May, 1861, and was 
Quartermaster of 1st I. V. I.; in Au- 
gust, 1861, he re-enlisted in Co. D, 48th 
I. V. I., with rank of 1st Lieutenant. 
Mr. Guelich is a member of the School 
Board, and has been from the .start one 
of the proprietors of the Iowa Tiihiine; 
while in Davenport, he established Der 
Democrat, which he conducted from 
1851 to 1856, after which he engaged 
in law, real estate and insuranca business. 

Guenther, P. E., mfr of cigars 705 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 1503 Mt. Pleasant. 

GUEST, JAMES A., wholesale 
and retail dealer in pianos, organs, sheet 
music, music-books, etc. ; born in Lyons, 
Wayne Co., N. Y. ; came to Iowa in 
1866 ; located at Belle Plaine, Benton 
Co., where he resided until he came to 
Burlington in 1874. He has been en- 
gaged in mercantile business ever since 
he came to Iowa. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



639 



Gulick, Amos; res. Gilbert st. 

Gunn, Thomas F., Rev., Pastor St. Paul's 

Church ; res. 508 N. 4th. 
Gunnel], Sanford, barbershop, 208 N. 

3d ; res. 720 Franklin. 
Gutekunst, J. M., mfr of light wagons, 

etc., 309 Division ; res. 235 S. 8th. 

HA AG, JOHN, carpenter, 1227 Car- 
oline. 

Hackmann, H., wagon-maker, 901 Locust, 
cor. Boundary. 

Hafner, George, res; 1001 9th. 

Hagarty, James, horse-shoeing shop, 212 
Columbia ; res. 825 N. Boundary. 

Hagemann, E., far.; res. cor. of Starr and 
West avs. 

Hagemeier, Florence, grocer, 1501 Osborn; 
res. 1500 Thul. 

Hagemeier, Henry, 1127 Doemland. 

Haight, M. J., salesman, 917 Market. 

HAL.L, B. J., HON. was born at 
Mt. Vernon, Knox Co., Ohio, Jan. 
13, 1835. He graduated at Mi- 
ami University, Oxford, Ohio, in June, 
1855, and came with his father to Iowa 
in 1839, which has since been his resi- 
dence. He studied law in his father's 
office and has been continuously in prac- 
tice since 1857. Mr. Hall was a mem- 
ber of the Thirteenth General Assembly, 
which convened in 1872, and by which 
the laws were revised, and the code of 
1873 enacted. He was married to Miss 
Louise Webb, of La Fayette, in 1857. 

Hall, H. W., business manager Hawk-Eye 
office ; res. 600 Washington. 

HAMMACK, D. M., was born in 
Mercer Co., Ill, Jan. 31, 1848, 
where he spent his boyhood days; 
in 1865 he entered college at Mon- 
mouth, 111., and graduated there in 
1869; the same year, he studied law 
with Stewart & Phelps there. In June, 
1873, Mr. Hammack was married to 
Miss Belle Stewart, daughter of his pre- 
ceptor. In 1872, he came to Burlington 
and began the practice of law ; from 
1875-79, Mr. Hammack was a member 
of the law firm of Blake & Hammack. 
He served as Township Clerk of Bur- 
lington Tp. from 1874-76, and is now 
Chairman of the Democratic Central 
Committee of Des Moines Co. ; 
Mr. Hammack is associated with Mr. 
Howard in the law business, the firm 
being styled Hammack & Howard, and 



has a one-third interest in the Burling- 
ton Gazette. From January 1, 1875 
to January 1, 1879, he served as Dep- 
uty District Attorney. 

HAlIillES, JOHN, keeps saloon 
cor. of 8th and Eim sts. ; born in Ger- 
many, on the Rhine ; came to America 
and to Iowa in 1855 ; 'moved to Bur- 
lington in 1862. Married May 28, 
1866, Geneva Mott; she was born in 
Baden, Germany, they have four chil- 
dren — Augusta, Amelia, Rosa and Chris- 
tina. 

HAi!i:!IES, M., proprietor of the 
Grand Central Hotel, cor. of Main and 
Division sts. ; born in Prussia in 1835 ; 
came to Burlington in 1856 ; started 
present business in 1874. Married 
Mary Litzenburger in 1864; she was 
born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1847 ; 
they have three children — Constantino, 
Lena, Barbara. Mr. Hammes is a 
■ member of the Turner Society ; Repub- 
lican. 

HARD, CHARLES, first assistant 
engineer of the Water .Works ; he was 
born June 17, 1849, in Seneca Co., N. 
Y. ; came to Burlington in 1873 ; was 
engineer in the Fire Department, also 
some of the time was engaged at the 
machine-shop of the C, B. & Q. R. R. 
Co., and he assisted in the erection of 
the Water Works, and has been con- 
stantly engaged by the Company ever 
since. 

Hauchett, E. H., Professor of music, 1330 
Summer. 

Hanna, B. M. ; res. 629 S. 4th. 

Hanne, Christ, tailor, 1316 N. 8th. 

Hanraham, Daniel, foreman C, B. & Q. 
yard ; res. 1108 Agency. 

Happ, Henry, machinist, 205 S. Adams. 

Harper, W. W. ; res. 828 N. 4th. 

HARRINt,}TON, C. B., HON. 

JUOCjtE ; born in Clarendon, Rut- 
land Co., Vt., Dec. 23, 1812 ; remained 
on his father's farm until 1828 ; he en- 
tered Middlebury College in 1829, and 
graduated in 1833 ; he commenced 
studying law with Royce & Hodges in 
Rutland, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1836; he served four consecutive 
terras in the Vermont State Legislature ; 
was also elected State Attorney in 1853. 
He came to Burlington in 1857. The 
Judge was married to Susan Stoudert, 



640 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : 



of Middletown, Vt., in 1838. He was 
appointed sole Commissioner of the 
Vermont Insane Asylum in 1846, which 
office gave him entire jurisdiction of the 
institution. 
HARRIS, H. S., proprietor of the 
Harris House, and engaged in the wood 
trade; he was born March 13, 1832, in 
Floyd Co., Ky. ; came to Burlington 
in April, 1846. He married July 3, 
18r)6, Lizzie Marshall; they have three 
children — David K., Birdie and Junia. 
Democrat. 

HARRIS, Z. N., Foreman of Hose 
Station No. 2, Fire Department ; was 
appointed policeman September, 1876; 
then Deputy Marshal ; served several 
months ; resigned, and was appointed 
driver of one of the hose-carts ; served 
up to the summer of 1878, when he re- 
ceived the appointment of Foreman ; 
he was born April 13, 1842, in Union 
Tp., Des Moines Co. Married March, 
1865, A. E. Harris ; she was born July 
26, 1840 ; they have four children — 
Laura C, Ella N., Leona P. and Zoe M. 

H arrison, Henry, grain-dealer, 100 N. Main 

Hartman C, painter, 1515 Mt. Pleasant. 

Harvey, George, portrait-painter. Sunny- 
side. 

Haskell. Daniel, far.. Mason av. 

Hassel, Dominick, 803 Jefferson. 

Hassel, John, grocer. Agency av., cor. 
Curran, Hibernia. 

Hastings, J. H., yardmaster C., B. & Q. 
R. R.; res. 10th cor. Maple. 

Hatton, Erank, editor-in-chief Burlington 
Ilawh-Eye, Central Block; res. 1119 
Vine, cor. Summer. 

Hauber, George, locksmith, 616 Jeflferson ; 
res. cor. Amelia and Gertrude. 

Haubold, Emil, clerk, 1107 S. 3d. 

Haul, Henry, carpenter, 1210 Osborn. 

Hauser, Frank, carp., 1508 Mt. Pleasant. 

Hauser, Peter, carpenter, 902 Jefferson. 

Hauser, Stephen, sawyer, 621 Prospect. 

Hausknecht, Edward, tanner ; res. Wight- 
man's Addition. 

Hawkins, John, tailor, 306J N. 3d; res. 
210 S. Boundary. 

Hawkins, S. S., dealer in hats and caps, 
201 Jefferson; res. 535 S. 10th. 

Hawksworth, L., 210 S. 7th. 

HAY, A. T., proprietor of Hay's , 
Steel Works, No. 115 Columbia St.; 
native of Montgomery Co., Penn.; came 



to Iowa in 1851, in the interests ot the 
111. & Miss. Telegraph Company, with 
headquarters at Burlington ; left that 
business in 1854, and went to Minne- 
apolis as agent of the U. S. Land Office, 
returning to Burlington in 1857, when 
he opened a real estate and law office, 
which business was conducted until 
1866, and relinquished on account of 
ill-health; since then, has been engaged 
as an inventor and manufacturer, specific- 
ally in scientific and metallurgic inves- 
tigations, which have resulted in what 
is now known as the Hay Steel Process. 
Mr. Hay is self-educated ; his early ed- 
ucation, until he became of age, having 
been extremely limited ; during this 
time, he was bred to his father's trade — a 
blacksmith ; since attaining majority, 
he has given himself a thorough scien- 
tific and legal education. His wife is a 
native of Iowa, born at Burlington in 
1835, and is the oldest native lowan. 

HAYDEN, WILLIAM F., 
carpenter and contractor, 417 Valley St., 
also carries on the business of plumbing 
and gas-fitting at 306 N. Main st.; he 
was born Nov. 5, 1836, near Cincinnati, 
Ohio, and moved to Burlington with 
his parents in 1840; learned his trade 
here, and has continued the business 
since ; he was elected Alderman from the 
4th Ward for the years of 1878 and 
1879. He married Dec. 6, 1858, 
Susan Jackson ; they have six children 
— Leota P., born Oct. -8, 1859 ; Jessie 
L., Dec. 24, 1861 ; Maggie E., Aug. 
10, 1865; Sadie M., Sept. 19, 1867; 
Edward J., June, 2, 1870 ; Nellie B., 
Dec. 19, 1876. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Hearne, L. D., carp., 1113 S. 10th. 

Hedo-e, Thomas, 607 N. 5th. 

HEDGE, THOMAS, Jr., attor 

ney at law ; born in Burlington June 
24, 1844; educated at Andover Acade- 
my, Yale College, and Columbia College 
law school ; engaged in practice of law 
in Burlington since 1869. Mr. Hedge 
enlisted in Co. E, 106th I. V. L, Oct. 
10, 1864; was made 2d Lieutenant of 
Co. G, same regiment: served until 
July, 1865. 

Heffner, George, printer, 1421 N. 7th. 

Hefi'ner, H. C, foreman Gazette office; 
res. 1421 N. 7th. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



641 



Heid, George, engineer, 218 S. 9th. 

Heider, Daniel, 905 Washington. 

Heider, John J., general insurance and 
real estate broker. Main cor. Valley. 

Heil, Casper, brewer, 863 Jefferson; res. 
905 Jefferson. 

Heimbeck, George, gunsmith, 218 Wash- 
ington ; res. 614 Jefferson. 

Hein, John, saloon, 312 N. 3d; res. 616 
Maple. 

Heinz, Frederick, mason, 209 S. Wood. 

Heinz, J. H., painter, 620 Jefferson ; res. 
1211 Linden. 

Heisey, J. W., book-keeper, 620 Cedar. 

HELLMUTH, H., proprietor Hell- 
mutli's Brick-yard, Sunny Side ; born 
in Germany in 1831 ; came to America 
in 1855, and located at New Orleans; 
engaged in blacksmithing for one year ; 
came to Burlington in 1856 ; engaged 
in the saloon business on 3d st. for 
fourteen years ; in 1878, he started 
present business. Married MarySeyeng 
in 1 863 ; she was born in Germany in 
1841. They have four children — Mamie, 
Louisa, Ada, Herman. Mr. H. owns 
ten acres of land, valued at S10,000. 
Republican. 

Hemphill, Austin, carp., 1405 Agency. 

Henneberg, Fred., 915 S. 10th. 

HENNEBEKG, J. F., of the firm 
of Beard, Mahlinger & Co., wholesale 
liqi'or merchants; born in Prussia ; came 
to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856; remained 
there only a few weeks ; then went to 
Frankfort, Ky. ; there two years ; then 
removed to Canton, Ohio ; lived there 
one year; irom 1859 to 1865, he re- 
sided in Natchez ; in 1855, went to 
Europe with his fajnily; remained there 
until 1868, when he came to Burlington; 
engaged in farming in this township 
until 1876 ; since then in present busi- 
ness. 

Henry, Elias, mason, 317 N. 6th. 

Henry. George C, 423 N. 3d. 

HENRY, G. R., M. D., 321 N. 3d 
St., is a native of Kentucky ; gradu- 
ated in medicine at the University of 
Louisville, Class of 1 849 ; commenced 
practice in this city the following year ; 
has been a resident since removal with 
his father to this place in 1845 ; be- 
came President of the Hay Metallurgic 
Co. in 1876 ; retains the position still ; 
the Directors of the company are : Hon. 



John H. Gear, M. S. and John G. 
Foote, Geo. C. and G. B. Iltnry, in- 
corporated with a capitf.l stn k of 
$50,000, for the purpose of c; rrying on 
the process of purifying iron and njanu- 
facturing steel by what is known as the 
Hay process. 

Henry & McDill, physicians and surgeons, 
319* N. 3d. 

Herberth, M., saloon, res. cor. Basett and 
6th 

Hermann, Henry, shoe store,203 Jefferson; 
res. 403 S. 5th. 

Herminghaus, Hugh, dlr. leaf tobacco ; 
res. 815 Pligh. 

Herron, J. C, Rev., Pastor U. P. Church. 

Hertel. John M., miller; res. 1115 14th. 

Hertzler, John, 1102 N. 6th. 

Hess, H. G., com. mer. and dlr. in gro- 
ceries, 700 Jefferson; res. 1113 Agency 
av. 

HEYER, C, restaurant, 107 N. 
Main St. : born in Bavaria, Germany, in 
1841; came to Burlington in 1866. 
Married Emma Casper in 1866 ; she was 
born in Pella, Iowa, in 1848 ; they have 
one child by adoption — Clara. Mr. 
Heyer enlisted in 1864 in the 3d N. 
J. C. ; was in the battles of Charleston, 
White's Landing and numerous others; 
was taken prisoner and confined in Libby 
Prison lor a short time ; mustered out 
in 1865. Is a member of the Druid 
Society. Members of the Lutheran 
Church. Democrat. 

Higbee, Geo. H., Sec. and Treas. Murray 
Iowa Works ; res. 603 Summer. 

HILL, GEORGE; was born in En- 
gland Dec. 2, 1840 ; came to Genesee 
Co., N. Y., where he lived three years. 
In September, 1862, he enlisttid in the 
1st Mo. Eng. Reg., and served until the 
close of the rebellion. Came to Burling- 
ton in 1865 ; in present business ever 
since. 

Hilem, Frank, coppersmith, 209 Washing- 
ton ; res. 722 Lynn. 

HILLEARY, ALEXANDER, 

a native of Virginia; born in 1809; in 
1827, removed with his parents to Har- 
rison Co., Ky.; thence to Quincy, 111., 
in 1831 ; during the Black Hawk war, 
in 1832, lie entered the service and 
served during the greater part of that 
war ; in 1 833, he left Illinois and came 
to seek his fortune in the new country 



642 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



of Des Moines Co. ; after traveling 
about, located in Burlington Tp., his 
present home. Doc. 2, 183-i, Mr. Hil- 
leary and Sarah Morgan daughter of 
the late Judge Morjian, were joined 
in marriage under circumstances similar 
to those which marked the first wed- 
ding in this section, that of W. R. Ross 
and Mrs. Hillcary's sister, Matilda. The 
laws of the Territory of Michigan had 
not been fully enforced here when Mr. 
H. wished to marry, and to avoid future 
trouble, he secured the services of a 
Monmouth official ; obtained a marriage 
license at that place, and arranged to 
take his expectant bride and the wedding 
party across the Mississippi on a flat- 
boat. On the day above named, the 
ceremony was duly solemnized under a 
tree on the Illinois shore, and the happy 
couple returned to Burlington. Have 
had twelve children ; eight living — Mar- 
tha Ann (married S. A. Flanders, of 

■ Union Tp., who served in the war of 
the rebellion), Mary J. (married A. 
Parsons, of Burlington), William C, 
(married Miss Mary F. Robison ; reside 
in this township), Matilda (married J. 
B. Martelle, of Burlington), Louis N., 
at present attending school at the Med- 
ical University of the City of New 
Y"rk), [da, Emma, Frances and Clara 
H.; children deceased are Elizabeth, 
John (who served in the 1st Iowa C. 
during the war of the rebellion, was 
wounded near Camden, Ark., and died 
from the effects of the wound April 26, 
1864, aged 23 years), Sarah, Alice and 
Eliza Jane. Mr. Hillcary is one of the 
pioneers of Burlington Tp.; he well re- 
members the hardships and trials of the 
early pioneers. Acts with the Repub- 
lican party ; is a member the Christian 
Church. He started in life poor, and 
all his property, which he is now enjoy- 
ing in peace and comfort, was acquired 
by his own exertions. 

Hillhouse, H. R.; res. 610 N. Main- 

Hillhouse, A. J., collector and special 
agent, 119 N. Marshall. 

Hillhouse, Wm., Capt., rivcrman, 610 N. 
Main. 

Himelrich, Samuel, clothing and gents' 
furnishing goods, etc., 211 Jefferson; 
res. 904: Washington. 

Hinkle, Henry, grocery, 717 Valley. 



Hii»sch, Henry, 602 Boundary. 

Hirech. L.. clothing, etc., 128 S. Main. 

HITCHKNS, J. E., blacksmith 
and horse-shoeing, 113 Columbia St.; he 
was born in Chillicothe, Ross Co., Ohio. 
Dec. 22, 1833, and came to Burlington 
in 1865. Married Feb. 20, 1858, 
Sarah A. Ray. He is a Democrat. 

Hoag, J. B., baggage-master, B., C. R. & 
N.; res. 1517 N. Boundary. 

Hodapp, S., shne-shop, 317 N. Front. ,. 

Hoerr, Geo., bakery, 213 Washington. 

Hoerr, W. G., 102 S. 6th. 

Hoerr, Philipp, steam bakery and confec- 
tionery, 207 N. 5th; res. 131 S. 6th. 

Holiday, J. W., physician and surgeon, 
cor. 3d and Jefferson ; res. 322 High. 

HOL.IjY, IRA A., Superintendent 
Water Company ; born at Seneca Falls, 
N. Y., March 27, 18-42; in 1859, he 
went to Lockport, N. Y.; was connected 
with the Holly Manufacturing Co. for 
three years, then returned to Seneca 
Falls, where he remained until March, 
1868, when he went to Sparta, Wis.; he 
started machine-shops there which he 
conducted until his shops were destroyed 
by fire in June, 1868 ; went to La Crosse, 
Wis., soon after the fire, and took 
charge of the machine-shops of Geo. 
M. Leach ; remained there only a short 
time; in July, 1868, he came to Bur- 
lington, and entered the shops of the 
National Iron Works ; afterward became 
superintendent of the iron works of 
Charles Sowden ; continued in that po- 
sition until 187-1. Mr. Holly was en- 
gineer of the Fire Department of Bur- 
lington from 1869 to November, 1875; 
he then went to Evanston, 111., as 
Superintendent of the Water Works of 
that city; remained in that position 
until Feb. 15, 1878, when he returned 
to Burlington and erected the Holly 
Water Works for the Burlington Water 
Co., after completion of the works, in 
June, 1878, he was appointed Superin- 
tendent thereof Mr. H. served his ap- 
prenticeship with Downs & Co., manu- 
facturer of pumps, Seneca Falls ; after- 
ward, he was engaged in woolen manu- 
facturing business. 

Holtkamp, Charles, Rev., Pastor First 
German M. E. Church; res. 713 N. 
8th. 

Hook, Jos.; res. 1-410 Madison. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



643 



Hopkins, Frank, yardmaster C, B. & Q,; 
res. 320 Pine. 

HOPKIRK, W. H., Professor of 
Natural Science in the high school ; 
res. 505 Summer St.; has held his pres- 
ent chair for six years ; is a graduate of 
the Iowa Wesleyan University — Class of 
1872, and is building up for himself a 
fine reputation as a scientist. Has re- 
cently married. 

Horner, William, book-keeper ; res. 863 
High. 

Hornung, Paul meat market, 916 Locust. 

Hosford, R. F., supt. stock-yards, East 
Burliniiton ; rcs. 421 Columbia. 

HOUSEWORTH, WM. McD., 

carpenter and buildtr; shop on West 
Jefferson St.; he was born in Ross Co., 
Ohio, July 11, 1832 ; moved to Bur- 
lington in September, 1845 ; learned his 
trade with Richard Howard. Has 
served as Township Trustee ; held 
office as Member of the Board of Edu- 
cation for the last ten years. Married 
March 19, 1853, Mary A. Beck ; she 
was born in Vermont ; they have five 
children — George F., Walter S., Minnie 
S., William J. and Marion J. 

Howes, Josiah, Dr.; bds. Barret House. 

Rowland, T. S., Secretary C. E. Perkins; 
res. 510 Columbia. 

Howser, Stephen, foreman. 

Hoyt, F. W., contractor ; res. 1104 S. 14th. 

Hubner, A., restaurant and saloon, 205 S. 
Main; res. 1100 Division. 

Hubner, F. G.; res. 1219 N. 7th. 

Hudson, Silas A., retired; res. 501 N. 
5th. 

Huffman, Leon, undertaker and furniture 
dealer, 412 N. Main; res. 842 Franklin. 

Hughes, Luke, contractor, 418 S. 3d. 

Hulsebus, B.; res. 1103 Garden. 

HUMMEI.L., WM., Principal of 
South Boundary School; res. 1200 
Summer st. ; has been connected with 
the city schools ten years. ; received 
his education at Howe's Seminary and 
Training School in Mt. Pleasant, of 
which city he is a native, born there 
May 19, 1844. Entered the U. S. 
Army in September, 1 86 1 , as a private of 
G, 11th Iowa Infantry; was mustered 
out July, 1 865 ; was taken prisoner in 
the battle before Atlanta, July 22, and 
taken to Andersonville ; escaped while 
being transferred to prison in South 



Carolina ; was recaptured and taken to 
Charleston, thence to Floi'ence, S. C, 
where he», was paroled the following 
December. August 1, 1868, married 
Mary J. Hutton, born in Mt. Pleasant, 
Nov. 6, 1848; they have four chil- 
dren — Orlando, born Jan. 8, 1871 ; 
Wilfred, Jan. 5, 1873; Georgia 
Mary, 1875; and Stella, 1878. Re- 
publican. Owns city property to the 
amount of $3,000. 

Hunger, Hermann, salesman, 1402 S. 10th. 

Hungerford, H. J., Cashier American and 
U. S. Express Cos.; res. 516 Wash- 
ington. 

Hunt, H. H., res.; 627 S. Main. 

Hunt, H. E., grocer, 117 N. Main; res. 
627 S. Main. 

Hunter, N. R., cigars, 123 N. Main ; ree. 
905 Spruce. 

Huppert, Matthias, ice-dealer; res. 1128 
Franklin. 

Hupprich, A., machinist, 1413 Thul. 

HURD, J. li., dealer in wood and 
coal, also general commission merchant, 
cor. Columbia and Main sts. ; born in 
Rutland Co., Vt., Jan. 16, 1822; 
come to Iowa in 1854, and to 
Burlington, December, 1877. Married 
April, 1842, to Nancy Green ; she was 
born in Muskingum Co., Ohio; 
they have five children — Orra W., 
Sarah L., Mary S., Chloe E. and Lelia 
A. Mrs. Hurd is a member of the 
Presbyterian Church ; a Republican. 

Hurd, J. C, Rev., Pastor First Baptist 
Church ; res. 920 College av. 

Huston, E. S., attorney, cor. Main and 
Jefferson ; res. 305 Spruce. 

HUTCHINSOX, A. C, County 
Treasurer ; was born in Haddam, Conn., 
Nov. 1, 1836, and came to Keokuk, 
Iowa, in 18.t6 ; after a residence there 
of two years, he removed to Tennessee, 
where he lived until 1861, when he 
came to Burlington, and engaged in the 
dry goods business, first as salesman, 
then as proprietor, until he was elected 
Treasurer in 1875 ; he was re-elected 
in 1877; was Secretary of Independent 
School District for four years, from 1871 
to 1875. 

Hynes, Findley, lab.; res. 1112 S. 15th. 

IHRER, WM., grocer, cor. Jefferson and 
6th ; res. 2d flour. 
Ill, William, saloon, 1604 Market. 



644 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



Illiek, T. J., attorney, 2122 Jefferson; res. 
1501 Division. 

Ingersoll, Addison, fish-mai-ket, foot of 
Columbia; res. 103 N. 7th. 

Intrraham. C. M., attorney, 208 N. 3d ; res. 
921 N. 5th.' 

INGHR AH, WM. D., Principal of 
North Oak St. School ; res. 923 N. Oak 
St. ; is now engaged lor the thirteenth 
year in connection with the city schools, 
having become Principal of Germania 
School in 1865 ; he is emphatically a 
Burlington boy ; his parents were 
married in this county ; he was born 
here July 30, 18-40 ; was educated with- 
in fifteen miles of the city ; read law 
with Starr & Phelps here, and com- 
menced his work as a teacher in this 
county in 1859. His wife, Miss S. M. 
Coalter is a native of Henry Co., born 
in 1842 ; they have five children living. 
Mr. Inghram has been longer connected 
with the city schools than any other 
teacher now employed by the Board ; 
has been Principal of N. Oak St. School 
since 1870; his city property is worth 
about $1,500. 

Ita, Ulrich, 1301 Flora. 

JACKSON, ANDREW, carpenter; res. 
Brown, cor. of George. 

Jackson, Harry, brakeman ; res. 717 Val- 
ley. 

Jackson, J. M., foreman C, B. & Q. re- 
pair-shop ; res. G43 S. 8th. 

Jackson, Matthew, Rev., Evangelist ; bds. 
St. James Hotel. 

Jackson, W. H., Rev., Pastor of the M. E. 
African Church. 

Jacoby, Alexander ; res. 1110 Agency. 

Jacobson & Farber, wholesale dealers in 
paper-stock and woolen rags, 101 S. 3d. 

Jacuinet, Dennis, saloon and barber-shop, 
1105 N. 8th ; res. cor. 8th and North. 

Jaeger, J., shoe-shop, 170G Mt. Pleas- 
ant. 

Jaeger, J. M., plasterer, 1124 Doemland. 

Jaeger, J. Phil., book-keeper, 110 N. 
Main ; res. Main, corner Darwin. 

Jaggar, E. D. ; res. 823 N. Main. 

Jaggar, Wm. L., 823 N. Main. 

Jarvis, H. J. ; res. 107 S. Gth. 

Jarvis, W. N., General Western Agent I. 
B. & W. Ry. Co.; office 101 Central 
Block, N. Main; res. 1103 S. 8th. 

Jenkins, J. W., carriage works, 3d St.; res. 
63(5 S. 7th. 



Jensen, Richard, decorative painter, 618 
Jefferson ; res. Curran, Hibernia. 

Jenny, Antoine, mach., 513 Maple. 

Jetkowsky, Wm., wagon-maker, 1316 N. 
Gth. J 

Johnson, A. B., bdg. house 217 N. 8th. ^y 

Johnson, C. M., engineer, 315 S. 5th. , / 

Johnson, F. A., conductor, Starr av., cor. 
Williams. 

Johnson, Fred, foreman C. B. & Q. paint- 
shop ; res. 226 S. Boundary. 

Johnson, J. A., carp., 317 S. Augusta. 

Johnson & Myer, dlrs. in wood, coal and 
ice, 319 S. Main. 

JONES, G. NELSO:^, M. D., 

Secretary and Treasurer of Des Moines 
County Medical Society; office 322^ N. 
3d St. ; is a native of Quebec Province, 
Canada ; graduated at McGill Medical 
College, Montreal, Canada ; in 1874, 
spent one year in the St. Thomas Hos- 
pital, London, and came to Burlington 
in October, 1875 ; was elected Secretary 
and Treasurer of the Des Moines 
County Medical Society Nov. 15, 1876, 
a position which he continues to hold. 

JONES, SAMUEL H., capitalist; 
was born in Maryland and came with 
his father to Burlington at an early date ; 
from 1861—65, he was engaged in mer- 
cantile business at Denver, Colo., and 
since his return to Burlington devotes 
his entire attention to looking after his 
real estate interests. 

JONES, WE SL.EY, wholesale 
and retail dealer in books, stationery and 
fancy goods ; born in Springfield, Ohio, 
in 1839 ; is the son of Wesley Jones, 
Sr., a native of Maryland, and one of 
the earliest merchants of the city ; the 
latter died in 1848, of cholera. During 
1864 to 1865, We-sley Jones, Jr., was 
engaged in mercantile and trading busi- 
ness at Viririnia City, Montana ; return- 
ing to Burlington, he established him- 
self in 18GG, in his present trade. 

JONES, J. W. C., attorney at law ; 
was born in Miami Co., Ohio, Oct. 11, 
1844, and removed, with his father, in 
1847, to Newberry, S. C. ; he was ed- 
ucated at Columbia College, South Caro- 
lina, and graduated from that in.^titution 
in 1861 ; he came to Burlington in 
the fall of 1865 ; in 1866, he organized 
and taught for two years a High School 
at Pleasant Grove, this county ; in Sep- 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



645 



tember, 1868, he went to Danville and 
conducted an Academy until the fall of 
1870 ; in 1871, was chiefly engajjed in 
writing fur educational periodicals arid 
preparing for normal work ; from 1872 
to 1876, he was Principal of the Bur- 
lington city schools, and a Conductor of 
Normal Institutes; in 1875 and 1876, 
he instituted a system of graded schools 
in Grafton, 111., and at the same time 
organized a Normal Institute at Jersey- 
ville ; in January, 1877, he was ad- 
mitted to the bar. In 1865, he married 
Miss Hattie E. Tolman, who was born 
in Medina Co., 0. ; they have five sons 
— Lambert B., Benson E., Lewis T., 
Robert Lee and John Tracy. Mr. 
Jones has been prominently identified 
with the political interests of Iowa and 
Illinois, in various ways, and has been 
active in campaign speaking in the in- 
terests of the Democratic party. 

Jones, S. H., capitalist, cor. 4th and Jef- 
ferson ; res. 222 Court. 

Jones, Wesley, books and stationery, 223 
Jefferson ; res. 222 Court. 

Jordan, William; res. 101.3 N. 6th. 

Jud, D., cigar mfr., 236 S. Oth. 

Julias, Fred, 808 Foster. 

KAISER, J. C, salesman, 401 S. 
10th. 

Kammermeier, Fred, 707 N. 8th. 

Kailey, Jacob, saloon, 319 S. Leebrick. 

Kastner, William, 127 N. Marshall. 

KAITFER, JOHN, of the firm of 
Kaufer & Weber, meat market, 703 
Jefferson st., McCash's Block ; he was 
born May 17, 1841, in Germany, and 
came to America and to Burlington in 
1868. He married May 6. 1873. Car- 
oline Blume; they have one child — 
John. Members of the German Evan- 
gelical Zion Church. 

Kaufer & Weber (J. K. and H. W.), 
meat market, 703 Jefferson. 

Kaut, George, 1305 .^tna. 

KAUT & KRIECHHAim, 

dealers in stoves and tip ware, 304 N. 
Main st. and 118 Jefferson st. ; they 
carry a large stock and go<J, assortment 
in their line ; George Kaut was born 
March 15, 1845, in Des Momes Co. ; 
enlisted in Co. B, 13th U. S. V. I. on 
the 18th of November, 1861 ; mustered 
out Nov. 18, 1864; at the battle of 
Vicksburg was wounded; he w , ia ten 



engagements while in the service. He 
married May 23, 1871, Mrs. B. Funck; 
they have one child — Nellie G. He is 
a Republican. 

Kellar, Michael, tailor, 321 N. Main ; res. 
Agency. 

Keller, Michael, janitor, 105 N. 8th. 

Kelly, A. S.. clerk C, B. & Q. office. 

KEI.I.EY, HORACE A., at 
torney at law ; was born in Owego, 
Tioga Co., N.Y. ; came with his mother 
to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, in 1855 ; in 
1861, he came to Burlington ; he grad- 
uated from the Iowa Wesleyan College 
in 1870, and from the Law Department 
of the State University in 1872, at 
which time he was admitted to the bar. 
He was Township Clerk in 1873 and 
1874, and again elected for 1878 ; he is 
Secretary of the Board of Education. 

Kelley, Thomas, special agent Burlington 
Insurance Co. ; res. 522 Cameron. 

Kempf, Andrew ; res. 204 S. Boundary. 

Kendall, F. G., grocer, cor. 4th and Wash- 
ington ; res. 807 S. Main. 

Kendall, W. A., General Agent B., C. R. 
& N.; res. 903 N. 7th. 

Kessler, Vincent, saloon, county road. 

Kino-, J. M., capitalist ; res. 513 S. Main. 

KIN^fEAR, W. W., CAPT., 
agent for the Keokuk & Northern Line 
Packet Co. ; he was born July 2, 1836, 
in Franklin, Venango Co., Penn.; moved 
to Dubuque, Iowa, 1845, with his par- 
ents, and, in 1862, commenced steam- 
boating as carpenter on a steamer, and, 
in 1864, was promoted and placed in 
command of a steamer; in 1865, was 
promoted again as Assistant Superin- 
tendentof the La Crosse, Minnesota& St. 
Paul Packet Co., and remained there 
for six years; in the winter of 1872, 
was elected Superintendent of the 
People's Towboat Line, running from 
St. Louis to Dubuque ; held that position 
tion till the consolidation of the Towboat 
and Northwestern Union Packet Com- 
pany with the St. Louis, Keokuk & 
Northern Packet Lino Co., and made 
what is now called the Keokuk & North- 
ern Packet Line Co.; and Capt. Kin- 
near was placed in command of one of 
the company's boats, and afterward was 
Assistant Superintendent till the spring 
of 1878, when he was appointed agent 
for the comnauy at Burlington, which 
2 



646 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



position he still holds. He married 
July 5, 1858. Sarah A. McLaury, of 
McGregor, Iowa; they have one child 
— Mary A. 

Kinsella, Michael, Rev., Pastor St. Patrick's 
Church ; res. 902 Washington. 

Kirchherr, C. F., meat market, 902 Maple; 
res. 301 S. 9th. 

Kirchoff, Wm. ; res. 127 S. Boundary. 

Klein, I^'. (>., teacher, 717 N. 8th. 

Klein, Joseph, grocer, etc., 1428 Osborn ; 
res. same. 

Klein, Max, confectioner, 310 N. 3d; res. 
107 S. Leebrick. 

Klindt, Ferdinand, machinist, 902 Gar- 
den. 

KIVAPP, J., wagon-maker and black- 
smith, 142-1 N. 8th; born in Baden, 
Germany, in 1851; came to Burlington 
in 1868; since been engaged in wagon- 
making and blacksmithing. Mr. Knapp 
is a Liberal. 

Knapp & Walker, blacksmiths and wagon 
shop, 1224 N. 8th. 

Knaup, Thco., cooper-shop, 1705 Mt. 
Pleasant. 

Knoener, C. H., grocer, 1101 9th. 

Koch, Jno., far., 843 Court. 

Krahn, Henry, shoe-shop, 813 N. Oak. 

Kraiser, Geo., saloon, cooper-shop, 806 
Cedar; res. 712 S. 9th. 

Kreidler, J. B., assistant priest, St. John's 
Church; res. 147 7th. 

Krider, Danl., carp.. Ill E. Lynn. 

Kriechbaum, A., 125 S. 7th. 

Kriechbaum, Geo., mfr. tin and sheet-iron 
ware, 320 N. Main ; res. 703 N. 3d. 

Kriechbaum & Givens, steam spice-mills, 
410 N. Main. 

KRIECHBAUM, HEXRY, ba- 
ker and confectioner, 310 N. 3d st., opp. 
the Barret House; born in Burlington, 
February 28, 1851. Married March 30, 
1870,. Ida Ziock ; they have one child 
Henry. Democrat. 

KRIECHBAITM, JNO. P., owns 
a fruit farm of nine acres, on Prospect 
Hill and on Waite St.; he was born 
March 12, 1819, in Germany ; came to 
America and to Baltimore 1831, with 
his parents, thence moved to Carlisle, 
Penn.; foil of 1832, moved to St. Clair 
Co., 111., and, in 1839, to Burlington ; 
went into the grocery business in 1844 ; 
closed out the grocery and commenced 
the coopering business and continued 



that till 18G4, during that time had 
purchased a sawmill in Henry Co., 
planted a vineyard on the place he now 
occupies and built a comfortable house, 
a two-story brick 32x42 feet, besides 
an L and a good cellar for the preserva- 
tion of his wines ; has been elected Al- 
derman two different terms. He married 
March 28, 1842, Elizabeth Funck; 
they have seven children — August, 
Charles, Fred, Edward, Theodore, Em- 
ily and Nellie. Members of the Evan- 
gelical Church ; Democrat. 

KRIEtir, li., dealer in staple and fancy 
groceries, flour, feed, wood and willow 
ware, notions, etc., corner Jefferson and 
5th sts.; born in Baden, Germany ; came 
to America in 1844, to Burlington in 
1 848 ; elected Alderman from the 2d 
Ward February, 1864; elected for a 
second term from the 3dWard, 1876; third 
time, Alderman at-Large, March, 1878. 
Married Oct. 30, 1851, at St. Louis, 
Eva C. Seppich ; they have nine chil- 
dren — Edward, Julia, Julius, Albert 
Charles, Emma, Adolphus, Leopold and 
Otto. Republican. 

Kromholtz, Anton, shoe-shop, 243 S. 8th. 

Kropp, Edward, architect, 210 Jefferson; 
res. 614 Arch. 

KROPPACH, OSWALD, As 
sessor; was born in Prussia Sept. 24, 
1832; came to New York Dec. 7, 1853, 
remaining there some seven months, and 
from there removed to St. Louis, where 
he resided about one year ; from St. 
Louis he went to Chicago, staying there 
about five months ; the latter part of 
1855, he came to Burlington, where he 
engaged in the manufacture of gents' 
and ladies fur goods and dealt in hats 
and caps; in 1870, he sold out to R. 
M. Washburn. Mr. Kroppach has been 
elected to the office of Assessor, four 
times, in 1871, 1872, 1874 and 1878 ; 
he has been a prominent member of the 
Turner Society since his residence in 
Burlington. Jan. 1, 1854, Mr. Krop- 
pach was married to Sophia Zeppenfeld, 
in Chicago ; Mrs. Kroppach was born 
in Prussia ; they have had six children, 
two of whom died in infancy ; the liv- 
ing are Emma, Bertha. Robert and Otto. 

Krueger, Hermann, dealer in rags and old 
iron ; res. 1304 N. 6th. 

Kuechen, Frank X., clerk, 143 S. 8th. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



(347 



KIIEIVZLER, J., saloon-keeper, cor. 
1619 Osborn, cor. Cor.se ; born in 
Switzerland in 1837 ; came to Burling- 
ton in 1868. Married Caroline Hil- 
zinger in 1862; she was born in same 
place. Mr. K. is a member of the A. 
0. U. W. ; Democrat. 

Kueser, Jo.seph, clerk, 619 Wa.shington. 

Kuhl, Philip, Kev., Elder German Confer- 
ence M. E. Church ; res. 538 S. 10th. 

Kuhn, J., & Sons, broom-makers, 414 N. 
Main. 

Kuhlemeier, A. H., General Agent German 
Ins. Co. ; res. 600 S. Boundary. 

Kuithan, F., physician and surgeon; office 
324 N. 3d ; bds. Union Hotel. 

KUPPER, JACOB, has a vineyard 
of nine acres on the extension of South 
Main st. ; manufactures wine and bran- 
dy; also manufactures brick ; he was 
born on the Bhine in Germany ; came 
to America in 1849 ; to Burlington in 
1850 ; has served two years as County 
Assessor. Married February, 1848, 
Anna Baschta ; had three children — 
Frank, Charles and Jacob ; Mrs. Kup- 
per died March 10, 1853 ; Mr. Kupper 
married the second time May 13, 1853, 
Mary Mohloch ; have nine children liv- 
ing — Amelia, August, William, Emma, 
Arthur, Mollie, Lillie, John, Clara. 
Republican. 

~r ACAMP, J., cooper, 1013 S. 13th. 

Laaeson, Otto, carpenter, 1229 N. 7th. 

liAGOMARCINO, A., & CO., 

No. 113 S. Main St., wholesale and re- 
tail dealers in foreign and domestic 
fruits; also agents for D. D. Mallory's 
oysters ; A. Lagomarcino was born in 
Italy. Married Maria Tassing in 1873; 
she was born in Italy ; they have two 
children — Paul and Lizzie. Mr. L. is 
a Democrat. 

Lahee, John, ins. agt., cor. 3d and Wash- 
ington ; res. 831 N. 5th. 

Lalk, Wm. F., retired, 308 S. 7th. 

Lalor, J. C, civil engineer, 1002 S. 5th. 

Lane, George H., attorney at law, 31 5i 
JefFer.son ; res. 624 N. 4th. 

Lange, Paul ; res. West av. 

Lange, Paul & Co., pubs. Iowa Tribune 
(German), 322 N. Main, cor. Washing- 
ton. 

Langewort, H., 903 N. 8th. 

Larkin, L. T., 1335 N. 7th 



Larkin & Lundgren, groceries, 101 Mar- 
shall. 

Larson, Charles, mason, 317 S. Leebrick. 

Larson, John, cabinet-maker, 1300 Joy. 

Lattner, G. A., clerk, 927 N. 8th. 

liArEXROTH, C, dealer in dry 
goods, notions, hats and caps, millinery, 
and tailoring, No. 1329 N. 8th st. ; born 
in Germany in 1830 ; came to Burling- 
ton in 1856. Married Frederica Rachel 
in 1859; she was born in Germany in 
1841 ; they have five children — Emma, 
Friedrich, Louisa, Christopher, and 
William. Republican. 

Lauer, Adolph, elk., 521 Vine. 

Lauman, George C, Vice President First 
National Bank ; res. 828 N. 5th. 

Lavelle, Michael, policeman, 236 S. 4th. 

Lawrence, A. T., saloon, 501 Jefferson ; 
res. 1209 N. 8th. 

LAWRENCE, W. B., proprietor 
Lawrence House, cor. of 4th and Jeffer- 
son sts. ; born May 11, 1814, at Oneida, 
N. Y. ; moved to Madison Co., Ohio ; 
thence to Burlington in 1840 ; elected 
Alderman from the 3d Ward, 1858; 
served two years. Married Dec. 23, 
1840, Eliza J. Owens; had one child 
— Aquilla T., born June 29, 1842. Mrs. 
Lawrence died December, 1847 ; Mr. 
Lawrence's second marriage was April 
28, 1850, to Eliza Ross; she was born 
Sept. 9, 1814. 

Lawson,W. B., civil engineer, 528 Summer. 

Leadley, Allison ; res. 827 Warren. 

Leebrick, E. A., mfr. and dlr. in boots 
and shoes, etc., 206 Jefferson. 

Leebrick, S., farmer, West av. 

Leffler, Frank, photographer, 311=1 Jeffer- 
son ; res. 616 Maple. 

Lehmann, Joseph, wines and liquors, 109 
Jefferson ; res. 421 Washington. 

Lehmann, Joseph, leader of band, 1007 
Mt. Pleasant. 

Lehmann, Samuel, clothing and gents' fur- 
nishing goods, 205 N. Main : res. 825 
N. 7th. 

liEICHT, FRED, sexton of Aspen 
Grove Cemetery ; res. Sunny Side ; born 
in Germany in 1831 ; in 1847, came to 
America and located in Hamilton Co., 
Ohio ; engaged in farming until 1855 ; 
came to Burlington in 1855, and engaged 
in farming; in 1866, was elected sexton 
of the Aspen Grove Cemetery, which 
position he has held ever since. Married 



648 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Anna M. Dreherin 1853 ; she was born 
in (.Tcrmany ; they have ten children, 
Phillipina, Henry, John, Amelia, Peter, 
INIatikla, Frederick, Emma, Frank, 
George. Mr. and Mrs. L. are members 
of th(i Druid Church ; Republican. 

Leicht, Philip, saloon, 325 N. Main. 

Leis, Joseph, saloon, 301 Boundary. 

Leiwe, George, 843 Arch. 

Lemberger, H. ; res. 1857 Lemberger st. 

Lemberger, J. C, clerk, 919 Garden. 

Lemberger, Pilger, wholesale cigars and 
tobacco, cor. Main and Valley. 

Levi, Ausust, 819 N. 4th. 

IiIEl$,«fOSEPH, saloon and beer- 
bottling establishment, 1010 Osborn st. ; 
born iu Bavaria, Germany, came to 
Americ;) and to Burlington in 1867. 
Married in 187 1 , Dora Studmaster ; they 
have four children — Emil, Charley, 
Adam, Joseph. 

Liebstadter, B., dry goods, 205 Jefferson; 
rs. 819 N. 4th. 

Licl.st-idter. J.; res. 808 N. 7th. 

Liebstadter & Levi, wholesale dealers in 
millinery and notions, 108 N. Main. 

Lig'itfoot. Edward, carp., 915 S. Uth. 

L.iXl>ER, A., bakery, 711 (ith st.; 
hA-n April 14, 1840, in Ross Co., Ohio. 
Enlisted iu Co. C, 82d 111. Vol., 1862 ; 
was in most of the battles of his reg- 
iment : at Chancellorsville was wounded ; 
served till the close of the war ; mus- 
tered out July 2, 1865. Married Feb. 
3, 1868. Kate Kramer ; they have five 
children — Minnie, William, Lillie, 
Frank, Nellie. 

Linder, John, saloon, 882 Washington. 

Linder, Rudolph, barber-shop; res. 1114 
Pleasant. 

Linder, Win. L., clothing and gent's fur- 
nishing Roods, etc., 120 Jeff'er.son; res. 
870 Valley. 

Lindner, George, 870 Valley. 

Lindstodt, Fred., harness shop, 310 N. 
Mlmii ; res 520 Columbia. 

lilSIiiE, C. A., A. M., Principal of 
the High School; res. 512 S. Gunnison 
St.; has been engaged in his present 
work live years ; graducated at the Iowa 
Wesleyan University, Class of 1872, at 
which time the highest honors were so 
evenly divided between himself and Mr. 
Cunningham, now editor of the Kearney 
Times, thut the decision was made by 
lot. Ml-, liisle is a native of Belmont 



Co., Ohio; came to Iowa in 1861, and 
entered the United States service at 16 
years of age ; since leaving college, Mr. 
Lisle has received the degree of A. M. 
from his Alma Mater ; filled the Prin- 
cipal's chair in the West Hill School of 
this city one year, and had charge of the 
schools at Red Oak another. Married 
Miss Spry, a native of Iowa ; has two 
children. Members of the M. E. 
Church. 

Little, Oliver, carpenter, 131 S. 5th. 

Lockwood, T. W., 100 N. Main. 

Lofstrom, Charles D., shoe-.shop, 2141 
Jefferson; res. 510 May. 

Long, Joseph, turner in wood and ivory, 
1700 Mt. Pleasant. 

Long, Joseph, saloon, North Hill ; res. 
1400 Mt. Pleasant. 

Long, Joseph, cigar-maker, 201 N. Main ; 
res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. 

Long, Martin, 1400 Mt. Pleasant.^ 

Lorenz, Otto, 107 S. Boundary. 

Lounsberry & Co. , livery stable, 223 Valley. 

Love, James, books and stationery, 316 
Jeff"erson ; res. 912 N. 3d. 

Ludde, Geo. H., dry goods and groceries, 
N. Oak and 9 th. 

Ludwig, J. F., manager W. U. Telegraph, 
cor. Main and VVashington ; res. 920 
Jefferson. 

Lund, Peter, tailor-shop, 311 Jefferson; 
res. 124 N. Pond. 

Lundeen, N. P., clerk ; res. Ripley st. 

Lundgren, John ; res. 1303 Angular. 

Lundgren, P. J., 112 S. Marshall. 

Lutz, Conrad, printer and wood-engraver ; 
res. 525 S. Pond. 

Lyons, William, Burlington Manufacturing 
Co.; res. 315 S. Pond. 

MAC LEAD, W. H., clerk, 519 S. 
10th. 
MAHLITOER, CHARI.es, 

of the firm uf Beard, Mahlinger & Co., 
wholesale liquor merchants ; was born 
in Germany Sept. 18, 1821 ; came to 
New York in August, 1849 ; came to 
Burlington in January, 1850 ; engaged 
in brewery business until 1856, then 
sold out, and for one year he was en- 
gaged in farming pursuits, subsequently 
carried on retail liquor business, being 
proprietor of the Hyde Park Gardens for 
two years ; he then became traveling 
agent for Fred Becker, wholesale liquor 
dealer, and continued with Mr. Becker 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



649 



until 1868; afterward engaged in cigar 
business for eight months, when he be- 
came connected with Mr. Becker again, 
and continued with him until June, 
1877, since which time he has been a 
member of the firm with which he is 
now connected. Mr. M. has been 
President of various German societies 
of Burlington. 

Marble, Clark, attorney at law, cor. 4th 
and Washington; res. 1100 Pleasant. 

Markwalter and Stendeback, marble, mon- 
uments and headstones, granites, etc., 
624 Jeiferson. 

Martelle, J. B., dentist, 311 j JeiFerson ; 
res. 1725 West av. 

Martin, Jacob, retired, 881 Arch. 

Martin, Jacob, Jr., grocer, 881 Arch. 

MARTIN, JAMES N., City Mar- 
shal; appointed April 1, 1878; he was 
born in Lubec, Washington Co., Me., 
July 14, 1844, and moved to BurUng- 
ton in 1867. Enlisted in Co. A, 15th 
Me. Vols., Nov. 21,1861; re-enlisted 
Jan. 24, 1864, in the s^me company ; 
brevetted Major April 9, 1864: mustered 
out as Captain and Brevet Major July 
26, 1866 ; was civil engineer and rail- 
road contractor until 1874. Married 
June 14, 1870, Zilla L. Parsons; she 
was born in Parsonfield, Me. ; they have 
four children living — James N., John 
L., Daisy S. and Frank P. Repub- 
lican. 

MARTINSON, A., saloon, No. 319 
Leebrick st.; born in Sweden, Aug. 9, 
1842; came to America in 1872; to 
Burlington in 1875. 

MASON, CHARI.es, HON., 

banker ; was born in Pompeii, Onon- 
daga Co., N. Y., Oct. 24, 1804; he 
went to West Point as a cadet in 
1825, where he remained for six years, 
two as a cadet and four as an Assist- 
ant Professor; he spent the year 1831 
and part of 1832 in New York City, 
and, in the avitumn of the latter year, 
went to Newburg, where he remained 
two years in the practice of his pro- 
fession ; the next two years were passed 
in New York, the last six months as 
editor of the Post. In 1836, he relin- 
quished that and came West on an ex- 
ploring expedition. Returning, he was 
married Aug. .1, 1837, to Miss Ange- 
line Gear, of Berkshire, Mass., and. 



early in the November following, he 
brought his wife to Burlington. He 
was appointed Prosecuting Attorney 
for this District, and one of Gov. Dodge's 
Aides. On the division of Wisconsin 
Territory and the organization of Iowa 
Territory, he was made Chief Justice of 
the Territory, and, at the same time, 
held the office of First Solicitor of Bur- 
lington. He held the ofiice of Chief 
Justice until May, 1847, when he re- 
sumed practice. The Governor ap- 
pointed him to represent the State in 
the matter of the boundary difficulty 
with Missouri, which question was de- 
cided in 1849. He was also appointed 
by the Governor to revise the code of 
Iowa, which resulted in the code of 
1851. He was elected under that code 
Judge of the county, and served one 
year, when he was elected, in the sum- 
mer of 1852, President of the Peoria 
& Oquawka Railroad, upon which he 
resigned his position of Judge. In May, 
1853, he was appointed Commissioner 
of Patents, which office he resigned in 
1857. In the fall of 1858, he was 
elected member of the State Board of 
Public Instruction and served one term. 
In the fall of 1859, he went to New 
York, and was connected with the Sci- 
entific American for less than one year, 
going from thence to Washington iu 
1860, where he engaged in the prac- 
tice of patent law ; this office he still 
maintains. Judge Mason is at the 
present time President of the Burling- 
ton Water Co., President of the Bur- 
lington & Northwestern Railroad, Pres- 
ident of the Burlington Street Railway 
Co., Treasurer of the School Board, Vice 
President of the Burlington, Keosau- 
qua & Western Railroad Co. and Presi- 
dent of the German- American Savings 
Bank. He has one daughter — Mary J., 
wife of George C. Remey, Commander 
in the Navy. 

Mason, Jno. E., book-keeper, 701 S. 8th. 

MATHES, OTTO, dealer in gro- 
ceries, corn, feed, crockery and Berlin 
earthen cooking vessels, cor. North and 
7th sts.; he was born Jan. 21, 1832, in 
Germany ; came to America in 1852, 
and to Burlington in 1860. Enlisted in 
Co. D. 48th Bat. I. V. I., and served 
the term of his enlistment. Married, 



650 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Oct. 15, 18()G, Mrs. Eliza Holstein- 
He commenced busines.s where he is 
now located, in 1870. Is a Republican. 

Mathes, Christian, caudle and soap mfr., 
107 Osborn; res. 726 N. 4th. 

Mauro, Wra. H.; res. 702 Columbia. 

Mauthe, Casper, shoe-shop and res. 1505 
Mt. Pleasant. 

May, Enoch ; res. 1216 Angular. 

May, Gerhard, carp., 716 Summer. 

Mayer, Chas., blacksmith-shop, N. Bound- 
ary. 

McAllister, R. S., agt. Red Line Freight, 
Central Block; res. 1017 S. 6th. 

McARTHlIR, M. C., livery and 
sale stable, cor. 3d and Valley sts. ; he 
was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Sept. 16, 
1831; moved to Burlington in Novem- 
ber, 1856 ; was elected Alderman from 
the 6th Ward four terms ; has acted as 
agent for the American Express Co. 
since 1856. He married Dec. 22, 1858, 
Virginia Corse ; they have three chil- 
dren — Wm. C, Murray A., and Arthur. 
Republican ; members of the Baptist 
Church. 

McCASH, WILLIAIfl F., pro- 

prietor of planing-mill and factory, cor. 
of Front and Elm sts. ; appointed 
Chief of the Fire Department April 1, 
1878 ; born in Burlington July 27, 
184-1. Enlisted in Co" K, 1st Mo. 
Eng.; served three and one-fourth years ; 
mustered out in the winter of 1864. 
Married October, 1874, Ella Spratley ; 
they have two children — Willie and 
Emma. He is a member of the First 
Baptist Church. 
jflcCASH, Wltl. !>., retired; born 
Jan. 25, 1813, in Hamilton Co., Ohio; 
went to St. Jjouis in 1835 ; to Burling- 
ton in 1838 ; opened a feed stable in 
1839 ; ran a .stage line to Keokuk, and, 
in 1840, contracted to carry the mails 
from Davenport to Grand View, and 
added to his livery stock ; at that time, 
had the best turn-outs the place aiforded ; 
owned the first hearse in the town, and 
its first use was at the burial of Mr. 
Brad.street, who was shot ; in 1842, 
built a carriage-shop ; when the war 
broke out, so many of his men went 
to the army, he closed that branch of 
his business; he built the first buggy in 
the town ; was in the livery business 
from 1838 to 1871; he also buih the 



first public hall in Burlington, on Lot 
251 ; it was used for a court-room for a 
long time, and the Fii'st Baptist Church 
used it for a place of worship. He was 
elected Alderman in 1842, and served a 
number of years; was Supervisor sev- 
eral years. In 1871, retired from busi- 
ness ; in 1874, went to California; 
spent four years there and has just 
returned. Married in 1837, in St. 
Louis ; has two children — Wm. F. and 
Eleanor; Mrs. McCash died in 1845; 
Mr. McCash married again in 1846 ; 
they have six children — Cy renins L., 
C. A., physician in Modoc Co., Cal.; 
Mary B., Add. L., Cora A., Gracie L. 
Members of the Presbyterian Church ; 
Republican. 

McConn, Alexander; res. 1520 JEtna. 

McConnell, James, retired, 919 9th. 

McConnell, S. R. & I. C, wholesale dlrs. 
in leather, saddlery hardwai'e. belting, 
etc., 309 N. Main. 

McCosh, Thompson; res. 201 8th. 

McCutcheon, Samuel; res. McCutcheon 
House. 

McDermott, Patrick, grocer, 216 Wash- 
ington ; res. 614 N. Main. 

McClintock, J. C, Rev., Pastor First Pres- 
byterian Church ; res. 919 Washing- 
ton. 

McKitterick, Edward, Cashier Merchants' 
National Bank; res. 812 N. 7th. 

McKeel, J. C, china and glassware, 200 
N. Main. 

McKullough, J. K., foreman McCash's 
planing-mill, 547 S. Boundary. 

McLain, J. W., bds. 138 S. 7th. 

McLane, W. T., collector ; res. 305 Sum- 
mer. 

Mecke, August, merchant tailor, 620 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 910 Garden. 

Mecklinberg, August, 1312 N. 6th. 

Mccklinberg & Tegler, blacksmith and 
waiion shop, 1221 N. 8th. 

MEHMEL, FRED., restaurant and 
saloon, cor. of 4th and Jefterson sts. ; 
Dorn in Germany July 26, 1843; came 
to America in 1865 ; to Burlington in 
1866. 

Melcher, Henry, meat market, 805 Jeffer- 
son ; res. 1125 Osborn. 

Mellinger Bros., news depot, 200 Jeffer- 
son, cor. Main. 

Mellinti'er, Samuel, real estate agt. 3122- 
Jefi'erson; res. 715 S. 4th. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



651 



MERCER, W. G., Supt. of the 
Hawkeye Carriage Co., cor. of 4th aad 
Valley sts. ; was born Dec. 4, 1852, at 
Newport, Ky. ; moved to Burlingtou in 
1858. Married Feb. 26, 1874, Ella M. 
Kline ; they have two children — Maude 
and Kline M. 

Mercer, J. M., marble-works, 423 Valley. 

Merritt, George ; res. 250 S. Boundary. 

Mesmer, Dominick, grocer, 239 S. 9th. 

Mesmer, Grebhard, cooper, 854 High. 

Mesmer, Michael, shoe-shop, 1552 ^tna. 

Mesmer, Philip, salesman; res. 240 S. 9th. 

MESPEIiT, FRIEDRICH, 

proprietor of a vineyard on the extension 
of S. Main st ; owns nine acres; he was 
born in Prussia March 29, 1825, and 
came to America, and to Burlington, in 
1854. Married January, 1851, Hannah 
Hoifman ; they have one child — William. 
IMr. Mespelt averages 800 gallons of 
wine per year ; he has a fine place, and 
a comfortable home. Is a Bepublican. 

MESSEX(j}ER, C, lessee of Pros- 
pect North ami West Hill Horse R. R.; 
born in Chen mgo Co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 
1833 ; came to Burlington, 1854. Mar- 
ried Nov. 6, 1856, Margaret Clark, 

METZ, JOH^, meat market on the 
cor. of 8th and Franklin sts. ; born May 
7th. 1839, in Glermany ; came to America 
May 7, 1865; to Burlington May 4, 
1867. Married June 25, 1865, Elise 
Liebich ; they have five children — 
William, Anna, Julia, Chas. and Oscar. 

Meyer, Charles, blacksmith, Emmett and 
Agency. 

Meyer, Christ., grocer, 224 Division; res. 
312 S. 4th. 

Meyer, C.G., news depot ; res. 513 N.Main. 

Meyer, Dominick, 1341 Griswold. 

Meyer, John ; res. 312 S. 5th. 

Mikkelson, Christ., 915 Garden. 

Millard, Frank, 700 Wa^^hington. 

Millard, F., & Co.. lumber dealers; yard, 
400 S. Main. 

HIIiliER, C. C, with John H. 

Gear, wholesale grocer ; born in Con- 
nersvilie, Fayette Co., Ind., April 
19, 1833; came to Louisa Co, Iowa, 
in 1846 ; engaged in farming pur- 
suits two years, then went to Mt. Pleas- 
ant, and was there employed as clerk for 
twelve years in the mercantile house of his 
uncles, P. & A. Sanders; he then en- 
tered into partnership with his father in 



the drug business ; this partnership con- 
tinued about two years, until the death 
of his father ; then he carried on the 
business alone for two years, when he 
sold out and again entered the store of 
P & A. Sanders, and continued with 
them until he enlisted in 1864, in Co. 
A., 45th I. V. I. ; he was in the service 
about six months, subsequently with 
Sanders again, also on firm near Spring- 
field, 111.; since 1870 he has been 
in the position he now holds. Mr. Mil- 
ler married Catherine Eyre September 
2, 1355, at Springfield, 111.; she 
was born in Sangamon Co., 111. ; 
they have three children — Wm. M., 
Lewis A. and Carrie S. Mr. and Mrs. 
M. are members of the Christian 
Church. 

DULLER, CHAS. J., dealer in 
groceries, notions, crockery, etc., south- 
west cor. of Summer and Dill sts. ; he 
was born Dec. 12, 1835, in France; 
moved to America in 1852 ; visited a 
number of the States'in 1 868 ; settled in 
Burlington ; enlisted in Co. F, 39 th Ohio, 
in 1861, and was elected 2d Lieutenant 
by his company ; was in all the battles 
his regiment engaged in ; was wounded 
at Osceola, Mo. VVas married id 1862 
to Margarett Wirth ; they have seven 
children — Mary A., Ida S., Emma H., 
Lily M., Franklin G., Mary T., 
Charles S. 

Miller, George A., Principal West Madison 
School ; res. 1223 Summer. 

Miller, Henry, carp., 1106 S. Boundary. 

Miller, Henry, Jr., grocer, etc., 217 Divis- 
ion ; res. 238 S. Sixth. 

Miller, Henry; res. 1106 S. Boundary. 

Miller, J. D., & Co., mfr. of split baskets, 
cor. of Front and Pine. 

1IILI.ER, JOHN G}., Secretary of 
Burlington Insurance Co. ; was born in 
Muscatine, Iowa, Nov. 14, 1850. He 
lived there until 1868, when he came to 
Burlington and connected himself with 
his present business. He has been so- 
licitor, special agent and secretary since 
June, 1874. 

MILLiER, J. H., dealer in furniture, 
and manufacturer of upholstered goods, 
315 N. Main st. ; he was born April 
29, 1843, in Warren Co., Ohio, and 
moved to Burlington in 1870 ; married 
Nov. 14, 1867, to Mary E. Swem; 



652 



DIRECTOEY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



they have two children — Florence and 
William. Mr. M. is a Republican. 

Miller, J. P., stoves and tinware, 609 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 804 Valley. 

Miller, John P.; res. 842 Valley. 

9IILLER, W3I., photographer, N. 
3d St., opposite the Barret House. He 
was born July 27, 1827, in Germany; 
came to America in 1854, to Burlington 
1858. Married Feb. 11, 1855, Clara 
George. 

Miller & Mott, dry|goodsand groceries, 1000 
Summer, cor. of Dill. 

Millspauofh, A. E. ; res. Gilbert st. 

Moehn, Henry, cooper, 863 Arch. 

Moehn, Henry, cooper, 1401 Mt. Pleasant. 

Moehn, Wm., grocery and saloon, 1403 
Mt. Pleasant. 

M0LA:\DER, JOHN, carpenter 
and cabinet-maker, 512 Jefferson St.; 
born April 4, 1848, in Sweden; came 
to America in 1870, and to Burlington 
June 17, 1878. Married Nov. 14, 
1872, Nellie Monson ; they have two 
children — Minnie M. and Delilah A. 
He is a Republican. 

MONTFORT, A. W., of the firm 
of Montford & Hill, photographers ; 
was born in Chautamjua Co., N. 
Y., May 13, 1846; his parents re- 
moved with family to Canada when 
he was an infant, lived there about 
five years, then removed to Detroit, 
where he lived twelve years ; in 1865, he 
came to Burlington ; has been engaged in 
present business ever since became here. 

Moore, Henry, capitalist, 3d, cor Court. 

Morehouse, Ebenezer, bookbinder; res. 
417 S. 9th. 

MOREHOUI^E, \\m. H., Treas 
urer of the Centennial Mutual Life 
Association ; born in Saratoga Co., N. 
Y., Jan. 10, 1832: lived there until 
1839, when his parents removed with 
family to Orleans Co., N. Y., where 
they resided nine years, then came to 
Kane Co., 111. ; lived there about fifteen 
years ; for several years, Mr. Morehouse 
has resided in Iowa; he was in mer- 
cantile and express business at Janes- 
ville, Iowa, several years. He has been 
connected with the corporation he now 
represents over two years. 

Morgan, A. T.; res. 314 S. Pond. 

MORRISON, FISHER, County 
Recorder, was born in Perry Co., Penn., 



March 26, 1840 ; when 6 years of age, 
removed with his parents to Jefferson 
Co., Iowa ; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1855, and lived in Washington Tp. 
until 1874, when he was first elected 
Recorder ; he has been twice re-elected, 
in 1876 and 1878. In August, 1862, 
he enlisted as a private in Co. G, 25th 
I. V. I., and was in all the battles in 
which his regiment engaged previous to 
his discharge on account of wounds 
received at Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. 

Mortensen, Charles, saloon, 409 Jeffer- 
son. 

Moss, S. C, physician, 1313 S. 13th. 

MOTT, JOSEPH C; bom in the 
Kingdom of Baden, Sept. 2, 1 844 ; came 
with his mother to America in 1850, 
and made his home on a farm six miles 
distant from Burlington; in 1857, they 
moved to the city. Aug. 2, 1862, he 
enlisted in the 25th I. V. I. ; was 2d 
Sergeant of Co. G; went through the same 
battles and military experiences during 
the active service, as his friend Boquet. 
After his return from the war, he entered 
the dry goods business, and has since 
acted mostly as clerk. For some time, 
however, he carried on the grocery busi- 
ness on his own account. He was mar- 
ried in 1866 to Narcissa J. Grupe, and 
the union has been blessed with one child 
—Charles K. Mott. 

MUCKENSTUREN, VALEN- 
TINE, saloon, 304 Valley st ; born in 
Germany Nov. 10, 1836; came to Ameri- 
ca in 1854, and to Burlington in 1860. 
Married in January, 1861, to Catharine 
Mohm ; she was born in Germany ; came 
to America in 1 854 ; they have seven chil- 
dren — Emma E., Leopold H., Geo. B., 
Frank J., Barbara, Katie A. and an in- 
fant. Members of the Catholic Church ; 
he is a Democrat. 

MUENZENMEYER, FRED. 

T., meat uiarket, cor. 12th and Angular 
sts; born Feb. 1, 1851, in Germany; 
came to America and to Burlington in 
1871. 
MUENZENMEYER, OTTO, 

meat market, 908 3Iaple st. ; born in 
Germany ; came to America in 1868, to 
Burlington in 1869. Married in March, 
1870, Minnie Krieg; they have five 
children living — Lena, Fred., Louisa, 
Minnie and Eugene. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



653 



Muenzenmeyer & Dobblemann, meat mar- 
ket, 910 Maple. 
Murphy, Edward, painter, 214 N. 5th ; 

res. (ill N. 7th. 
Murray Iron Works & Machine-Shops, 

Boundary, between Columbia and Wash- 

int>;ton. 
^VTTAIRN, GILLIES & CO.,'"planing- 
1 \l mill, etc., 5th, cor. Valley, and 

Gth, cor. Valley. 
Nairn, James R., 407 S. 10th. 
Nassau, W. W., physician and surgeon, 

420 N. 4th. 
Nathorst, H. T., physician, 321 Jefferson. 
Nealley Brothers, nurserymen, Madison 

av., south of city limits. 
Nees, Peter, botanist, florist and gardener, 

Starr av., cor. Mason. 
Neff, Andrew, mach., 1215 Gnahn. 
Neihaus, J. F. W., carp.. West av. 
Nelson, J. R., Pres. Burial Case Co., 513 

N. 6th. 
Neubrand, F. X., Rev., Superior St. John's 

Church ; res. 145 7th. 
Neugebauer, August, proprietor Atlantic 

House, 209 Division. 
Newberg, Jno., carp.; 662 May. 
Newman, Jabnb, far., west of S. Oak. 

IVEWMAN, THOMAS W., 

JlIi^lirK, was born in Somerset 
Co., Md.,on the 23d of January, 1829; 
his father, Isaac Newman, died in 1840, 
and, five years later, the mother removed 
with her family to Baltimore, where she 
died in 1846, leaving her children to 
the care of Thomas, the eldest son ; he 
pursued his studies in Washington 
Academy, Princess Anne, Somerset Co., 
Md., and, begianing his legal studies 
soon after leaving school, was admitted 
to the bar in 1850, after which he im- 
mediately removed to the West, and es- 
tablished himself in his profession at 
Burlington. At the opening of the war, 
through the influence of Senator Grimes, 
he was commissioned Captain in the 11th 
U. S. Inf., and at once entered upon the 
- duties of Recruiting Oflicer and Mili- 
tary Commander at Burlington ; in 1862, 
he was sent to Indianapolis, Ind., on 
mustering and disbursing duty, and, in 
the fall of that year, was appointed Com- 
mander of that post, which position he 
held until the spring of 1863; after 
three years' service, he was forced to re- 
sisun his commission on occount of im- 



paired health by reason of exposure and 
exhausting activity in the discharge of 
his duties, and, after some time spent in 
recuperation, he again entered upon the 
practice of his profession ; aside from 
his profession, he has filled many posi- 
tions of honor and trust; from 1855 to 
1857, he held the office of Judge of Des 
Moines Cjunty, and, in the fall of 1874, 
was appointed by Gov. Carpenter to fill 
a vacancy in the office of District Judge 
of the First Judicial District of Iowa ; 
at the October election, he was elected for 
the unexpired term, ending Jan. 1, 1875, 
and for the full term of four years from 
that date; in 1855-56, he was Director 
of the Burlington & Missouri R. R. Co.; 
and, in 1876, was Director of the Mer- 
chants' National Bank of Burlington ; 
since the organization of Burlington 
University, in 1852, he has been one' of 
its Trustees. Since the organization of 
the Republican party, Judge Newman 
has been closely identified with its inter- 
ests ; in religious belief, he is a Baptist. 
He married on the 3d of November, 
1852, Miss Sarah A. Warren, of Cen- 
tral New York ; they have had six 
children, five now living ; Nellie, a 
daughter of fifteen years, and a young 
girl of more than ordinary promise, died 
in the spring of 1873. 

Nicholas, J. R., dentist, 209 Jefi"erson ; 
res. 1400 .Etna. 

Niemann, George, & Co., gro., 322 N. 4th. 

Niemann, John, gardener, 1501 Mt. Pleas- 
ant. 

MIEWOHBfER, JOHW, proprie- 
tor of the Farmers' Home, formerly the 
Orleans bowling-alley, at 406 N. Main 
St. ; he was born August 12, 1837, in 
Prussia ; came to America and to Bur- 
lington in 1855 ; elected School Director 
for two terms — 1873 and 1874 — and 
Alderman from the 1st Ward, 1877. 
He married December 7, 1858, Wilhel- 
mina Kean ; they have six children — 
Edward, John, Henry, Charles, Celia 
and George. Democnit. 

EflLSON, S., merchant tailor, 219 
Division st. ; born in Sweden October 
21, 1836; came to America in 1869 ; to 
Burlington in August, 1863. 

Nist. George, mason, 107 N. Gunnison. 

Nixon, S. E., homeopathic physician, 311 J 
Jefferson. 



654 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Nortberg, Charles, carpenter, 718 S. 12th. 

Norton, Dennis, res. 818 N. 7th. 

Norton, Jos., grain-buyer; res. 1U37N. 7th. 

O'BRIEN, CHARLES, capitalist; of- 
fice 321] Jefierson ; res. 315 N. 
Boundary. 

Ockert, Jacob, mfr. of cigars, 202-1 Jeffer- 
son. 

Ogden, C. W., Cashier T., P. & W. 

Ohrt, Adolph, 1700 Mt. Pleasant. 

Ohrt, H. C, reaf estate, 301 Jefferson; 
res. 906 N. 6th. 

OLMSTED, C. E., proprietor of 
Orchard City Flouring- Mills; was born 
where Jacksonville, 111., is now located, 
Jan. 6, 1823 ; at the age of 4 years, 
his parents removed to St. Louis, where 
they resided two years, and then removed 
to Le Roy, Genesee, Co., N. Y. ; Mr. 0. 
resided in New York State until he came 
to Burlington in 1856 ; he engaged in 
the milling business here in 1857; built 
the Oriental Mills in Chicago, in the 
spring of 1861 ; in 1864, returned to 
Burlington, and built the present Orchard 
City Mills ; sold out the mills in 1867 ; 
in 1870, he went to Blue Rapids, Mar- 
shall Co., Kan., and there built flouring- 
mills, and, in May, 1877, returned to 
Burlington. 

Olson, Olof, foreman planing-mill, 644 
May. 

OPPICE, S., born in Italy in 1841. 
Married Louisa Aralda in 1866 ; she 
was born in New York City ; they have 
four children — Frank, Jo.seph, Louisa 
and Mary. Members of St. Paul's 
Church ; Republican. 

Orm, George, builder, 103 S. Adams. 

Orndorff, J. A., prop. St. James Hotel, 
corner Front and Columbia. 

Orth, Adolph ; res. 1700 Mt. Pleasant. 

ORTH, P. J., dealer in groceries, pro- 
visions and liquors, 1614 Agency St.; 
he was born Sept. 9, 1843, in Germany, 
and came to America in 1852. Married 
Feb. 14, 1871, Louisa Gepheart ; they 
have four children — Herbert, Mary, 
John, J. E., Peter; all members of St. 
John's Church ; he is a Democrat. 

■Ortleb, Wm., bakery, 1315 N. 8th. 

OSBOKX, E. & W. M., wholesale 
dealers in paper and stationery, twines, 
blank books, etc., 217 Valley st. The 
junior partner of this firm came to Bur- 
lington in June, 1856, and established 



the job printing and paper business in 
Coolbaugh's Block, Main st., where he 
remained until 1861, when his estab- 
lishment was consolidated with that of 
the Ilawk-Eye and was removed to 
Starr's building on 3d St., adjoining the 
Barret House. The Ilatvk-E^e estab- 
lishment having been sold to Edwards 
& Beardsley, in the f;\ll of 1865, he 
went south, returning in the spring of 
1867, when the firm of E. & W. M. 
Osborn was established in John S. Da- 
vid's building on Front st.; in the fall 
of 1869, the establishment was consoli- 
dated with the job printing and book- 
binding concern of Snow & Vogt, on 
Valley st., E. Osborn and Frederick 
Vogt retiring; VV. M. Osborn, S. W. 
Snow and T. R. Acres, continuing un- 
der the firm name of 0.sborn, Snow & 
Co.; in 1874, the other partners having 
retired, the business was continued by 
E. & W. M. Osborii. Both partners of 
this firm have been identified with the 
manufacture of paper and the paper 
trade from childhood, and are supposed 
to know paper and the needs of the 
trade for goods in that line as well as 
any firm in the country. Mr. E. Os- 
born was born in Hartford Co., Conn., 
in 1813; at the age of 9, with rela- 
tives, he removed to Western New York, 
by New England people then considered 
the Far West, soon after entering a 
paper mill at Dansville, Livingston Co., 
and serving a term of nine years as an 
apprentice to the manufacture of paper, 
which in those days was made entirely 
by hand ; afterward, when machinery 
had been introduced, he continued with 
the mills at Dansville until 1 85 1 , when he 
removed to Niagara Falls, engaging with 
the mills at that point, a few years after- 
ward removing to St. Charles, 111., and, 
in 1864, joined his son in this city. 
W. M. 0.sborn was born at Dansville, 
N. Y., in 1834; learning and working 
at the printing business in the Herald 
office; in 1852. joining his parents at 
Niagara Falls and working in Buffiilo ; 
in the fall of the same, year he removed 
to Detroit, and, in the spring of 1853, 
coming west to Chicago, where he en- 
gaged with Mr. S. P. Rounds, so well 
known to the printing fraternity of the 
West as dealer in printers' furiiishing 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



655 



goods, with whom he remained until his 
removal to Burliiiiiton in 1856. 
OSGOOD, J. C., President of the 

Whitebreast Coal & Mining Co. ; born 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 6, 1851 ; 
came to Iowa in 1870 ; he was" con- 
nected with the Union Coal & Mining 
Co. at Ottumwa until 1874; he then 
came to Burlington, and was Cashier of 
the First National Bank here until the 
fall of 1877 ; he has held his present 
position since January, 1878. 

Osterberg, Christ., copper works, Boundary; 
res. 12U0 Valley. 

Ostrander, J. A., Gen'l Freight and Ticket 
Agt. B. & S. W., Central Block ; res. 1U9 
S. Marshall. 

Otten, J. M., boots and shoes, 422^ S. 
Main ; res. 204 Vine. 

OVERTOP", B>. Y., attorney at law; 
born near Morristown, N. J., Oct. 31, 
1822 ; admitted to the bar at general 
term of the Supreme Court held at 
Binghamton, N. Y., in 1852 ; he was 
engaged in practice at Elmira, N. Y., 
until 1857 ; then came to Burlington. 
Mr. Overton has held various municipal 
offices ; he was active in the work of 
organizing the present public school 
system of this city ; Secretary of the 
Board of ICducation for some time. He 
married Mary C. Scott, in October, 1864; 
they have one child — Anna C. ; by for- 
mer wife he has two children — Frank 
A. and Percy. 

Owen, F. L., printer, lOOl 10th. 

Owen, Owen, clerk, 1001 10th. 

TDAIN, WM. W., carp., 1118 South. 

Palm, John, cabinet-mkr., 520 Jefferson ; 
res. 161 S. Adams. 

Palmer, Luke, capitalist, 303 6th. 

Palmer, Luke, jr., attorney, cor. Main and 
JeflFerson ; res. 303 S. 6th. 

PALMER, M. M., drug store, 906 
Maple St. ; he was born in Madison Co., 
111.,- Oct. 7, 1842. Enlisted, August 
1862, in Co. F, 83d Ill.V. I. ; served till 
the close of the war; mustered out July 5, 
1865 ; was in all the battles of his regi- 
ment ; he served most of the time as 
drugiiist of ihe regiment. Came to 
Burlington, March, 1876. Married, 
Sept. 19, 1871, Florence Everett; she 
was born in Knoxville, Tenn., Oct. 14, 
1850 ; they have one child — Walter E., 



born Oct. 4, 1875. Members of the 
Baptist Church^; Republican. 

Parmeter, A. M., engineer, 549 S. 8th. 

Parr, Wm., Supt. Burlington Mfg. Co. ; 
res. 509 S. 3d. 

Parsons, Albion, clerk, 927 Jefferson. 

Parsons, C. B., dry goods, 309 and 311 
Jefferson ; res. Starr av., cor. Spray. 

PARSOi\S, F. T., with T. W. Bar- 
hydt & Co. ; born in York Co., Me., 
June 27, 1832 ; came to Burlington in 
1852; Mr. Parsons was engaged in 
banking business here for fourteen years; 
afterward carried on lumber business 
for twelve years ; while in the banking 
business, he was connected with the Old 
State Bank and its predecessors ; Cashier 
of the Branch of the State Bank ; sub- 
sequently held same position with the 
National State Bank ; he is now serving 
second term as Alderman; he is also 
Treasurer of University. 

Parsons, T. L., capitalist ; res. 422 Jeffer- 
son, cor. of 5 th. 

Parsons, W. W., homeopathic phys., 214 
N. 3d ; res. 205 S. Pond. 

Passmore.W. W.,1118 10th. 

PATCHED, «. H., DR.; born in 
Schuyler Co., N. Y., Sept. 27, 1845 ; 
moved to AVisconsin with his parents 
when 10 years of age. He entered 
Monmouth College in 1862, and gradu- 
ated in 1866 ; immediately after, he be- 
gan the study of medicine under his 
father, U. K. Patchen, then residing in 
Burlington ; during the winter of 1866 
and 1867, he attended a course of lect- 
ures in Chicago ; also in New York, 
from 1867-68, where he graduated in 
March, 1868 ; he returned to Burling- 
ton, and at once began practice, and 
has been very successful as a homeo- 
pathic physician. For three years, he 
was Secretary of the former Society of 
Homeopathic Physicians of Iowa, lately 
known as the Hahnemann Medical Asso- 
ciation of Iowa. The Doctor is a member 
in good standing of the American Insti- 
tute of Homeopathy, and the Western 
Academy of Homeopathy. On Oct. 26, 
1875, he was married to Laura A. Spen- 
cer, oldest daughter of Richard Spencer, 
Esq , of Burlington ; they have one 
daughter — Jessie L. Mr. and Mrs. 
Patchen are both members of the Con- 
gregational Church. 



656 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



Patterson, Chas. T., dk. Summer st. car 
station; res. 1115 Summer. 

PAIILE, C, MRS., owns a vine- 
yard and vetretable garden on the ex- 
tension of S. Main St. ; she was born in 
Grerniany July 17, 1827. Married 
Philip J. Paule Feb. 14, 1849 ; he was 
born May 1, 1822, at Wurtemberg, 
Germany ; they came to America and 
to Burlington May lo, 1853; he bought 
a farm and followed farming till 1868, 
then purchased and moved on the place 
that his family still occupy ; Mr. Paule 
died Aug. 3, 1809. He and his wife 
were members of the Evangelical Zion 
Church. They have eight children — 
Christina R., Mary U., Paulina P., 
Louisa, Philip J., Anna P., Charles C, 
Emma R. 

Payne, A. C, carpenter, 1301 13th. 

Peabody, Samuel, police, Union Depot; 
res. Henry, cor. of Division 

PEARCE, JOHN S., plumber and 
gas-fitter, 622 Jefferson ; also agent for 
the Pneumatic gas-machine ; he was 
born in England May 29, 1816 ; came 
to America with his parents in 1818, 
and to Burlington in 1855; in 1861, 
was elected Justice of the Peace. He 
married, in 1840, Anna M. Hewitt; 
they have two children — George H. and 
Anna H. 

Pea.sley, D. W., northwest cor. of Marshall 
and Valley. 

PEASI.EY, JAMES C, Pr.esi- 
dent of the National State Bank of 
Burlington, was born in Henderson 
Co., 111., on the 30th of March, 1840 ; 
his father, Francis J. C. Peasley, was 
one of the first settlers of Illinois, hav- 
ing emigrated from Lower Canada in 
1835 ; he removed to Burlingtun in 
1842, and died there ten years later ; 
James C. attended Illinois College, at 
Jacksonville ; having a decided prefer- 
ence for a business career, did not wait 
to graduate, but left school in 1860, and 
not long after secured a situation in the 
Des Moines County Savinjjs Bank ; in 
1864, he received the appointment of 
Assistant Ti'easurer of the Burlington 
& Missouri Railroad Company, where he 
remained until the .spring of 1866, when 
he became Cashier of the National State 
Bank, at that time under the Presidency 
of F. W. Brooks ; after the death of 



Mr. Brooks, in the spring of 1869, Mr. 
E. D. Rand was elected President, and 
he was succeeded by Mr. Peasley in the 
spring of 1871. Mr. Peasley married 
on tile lOth of October, 1866, Miss 
Louisa S. Green, of Lawrencevilie, N. J. 
Mr. Peasley is a Republican. 

Peele, Vincent ; res. 615 Pine. 

Pefferman, Wm., capitalist, 603 S. Main. 

Pegan, Leonidas, commercial agent, 626 
Foster. 

Peich, F. W., organ-builder, 920 S. Bound- 
ary. 

Penny, J. W., grain-buyer, 917 Jefterson. 

PENROSE, WM., dealer in fiirm 
machinery; born in Morgan Co., Ohio, 
Nov. 7, 1834 ; he lived in Ohio until 
1868, when he came to Burlington ; en- 
gaged in present business ever since he 
came here. ]Mr. Penrose married Olivia 
Thompson June 9, 1858; she was born 
in Columbiana Co., 0., March 1 1, 1839 ; 
they have five children — James R., Re- 
becca L., John T., Mary L. and Wm., 
Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Penrose are mem- 
bers of the Presbyterian Church. 

Perkins, Albert A., china and glass ware 
314 N. Main ; res. 1228 Smith. 

Parkins, Chas. E., Vice-President and Su- 
perintendent C, B. & Q. R. R. ; res. 
Dill, cor. of White. 

Peterman, J. M., manager billiard-hall, 
Board of Trade. 

Peterson, Andrew, elk.; res. 417 Marr 
shall. 

Peterson, Frank, cabinet-maker 116 S. 
Gunnison. 

Peterson, Nels, proprietor Burlington 
House, 321 N. Front. 

PETERSON,^ P. G., manufacturer 
and refinisher of straw goods and dealer 
in plaster blocks, 405 Valley st. ; born 
in Norway, May 14, 1845; came to the 
U. S. in 1866. Mr. Peterson was con- 
nected with several railway companies 
as civil engineer ; among others, the 
Lake Supcsrior & Mississippi, Northern 
Pacific, and Chicago, Dubuque & Min- 
nesota Companies. He was fir four 
years in straw goods business in Chicago 
and Milwaukee ; he came from Milwau- 
kee to Burlington in February, 1876; en- 
gaged in present business ever since he 
came here. Mr. Peterson married Liz- 
zie Foreman Jan. 7, 1875; she was 
born in Wisconsin ; they have two chil- 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



657 



dren — Guild, born Oct. 19, 1875, aud 
Anna, Nov. 19, 1877. 

Phelps, Clias. H., District Judge; res. 
985 N. 5th. 

PHE1.PS, FRAXK ; was born in 
Middlebury, Vt., a little village under 
the shadow of the Green Mountains, 
where he passed his childhood and 
youth. He leceived a classical educa- 
tion, and graduated at Union College in 
1854 ; in 1855, he sought the Western 
wilds. One pleasant summer morning, 
in 1857, he vs^ent to the office of the 
Burlington Daili/ Haick-Eye to carry a 
message ; the proprietor, Clark Dunham, 
asked him to write an item of a runa- 
way on Jefferson street ; he wrote it, 
and Mr. Dunham offered him a position 
on the paper ; under tliat good man 
(whose memory he holds in affection), 
he tried to learn the newspaper trade. 
In 1859, he went to Louisiana, and 
spent a pleasant year among the planters 
of Rapides, as a school-teacher. Dur- 
ing the war, he was a clerk in the Quar- 
termaster's Department of the regular 
army ; after this unpleasantness had 
been settled (together with the bills, 
which lasted fur three years after the 
war), he returned to civil and newspaper 
life ; he was for a season, the editor of 
the Toledo (Ohio) Times ; returning to 
Burlington, he returned to his first-love, 
the Haiok-Eye ; after laboring for a 
time there, he established the Burling- 
ton Daily, which, after a year of hard 
work and fun, fell among thorns. Mr. 
Phelps is now the city editor of the 
Burlington Gazette ; he has the honor 
of age in Burlington newspaper work, 
no other person connected with Burling- 
ton journalism, having started in the 
newspaper world at the time that he 
commenced it with his good friend, 
Clark Dunham. 

Phillips, M. W., hats, caps, etc., 201 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 531 S. 10th. 

Pierson, A. G., far. ; res. fair grounds. 

Pierson, John, far. ; res. Agency road. 

Pierson, J. L., Sec. and Treas. Burlington 
Lumber Manufacturing Co. ; res. 501 
Pond cor. of Amelia. 

Pierson, Johnson, postal clerk, 119 S. 
Marshall. 

Pietsch, Ferdinand, dry goods, 1425 Os- 
born ; residence same. 



Pilger Brothers, wholesale grocers, 209 N. 
Main. 

Pilger, Jacob ; res. Sunny Side. 

Pil-er, L. W. ; res. 1015 N. 10th. 

Pilger, T. L., retired ; res. 715 N. 6th. 

PIL.(,}ER, WM., of the firm of Pil- 
ger Bros., wholesale gnjcers, was born 
in Louisville, Ky., Feb. 15, 1845; 
when an infant, his parents removed to 
Burlington. In his business career he 
was first in the harness trade, later a 
commercial traveler, and has been en- 
gaged in his present business since Feb. 
1, 1873; the trade of the firm of Pil- 
ger Bros, is chiefly in Iowa, Northern 
Missouri and Western Illinois, though 
it also extends into Kansas and Nebraska. 
Their average sales are $200,000 per 
annum. 

Pilling, A. H., physician, 304 S. Bound- 
ary. 

Pilling, W. E., attorney at law ; office 312* 
Jefferson; res. 304 S. B )uiit3ary. 

Pollock, Granger & Chiitendtii, furniture, 
etc., 102 M. 

Pond & Co., butter, eggs, etc., 827 Jeffer- 
son. 

POOR, CORNEIilllJ^ I.., at- 
torney at law; was born in Allegheny 
Tp., Venango Co.,Penn., May 13,1845, 
and lived there until May, 1875. He 
was educated at the State Normal Insti- 
tute, at Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., and 
admitted to the bar at Franklin, Penn., 
September, 1874, and has been in prac- 
tice ever since. He has been City So- 
licitor since April, 1878. 

Poor & Millspaugh, attorneys at law, 312 
Jefferson. 

Poppe, Ewald, teacher high school ; res. 
cor. 7th and Walnut. 

Poppe, Max E.; res. cor. 7th and Walnut. 

Potter, T. J.,Div.Supt. C.,B. & Q. and B. 
& M., Central Block; res. 400 S. 8th. 

POWER, JOH]^ C., HOM., at- 

torney at law ; was born in Mt. Vernon, 
Ohio ; previous to his coming to Bur- 
lington, in 1850, he resided ten j'cars in 
Cincinnati. His first business in the 
West was farming. In May, ISoo, he 
enlisted in Co. D, 8th I. V. C. ; he was 
mustered in as 2d Lieutenant, and mus- 
tei'ed out as Captain, in 1865. In the 
fall of 1862, he was admitted to the bar, 
and three years later was elected County 
Judge, which position he held until J:iu. 



658 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



1, 18G9, when he resigned, having been 
elected Circuit Judge in the fall of 1868. 
He held that position for four years, and, 
since 187H, has been engaged in the 
practice of his profession. 

Prenzler & Aithof, wholesale liquor dlrs., 
214 Washington. 

Price, J. W., 1U13 3d. 

Price & Henry, druggists, 320 N. 3d. 

Prush, Isaac, undertaker, 700 N. Main. 

PIJRD Y, HIRAM, wholesale liquor 
merchant ; was born at White Plains, 
Westchester Co., N. Y., Sept. 12, 18U ; 
when 5 years of age, his parents moved 
to New York City; the first business 
he engaged in was the manufacture of 
sash, show-cases, etc., in the Bowery, 
New York, in 1835, which he continued 
until 1857 ; he originated the first metal 
show-case about the year '18-14, he was 
also the projector of the first street- 
railway. During his residence in the 
metropolis of America, he took an ac- 
tive interest in all political issues, and 
his influence was largely felt in elections, 
both municipal and national. He came 
to Burlington in 1857, and engaged in 
his present business in 1860. Mr. 
Purdy's remarkable inventive genius is 
well known and conceded by experts, a 
large number of valuable and useful in- 
ventions being the result of his labors 
in that direction, among which may be 
mentioned a patent process for guaging 
liquor; an improvement patented for 
distilling purposes, another for odorizing ; 
he is also the patentee of a Steam Boiler, 
Cyclone principle, a Cyclone Heater, 
Grain-Car Doors, Cattle-Bar for stock- 
cars, Fruit-Jars, etc. The Cyclone 
Heater deserves more than a passing 
mention. It combines the gas and 
smoke burning principles, makingit fuel- 
saving and desirable on account of clean- 
liness and increased heating qualities. 
The arrangement of the apparatus is 
simple, not liable to get out of order, 
and adapted to every form of heating 
apparatus now in use, and to every con- 
dition where artificial heat is required. 
Putnam, James, President Iowa & Mo. 
Land Co., 116 Market ; res. 705 N. 5th. 

/^UELL, WM., carp., 830 Foster. 

Quick, C. B., Union Furniture Co. ; res. 
cor. Smith and Gunnison. 



Quigley & Reiner, saloon, 105 S. Main. 
Quinby, George ; res. 814 Walnut. 
73AAB, EMANUP]L, 901 N. 5th. 

Raab, R. M., 318 Franklin. 

Raab Bros., merch. tailors, 217 Jefferson. 

Rabistein, Louis, 135 S. 6th. 

Raesch, John, shoe-shop, 835 Jefferson ; 
res. 1429 Osborn. 

Ramge, Ferdinand, painter Burg & Sons; 
res. Sunny Side. 

Ramge, George, 800 N. 6th. 

Ramge & Reusoh,meat mkt., 806 N. 6th. 

Ramge, Wm.,meat market 1510 Osborn. 

RA:\D, E. D., President of the Bur- 
lington Lumber Co.; office on the cor 
of South and Front sts. ; he was born 
July 23, 1814, at Watertown, Mass. 
moved to Burlington in the fall of 1839 
in 1 856, was elected to the State Legis 
lature. Married, April, 1837, Sarah A 
Pond ; have two children now living — 
Geo. D., born February, 1838, and Mary 
A., born in September, 1 840 ; Mrs. Rand 
died in June, 1850; Mr. Rand's second 
marriage occured June. 1852, to Caro- 
line A. Sherfey ; have four children — 
Elbridge D., Jr., born August 11, 1853; 
Charles W., born Feb. 12, 1855 ; Horace 
S., born May 11, 1861 ; Carrie, born 
March 17, 1867. 

Rand, E. D., & Co., mfrs. of lumber, 846 
Jefferson. 

Rand, E. H., dlr. in wood and coal, 630 
Jefferson ; res. 136 S. 6th. 

Rand & Carson, mfrs. of lumber, near rail- 
road bridge, foot of South. 

Randall, George, grocer, 1100 N. Oak. 

Rankin, Thos. R., 107 S. Marietta. 

Rankin & Dodge, com. merchants. 605 
Jefferson. 

Ransom, H. B., 425 N. 5th. 

Ransom, H. B. & J. J., physicians and 
surtreons, 215 Jefferson. 

RAPER, T. J., Chief of Police, ap- 
pointed April 1, 1878; born in Greene 
Co., Ohio, May 20, 1844; moved to 
Burlington in 1868. Enlisted in Co. 
C, 1st Ohio V. I. ; served fourteen 
months ; then transferred to an Indiana 
regiment ; promoted to 2d and then 
to 1st Lieutenant; mustered out, 
Jan. 27, 1866. Served one year as 
policeman, and, in 1873, resigned; was 
elected Constable in the fall of that 
year, and served two years ; re-elected. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



659 



and served up to the time of present ap- | 
pointment. Married Jan. 21, 1864, to 
M. E. Shearer of Indianapolis. Re- 
publican. ■ i 
Raper, Hiram, farmer, 1315 Summer. 
Rapp, Jacob, locksmith, 309 Washington ; 

res. 419 Maple. 
RAPPOIiD, GEORCiJE, born in 
Wiesonbaeh, a small town in the King- 
dom of Wurtemberg, Dec. 4, 1826; 
came to America in 1849, and settled 
in Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., where 
he was for two years engaged at the 
cooper business; in 1851, Mr. Rappold 
spent several months in Connecticut, at 
the carpenter's trade, and from there 
went to Georgia, where he worked at 
his trade of carpenter and joiner until 
the beginning of the rebellion ; during 
his nineteen years' sojourn in the South, 
Mr. Rappold was engaged in the grocery 
and saloon business, working also part 
of the time at his trade as carpenter ; in 
1871, he came to Burlington, where he 
has since been engaged in the saloon 
business. In 1 852, George Rappold and 
Miss W. Rahner were united in mar- 
riage. 
Rasche. TVm., 1333 N. 8th. 
RAY, €}EO. O., of Ray & Filley, 
dealers in farm machinery and seeds, 
corner 3d and Market sts. ; is a native 
of Burlington, educated here; has been 
engaged in his present business twelve 
years, and a member of the present firm 
since 1877. Ray & Filley do an exten- 
sive jobbing trade, principally along the 
lines of the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; have 
a branch house at Red Oak, from which 
they supply their Southwestern Iowa 
trade; Mr. Filley has charge of the 
Red Oak branch, and resides in that 
city; the firm occupies about 10,000 
feet of floor room in this city ; their 
sales run from $75,000 to $100,000 per 
annum and are rapidly increasing since 
the establishment of their new house at 
Red Oak. 
Ray, Harvey, Jr., 927 N. 7th. 
Reed, L. P., Reed House, cor. 4th and 

Division. 
Reid, Frank, shoemaker, 206 JeflFerson ; 

res. 503 Wood. 
REIXER, C, saloon-keeper, 105 S. 
Main St. ; born in Oedendorf, Germa- 
ny, in 1845; came to Louisa Co., 



Iowa, in 1869, and to Des Moines Co. 
in 1873 ; worked in the Eagle Hotel 
one year; started present business in 
1874. Democrat. 

Reinert, Daniel, saloon, 213 Valley. 

REIIEY, JOHN T., Cashier of the 
National State Bank ; born in Burling- 
ton, Iowa, June 4, 1844; Mr. Remey 
was connected with the Union National 
Bank of Chicago, from 1863 to 1871 ; 
since 1871, he has held the position he 
now occupies. Married Mary L. Rorer 
Oct. 30, 1872; she was born in Bur- 
lington ; they have one child — David 
Rorer, born July 11, 1878. 

Renshaw, M. R., painter, 1115 S. 13th. 

Renshaw, S. J.; res 859 High. 

Reppert, Christian, wine mfr. ; res. head 
of Bodeman. 

Reppert, Henry, blacksmith ; res. head of 
Bodeman. 

RELTSCH, FRAXK, meat market, 
No. 703 6th St. ; born in Europe, Sept. 
11, 1847 ; came to America and to Bur- 
lington in 1865. ]^Iarried November, 

1870, toMena Flead. 
REUSCH, JOHN, meat market at 

1204 8th St.; born Sept. 26, 1848, in 
Germany; came to America and to 
Burlington in 1869. Married January, 
1874, Serena Strotman ; they have two 
children — Clara and Wm. F. 

Reynolds, J. H., photographer, 21 U Jef- 
ferson; res. 415 S. Marshall. . 

Rhodes, Jno. W., dry goods and groceries, 
117 Jefferson; res. cor. Madison and 
Denmark. 

RICHTER, A., druggist. No. 1319 
N. 8th St. ; born in Germany in 1844; 
came to Burlington in 1870, and en- 
gaged in the newspaper work in connec- 
tion with the Iowa Journal and Jotca 
Trihtme; started present business in 

1871. Married Lydia Baucer in 1870 : 
she was born in Germany in 1849 ; they 
have three children — Mary, Johanna, 
Frederick. Members of the Latter Day 
Saints Church ; Liberal. 

RIEPE, CASPAR, Constable ; born 
in Germany Sept. 27, 1834; came to 
America in 1853, and to Burlington in 
1855 ; in Benton Tp. he was elected, and 
served two terms, as Road Supervisor ; 
in 1863, he was elected Constable in the 
same township, and served three terms ; 
in 1878, was elected Constable in Bur- 



660 



DIRECTORV OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



lington Tp. He married in 1854 
Haonali Benne ; she died in 1857, and 
be married, second time, Louisa Pogge- 
moaller, 1858 ; they have seven children 
— Anna L., August H., Mary, Matilda, 
Frank A., Louisa and Arthur. They 
are members of the Evangelical Church ; 
he is Superintendent of the Sabbath 
school ; Democrat. 

Riepe & Hulsebus, grocers, 323 Jefferson. 

Rinker, Andrew, shoe-shop, 904 Maple ; 
res. 808 S. 10th. 

Ripley, I. N., accountant, 408 S. 9th. 

RITZMAN, J. B., dealer in gro- 
ceries, provisions, crockery and glass- 
ware ; born March 12, 1834, in Switz- 
erland ; came to America in 1 854, to Bur- 
lington in 1856. Enlisted in Co. F,5thl. 
V. C, September 1861 ; served over three 
years ; was in several battles ; mustered 
out October, 1864. Married September, 
1861, Mary A. Michler; they have six 
children — Rosalia, Adalheit, Clara, J. 
\V., Matilda, Mary. He has been en- 
gaged in business since 1865. 

ROBB, R. L.., M. D., 302 N. Main 
St. ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1840 ; 
came to Burlington in 1875; is a grad- 
uate of the St. Louis Homeopathic 
Medical College. In 1872, married 
Miss Sarah L. Miller ; she was born in 
Orange, N. J,; Mrs. Robb is a graduate 
of the Hahnemann Medical College, 
Chicago ; they have four children — 
Henry, Nettie, Emma and Lizzie. Mem- 
bers of the Presbyterian Church ; Re- 
publican. 

ROBERTNOX, GEORCi^E, at- 
torney at law; born in Jessamine Co., 
Ky., May 9, 1831 ; he graduated from 
the law department of Transylvania 
University, in Kentucky, in the spring 
of 1854; came to Burlington in the fall 
of 1854. Mr. Robertson was Mayor of 
Burlington in 1872 and 1873; was 
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors 
in 1874. 

Robinson, S., commercial agent, res. 307 
S. Augusta. 

Roesch, John, slioe shop, 835 Jefferson ; 
res. 1429 0.sborn. 

Roesner, Muenzenmeyer & Bro., meat mar- 
ket, 1120 Angular, and corner 9th and 
South. 

ROESEXER, ERNST, meat mar- 
ket, 1121, corner of South and 9th sts.; 



born Jan. 23, 1848, in Germany, and 
moved to America and to Burlington 
Oct. 28, 1873. Married March 31, 
1875, Louisa Muenzenmeyer. 

ROHDE, H. FREDERICK, 
attorney at law ; was born in Holstein. 
Germany, May 9, 1852; he came to 
Iowa City in 1871 ; he was educated at 
St. Joseph's Institute and Iowa State 
University, until 1876, when he attend- 
ed Cornell University for one year, after 
which he was graduated from the Law 
Department of the Michigan University 
in 1878; he has been engaged in the 
practice of his profession in Burlington 
since May 1, 1878. 

Rolfsmeyer, E. H., clerk, 1210 N. 9th. 

Rollins, J. H., sewing machines, 412 Jef- 
ferson. 

Ronaldson, M., merchant tailor, 315 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 214 S. Pond. 

ROOT, RICHARD, COL., 
Deputy U. S. Marshal for the Southern 
District of Iowa ; born in Carroll Co., 
Md., February 21; 1836; located in 
Leavenworth, Kan., in 1859, where he 
resided until the breaking-out of the 
rebellion, when he entered the army as 
Ensign of Co. E, 1st Kan. V. L, 
serving six months in thdt regiment ; 
he then cime to Mt. Pleasant and or- 
ganized Co. K, 19th I. V. I., of which 
he was elected 1st Lieutenant ; soon 
after, he was promoted to the captaincy 
of Co. E, 8th I. V. C, and then made 
Major of his regiment ; subsequently, 
he was commissioned to organize scat- 
tering regiments of Sherman's army ; 
after organizing the 35th, 36th and 37th 
U. S. Regulars, he wa^ commissioned 
Colonel of the 36th. After leaving the 
service, he returned to Mt. Pleasant, and 
there resided until 1877. He has served 
as U. S. IMarshal eight years ; he 
was first appointed in March, 1871. 

ROOT, R, T., book publisher; was 
was born in Ontario, Sept. 21, 1848 ; he 
came to Chicago in 1866, and for three 
years engaijed in book canvassing ; in 
1869, he came to Burlington, where he 
started in the publishing business. 
Among his list of works produced are : 
"The Life of Christ," and " Foot- 
Prints of Time," copyrighted and issued 
in 1874. This specialty has proven a 
great success ; through agents, he has 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



661 



canvassed many sections of the country 
and sold a very large number of copies ; 
in addition to these, he has also published 
several religious works. He was mar- 
ried to Miss Anna F. Pine, a native of 
Philadelphia, Nov. 24, 1870, by whom 
he has three children — Richard Willis, 
Nellie May and Florence Anna. Mr. 
and Mrs. Root are members of the 
M. E. Church. 

RORER, DAVID, HON., 
native of Pittsylvania Co., Virginia ; 
born there in 1806; came to Bur- 
lington March 27, 1836, about two 
years after the city received its name ; 
has been constantly engaged in prac- 
ticing law since coming to this city ; for 
the past twenty-five years, has been the 
attorney of the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; 
is author of a work on Judicial Sales, 
which Ras already passed into a second 
edition, and has now ready for publication 
a work on railroad law of two large vol- 
umes, which will be issued from the press 
very shortly ; has also in course of pre- 
paration an exhaustive history of the 
Northwest, and in course of publication 
by Callahan & Co., of Chicago, a work 
on American Inter-State Law. Judge 
Rorer was one of the founders of the 
Historical Society, founded here in 
1843, the records of which were after- 
ward burned ; his colleagues in this 
work were Greenleaf Nealy and Dr. 
Hoyt; Judge Rorer is also a member 
of the Historical Societies of Pennsyl- 
vania and Wisconsin, and has a most 
valuable historical library, comprising 
some exceedingly rare and ancient vol- 
umes ; Judge Rorer wrote the original 
Articles of Incorporation of the city (then 
town), and has been intimately identified 
with all its history. 

Rossell, W. M., contractor and builder, 831 
N. 7th. 

Roth, Jos., far., Madison av. 

Roth, Theo., carpenter, 1149 Franklin. 

ROTHE, WILL.IAM, manufact- 
urer, wholesale and retail dealer in wil- 
low and rattan ware, 108 S. 3d st.; born 
Aug. 27, 1844, in Germany; moved to 
America in 1860,and to Burlington April, 
1875; enlisted in Co. E, 2d Ohio I. 
V. I., April 17, 1861 ; served three 
months, was mustered out ; re-enlisted 
Aug. 22, 1861, in Co. A, 17th Mo. 



V. I., 15th Army Corps; served for 
over three years ; mustered out Sept. 25, 
1864; was in all of the battles of his 
regiment. Married October 17, 1871, 
Christina Ender ; they have two chil- 
dren — Minnie M. and John N. Repub- 
lican. 
Rothenberger, L. H. ; res. 1124 Agency. 

ROTHENBERGER, PH. P., 

proprietor of the City Brewery, No. 
1122 Agency St. ; he was born Nov. 4, 
1838, in Germany; came to Burlington 
May 28, 1857;' he married in 1860 
Christina Wage ; they have four chil- 
dren living — Ann, born April 12, 1861 ; 
Mary, October, 1863; Ida, 1868; 
Henry, July, 1870. His children 
have all been baptized. He is Inde- 
pendent. 

RufF, Hubert, mason; res. 212 S. 9th. 

RundorflF, Emil, 617 N. 7th. 

Rundorff, Theodore, 406 North. 

Rundorif & Brenner, hardware, 320 Jef- 
ferson. 

Rundorff & Brother, dry goods and gro- 
ceries, 701 N. 6th. 

Runge, Ed. F., confectionery and restau- 
rant, 220 Jefferson ; res. 806 3d, cor. 
Arch. 

Runyan, L. M., Polk, north side Prospect 
Hill. 

SARIN, JOHN, house-mover, 316 S. 
Wood. 

Sales, D. J.; res. 1002 Maple. 

Saling, Jacob, 408 S. 1 0th. 

SAI.TER, WM., REV., was bom 
in Brooklyn, L. I., on the 17th of No- 
vember, 1821 ; his parents were natives 
of Portsmouth, N. H. ; he descended 
from John Salter, mariner, who came 
from Devonshire, England, in the latter 
part of the seventeenth century, and 
settled in Portsmouth ; on his mother's 
side, he is descended from Alexander 
Ewen, who came from Aberdeen, Scot- 
land, before the Revolution ; Mr. Salter 
received his education in the city of 
New York, and graduated from the 
University of that city, in 1840 ; he 
spent two years in the Union Theolog- 
ical Seminary of New York, and one 
year in the Seminary at Andover, 
Mass.; after teaching school awhile in 
South Norwalk, Conn., he came West 
with a number of young ministers, and 
arrived at Burlington in October, 1843; 
3 



662 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



he spent two years as a missionary in 
Maquoketa, Andrew, Bellcvue, and 
Jackson Co., generally, and, on the 
15th of March, 1856, was invited to 
become Pastor of the Congregational 
Church in Burlington ; he has remained 
here ever since, a continuous pastorate 
of over thirty-three years ; Mr. Salter, 
besides his regular ministerial duties, 
has devoted a portion of his time to lit- 
erature ; he published, in 1863, "The 
Letters of Ida R. Parker," a duodeci- 
mo volume of about three hundred 
pages, from the press of Crosby & Nich- 
ols, B iston ; this work is a rare treas- 
ure to the friends uf the gifted lady, 
whose beautiful Christian character is 
so well illustrated in this contribution 
from her correspondence ; it is dedicated 
to Mrs. Elizabeth II. Grimes, widow of 
the late Senator Grimes, of this city ; 
during the rebellion, he prepared a work 
entitled, " The Great Bebellion in the 
Light of Christianity," a book for the 
times, which was published by the Re- 
form Book and Tract Society of Cincin- 
nati ; Mr. Salter published the '• Church 
Hymn-Book," a very excellent collec- 
tiun of hymns and tunes, now used in 
his own congregation ; from time to 
time, he delivers sermons and lectures 
on various subjects of public interest ; 
they all display those sober and solid 
qualities which have made Mr. Salter 
one of the best-wearing ministers in 
Iowa ; he prepared " The Life of James 
W. Grimes, Governor of Iowa from 
1856-1858, and Senator of the U. S. 
from 1859-1869," published by D. Ap- 
pleton & Co., of New York, in 1876 ; 
on the occasion of the fiftieth annual 
meeting of the State Historical Society, 
he delivered an address, full of historical 
research, commemorative of the two 
hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of Iowa by Marquette and Joliet, June 
17, 1673; a writer in the "Annals of 
Iowa " for July, 1873, which contains 
the address, says : " It was delivered 
in a faultless style of oratory, in strict 
harmony with its scholastic composi- 
tion." Mr. Salter is liberal and Cath- 
olic in his views, aims, and spirit, recog- 
nizing the broad seal of the Christian 
life as a better passport to Heaven than 
the badge of any particular sect ; 



churches, sects, ordinances, services, 
with him, exhaust their whole signifi- 
cance in being helps to the attainment 
of the Christian character. From his 
earliest recollection, he has been an anti- 
slavery man ; many years ago he bore 
the reproach of being called an " Abo- 
litionist," and illustrated his faith by 
assisting more than one fugitive to es- 
cape from bondage ; some of the early 
citizens may remember the incident of 
he and others sending one of this class 
across the river in a dry goods box. 
Mr. Salter was married on the l!5th of 
August, 1846, to Miss Mary Ann, 
daughter of Deacon E. P. Mackintire, 
of Charlestown, Mass., by whom he has 
three sons ; the eldest graduated at 
Knox College^ Galesburg, 111., in 1871, 
pursued theological studies at Yale and 
Harvard, was for one year incumbent of 
Parker Fellowship, and student at Got- 
tingen ; his second son, Edward Sum- 
ner, graduated at Amherst College in 
1877, and is devoting his life to music ; 
the youngest, George B., is learning 
mercantile business. The honorary de- 
gree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred 
upon Mr. Salter by the University of 
Iowa, in 1864. 

Samson, Erz, shoemaker, 209 Jefferson, 
res. 503 Vine. 

SAMSOX, WII^LIAM J., Prin- 
cipal of South Hill School; res. 1000 
S. 9th st ; has been engaged three years 
in his present capacity, and was con- 
nected with the Monmouth and Kirk- 
wood schools in Illinois before coming to 
this city; is a native of Hamilton Co., 
Ohio, and was educated at Monmouth, 
111. ; his wife. Flora I. Bates, is a native 
of Ohio; has one child. Members of 
Division Street M. E. Church. 

SAUBfDKRM^N, R. G., A. M., 
Cily Superintendent of Schools; res. 402 
Leebrick st. ; has held his prcsentposition 
since 1873 ; has been connected with the 
schools since 1872, in which year he 
graduated from the Iowa State Univer- 
sity. His father was a Colonel in the 
British army ; his mother of Scotch 
birth, residii g in Ireland at the time her 
son was born. Prof Sanderson was 
married Jan. 27, 1877. Himself and 
wife are members of the Presbyterian 
Church. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



663 



Saurn, B. L.. professor in busine.«s college. 

SCHAFER, CHARI.es E., 

clerk for the Keokuk Northern Line 
Packet Co. ; born in Burlington Jan. 
28, 1849. Married in November, 1873, 
Sophia Sclilick ; they have three chil- 
dren — Theodore, Lydia and Bertha. He 
is a Democrat. 

Schaefer, Fred., shoemaker, 615> Jeffer- 
son ; res. 923 Jeiferson. 

Schaefer, Jost, shoe-shop, 213 N. 8th ; res. 
923 Jefferson. 

Schaefer, Julius. 408 N. Boundary. 

Schaefer, Martin, shoe-shop, 205 Wash- 
ioii'ton ; res. 1201 Doemland. 

SCHAFFEfER, WM., Sheriff; 
was born in Germany, April 4, 1835, 
and came to America in 1852 ; he 
landed at Baltimore ; remained two 
months, then went to New Orleans, and 
thence to Louisville, Ky., in 1853 ; in 
1855, he came to Burlington, and was 
engaged in the brewery here for sixteen 
years; in 1872, he was elected Sheriff 
to fill vacancy, and re-elected in 1873, 
1875 and 1877; he was City Weigh- 
master for eight montlis in 1872. Mr. 
Schaffner's wife was Dorothea Gebrick, 
who was born in Germany ; they have 
nine children — Adelaide, Caroline, 
Bertha, Thea, Alfred, Ida, Siegfried, 
Anceline and Wm., Jr. 

SCHAUNBERG, F., saloon, 1510 

Osbornst. ; born in Switzerland in 1842; 
came to Burlington in 1862, and has 
since been engaged in the saloon busi- 
ness. Mr. S. has one child — William — 
by former marriage ; present wife's 
maiden name was Louisa Asher ; married 
in 1873 ; she was born in Germany in 
1854 ; they have three children — Mattie, 
Rosa and Frederick. Mr. S. enlisted in 
thelstMo. Art.; was mustered in, 1862 ; 
mustered out in 1865; was in the bat- 
tles of Dallas, Lost Mountain, Nash- 
ville and several others. Democrat. 

Scarff, John, physician and surgeon, 201 
N. 3d. 

SCHENCK, C. M., Secretary of the 
Whitebreast Coal and Mining Co. ; born 
at Franklin, Ohio, Jan. 3, 1850 ; came 
to Burlington in 1871 ; in the C, B. & 
Q. Ry. Co.'s General Offices here until 
1872; from that time until July, 1877, 
he was in the employ of Wm. Bell & 
Co., as book-keeper; since July, 1877, 



he has been connected with the com- 
pany he now represents. 

Schenck, 0. H., City Treas.; res. 621 N. 5th 

Schick, Charles, saloon, 711 Jefferson; 
res. 1503 Thul. 

Schier, Joseph, mer. tailor, 516 Jefferson. 

SCHIPPERT, S., was born in Prus- 
sia in 1844; came to Burlington in 
1856. Married Barbara Fritz; she was 
born in Prussia in 1850; they have 
three children — Joseph, Annie and Min- 
nie. Mr. S. is a member of the A. 0. 
U. W. and Germania Societies ; holds 
the office of Financial Secretary of the 
A. 0. U.W. Is a Democrat. 

SCHIPPERT & SCHMIT- 

TEE, " Merchants' Restaurant," No. 
305 Main and 202 Jefferson. 

SCHEACHTER, A., saloon, cor. of 
Division and Leebrick sts. ; born in Ger- 
many ; came to America in 1866; to 
Burlington in 1867. Married Oct. 2, 
1870, Sophia Enger ; they have three 
children — Joseph, Anna and Ida. 

SCHEAMPP, J]\0., " Schlampp's 
Exchange." No. 306 3d st. ; born in 
Germany in 1 832 ; came to Burlington 
in 1855; in 1858, started in the saloon 
business, whi ;h he has since continued. 
Married Barbara Berger in 1855 ; she 
was born in Germany in 1834; died in 
1876 ; has six children — John, Annie, 
Matilda, Charles, Oscar and Frank. Mr. 
S. is a member of the Turners' Society. 
Republican. 

Schlapp, August, 920 N. 8th. 

Schmidt, Charles F., hardware, 111 N. 
iMain; res. 820 N. 8th. 

Schmidt, George, grocer, 223 N. Front ; 
res. 820 N. 8th. 

Schmitt, Peter, capitalist, 827 Warren. 

SCHMITTEE, JOHX, born in 
Burlington in 1852. Married Annie 
Weggemyost in 1875 ; she was born in 
Fort Madison, Iowa, in 1856 ; they have 
one child — Charles J. Mr. S. is a mem- 
ber of the Germania Benevolent Society, 
with family members of St. John's Cath- 
olic Church ; Democrat. 

Schmeig, Frederick, 912 N. 7th. 

Schneider, George, Mason st. 

Schnell, F. P., 927 Garden. 

Scholer, Jacob, wine manufacturer. Bluffs 
south of Berry & Co.'s saw-mill. 

Scholes, Thos. C, foreman C, B. & Q. 
shop, 812 S. 4th. 



664 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Scholl, Jacob, carpenter, 818 Cedar. 

Schott, Jos. S., wholesale leather and sad- 
dlery hardware, 112 Washington. 

Schramm, C. F., 1102 3d. 

Schramm, Fred, grocery, 424 lV. Main ; 
r&s. 307 N. Boundary. 

Schramm, H. C, salesman, 506 N. 8th. 

Schramm, J. S., dry goods, 212 Jefferson ; 
res. (516 Columbia. 

Schramm, Rheinhardt, blacksmith, 315 
Division ; res. 500 S. 1 0th. 

Schramm & Schmieg, dry goods, 119 Jef- 
ferson. 

SCHREI, ADOLPH, dealer in 
groceries, notions, crockery, etc., at 
815 South St. ; born in Germany Dec. 
26, 1839 ; come to America and to 
Burlington, June 2, 1855. Enlisted in 
Co. E, 25th I. V. I. in 1862; 
served till the close of the war ; was in 
most of the battles of his regiment ; 
mustered out with his regiment. Was 
elected Alderman from the 7th 
Ward in 1876. Married Nov. 15, 1865, 
Caroline Steinmier ; they have seven 
children — Edward F., Wm. A., Louisa, 
MoUie, Emma, Lillie, Clara. 

SCHROEDER, J. H., dealer in 
merchandi.se, cor. of Agency and Osborn 
streets; he was born June 14, 1846, in 
Des Moines Co., Iowa. Married May 
19, 1870, Anna M. Schroeder ; they 
have three children — Edward L., Clara 
J., Louisa L. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Republican. 

Schuff, Anton, carpenter, 819 N. Oak. 

Schultz, August, physician, 876 Jeiferson. 

Schumann, Wm., saloon, 219 N. Front; 
res. 616 S. Main. 

Schwarz, Casper, shoe-shop, 225 Division ; 
res. 234 S. 3d. 

Schwerin, Charles, gardener, res. 106 S. 
Pond. 

Scott, George R., retired, 243 S. 7th. 

Scott, H. n.,drygoods, etc., 307 N. Main; 
res. 612 Washington. 

Scott, L. B., res. 112 S. Gunnison. 

Sellon, W. R., 210 S. Augusta. 

Sellon & Jarvis, law reporters, Parsons' 
Blk. 

Sennett, Wm., nurseryman, 907 Jefferson. 

SHAFER, J. A., drug store, cor. of 
Leebrick and Emelia streets ; born in 
Springfield, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1837. En- 
listed August, 1862, in Co. A, 83d Illi- 
nois V. I. ; served till the close of the 



war ; was in all of the battles that his 
regiment was engaged in ; the last year 
of the service, he was detailed and served 
in the Medical Department ; mus- 
tered out June 28, 1865. Married 
Dec. 5, 1872, Sophia W. Mills ; they 
had one child — Arthur. Mrs. Shafer 
died Sept. 29, 1874. 
SHERFEY, J. M., firm of Rand 
& Co., lumber dealers ; office and yard 
at No. 846 Jefferson street ; he was 
born Dec. 2, 1831, in Frederick, Md. ; 
moved to Burlington in 1837. He 
married Oct. 31, 1858, Mary A. Rand; 
they have six children — Sarah M., Mary 
L., Catharine M., Herbert R., Raymond 
M., Ruth C. Members of the M. E. 
Church : Republican. 

SHALGHXESEY, MICHL, 

owns saloon cor. of North and 7th sts. ; 
born in Centre Co., Penn., March 17, 
1845; came to Burlington in 1876. 

Shick, Chas., saloon, 711 Jefferson; 
res. 1301 Plank. 

Shontz, I. & J., auction and variety store, 
417 Jefferson. 

Slims, JOHBf H., dealer in gro- 
ceries and provisions, cor. of Gertrude 
and Williams sts.; he was born at White 
House, County Antrim, Ireland ; came to 
America in 1870 ; to Burlington in 
September of the same year. He is a mem- 
ber of the M. E. Church ; Republican. 

Simpson, J. C, land commissioner; res. 
623 iMarshall. 

Simp.son. Wilkinson & Co., paint works, 
300 S. Main. 

SINC^ER, JOHN G., dealer in 
groceries, provisions and feed, at 
918, cor. 10th and Locust sts.; born 
April 9, 1831, in Germany; came to 
America, 1853, and to Burlington, 1856. 
Married April 27, 1857, Angelika 
Kreisser; she was born Jan. 19, 1834; 
they have six children — Louisa, Mary, 
John G., Bertha, Emma, Clara. 

Skinner, R. S., station freight agent C, B. 
&Q.; res. 1103 5th. 

Slatcher, Adrian, saloon, 1606 Division. 

Slack, Chas. E., attorney at law, 210 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 1209 Market. 

Slocomb, J. A., speculator ; res. 1200 Mt. 
Pleasant. 

Slosson, Ed., 502 Pond, cor. of Amelia. 

Smalley, John, Plunder Store, 313 Jefi'er- 
son ; res. 231 S. 5th. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



665 



Smith, A. Q., insurance agent, cor. Main 
and Jefferson ; res. 100 Clay. 

Smith, Cook & Co., tobacco works, 3d cor. 
of Valley. 

Smith, D. N., real estate, 211 and 213 S. 3d 

Smith, E. A., photographer, 313 S. Gun- 
nison. 

Smith, F. A., 719 Columbia. 

Smith, J. A., Principal Montrose high 
school ; res. 908 Valley. 

SMITH, J. W., Foreman of Hose 
Station No. 4; appointed Aug. 11,1878; 
appointed Policeman April 2, 1874; 
served till May, 1875; joined the Fire 
Department Jan. 18, 1876 ; served till 
July ; then was placed on the police 
force; served till 1877; he was born 
May 28, 1840, in Germany; came to 
America with his parents, in 1852 ; to 
Burlington July 25, 1873. P]nlisted 
Aug. 12, 1861, in Co. E, 49th N. Y. 
Vols., and served till the close of the 
war ; at the battle of Spottsylvania Court 
House, May 12, 1864, was wounded 
quite seriously in the neck and shoul- 
der ; was in most of the battles of his 
regiment ; was confined in the hospital 
about three months ; mustered out on 
the27th of June, 1865. Married March 
18,1874, Dora Schnittger ; they have 
one child — Fred W. Democrat. 

Smith, P. T., dentist, 209 Jejfferson ; res. 
101 S. Augusta. 

SMITH, W. B., dealer in groceries 
and provisions, 116 5th st. ; born in 
England July 10, 1825; came to 
America 1844, and to Burlington in 
1851. Married April 26, 1842, Lettie 
Brooks ; they hare one child — Daniel B., 
born Dec. 29, 1848. 

SMITH, W^., lodging-house and- res- 
taurant. No. 109 S. Main st. ; born 
in Cologne, Germany, in 1843; came to 
Burlington in 1873 ; has since been en- 
gaged in the hotel business. Married 
Miss Williams in 1874 ; she was born 
in Quincy, 111., in 1856 ; they have one 
child — William, born in 1879. Enlisted 
in the 53d III., in 1863 ; was in the 
battles of Atlanta, Marietta, Savannah, 
and several other smaller ones ; held the 
position of Sergeant in the 53d ; mus- 
tered out in 1865. Democrat. 
SMYTHE, P. HElfRY , HON. 

JUIMjrE, was born near Abington, 
Washington Co., Va., March 10, 



1829; was admitted to the bar in 1857, 
at Cleveland, Ohio. He was married 
to Miss Crocker, of the above-named 
place, in 1851. The sanoe year of his 
admittance to the bar he came to Bur- 
lington. Of a fiimily of five children, 
two are now living. Mr. Smythe was 
appointed Judge of the District Court 
by the Governor, in April, 1874, which 
office he resigned in September of the 
same year. The Judge's only son is 
Professor of Greek in Trinity College, 
at Hartford, Conn. 

Snyder, G. W., physician, 1003 N. 6th. 

SIVYDER, T. B., attorney at law ; 
was born August 27, 1845, in Pleasant 
Grove Tp.; he worked on his father's 
farm in his youth ; received a common- 
school education, and when 18 years of 
age taught school in the winter of 1863 ; 
then entered Wesleyan University at 
Mt. Pleasant ; after an interruption of 
one year in his studies, he re-entered 
college in the fall of 1865 ; in June, 

1869, he graduated with the degree of 
A. B.; in the fall of the same year, be 
began the study of law, in the office of 
Judge T. W. Newman ; in September, 

1870, he entered the State Law School 
at Iowa City, and graduated in June 
1871 ; in October, 1871, he was elected 
County Superintendent of Schools of Des 
Moines Co., subsequently re-elected; 
since Jan. 1, 1876, at which time he 
left the office above mentioned, he has 
devoted himself entirely to the practice 
of law ; in 1872, he received the degree 
of A. M. from Alma Mater; since 
January, 1864, Mr. Snyder has 
been a member of the M. E. Church ; 
in politics, he is a Republican, and 
and has stumped diiferent parts of the 
country during several campaigns, always 
taking an active interest in political 
issues. 

Southwell, Calvin, 813 Cedar. 

Sowden, Chas., blacksmith, 222 Main; res. 

912 Valley. • 
Spaar, Joseph, 1400 S. 12th. 
Speidel, Geo., carpenter; res. cor. Division 

and Adams. 
Spfncer, Richard, Secretary Gas Co., 202* 

Jefferson ; res. 625 Division. 
Spencer, Robert, 515 S. Pond. 
Sponholtz, Charles, City Weighmastcr, 208 

N. 5th; res. Starr Avenue and Spray, 



666 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Sprenger, Geo. M.; res. 101 1 South. 

Sprenirer, Henry, blacksmith-shop in rear 
of Summer st. car station; res. 1215 
S. 10th. 

Sprenger, Michael, blacksmith-shop 1820 
S. Main; res. George st. 

Squires, C. P., 802 N. 5th. 

Squires, C. P., & Co., wholesale and retail 
druggists, 112 Jefferson. 

Stadtlander, Wm. S., Jr., grocer, 862 
Washington ; res. Osborn st. 

Starker, Chas., President Iowa State Sav- 
ings Bank ; res. Prospect Point. 

Starr, Chas. E., attorney, 3151 N. 3d; 
res. 309 N. 6th. 

Starr, H. W., attorney, 315J N. 3d; res. 
309 N. 6th. 

STKECE, li., Principal of North 
Hill Public School; res. 1600 Osborn 
St. ; has 365 enrolled pupils ; been con- 
nected with the city schools nine years ; 
native of Maryland ; educated in a 
printing office ; commenced teaching 
twenty-one years ago ; taught five years ; 
and, in 186-, entered mercantile busi- 
ness; came to Iowa in 1857. Is mar- 
ried ; has five children — the eldest a 
clerk in the book house of Wesley 
Jones, this city ; his eldest daughter, 
who graduated from the high school, 
Class of 1878, is now in the training 
school prepariiii£ for work as teacher. 

ISTEINBRECHER, JOHN, 

manufacturer of boots and shoes, 1023 
8th St. ; born Dec. 11, 1853, in Ptussia; 
came to America in 1874, and to Bur- 
lington in 1876. Married in 1872 Mary 
Betz ; they have one child — Fannie. 
StcinmtMer, Frederick; res. 61.3 Elm. 

IB^TEINBRECHER, l>EHN & 

JjAU, pork-packers and wholesale and 
retail dealers in all kinds of fresh and 
.smoked meats, cor. of 3d and Washing- 
ton sts. 
STEXdJER, P., keeps saloon on the 
cor. of Washington nnd 3d sts. ; born 
July 10, 1821, in Germany; came to 
America and to Chicago in 1847; to Bur- 
lington, 1857; was in the employ of 
the U. S. Government a few months as 
baker. Is Independent in politics. 
He is a member of the Turners' Society. 
Has visited California three times ; twice 
by water and once by the plains, and 
returned the same way ; spent about 
twelve years in that State ; he has trav- 



eled extensively ; been in nearly every 
state in the Union, and part of Mexico. 

STERZIN«, B. F., grocery and 
feed store, No. 803 N. Oak st.; born in 
Germany, in 1854; came to Burlington 
in 1875, and engaged in the confection- 
ery business, at No. 202 Jeffenson st., 
until 1876, then in the saloon business 
at the northwest corner of Main and 
Washington sts. ; in 1877, went into 
the ice business, and still engages in it 
on a larger scale ; office at the corner of 
8th and Oak sts. Married Julia Dutt- 
weiler in 1877 ; she was born in Bur- 
lington in 1851 ; they have one child — 
Thekla. Mr. S. is Secretary of the 
Turning Society Vorwaerts. which office 
he has held for the past two years. 

Sterzing, B. F., dlrs. in ice, southwest cor. 
of N. 8th and N. Oak. 

Stewart, J. R.; res. 1028 N. 6th. 

Stewart & Hayden, plumbers, steam and 
gas-fitters, etc., 306 N. Main. 

Steyh, Henry, harness shop, 221 Division ; 
res. 418 S. Boundary. 

Steyh, Wm., civil engineer; res. 1107 
Summer. 

STONE, JOSEPH C, was born 
in Westport, N. Y., July 30, 1829 ; re- 
moved to the Territory of Iowa in 1844, 
received a limited education at the pub- 
lic schools, studied medicine, graduating 
at |the medical department of the St. 
Louis University, Mo., in 1854. En- 
listed as a private soldier in the 1st 
I. V. C, in June, 1861; was made 
Adjutant of the regiment; was pro- 
moted Captain, and Assistant Adjutant 
General of Volunteers in 1862 ; was 
promoted and brevetted in 1864 and 
1865, served to the close of the war. 
Has since practiced his profession ; was 
elected to the 45th Congress, as a Be- 
publicao, reccivinfj 17,184 votes, against 
14,814 votes for Westley C. Hobbs, 
Democrat, and 700 votes for the Green- 
back candidate. 

Straessler, Leopold, grocer, 1100 Chalfant. 

Strickland, A. R., conductor, 903 N. 3d. 

Strodel, Jos., clerk, 929 N. 5th. 

Struckman, Fred, saloon. 1500 Osborn. 

Stubbs. Wharton, carp., 804 S. Main. 

STUTSIIAX, A.H., District Judge; 
was born in Morgan Co., Ind., Dec. 21, 
1840, and came to Iowa, Lee Co., near 
West Point, with his parents, in 1842. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



667 



He enlisted in Co. C, let I. V. C, in 

July, 1861, and served until March, 
1864, when he was discharged on ac- 
count of disability, having lost his left 
arm at Bayou Metoe. Aug. 27, 1863; 
in 1865, he read law with Judge Beck, 
and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
ber of that year ; in the spring of 1866, 
he commenced practice in Chariton, and, 
a year later, pursued a course at the 
Michigan University, graduating in 
1868 ; in 1869, he was elected Repre- 
sentative to the State Legislature, re- 
signed in 1870, and came to Burlington ; 
he was City Solicitor in 1873 and 1874; 
Police Judge in 1875, 1876 and 1877 ; 
in October, 1878, he was elected Judge 
of the First Judicial District, which po- 
sition he now occupies. 

STUTSMAN, S. H., DR.; was 

born in Indiana Oct. 25, 1836 ; his 
parents moved to Lee Co. , Iowa, in 1 842 ; 
after receiving a suitable education, he 
entered the Medical Department of the 
Iowa State University, at Keokuk, Iowa, 
and graduated in 1863 ; immediately 
afterward, he entered the army in the 
45th I. V. I., as Assistant Surgeon, re- 
maining in the service until September, 
1865; then located in the practice of 
medicine in Lucas Co. ; in December, 
1876, the Doctor moved to Burlington, 
where he has since practiced ; he is a 
member @f Des Moines Co. Medical So- 
ciety. In 1860, he married Miss Lizzie 
Mooney ; they have three children — 
Wm., Carl and Lenora. Mr. and Mrs. 
Stutsman are members of the Meth- 
odist Church. 

Sunderland, John, Sr. ; res. 515 Summer. 

SUNOERLAJ^D, NATHAN 
P., Postmaster ; born in Rockville, 
Parke Co., Ind., Dec. 15, 1825; came 
to Burlington in 1848; engaged ingrain 
and milling business here for ten years. 
then in pork-packing business until 
1871 ; he served four years as County 
Supervisor; in 1871, he was appointed 
Postmaster, and has held that position 
ever since. 

JSIJTTER, J,, plow and repair shop, 
Thul; res. 1525 Thul st. ; born in 
Switzerland in 1824; came to Burling- 
ton in 1854 ; worked in Ray & Parker's 
plow-shop; in 1876, started present shop. 
Married Anna Boardman in 1853; she 



was born in Switzerland in 1833; they 
have two children — Anna and Ida. 
Members of the Catholic Church ; Re- 
publican. 

SUTTER, ROBERT, proprietor 
of a saloon cor. of 6th and Jefferson sts., 
was born Nov. 1, 1845, in Switzer- 
land ; came to America, and to Burling- 
ton in January, 1868. Married April 
14, 1870, Christina Dehlinger; they 
have two children — Joseph R. and 
Anna. He is a Republican. 

Swan, J. M., & Co., grocers and druggists' 
sundries, 409 Jefferson. 

Swan, L., lightning-rods and pumps, 716 
Jefferson. 

SWENY, GEORGE, real estate 
and loan agent, also Notary Public, 
conveyancer, etc., was born in Warren 
Co., Ohio, Oct. 28, 1820; he was 
engaged in the drug business at Xenia, 
and for a period of five years was in the 
drug and jewelry business in Kenton, 
Ohio. In 1853, Mr. Swcny came to 
Burlington, where he has been con- 
stantly active and successful in business, 
having been engaged in money loaning 
and real estate transactions ; for several 
years of his residence in Burlington, he 
was interested in the drug trade. Mr. 
Sweny has always been prominently 
identified with every public enterprise 
in the city;' is a Director of the Mer- 
chants' National Bank ; Director and 
Secretary of the Main St. and Prospect 
Hill Street-Railway Co. ; he is also Sec- 
retary of the Burlington & Colorado 
Mining Co. ; the mines of the Company 
are located near Georgetown, Colo. Feb. 
11, 1868, Mr.'S. was married to Mary 
H. Pine, a native of Philadelphia. Mr. 
and Mrs. Sweny are members of the M. 
E. Church ; Mr. Sweny has been a 
member of that denomination since his 
16th year. 

SWENY, MERIT, COI.., of the 
firm of Sweny & Bell, proprietors of 
the Barret House ; born in Warren Co., 
Ohio, Oct. 9, 1827; in 1849, he went 
to California ; he was second in com- 
mand under Kit Carson in the Indian 
campaign in that region ; he was "com- 
missioned Colonel by the Governor of 
California, and held various important 
civil and military positions there ; in 
1851, he returned to Ohio, and en- 



668 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



gaged in mercantile business at Leba- 
non, where he remained until 1859, 
when he removed to Cincinnati and en- 
gaged in the wholesale grocery trade, 
which he continued for about nine years; 
in 18G5, he bought the Spencer House, 
in Cincinnati, and conducted that for 
three years ; he then purchased a half 
interest in the Put-in Bay property, and 
subsequently built the Put-in Bay 
House, which was the largest summer 
hotel west of the AUeghanies, having 
ample accommodations for a thousand 
guests, and which he successfully man- 
aged for nine years ; the house was 
destroyed by fire Aug. 30, 1878 ; Col. 
Sweny still retains his interest in the 
property, and expects to rebuild the 
hotel immediately; in November, 1877, 
Col. Sweny and his son-in-law, J. M. 
Bell, of Toledo, became proprietors of 
the Barret House, of Burlington ; under 
their management no pains or expense 
have been spared to make their hotel 
equal in all respects to any in the State ; 
the house has been entirely remodeled 
with special care to make it cheerful and 
home-like to the traveler ; a passenger 
elevator, propelled by hydraulic power, 
the only one in the State of Iowa, has 
been added to the various other improve- 
ments of this fine hotel ; owing to the 
popularity and enterprise of these gen- 
tlemen, the patronage of the Barret 
House has been very largely increased, 
and they arc now doing a fine business. 

Swendler, A. Gr., lime, cement, etc., 414 
N.Main; res. 617 S. (ith. 

rr^ELL, J. L. ; res. 14U8 S. Boundary. 

Tallant, J. F.; res. 706 Locust. 

Taylor, John, clerk ; res. 522 Court. 

Taylor, M. J.; res. 1503 Division. 

Taylor, M. J. & Co., wholesale dealers in 
tobacco, 210 Market. 

Taylor, Richard, apothecary and druggist, 
212 N. 3d. 

Taylor, S. E., fire and life insurance agent, 
307 Jefferson st.: res. 715 N. 7th. 

Tegler, Fred ; res. 1219 N. 8th. 

Tegler & Mecklinberg, wagon and black- 
smith shop, 1221 N. 8th" 

TEGLER, F., wagon and blacksmith 
shop, 1219 8ih St. ; born in Meck- 
lenburg, Germany, in 1827 ; came to 
Burlington in 1856 ; started present 



business in 1875. Married Louisa Lin- 
hardt in 1852 ; she was born same place 
in Germany in 1827; they have one 
child — Louisa, born in 1854. Mr. T. 
is a Democrat. 

Tell, J. L., police, Louisa st. 

Tell, Wm.,' shoemaker, 1408 S. Boundary. 

Teuscher, Louis, grocer, 900 N. 6th; res. 
850 Franklin. 

THE Bl RI.IXGTON MO- 
TION COMPANY, Burhans 
Patent Merchandise Car, was organized 
in 1878; C. P. Squires, President; M. 
S. Foote, Secretary ; Directors, C. P. 
Squires, M. S. Foote, A. H. Burhans, 
J. G. Foote and H. D Squires. 

Thtil, Charles, basket-maker, 1505 Mt. 
Pleasant. 

Thienes, Jacob, vintager. Sunny Side. 

Thielengerdes, D., cabinet-shop, 1344 Gris- 
wold. 

THE ANES, CHARI.es, ticket 
broker and barber, 115 S. Main st. ; 
born in Madison, Ind., in 1854; came 
to Burlington in 1865. Married Julia 
Keen in 1875 ; they have one child — 
Herbert, born in 1876. Mr. Theanes 
is a member of Sir '' Knights of Macca- 
bees." Democrat. 

THOMAS, S. O., Principal of West 
Hill School; res. on Western av ; was 
the first Principal of the school upon its 
establishment, and held that position 
four years, when his health compelled 
retirement from school work ; resumed 
charge in 1875, and has been constantly 
engaged in teaching since; was born in 
Allegheny, educated in Washington 
Co., Penn., and came to Iowa in 1864. 
Just after casting his ballot for Abraham 
Lincoln, enlisted in the 85th Penn. V, 
I. ; fall of 1861, was transferred to the 
8th Independent N. Y. Battery, Capt. 
Fitch commanding ; was mustered out 
July 4, 1863, on surgeon's certificate of 
disability. Married Nov. 2, 1871, Jessie 
Donnell, a native of Iowa; has two 
children — Frank D. and Stella May. 
Owns city and county property to the 
value of $9,500. 

Thul, Fred., commi-ssion merchant, 116 
Market; res. 714 Spruce. 

Thuleen, N. A., mason, 1203 Valley. 

Tibbies, C. E., sewing machine agent, 405 
Jefferson ; res. 225 5th. 

Tieman, Chas., carpenter, 1107 Ash. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



669 



Tillman, R. J., llev., physician, 1011 S. 
10th. 

TOBIIV, B. J., proprietor of the 
Teedrick House, cor. of 8th and Valley 
sts; he was born June 3, 1854, in 
Waushara Co., Wis.; came to Burling- 
ton 1871. He married, 1876, Ellen 
Leaf; they have two children — Wm. 
and Mary E. Members of St. Patrick's 
Church. 

Toma, Wm., auctioneer, 1237 Stowe. 

Tomlin.son, Wm. E. ; res. 181-1 Ash. 

Torrey, Wm. A., Cashier Ger. Am. Sav. 
Bank ; res. 106 S. 6th. 

Touzalin, A. E., land commissioner C, B. 
& Q. : res. 621 N. 7th. 

TRACY, JOSHUA, HO^., was 
born in Belmont Co., Ohio, on the 12th 
of July, 18-45 ; his parents were among 
the early settlers of Ohio ; his father 
was a farmer, and he remained upon 
the farm until he was 19 years old, 
when he entered Beverly College, Wash- 
ington Co. , Ohio ; later he attended the 
Institute of Prof. Samuel L. Howe, at 
Mt. Pleasant. He came to Iowa in 1846, 
and settled in Burlington in 1850, 
studying law with Hon. M. D. Brown- 
ing, and was admitted to the Burlington 
bar in the fell of 1852. In 1853 he 
was elected City Attorney, and contin- 
ued in that oiEr-e for two years; he was 
elected to the Legislature in 1854, and 
served during the sessions of 1854-55 
and the called session of 1856. In the 
fall of 1858, he was elected District 
Attorney of the First Judicial District of 
Iowa, and was twice re-elected to the 
same office, holding it until the fall of 
1869, when he was appointed District 
Judge, to fill the vacancy caused by the 
resignation of Judge Francis Springer, 
and was elected to the office in 1870 for 
a term of four years, but, owing to the 
meager salary of that office, resigned in 
the spring of 1874 and entered upon 
the practice of his profession. He mar- 
ried in October, 1847, Mrs. Antoinette 
Kinney, nee Stoue, daughter of Col. H. 
A. and Miranda Stone, formerly of Al- 
bany, N.Y., but among the early settlers 
of Iowa. Judge Tracy's son, Samuel 
K., is a partner in his father's office. 

Trainor, A. F. ; res. 246 S. 8th. 

Trau, W. F. ; res. 301 Division. 

Trimble, Archie, carpenter, 1106 S. 15th. 



Troxel Bros., furniture, etc., 316 N. Main. 
Troxel, John H., 551 S. Boundary. 
Troxel, Joseph; res. 915 Warren. 

TRULOCK, THOMAS J., attor 
ney at law ; was born in Scott Co., Ind., 
in May, 1840 ; in 1850, he came to 
Burlington with his father, Samuel 
Minor Trulock, who was afterward killed 
at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., while 
serving in 72d 111. V. I. Mr. Tru- 
lock was admitted to the bar previous to 
1870, and in that year commenced prac- 
tice. He was County Superintendent 
of Schools from 1869 to 1871; was 
Alderman of the 6th Ward for four 
years, and for the last two years has 
been Justice of the Peace. 

Trumpfoller, Henry, carp., 403 S. Pond. 

TSCHOEPE, M., German book- 
store. No. 204 Jefferson st. ; born in 
Prussia, in 1841 ; came to Burlington 
in 1870 ; started present business in 
1876. Married Margaret Balles in 
1866 ; she was born in Milwaukee, 
Wis., in 1846 ; they have four children 
— Lizzie, William, Erwin, Eddie. Mr. 
and Mrs. T. are members of the Ger- 
man M. E. Church. Mr. T. enlisted in 
the 1861, Co. C, 24th Wis. V. I.; he 
was in over one hundred engagements ; 
was mustered out in 1865. Repub- 
lican. 

Tubbesing, Wm., clerk, 241 S. 5th. 

Turner, George ; res. opposite Fair 
Grounds. 

Twiford, A.S.; res. 230 S. 6th. 

Twining, H. M., photographer, 922 N. 3d. 

Tyndall, Thomas; res. 712 N. 5th. 

UHLER & McLAIN, contractors and 
builders, 100 S. 5th. 

Umberger, A. S., carriage-trimmer; res. 
310 Franklin. 

rXLA^O, HEXRY, manufacturer 
and dealer in imported and domestic 
cigars, No. 119 S. Main St.; born in 
Hanover, Germany, in 1845 ; came to 
Burlington in 1866; has since been en- 
gaged in the cigar business. 

rJVTERKIRCHJER, P. F., fur 

nishing undertaker, livery and sale 
stable, at 206, 208 and 210 Washington 
street; he was born Nov. 3, 1826, in 
Munsingen, Kingdom of Wurtemberg; 
came to America, landed in New York 
Nov. 3, 1853; went to Hartford, Conn., 
and thence to Tecumseh, Mich., then 



670 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Burlington ; was elected Alderman from 
the 2d Ward in 1875. Married Oct. 14, 
1855, Phebe Jans; they have eight 
children — Fred. L., Philip A., George 
L., Charles T., Horace G., Emma, Ida. 
Nellie. Democrat. 
Uttry, Frekerick, mfr. boots and shoes, 
302 Jefferson ; res. 708 High. 

YALENTINE, JONEb", agent, res. 
310 S. Gunnison. 

Vance, J. W., clerk, res. 603 Division. 

Vetter. Julius, shoe-shop, 902 N. 6th ; res. 
1215 N. 6th. 

Virgil, A. K., director Conservatory of 
Music. 

VIRCilX, W. T., DR., was born in 
Shelby Co., Ohio, Feb. 17, 1843; in 
1850, with his parents, he came to 
Washington Township, Des Moines Co.; 
after receiving the necessary education 
for ordinary life purposes, he enlisted in 
the army in 1861, with the 1st I. V. I. 
for three months' service, and re-enlisted 
in the 4th I. V. C. ; about one year 
later, he was discharged from that regi- 
ment on account of sickness ; after his 
recovery of health he entered the Mt. 
Pleasant Select School, and at the end 
of the term he commenced the study of 
medicine with Dr. C. Pierson, of Mt. 
Pleasant ; he attended two courses of 
lectures at the Homeopathic Medical 
College of Pennsylvania, where he grad- 
uated in 1867; in April of the same 
year, he located in Burlington and com- 
menced tlie practice of medicine. Dr. 
Virgin has for manv years had the honor 
to be Treasurer of the Hahnemann Med- 
ical Association of Iowa. In 1869, he 
was married to Miss Ella Hickok, and 
has now three children — Maud, Alice 
and William C. Dr. Virgin has been 
unusually successful as a homeopathist, 
and has to-day probably as large a prac- 
tice as any physician of his school in 
the State. 

A'^on Bohren, Frederick, farmer, res. West 
avenue. 

Vorwerk, Benjamin, farmer, 265 S. 10th. 

Vorwerk, Joseph, Sr., far., res. Sunnyside. 

WACHSMUTH, CHARLES, geol- 
ogist; res. Ill S. Marietta. 
Wasner, Charles, 70 1 Summer. 
WAGNER, €I1ARLE!S>, proprie- 
tor of the Valley Street House, 413 and 
415 Valley St.; he was born Jan. 25, 



1823, in Germany; came to America in 
1846, and to Burlinirton in 1848. Oct. 

• 23, 1861, he enlisted in Co. G, 57th 111. 
V. I.; served till July, 1863; was dis- 
charged on account of disability. He 
marriei Oct. 1846, W. Smith; they 
have three children — Caroline, Charles 
and Edward. All members of St. John's* 
Church. 

Wagner, F. L. & C. F., grocers, 501 
Boundary, cor. Vii e. 

Wagner, George, Sr., 704 Summer. 

WAGIVER, JOHN, brewer at the 
City Brewery ; born Nov. 6, 1849, in 
Germany ; came to Burlington Sept. 7, 
1871. Married April 28, 1874, Mary H. 
Wagner; they had one child — John A.; 
Mrs. Jagerdied March 27, 1876 ; second 
marriage, April 14, 1877, to Caroline 
Jager; they had one child — Edward, 
now deceased. Mrs. Wagner is a mem- 
ber of the Lutheran Church ; Demo- 
crat. 

WAHIi, €HARLE|S$, proprietor 
and owner of the Pacific House, 418 
Main St. ; born in Germany Feb. 2, 
1848 ; came to America and to Bur- 
lington Jan. 5, 1869. Married Dec. 
20, 1875; Mary Paule ; she has two 
children by her former husband — ^Chas. 
Paule and Julius Paule. 

Wahrer, M., physician and surgeon, 118 
and 120 Market. 

Waite, J. L., managing editor Hawk- Eye; 
res. 1102 Jefferson. 

Waldhoff, John, meat market, 208 N. 4th. 

Waldin, Charles, jeweler, 315 Jefferson ; 
res. 613 N. 3d. 

Waldin, G. H., jeweler, 216 Jefferson; 
res. 514 N. 3d. 

Waldin, Henry, jeweler, 612 N. 3d. 

WALKENHAUER, CARL; 

owns a vineyard, orchard and vegetable 
garden on the extension of South Main 
street ; he has fourteen and a quarter 
acres, a very nice place, good house, and 
outbuildings; he was born April 19, 
1822, in Germany; came to America 
and to Burlington in 1853. Married 
Jan. 24, 1847, Henrietta Kook ; she 
was born July 8, 1823, in Germany; 
they had two children — Charles C. (the 
oldest died Nov. 5, 1857) and Henry 
C. Mr. and Mrs. Walkenhauer are 
members of the Evangelical Church ; 
he is a Democrat. 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



671 



Walker, Henry, 822 Linden. 

WALKKK, R. €., M. D., Presi 
dent Des Moines County Historical 
Societ}- ; commenced the practice of 
medicine in this county in 1862, having 
attended two courses of medieal lectures 
at the Michigan University ; graduated 
from the medieal department of the 
University in 1864, and immediately 
entered the army as a contract surgeon ; 
was soon commissioned Assistant Sur- 
geon of the 115th U. S. Col. Inf ; 
served until 1866, when he was mus- 
tered out, and located for practice in 
this city ; has been County Physician 
five years of that time, and, on the 20th 
of Nov^ember, 1878, was elected Presi- 
dent of the CouQty Medical Society ; is 
also Commissioner of Insanity for the 
county, and a member of the Board of 
Examiners for United States pensions. 
Is a married man, and owns about $7,000 
worth of city property. 

Wallace, L. S., Rev., Pastor Olivet Church ; 
res. 103 S. 3Iarietta. 

Walton, H. H.; res. 1226 S. 10th. 

Warden, W. H., ins. agent, 3()7j Jefier- 
son ; res. cor. Oak and Amelia. 

Warth, C. G., 837 Court. 

Warth, C. G., & Co., mineral-water factory, 
831 Court; office 108 O^born. 

Washburn, R. M., hats and caps, 207 
Jeifersdn ; res. 217 Elm. 

WATERS, O. p., Secretary of the 
Centennial Mutual Life Association ; 
born in Delaware Co., N. Y., March 23, 
1830 ; came to Iowa in September, 
1848 ; located at Bloomiogton (now 
Muscatine) ; that was his home until 
January, 1874; he then removed to 
Mt. Pleasant, where he remained until 
his removal to . Burlington ; while at 
Muscatine he was engaged in mercantile 
business most of the time; he carried 
on the flouring-mill business there for 
two years, and part of three years he 
he devoted to soliciting life insurance ; 
was in woolen-mills at Mt. Pleasant. 

Weber, Henry, Agency av. 

Weber, Jacob, shoe-shop, 1 200 Locust. 

Weber, John; res. 501 S. 3d. 

Weber, Otto, meat market, 416 Gertrude. 

WEDERTZ, A., blacksmith and 
wagon shop. No. 1800 Mark Lane; born 
in Germany in 1836 ; came to Burling- 
ton in 1860; has since been engaged in 



the wagon and blacksmith business. 
Married Hermena Pratzh in 1863 ; she 
was born in Germany in 1840 ; they 
have nine children — Bertha, Clara, Au- 
gust, Otto, Alexander, Albert, Hedwick, 
Meta, Earnest. Democrat. 

Wedertz, Charles; res. 521 Vine. 

Wedertz, C. F., carriage-maker; res. 521 
Vine. 

Wedertz, Charles, & Co., gen. com. merchs., 
201 S. Main. 

WECirNER, X., saloon-keeper, Osborn 
St.; born in Prussia in 1825; came to 
Burlington in 1853. Married Mary 
Yager in 1850 ; she was born in Prus- 
sia in 1831. Have three children — 
Jacob, John, Clara. Mr. Wegner in- 
tends changing his business to groceries, 
etc. Owns twenty acres of land valued 
at $5,000. Members of the Catholic 
Church. 

WEHMEIER, C. _H., dealer in sta- 
ple and fancy groceries, 409 and 411 
Jefferson st.; also wholesale dealer in 
flour ; born in Prussia ; moved to 
America in 1856, to Burlington in 1857. 
Married in Oct., 1864, Sophia Linck- 
ing ; they have five children — Charles 
P., Christian H., Anna M., Lydia L., 
Ida S. H. Members of the German 
Evangelical Zion Church; Mr. Weh- 
meier is one of its Trustees ; Republican. 

Wehmeier, F. J., 215 S. Wood. 

Wehmeier & Brother, gro., 41 Jeffer^■on. 

Weider, Jacob, Coroner, 510 N. 3d. 

Weider, J. S., agent, 729 N. 8th. 

Weil, Frank, 601 S. Boundary. 

Weil & Hirsch, hides and pelts, 615 Jef- 
ferson. 

Weinrich, Hermann, mfr. of vinegar, 814 
S. 13th. 

Weinrich & Co., mfrs. of vinegar, 115 N. 
Front. 

WERTHMUELIiER, AL- 
FRED, one ot the proprietors of the 
Union Brewery, Mt. Pleasant St., No. 
1307; established 1852. He was born 
Sept. 22, 1835, in (iermany, and came 
to America 1851, to Burlington 1852, 
and, in the spring of 1875, was elected 
Alderman from the 1st Ward He mar- 
ried in 18G4 Charlotte Van Ende ; they 
have two children — Nanny and Dorotha. 
Republican. 

Werthmueller, Geo., druggist, 218 Wash- 
iugton ; res. 1217 N. 9th. 



672 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Wesner, Wm. M.; res. 701 S. 4th. 
Wheeler, Jno. T., job printer, Gazette 

office. 
Whipple, Geo., 258 S. Boundary. 
Whipple & Allen, sewing machine agents, 

319 N. 3d. 
White Bros., stoves and hardware, 318 

Jefferson. 
White, J. W., retired, 913 S. 4th. 
Whiteley, T. C, attorney at law, 9 

Starr House; res. Zenobia, cor. of 

Marshall. 
Whiting, C. H., pianos, organs, etc., 409 

Jefferson ; res. Perkins av., cor. of 

South. 
Whittaker, George; res. 1013 S. 5th. 
Whittaker, James, novelty works, 223 

Angular. 
Wickman, N. P., saloon, 319 N. Front. 
Widick, Samuel G., millwright, 1227 

S. 10th. 
Wigert, C K., apothecary, 213 Jefferson. 
Wightman, W. W., 518 High. 
Wightman & Co., coal, wood, 223 S. 

Main. 
Wigren, Peter, dealer in ice, 1230 N. 6th. 
Wilcox, Franklin, res. Starr av., cor. Spray. 
Wiley, R. F., dealer in ice, 105 N. Main. 
Wilkins, Albert, boots and shoes, 214 Jef- 
ferson ; res. 509 N. 3d. 
Willet, Adam; res. 719 Lewis. 
Willner, B., retired ; res. 303 S. 10th. 
Willner, Chas., attorney, 302 N. Main ; 

res. 303 S. 10th. 
Wilson I. P., surgeon and dentist, 317 

N. 4th. 
Winter, Danl., 852 O.sborn. 
Winter, D , & Co., planing-mill, 815 Os- 
* born. 
Wissner, John, carpenter; res. 123 N. 

Pond. 

• WOELLHAF, HENRY, whole 

sale and retail bakery, 121 S. Main 
St. ; born in Wurcemberg, Germany, in 
1834; came to Burlington in 1854; 
since been engaged in the bakery bus- 
iness. Married Augusta Brach in 1874; 
she was born in Prussia, 1851 ; Mr. W. 
has six children by former marriage — 
Henry, Chas., Louisa, John, Albert and 
Bismarck ; has two children by present 
wife — Clara and Frank. Mr. W. is a 
member of the Druids' Society, and of 
the A. 0. U. W. ; holds the office of 
Reciever in the latter. Members of the 
Lutheran Church : Democrat. 



Woellhaff & Mason, merchant tailors, 218 
N. Main. 

Woepkin, Henry, lab.; res. 1014 N. 10th. 

WOEPKINIi}, WM., of the firm of 
Jorden & Woepking, hardware and tin- 
ware. No. 1200 N. Oak st. ; born in 
Germany in 1851 ; came to Burlington 
in 1857 ; started in present business in 
1874. Married Christine Wolbrand in 
1876 ; she was born in Burlington in 
1853. Members of the German Evan- 
gelical Church ; Republican. 

Wolbers, Fred; res. 314 S. 6th. 

WOL,F, R., & ITA, wholesale man- 
ufacturers oi' furniture, on Osborn st. 

Wolf & Lorenz, manufacturers of cigars, 
215 N. Main. 

Wolverton, William, 1712 Ripley. 

W^oodhead, Thos. ; res. 613 Warren. 

WOOOWARD, W. E., Justice 
of the Peace; born May 14, 1820, in 
Essex Co., N. Y.; moved to Iowa in 
1845, and to Burlington in 1848, and 
followed his trade of printer until 1852, 
when he bought an interest in the Ga- 
zette^ and was foreman of the printing 
department ; in 1854, he sold his inter- 
est in the Gazette, and took the position 
of foreman on the Hawk- Eye ; served 
in that capacity for twelve years, then, 
in 1866, was appointed Agent for the 
Mervjihauts' Union Express Co. ; served 
there till 1868; that year was elected 
Alderman from the 6th Ward, served 
one term, then commenced work at his 
trade; in 1877, was elected to fill va- 
cancy as Mayor, and, in the fall of 1878, 
was elected to the office he now holds — 
Justice of the Peace. He married, in 
1840, Jane Frazier, who died in 1846, 
and Mr. Woodward married, the second 
time, Mary E. Buchannan, in 1851, 
and they have one child — James R. 

Wortman, L. E., Prof Collegiate Insti- 
tute. 

WRIGHT, E. G., attorney and deal- 
er in real estate ; was born near Dodge- 
ville, Des Moines Co., Feb. 1, 1842; in 
1865, he came to Burlington, having 
graduated at the law school in Albany, 
N. Y., and had been admitted to the bar ; 
he was City Attorney in 1868. 

WYMAN, J. H., wholesale and re- 
tail dealer in carpets, wall paper and 
curtains; born in Lancaster, Mass.; 
came to Burlington in 1852 ; he has 



BURLINGTON CITY. 



673 



been in tlie carpet business ever since 
he came here ; he was with the old firm 
of J. S. Kimball & Co., who established 
the business here in 1837 ; Mr. Wyman 
has been engaged in the jobbing trade 
since 1863 ; present business established 
in 1869 ; his sales are principally in Iowa, 
Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Minnesota 
and Kansas ; annual sales are about 
$75,000. 

ALEY, G. W. ; res. 1318 South. 



T 



YA(t}KR, J. p., proprietor of Com- 
mercial Hotel, No. 109 Front st. ; born 
in Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1838 ; came 
to Burlinjiton in 1850, and engaged in 
the grocery business ; started in the 
hotel business in 1868 ; in 1876, was 
burned out, but rebuilt immediately, and 
has since continued in the business. 
Married Annie Steffins in 1860 ; she 
was born in Jefferson Co., Ind., in 1836; 
died in 1873; has two children — Chas. A. 
and William C. ; married Dora Bowman 
in 1874 ; she was born in Baltimore, 
Md., in 1842 ; died in 1878. Mr. Y. 
belongs to the Druids' Association. 
Democrat. 

Yanaway, Chas., contractor; res. 115 S. 
Gunnison. 

Yanaway, Jacob, contractor; res. 155 S. 
Gunnison. 

Yearick, S. W., physician and surgeon, cor. 
cor. 5th and Jefferson; res. 1 103 Pleasant. 

Young, N. S., contractor ; res. 700 Spruce. 

ZKIDLER, JOHN G., carpenter, 723 
Wightman. 

ZAINER, HEl^RY, dealer in dry 
goods and groceries, 1021 8th st; born 
Feb. 1, 1829, in Europe; came to 
America 1853, to Burlington, October, 
1859. Married January, 1856, Mary 
Burg; they have ten children — John 
A., Wm. H., Gus. C, Lewis, Amelia, 
Fannie, Edward, Anna K. and Emma 
M. (twins), and Henry O. 

Zellar, F. W., saloon, 601 S. Main. 



Zellnr, George, saloon, 512 Division. 

ZERBER, E., proprietor of Eureka 
saloon. 111 S. Main St.; born in 
Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1845 ; came to 
Burlington in 1849 ; started present 
business in 1871. Married Eliza Ster- 
ling in 1875 ; she was born in Burling- 
ton in 1855 ; they have two children — 
William and Henry. Mr. Zerber is a 
member of Sir Knights of Maccabee. 
Enlisted in the spring of 1864, in Co. 
H, 48th Iowa Regiment ; mustered out 
in the fall of same year. Republican. 

ZIEGELMUl^LER, L.., dealer in 
groceries; keeps provisions, feed and 
flour, beer garden and saloon, 1507 
Mt. Pleasant st. ; he was born Aug. 22, 
1821, in Bavaria, Germany; came to 
America Sept. 15, 1846 ; lived in Ken- 
tucky for two years, and Aug. 1, 1848, 
arrived in Burlington ; he was elected 
Alderman from the 1st Ward, and served 
in that capacity for eight years; snd 
has been elected Township Trustee and 
served two terms. Married Sept. 11, 
1843, Julia A. Wagner ; she was born in 
Bavaria, Germany, Jan. 19, 1820; they 
have two children living — Margaret V., 
born April 3, 1854 ; and Caroline A., born 
June 17,1857. Members of St. John's 
Church ; Democrat. 

ZIMMERMAXN, J., Pastor of the 
German Evangelical Zion Church, lo- 
cated on 5th street, between Washington 
and Columbia sts. ; he was born Aug. 
20, 1826, in Switzerland; came to 
America in 1853, and located in Free- 
port, 111. Finished his education, and 
was ordained to the profession of the 
ministry before he left his native coun- 
try, and he commenced his labors on his 
arrival at his adopted home ; in June, 
1864, he moved to Burlington. He 
married Nov. 12,1 854, Magdalena Auer ; 
they have four children — John A., 
William C, Albert E. and Martin F. 
He is a Republican. 



674 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 

(P. 0. bvulixgton.) 



\ NDERSON, JOHN A., far., S. 30. 
EHNE, AUG., far., S. 20. 



B' 



Behne, August, Jr., far., S. 20. 
Bicklin, C, H., far., S. 20. 
Buckhauser, F., far., S. 30. 
Brandmeier, C. D., far., S. 5. 
Brader, Casper, far., S. 18. 
Brucker, James, Jr., far., S. 18. 
Behme, Wm., far., S. 30. 
Brucker, J., far., S. 20. 

DIESELHORST, C, far., S. 18. 
Davis, A. G., far., S. 21. 

Dieselhorst, Daniel, far., S. 6. 

Dierecks, Henry, far., S. 7. 

D I E R C K S, J. F., flirmer, Sec- 
tion 18; born in Prussia in 1827; 
came to Des MoineS Co. in 1846. 
Married Miss W. Meier, in 1853; she 
was born in Prussia in 1829; have 
seven children — Henry, Wilhelmina, 
Dina, Harmon, Beckey, William, Ma- 
tilda. Mr. D. owns ninety-four acres of 
land, valued at $75 per acre. Members 
of the Lutheran Church. Mr. D. was 
Koad Supervisor one year. Democrat. 

Davis, Alex., far., S. 19. 

Doran, Fenton, far., S. 29. 

Davis, John A., far., S. 19. 

Dahner, Gebhart. far., S. 19. 

TT^RTSINGER, GEORGE, far., S. 16. 

EVERSMANN, H., farmer, Sec. 20 ; 
born in Burlington in 1843. Married 
Annie Kestner inl865 ; she was born in 
Bavaria in 1842 ; they have five chil- 
dren — Pauline, William, John, Jacob 
and Mary. Mr. E. owns 400 acres of 
land, valued at $20 per acre; has held 
the offices of School Director, Road 
Supervisor, and is Secretary of School 
Board. Members of the Catholic Church ; 
Liberal. 

Eversman, Henry, far., S. 21. 

Eads, Henry W., far., S. 3. 

Eads, C. F., far., S. 3. 

TpANNING, F. C, far., S. 5. 

ERITZ, D., farmer. Sec. 30 ; born 
in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1823 ; 
came to Des Moines County in 



1850, has since been farming. Mar- 
ried Mary A. Saltser in 1840 ; she 
was born in Wurtemberg also ; they 
have six children — John J., Mary A., 
Christina, Katherine, Daniel S., Maggie 
K. Mr. Fritz owns 80 i acres of land, 
valued at $6,000. Has held the office 
of Road Supervisor two years ; School 
Treasurer, eight years. Members of 
the M. E. Church ; Democrat. 

EUNK, G. H., farmer. Sec. 20; 
born in Des Moines Co., in 1838. Mar- 
ried Katherine Fengel in 1868; she 
was born in Des Moines Co. in 1846; 
have five children — John A., Walter 
B., George H. A., Irvin M., Oscar C. 
A. Owns 155 acres of land, valued at 
$90 per acre. Democrat. 

r^ lESELMAN, ANDREW, S. 29. 

GrAlVTZ, H., market gardener, Sec. 
30 ; born in Burlington in 1847. Mar- 
ried Mary Matlinder in 1870, also a na- 
tive of Burlington, born 1854; have 
four children — Lita, Bertha, Eddie and 
Joseph ; owns ten acres of land, valued 
at $4,000. During the late war, Mr. 
Gantz belonged to the Sappers and 
Miners. Members of the Catholic 
Church; Liberal. 

Ganz, J. and H., fars., S. 19. 

ILLEARY, ALEX., far., S. 30. 



H' 



Heleher, Henry, far., S. 20. 

Hippe, John F., far., S. 29. 

Huffman, Jessie, far., S. 4. 

HUNTER, W., far., S. 7, born in 
Ireland in 1812; came to Des Moines 
in 1839; since been engaged in farm- 
ing. Married Rebecca Givean in 1838 ; 
.she was born in L-eland in 1819 ; they 
have six children ; Martha, Bessie, Re- 
becca, Catherine, Jane and William. 
Mr. Hunter owns seventy-one acres of 
land valued at $50 per acre. Has held 
the offices of Road Supervisor and School 
Director. 

Heckenberg, F., far., S. 17. 

"TONES, W. B., far., S. 18. 

TT^ROCKEL, JACOB, for., S. 32. 



BURLINGTON TOWNSHIP. 



675 



Kautz, John E., far., S. 20. 
Kunz, William, far., S. 20. 
Kvoeger, Fred., far., S. 8. 
Koestner, George E., far., S. 16. 
Kalchdaler, Jacob, far., S. 7. 
Kuterer, Antone, far., S. 7. 
Kroegpr, F., far., S. 5. 

IJTH, HENRY, far., S. 6. 



L' 

M 



YER, JOHN F.,far., S. 19. 



McAllister, D. C, far., S. 5. 
Miller, George, far., S. 17. 
McAllister, James, far., S. 3. 
Mibahn, G., far., S. 7. 
ATEALLY, G. C, far., S. 20. 

Ncally, Georce, far., S. 20. 
Neally, Joseph B., far., S. 17. 
.TTO, GEORGE, far., S. 20. 



O' 



Ort, Charles, far., S. 16. 

Ost, Frank, jail guard, Burlington. 

►ATTERSON, JOHN, far.. Sec. 31. 



P 



PATTERSON, JOHN. 

Pickup, Richard, far., S. 5. 

Pickup, Joseph, far., S. 5. 

Pickup, Ed., far., Sec. 8. 

T3 ASCOMB, HENRY, far., S. 19. 

Reese, Christian, far., S. 9. 
Rincker, John, Sec. 19. 
OOWERWEIN, v., far., S. 30. 

Sowerwein, George, farmer, S. 7. 
Stelter, Henry, far., S. 6. 
Steingraber, Charles, far., S. 18. 
Stefany, M., far., S. 19. 
Steingraber, C. R., far., S. 16. 
Sater, M J., far., S. 14. 

ALBERT, W. J., far., S. 29. 



T 



TROIBL.E, H., farmer. Sec. 6; 
born in Pendleton Co., Va., in 1822. 
Married Mary Walker in 1848 ; 
she was born in Randolph Co., Va., 
in 1822; they have six children — 
George, Isabel, John, Samuel, Noah and 



Mary A. Mr. Trimble owns 1(55 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre ; was 
School Treasurer one year ; Road Su- 
pervisor one year. Democrat. 

Thayer, C. D., far., S. 17. 

Thomas C. and E., fars., S. 19. 

Timmerman, C, far, S. 5. 

TTTALKER, PERRY, far., S. 4. 

WAI.I>IX,A.,far.,S.7; born in Ger- 
many in 1822 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1864; since been engaged in farming. 
Married Johanna Pilling in 1849; she 
was born in Germany in 1 829 ; they 
have four children — Olga, Paul, Ren- 
hardt and Walden. Mr. W. was in the 
Prussiau army seventeen years. Owns 
160 acres of land, valued at $3,600. 
Members of the Lutheran Church ; Re- 
publican. 

WALKER, S. M., far., Sec._ 4 ; born 
in Des Moines Co. in 1841. Married Eliza- 
beth 0. McAllister in 1871 ; she was born 
in Des Moines Co. in 1851; they have 
oqe child — Martin S., born in Summit 
Co., Col, in 1872. In 1863, Mr. W^alker 
went to Colorado ; engaged in mining ; 
returned in 1878, and purchased present 
farm, consisting of 160 acres of land, 
valued at $50 per acre. 

Wehmer, Henry, farmer, S. 21. 

W^inklemire, C, far., S. 2. 

Walker, John, far., S. 9. 

Walker, James, far., S. 3. 

Walker, Eber E., far., Sec. 5. 

Walder, Charley, far., S. 6. 

Walker, Silas, far., S. 9. 

W^ilde, Chris. E., far., S. 8. 

Wykert, N., far., S. 18. 

Warth, Gotlieb, far., S. 17. 

Wykert, Theo., far., S. 18. 

Wykert, Thomas, far., S. 20. 

Weis, G. M. &F. C, fars., S. 20. 

Wambsganz, J., far., S. 20. 

Waldin, A. H., far., S. 7. 

rVART, F. J., far., S. 17. 

Zimmerman, H.,far., S. 19. 
Zaiss, C, far., S. 7. 



676 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 



ABLE, C, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 
Allen, Robert, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dodge- 

ville. 
Alexander, J., carp., S. — ; P. 0. Dodge- 

ville. 
Archer, R., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Latty. 
Arel, P., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Sperry. 
Arnold, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

BACKENBURG, P., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 
O. Dodgeville. 

BACKER, _M., wine-maker, S. 17; 
P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 
1820 ; came to Des Muiues Co. in 1856. 
Married Mary Brow in 18-42 ; she was 
born in Germany in 1822, and died in 
1874 ; has five children — Christina, 
Jonas, Philip, Siernon, Freeman. Mr. 
Bacher is a member of the Lutheran 
Church; in politics, Liberal. 

Ballard, L. D., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Ballard, S., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. 

BARCLAY, J., DR., Dodgeville ; 
born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 
1836; in 1859, commenced the study 
of medicine, under Dr. R. Brown, at 
Greensburgh, Penn. ; attended lectures 
at the Jeiferson Medical College, at 
Philadelphia; graduated in 1861 ; com- 
menced practice in partnership with Dr. 
Brown; was with him until 1862, then 
came to Dodgeville, where he has since 
enjoyed a large practice and good suc- 
cess. The Doctor is a Mason of twenty 
years' standing ; strong Republican. 

Barton, J., far., Sec. 3-4; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Beckman, C, f\»r., S. 9 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Beckman, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge-* 
ville. 

Beckman, Theo.,far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Beckman, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Beers, J., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Benkcrt, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

BEXNAG E, A. tJ., farmer. Sec. 34 ; 
P. 0. Franklin Mills ; born in Union 
Co., Penn., in 1818; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1870 ; since been engaged 
in forming. Married Miss Catherine 
Miller; slie was born in Germany in 



1827 ; they have two children — Susan 
and John ; owns 98^ acres of land, val- 
ued at $5,000. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Mr. B. is a strong Repub- 
lican. 

Bergsten, shoemaker, Sperry. 

Berry, W. C, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Blake, W. E., far., S. 12; P. O. Sperry. 

Bloom, J. C, for., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Bormaster, E., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Bormaster, F. & E., farmers. Sec. 11 ; P. 
O. Sperry. 

Borse, F., for.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Brewer, H., Jr., farmer, S. 24; P. 0. 
Dodgeville. 

Burrus, T. F., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

Burscher, H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

CALLOWAY, A., farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. 0. Sperry. 

Carrigan, C, far., S. 26; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Chappel, R., clerk, Dodgeville. 

Christenson, N., farmer., S. 31 ; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

Clark, C, far.. S. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

CLARK, WM., farmer, S. 12; P. 0. 
Sperry; born in Highland Co., Ohio, in 
1814; came to Des Moines Co. in 1839, 
and has since been engaged in farming. 
Married Mary J. Umphreys in 1834; 
she was born in Bourbon Co., Ky., in 
1819; they have eight children — Cyn- 
thia A., Nancy J., David U., Mary E., 
Sarah M., Nathaniel W., Martha E., 
John F. Mr. Clark owns 210 acres of 
land, valued at $50 per acre. Members 
of the Christian Church ; Greenbacker. 

Cockayne, IL, fir., S. 13; P. O. Sperry. 

Cros.s, D., for., S. 4 ; P. O. Sperry. 

Cross, J., for., S. 9; P. 0. Sperry. 

Crawford, D., farmer, S. 3 ; P. O. Dodge- 
ville. 

EEN, S., far., S. 13; P. 0. Sperry. 



D 



DEEN, GEO., farmer, S. 13; P. 0. 
Sperry ; born in Upshur Co., Va., in 
1824 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1845; 
remained here one year; returned to 
Virginia and remained until 1854, when 
he located permanently in Des Moines 
Co., and has since engaged in farming. 



FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 



677 



Married Miss D. Foster in 1848; she 
was born in Virginia in 1830 ; has eight 
children — Jacob, Judy A., Mary S., 
Dan. W., G-eorge W., Lafayette, Matilda, 
Kittie. Mr. D. owns 278 acres of land, 
valued at S25 per acre. Democrat. 

Deen,* W. L.. merchant, Sperry. 

Deppernian, F., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Downer. H., saloon-keeper, Dodgeville. 

Downer, J. B., carpenter, Sperry. 

Dreckmire, C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Dunn, Z. F., far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Sperry. 

I PARLEY, H., farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. 
' Burlington. 
Feldmaii, J., ftirmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. Frank- 

Un Mills. 
Fenk, Wm., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

QARGAN, H., former. Sec. 33; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

CJARREIiS, JOSEPH, was bom 
in Hanover, Germany, in 1856; has 
worked on his father's farm until 1877 ; 
then he commen' ed farming for him- 
self. In politics he is a Greenbacker. 

O ARRELS, W., far., S. 8 ; p. 0. 
Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 1820 ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1876; has 
been farming since. Married Sarah 
VVerden in 1856; she was born in Ger- 
many in 1823; has four children — Joe, 
Albert, Williard, Harm. ; they have one 
child by adoption — Annie. Owns sev- 
enty-five acres of land, valued at $25 
per acre. Members of the Lutheran 
Church ; Greenbacker. 

Gerke, A., wagon-maker, Dodgeville. 

Geriinger, C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Grannaman, H., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Dodge- 
ville. 

HAMMIN, J., far., S. 1; P. 0. 
Sperry. 

Hannum, T. E. & W. J., fars., S. 1 ; P. 
O. Sperry. 

Harmer, D. G., far. S. 30; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Harris, M. C, far., S. 35 ; P. O. Franklin 
Mills. 

Hartzell, A., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Haynes, G., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Heitmein, H., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Hess, H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

He.ss, W., far., S. 31; P. O. Burliugton. 

Hill, F., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Hill, J., far., S. 12; P. O. Sperry. 

Hill, L., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Sperrv. 



HIXSOX, GEO. W., far.. Sec. 10; 

P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines 
Co., in 1852. Married Miss Kate 
Neley in 1873 ; she was born in Des 
Moines Co. in 1854. In politics, Mr. 
Hixson is a Republican. 

Hixson J., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Housman, A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hucke, C, fiir., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Huston, Geo., far.. Sec. 26; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Huston. U., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

JACKSON, E., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
Sperry. 

JACKSON, E. F., far.. Sec. 26; 
P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. 
in 1849. 'Married Mary Allen in 1870; 
she was born in Des Moines Co. in 
1849 ; they have three children — Net- 
tie, Jessie and Mattie. Members of the 
Baptist Chua'ch. Mr. Jackson has held 
the office of Township Assessor two 
terms and Township Clerk two terms. 
Republican. 

Jackson, J., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Jackson, G., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Jackson, W., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. 

Johansimiror, C, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
Dodgeville. 

Johnson, F., far.. Sec. 19; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Jones, E., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Jones, J., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Sperry. 

KASSING, H., far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. 
Sperry. 

Kassing, S. ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Kline, A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

KlilNE, C. B. ; P. 0. Dodg.ville ; 
first son of Jacob and Mary Kline ; was 
born in Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1836; 
came to Iowa in 1844 ; lost his left arm 
by a threshing machine in 1850; after 
leaving school, he spent one year as 
traveling daguerrean artist ; subse- 
quently, he engaged in farming ; in 
1858, he started for the mountains, re- 
turned after a short absence ; in 1859, 
he with four others went to the moun- 
tains, engaged in exploring, cattle-deal- 
ing, etc. ; in 1863, he held the position 
of policeman in the city of Denver, 
Colo. ; afterward was engaged in trans- 
portation and grocery business ; he has 
crossed the plains altogether eight times ; 
is now settled in good circumstances at 

4 



678 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Dodgeville, engaged in mercantile, hotel 
and fanning business. In Feb. 1864, 
he married Lavin:i Jackson ; has had 
five children, ail now living. Mr. K. is 
a gentleman of culture and refinement. 

Kline, J., fiir., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Kline, S., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Kolbe. J., blacksmith, Dodgeville. 

KOPP, J. .11., HON., S. 28 ; P. 0. 
Dodgeville ; born in Wurtemberg, Ger- 
many, in 1836 ; in 1846 came to Wash- 
ington Co., Wis. ; engaged in farming 
until 1866 ; then he removed to this 
county, and has since engaged in farming. 
In 1860, he married Miss Mary Wag- 
ner ; she was born in Darmstadt, Ger- 
many, in 1838 ; they have six children 
— Charles, William, John, Edward, 
Annie and Lizzie. In 1877, Mr. Kopp 
was elected Representative for the Bur- 
lington District ; has held all the town- 
ship offices, and enjoys the full confi- 
dence of the people. Mr. K. owns 
130 acres of land valued at $55 per 
acre. Enlisted in 1863 in Co. I, 45th 
Regular Volunteers ; was in the battle 
of Nashville and several others ; mus- 
tered out in 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Kopp 
are members of the M. E. Church ; 
Mr. K. is a Republican. 

Korff", A., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Korff, H., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dod-eville. 

Kroeger, H.,far., S. 27; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville, 
LOGAN, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Logan, R., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Logan, Wm., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Loux, H., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Lowe, J. D., wagon-maker; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Lowe, Robt., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Lines, A., f\ir., S. 15 ; P. O. Dodtreville. 

Lines, J. R., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dodoeville. 

Lines, N., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Lutz, N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Franklin Mills. 

MoCALLON, D., Sr., for., S. 27; 
P. O. Dodgeville. 
McCarty, W., far., S. 25; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 
McCULLOtlGH, J., farmer. Sec. 
23 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Coshoc- 
ton Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1854, and has since been 
engaged in farming. Married Emma 



S. 9 



0. Dodge- 
O. Dodge- 
P. 0. 



Gregory in 1864 ; she was born in Des 
Moines Co., Iowa, in 1846. Members 
of the Baptist Church. Mr. M. has 
held several township offices ; owns 222 
acres of land valued at $50 per acre. 
He is a stanch Republican. 

McDonald, Jno., far., S. 4 ; P. 
ville. 

McDonald, J., far., S. 4 ; P. 
ville. 

McDonald, J., Jr., far., 
Dodgeville. 

McDonald, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

McLaughlin, C, for., S. 22 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Marshall, B. M., for., Sec. 35; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

Marshall, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Miller, C, far.. Sec. 17; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Miller, L. D., far., Sec. 22; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Miller, L. M., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Moore, J. B., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Dodgeville. 

Mumme, J. A., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Murphy, J., for.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Myer, W., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Myers, S., far.. Sec. 13; P. O. Sperry. 

NEYHART, A., for., Sec. 8 ; P. 
0. Dodgeville; born in lAizerne Co., 
Penn., in 1808 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1857 : farming since. Married Catha- 
rine Smith in 1856 ; she was born in 
Luzerne Co., also ; they have one child 
— Andrew ; Mr. N. has eight children 
by a former marriage — Sylvester, Silas, 
John, Washington, Phineas, Joseph, 
Mary A., Sallie A..; owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $50 per acre. Members 
of Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. 

Newcomb, Wm. S., for., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. 
Sperry. 

Neyhart, Jno., far., Sec. 9; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

OGE. F., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Oleander, 0., for., S. 12 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Orndorff", F., miller, Franklin Mills. 

Orr, P., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Osborn, H., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

PING, B. G., for., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
Sperry. 



FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 



679 



PENNY, T. J., REV., Sec. 2; 

P. O. Sperrj ; born in Westmoreland 
Co., Perm., in 1827 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1844 ; returned to Penn- 
sylvania in 1852 ; came again to this 
county in 1870. MarriedMartha E. 
Weaver in 1856 ; she was born in 
Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1835 ; 
they have four children — Mattie R., 
John W., Lucy, Thomas C; Mr. Pecny 
owns ninety acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre ; Republican. 

Ping, M., far.. Sec. 1 ; P, 0. Sperry. 

Pitchard, Jno., lab., Sperry. 

RATCLIFF, T., far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 

REED, S., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Sperry; 
born in Indiana Co., Penn., in 1824 ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1855; 
has farmed since. Married Sarah 
Blake in 1848; she was born in Indiana 
Co., Penn., in 1825 ; they have nine 
children ; the living are Lydia (now 
Mrs. Galino), John, Mattie, William, 
Susan (now Mrs. Shurts), Elizabeth 
and Joseph S.; Mary J. died in 1854, 
and an infant unnamed. Mr. Reed en- 
listed in 1862, in Co. G, 39th I. V. I.; 
was in several battles ; mustered out in 
1865 ; owns fifty acres of land, valued at 
$25 per acre. Republican. 

REIF, P., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville; born in Pike Co., Ohio, in 1840; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1851. Mar- 
ried Henrietta Winters in 1866 ; she 
was burn in Germany in 1849; has two 
children — Minnie and Edward. Mr. 
R. owns seventy acres of land, valued at 
S40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. R. are 
members of the M. E. Church. Mr. 
R. enlisted in 1865, in the 17th I. V. 
I. ; was in sevei'al battles ; mustered out 
in 1865. Republican. 

REIF, WM., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 1853. 
Married Miss Kate Wagner in 1878 ; 
she was born in Germany in 1854 ; they 
liave one child — Mary, born 1878. Mr. 
R. owns seventy-six acres of land, valued 
at $40 per acre. Mr. and Mrs. Reif are 
members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. R. 
is a Republican. 

RIEPE, H., Sr., far., S. 17; P. 0. 
Sperry; born in Prussia in 1818 ; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1855 ; has farmed 
since. Married Rosena Smith in 1863; 



she was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, 
in 1831 Mr. Riepe has fuur children 
by a former marriage — Fred., John H., 
Harmon and Wm. ; by present marriage 
fipe — Lydia, Caroline, Mary, Annie and 
August. Mr. R. owns 100 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre; has held 
the oflBces of Township Trustee, Road 
Supervisor and School Director. Mem- 
bers of the Lutheran Church; Demo- 
crat. 

Rife, Geo., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Riffle, G. W., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Robbins, J., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Robbins, R. G., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Robinson, D., blacksmith, Dodgeville. 

Rundorff", A., far., S. 32 ; P. 6. Burling- 
ton. 

QCHELB, H., far., S. 33; P. 0. Dodge- 

O ville. 

Schlater, H.,far.,S. 33; P.O. Burlington 

SCHNITTGER, F., far., S. 32 ; P. 
0. Dodgeville ; born in Prussia in 1825 ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1849. Mar- 
ried Miss F. Nagel in 1 847 ; she was 
born in Prussia in 1825 ; they have six 
children — Dorotha, Caroline, Minnie, 
Emma, Theodore and Harmon. Mr. S. 
owns 110 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre; enlisted in 1861 in the 57th 
111. V. I. ; mustered out in 1862 ; re- 
enlisted in 1863 in the 8th Iowa V. C; 
was in the battles of Shiloh, Ft. Donel- 
son, etc., etc.; Mr. S. was in about one 
hundred engagements, taken prisoner 
and confined in prison seven months ; 
mustered out in 1865. Members of the 
Lutheran Evangelical Church ; Demo- 
crat. 

Schraeder, C, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

SCHRAEDER, WM., far., S. 19; 

P. 0. Dodgeville ; born in Germany in 
] 835 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1850 ; 
has engaged in farming since. Married 
Louisa Rascha in 1862 ; she was born 
in Germany in 1843 ; they have eight 
children — Lena, Louisa, Annie, Matilda, 
Charles, William, p]mma and Frederick. 
Mr. S. owns 99 acres of land, valued at 
$50 per acre ; has held the office of 
School Director four years, Road Super- 
visor one year. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Democrat. 



680 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



Schwartz, Henry, far., S. 34; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Schwartz, J., for.. Sec. 19; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Segtemire, H., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

Shuck, Wm., for., Sec. 4; P. 0. Sperry. 

Sulerman, F., for.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Slaven, J., for.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Smith, T.. for., S. 21 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

SOMMERVIL.I.E, WM. M., 
former. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dodgeville ; born 
in Greencastle, Penn.. in 1804; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1847, where he 
has since engaged in forming (except 
for four years, when he kept store in 
Dodgeville). Married Temperance 
Bond in 1831 ; she was born in Tyler 
Co., W. Va., in 1807 ; have had seven 
cliildren ; the living are Helen M., 
Sophronia, Almarine, Ada, Catherine 
W. ; Palermo died in 1855, and Frances 
in 1838; Mr. Sommerville's grandson, 
Jesse S. Elting, lives with him ; two of 
his daughters are married — Helen, now 
Mrs. Churchman, and Ada, now Mrs. 
Elting. Mr. S. has held the ofl&ce of 
Justice of the Peace one term ; owns 
132 acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre ; part of his land is divided into 
twenty-three town lots. During Mr. 
Sommerville's life he has been taxed to 
build four court houses, and he hopes, 
when his time comes to die, " he may 
go where court houses and lawyers are 
unknown." Is a Democrat of fifty years' 
standing. 

Sperry, J. M., groceries, Sperry. 

Strothman, H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Stout, A. J., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Sutcliff, n. & J., fors.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

THIF, H., for., Sec. 27; P. O. Dodge. 
ville. 

THOM AJ!i, A., former, S. 5; P. 0. 
Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines Co. in 
1855. Married HattieSutcliffe in 1878 ; 
she was born in Des Moines Co. in 
1860. Mr. T. is a Republican. 

Thomas, David, far., Sec. 5; P. O. Dodge- 
ville. 

THOMAS, JOHN, former. Sec. 8 ; 
P. O. Dodgeville ; born in Des Moines 



Co. in 1846. Married Amelia Talbott 
in 1876 ; she was born in Des Moines 
Co. in 1850 ; they have two ehildnii — 
Edward E. and David F. Mr. Thomas 
owns 110 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Mr. T. is a Republican. 

Thomas, S., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Tome, D., for.. S. 31 j P. 0. Burlin-ton. 

True, E., for., S. 30; P. O. Dodgeville. 

VANDEMARK, P., former. Sec. 8; 
P. 0. Dod-eville. 

VAIVDEMARK, E., former. Sec. 
21; P. U. Dodgeville ; born in Luzerne 
Co., Penn., in 1814; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1859 ; has farmed since. 
Married Margaret Bellis in 1839 ; she 
was born in Luzerne Co., also ; have 
eleven children — Melinda, Zura, Ellen, 
Philip, Sarah, Adam, Maria, Geo. P., 
Maggie, Kate, Elijah. Mr. T. owns 
130 acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre ; held the office of Road Super- 
visor seven years. Members of the M. 
E. Church ; Democrat. 

Vandemark, Z., for., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

VOLIiMER, H., far., S. 17; P.O. 
Dodgeville; born in Pru.ssia in 1833; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1855. Mar- 
ried Christina Hoffman in 1855 ; she 
was born in Prussia in 1 833 ; have four 
children — Louisa, Henry, William and 
Harmon. Members of the Lutheran 
Church. Owns 74 acres of land, valued 
at 20 per acre. Liberal 

Vollmer, H., Jr., far., S.25 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 

WAGNKR, L., far., S. 34; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

Wagner, W.. far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Warren, E., far., S. 34 ; P.O.Franklin 
Mills. 

Wassom, J., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Wehogc, H., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Welch, P., far., S. 31; P. 0. Burlington. 

WENZEL, KARL, former and 
wine-maker, S. 30 ; P. O. Latty ; born 
in Lobenstein, Austria, in 1821 ; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1873. Mar- 
ried Treasa Bronche in 1847 ; she was 
born in German Lebaugh, Austria, in 
1832 ; they have two children — Charles 
and Eva. Owns 200 acres of land. Mr. 
W. was in the Austrian army five years ; 
he has an extensive vineyard, and 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



681 



makes a superior quality of wine. Re- 
publican. 

Wilkenson, J.,far.,S. 18; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Wilson, W. S., far., S. 7; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Wirt, A. M., fir., S. 29 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Witmerliaus, D., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lino;toa. 



Wrio-ht, J., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dodfreville. 

YOUNG, H., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Dodge- 
ville. 
Young, P., blacksmith, Sperry. 
rVION, J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dodgeville. 

Zurraullen, John, far., S. 28; P. 0. 
Dodgeville. 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



P. 0. 



P. 0. 



P.O. 



A NDERSON, A., far., S. 29 ; 
J~\ Burlington. 

Anderson, Chas. J., far., Sec. 15; 
Burlington. 

Anderson, Chas. A., far.. Sec. 29 ; 
Burlington. 

Avery, H. J., laborer. 

AVERY, HEXRY, fruit-grower 
and nurseryman; residence, Sec. 21; 
P. 0. Burlington ; wis born in Greene 
Co., 111., in November, 1821 ; removed 
to this county in 1836. Has been twice 
married ; first wife was Miss Mary M. 
Ogle; present wife was Miss Sophia 
StaflF. Mr. Avery is a Republican. On 
his home farm Mr. Avery has 125 acres 
of nursery and orchard; he owns 2,309 
acres of land — 609 in this county, 340 
in Henry Co., 200 in Washington Co., 
40 in l^ouisa Co., 280 in Pottawattamie 
Co., 320 in Fremont Co., 80 in Decatur 
Co., 360 in Rincgold Co. and 80 in 
Dallas. 

AVERY, ROBERT, P O Bur- 
lington ; born in Mas.-achusetts Feb. 
20, 1796 ; his ancestors were from 
Bristol, England, and came to America 
before the Revolutionary period; his 
parents died in New York, and he 
moved to Illinois ; from thence to Mis- 
souri. While in Missouri, he married 
Nancy Brown, a native of North Caro- 
lina ; born Sept. 1, 1798; they had ten 
children, three now living — Henry, the 
only son, resides in this township, and 
two daughters, Clarissa, wife of Calvin 
Gage, and Sarah Ann, wife of A. W. 
Comstock, reside in Mt. Pleasant ; soon 
after his marriage, Mr. Avery returned 
to Illinois, where he lived iintil 1 836 ; 
then came to this State and located in 



Union Tp., where, with the exception of 
five years spent in Mt. Pleasant, he has 
since resided. In early life, Mr. and 
Mrs. Avery joined the Methodist Church, 
he in 1821, she in 1820 ; she remained 
a faithful and consistent member of the 
same until her death in this township 
Jan. 18, 1879. In politics, Mr. Avery's 
attention was early called to the Anti- 
slavery question, and he remained a 
faithful supporter of the cause until he 
saw his fond hopes realized in the issu- 
ing of the emancipation proclamation. 
In 1837, Mr. Avery was appointed 
County Surveyor, and occupied that 
position until 1840. While farming, 
both in Illinois and this State, Mr. 
Avery gave his. attention to fruit-grow- 
ing, and in that line he was among the 
most successful ; he now lives with his 
only son, Henry, where he can spend 
the remainder of his days in the ease 
becoming his advanced years. 

BAKER, JOHN, far.. Sec. 27; P. 
0. Burlington. 

Barnes, T. A., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Beatelsholer, Geo., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Bennett, Geo. W., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Bietsch, '^John P., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Blakeway, John C, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Bonar, W. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Boyer, A., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Bumgardner, Jacob, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 



682 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



CALKINS, C. M., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
Burlino;ton. 

Calkins, E. H., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Biir- 
lin;i;ton. 

CAHERO^, E. W., far., Sees. 3 
and lit; P. O. Burlington ; was born in 
Union Tp., this county, March 19, 
184"), Married Miss D. H. Leffler in 
this county; they have one child — 
Clarence Edward. Mr. Cameron is E,e- 
public-in. Owns 1,838 acres of land. 

CAMERON, HENRY D., far.. 

Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in 
Burlington in 1837, and has been a 
resident of this county since. Married 
Mi.ss Emma L., daughter of John and 
Nancy Sunderland, who came to this 
county from Indiana in 188G. Mr. C. 
is a Republican ; himself and wife are 
members of the Spring Creek Baptist 
Church, of which Mr. C. is Elder. 
Mr. Cameron owns 168 acres of land, 
finely improved, also considerable city 
property in Burlington, and is one of 
the enterprising men of Des Moines Co. 

Cartwright, H. W., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Cartwright, S., far.; P. 0. Burlington. 

Chandler, Oeo., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Charlson, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Christason, Losen, far., Sec. 22; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

COMStOCK, J. C, farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. 0. Burlington, was living in this 
township in 1843. Married in 1866, 
Nancy A., daughter of Henry and Mary 
M. Avery; have five children — Heniy 
L. L., Ella L. B., Milton E., Flora A. J. 
and Fremont. Mr. C. enlisted in Co. 
G, 45th Reg. I. V. I.; was honorably 
discharged. Is a Republican. Owns 
143 acres of land. Mr. Comstock's 
father, Joab Comstock, was born near 
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1804. He married 
Miss Jane Lemon; they moved to this 
county in 1839. 

Crawford, Wm., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lin<;ton. 

DANIELSON, IGNATI, far., Sec. 3 ; 
P. 0. Burlington. 
Davison, John, for.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
DAVISON, J.G., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 
O. Burlington ; born in Washington Co., 



Penn., in 1836 ; emigrated with his 
parents to Iowa in 1840. Married Miss 
Mary Bumgardner, in this county, in 
1861; she was born in Pennsylvania; 
have four children — Hattie A., Fannie, 
Henry B. and Edith. During the war, 
Mr. Davison enlisted in Co. E, 25th 
I. V. I.; was enrolled in 1862 ; served 
until the close of the war ; was in a 
number of severe engagements, and was 
honorably discharged. Always acted 
with the Republican party. Owns 210 
acres of land. 

DEI^ASHxHUTT, E. N., retired 
farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a 
native of Tyler Co., Va. ; was born in 
1800. In 1823, he married Miss Susan 
Gorrell, who was born in Virginia in 
1803; they removed to this county in 
1834; their children are Narcissa (now 
Mrs. S. F. Stephens), T. L., Matliias J., 
W. W. (deceased), Elizabeth (now Mrs. 
J.Storer\Thos. R., Priscilla (deceased), 
Henry H., Ann (now Mrs. Chas. H. 
Hathaway). During the war, Mr. Del- 
ashmutr, though over 60 years of age, 
enlisted in Co. G, 37th L V. I., in 1862, 
and served until deprived of his eyesight 
by a singular accident. During a march, 
a severe storm of wind occurred, and the 
air was filled with fine particles of sand. 
The dust produced serious inflammation, 
and finally resulted in the total destruc- 
tion of his eye-sight ; at the time of his 
enlistment, Mr. D. was well provided 
for in property, and the service he ren- 
dered hiscountry was purely from senti- 
ments of patriotism. In politics, he was 
an Antislavery Whin, although a native 
of a Slave State ; he is now a strong 
Republican. 

Delashmutt, T. L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

EARNEST, M. B., far. ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

EARNEST, CATHARINE, 

MRS., nee Garman, S. 1 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington ; was born in Lebanon Co., Penn., 
in 1825 ; came to this county with her 
parents in 1846. Married David Ear- 
nest in this county in 1853 ; he was a na- 
tive of Pennsylvania, born in 1815 ; 
came to this county in 1846. In 1862 
enlisted in 25th I. V. I. ; died in the 
service at Memphis, Tenn., in 1863. 
Their children are M. B., born Dec. 10, 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



683 



1858; David A., Sept. 17, 1855; ] 
Charles G., Feb. 24, 1858; Chris- 
topher, Sept 5, 1859. 

Elmer, James. 

Erickson, August, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Erickson, Olof, far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Erickson, Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Ervin, N. M., farmer. 

EWI^G, JEROME, far. ; P. 0. 
Burlington ; born in Logan Co., Ohio, 
in 1844; came to this county in 1857. 
Married Miss Caroline Kook, of Bur- 
lington, in September, 1876 ; she was 
born in St. Louis, Mo.; they have one 
child — Harris, born in this county June 
6, 1877. Mr. Ewing has been a Re- 
publican since he attained his majority ; 
is a gentleman of culture and refine- 
ment. 

Ewing, Joseph, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

EWITO, I.EMUEL., Superintend- 
dent of County House and Farm, S. 4 ; 
P. 0. Burlington ; born in East Lib- 
erty, Logan Co., Ohio, Jan. 30, 1821. In 
Jan. 25, 1844, married Miss Jane Porter; 
she was born in Ohio, May 21, 1824 ; 
they came to this county in 1857 ; have 
three children — Jerome, born in Ohio 
Nov. 16, 1845 ; Martha Ann, born in 
Ohio May 8, 1847 ; Romanzo, now Mrs. 
J. Q. Beck, born in Ohio Aug. 12, 1849. 
Jerome Ewing married Caroline Kook 
Sept. 28, 1876. Mr. Ewing was ap- 
pointed Superintendent of County House 
and Farm in September, 1868 ; Republi- 
can. 
FINDLEY, ROBERT, far., S. 25; 
P. 0. Burlington. 

Flanders, S. A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Frudiger, Jacob, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

GARMAN, W. F., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

GARMAI^, C. M., far., S. 1 ; p. O. 
Burlington ; was born in Palmyra, 
Lebanon Co., Penn., August, 1831 ; re- 
moved to this county with his parents 
in 1846. In 1870, he married Miss 
Mary David, a native of this county ; 
they have one child — Katie, born Sept. 
4, 1876. Mr. Gr. is connected with the 
Des Moines Agricultural Society, and, 



since 1860, has held the offices of 
Director and Secretary ; is also Secre- 
tary of the Farmers' Mutual Fire In- 
surance Company, of this county, which 
was organized in 1875 ; he was member 
of the County Board of Supervisors 
two years. Is Republican ; himself and 
wife members of the Baptist Church ; 
owns a well-improved farm. 

Gearheart, M. A.; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gearheart, Wm., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gregg, B. S., far.; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gross, Alexander, ftir., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lingDon. 

Gross, Israel, far., S. 15; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Gugler, Jacob, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Gustason, G., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Gutta, Frank, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

HAMMER, JOHN, flir., S. 13 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Hanna, A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Hankins, A., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Hanson, C. L., tar., S. 18 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Harkleroad, Wm., far., S. 33; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Harris, Ed. R., far., S. 16; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Harris, Jeremiah, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Harris, W. Dodge, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hartman, Jas., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Haskell, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hassenclever, E., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hassenclever, F. A., far., S. 16 ; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Hathaway, C. 0., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hilleary, Geo., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

HiUeary, Jackson, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hilleary, James, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hilleary, Wm. C, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hillgartner, Wm., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 



684 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Hillgartner, John, for., S. 22 ; P. O. Bur- 
HILLGARTNKR, \VM., far , S 

6; P. 0. Burlington; Mr. Hillgartner 
is a native of" Germany ; born in 1835 ; 
emigrated to the United States in 1855 ; 
settled in this county the same year. 
Married Miss Elizabeth Magel, of this 
township ; she was born in 1840 ; were 
married in 18G2 ; have seven children — 
Mary A., Lizzie M., Henry Edward, 
Charley Sibert, Katie Augusta, Clara 
Louisa and William Julius ; Mr. H. is 
Republican ; members of the Evan- 
gelical Church; he owns 175 acres of 
land, well stocked and improved. 

Horn, Chas, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Hoover, Samuel, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

HuflFman, Fred., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hunt, C. Wesley, far., S. 12; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

HraT, SAMUEL, farmer, S. 13; 
P. 0. Burlington; born in Madison Co., 
111., in 1813 ; removed with his parents 
to Bond Co. in 1820 ; thence to Mc- 
Donough Co. in 1832; and to Des 
Moines Co., Iowa, in 1834. Married 
Miss Martha McGee in McDonough Co., 
111. ; she was born in Orange Co., Ind. ; 
they have eight children living — Chas. 
W., married Miss Mary Burge ; Sarah, 
married C. L. McCash ; S. B. P., mar- 
ried Miss Katie Bonn ; Mary, married 
D. W. Harris; John M., Jesse B., 
Lilly M. and Lucy B. Mr. Hunt owns 
425 acres of land ; is a Democrat ; has 
held various local offices, and has always 
been identified with everything tending 
to advance the public interests. 

Hunt, \Vm. C, far., S. 13 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Huppenberger, John, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. 
Burlinsiton. 

JOHNSON, AUGUST, far., S. 16; 
P. 0. Burlington. 
Juengling, F. G., far., S. 10 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 
Juengel, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

KASSEL, CONRAD, far., S. 13; 
P. 0. Burlington. 
Kietzer, H. J. and John, farmers; P. O. 
Burlington. 



KIETZER, JOH^% farmer, S. 10; 

P. 0. Burlington; born in 1834; came 
to this county with his parents in 1836. 
Married Miss Mary Helchior in this 
county; they have five children — Mag- 
gie, Eliza, Katie, Johnnie and Christi- 
ana ; Mr. Kietzer is a Democrat ; owns 
eighty acres of land ; members of the 
Evangelical Church. Mr. Keitzer's 
father, Henry Keitzer, was a native of 
Germany ; came to this country in 
1834; settled in Pennsylvania; from 
which State he came to this county in 
1836. Mrs. J. Kietzer's father, Henry 
Helchior, came to this county in 1837 ; 
now resides in Burlington Tp. 

Kleinman, F. W., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Kleinweichide, H., far.. Sec. 13; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Koehn, H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Koontz, B., far., S. 24; P. 0. Burlington. 

Koontz, C. J., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
LAMITSON, JAMES, far., S. 19; 
P. O. Burlington. 

Lamme, Nathan B., far., S. 6 ; P. 0, Bur- 
lington. 

Lange, Paul, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Layton, Wm. E., far., S. 19; P. 0. Bur- 
lington . 

Lee, Christopher, far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Lee, Conrad, far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Lee, Henry, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Lee, Wm. M., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Leffler,E.T.,far.,S. 23; P.O.Burlington. 

L.EFFI.ER, JACOB, far., S. 2; 
p. 0. Burlington ; Mr. L. is a native of 
Virginia; born near Wheeling May 10, 
1827 ; came to this county in 1836. 
Married Miss Sarah J. Cameron in this 
county, November, 1851 ; they have two 
children — Edward Leroy, born 27th of 
April, 1866; Hattie Augusta, born 
December, 18.68. In 1849, Mr. L. 
went to Sacramento, Cal., and was there 
during the great inundation in that city 
in January, 1850; in 1852, he removed 
to Stockton ; remained until 1856 ; then 
re.urned to this county. Mr. L. acted 
with the Republican party since its or- 
ganization ; owns eighty-one acres of 
land, well located and well improved. 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



685 



Lloyd, James, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 
Lloyd, Thomas, far., S. 15 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 
Lynn, J,, far., S. 29; P. O. Burlington. 

MAGELSON, LOUIS, far., S. 30 ; P. 
0. Burlino-ton. 
MAWEli, HENRY, far., S. 17 ; P. 
O. Augusta ; born in this county in 
1843. Married Miss Catharine, daugh- 
ter of J. L. and Louisa Walker, of this 
township ; they have two children — 
Maria and Charles H.; members of 
the M. E. Church. Mr. M. is a Re- 
publican. Owns 112 acres of land. 

MAUEL, S., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington ; an old resident of this county ; 
native of Germany; born in 1812; emi- 
grated to this country in 1835; same 
fall came to this county ; the settle- 
ments at that time were few and far be- 
tween ; Burlington but a small villag'e. 
Mr. M. married Miss Mary Lee ; she 
was born in Germany ; came to Bur- 
lington in 1834, where they were mar- 
ried ; have ten children living — William, 
Elizabeth, Henry, Charles, Conrad, 
Peter, Mary, Margaret, Theodore and 
Benjamin. Members of the Lutheran 
Church ; Mr. M. is a Democrat. Owns 
165 acres of land, and several thousand 
dollars' worth of city and other prop- 
erty ; he has worked diligently and 
planned wisely for what he has gained, 
and in the success which has crowned 
his efforts, he feels amply compensated 
for all his labors ; he is social in nature, 
and highly esteemed as a neighbor and 
citizen. 

Main, Peter, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Marihart, Ignatz, far., S. 15; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Miller, Adam, far., Sec. 17; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Miller, George, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Miller, Jno., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Miller, William S., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Miner, Nathan, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Mohneka, Henry, far., Sec. 34; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Moore, John, far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- 
linston. 



Mueller, Antrobus, far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Murphy, D. J., far.: P. O. Burlington. 

Murphy, B. F., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. Bur- 
linsiton. 

MURPHY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
20 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born in 
Shelby Co., lud., in 1832 ; removed to 
this county with his parents in 1837. 
Married Miss Mary E., daughter of 
Cooper and p]lizabeth Harris, who came 
to this county in the spring of 1835, 
and settled in Union Tp.; she was the 
first white child born in this township ; 
was born May 4, 1835; their children 
are Erastus, Edward, William, Elvin 
L., Clarence A., Ida Ann, Horace H. 
Mr. M. is a Democrat. Has held various 
local offices. He owns 304 acres of 
land ; is engaged in stock-raising to a 
considerable extent. 

Murphy, Wm. P., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Murphy, Marion, far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

nSTTELSON, S., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- 
1 \l lington. 

Nicholas, Wm., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Nilson. Nis., far., S. 19 ; P. O. Burlington. 

Nelson, P., far., S. 19; P. 0. Burlington. 

Nyberg, A. G., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

OSBORN, H., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 
PERRY, W. P., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

PERRY% W. W., farmer, Sec. 8; 
P. O. Burlington ; was born in Alle- 
gheny Co., Penn., in 1832 ; came to 
this county in 1853. Married Miss 
Rebecca Perry, in Louisa Co.; they 
have four children — Ida M., Frank F., 
Charles C, Alice F. Mr. Perry is Re- 
publican. Has held the office of Town- 
ship Clerk since 1876 ; owns 55 acres 
of land. Members of the Baptist 
Church. 

Pfadenhauer, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Pheiff, R., flir., S. 22; P. 0. Burlington. 

Pierson, John, flu-.. Sec. 14; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Porter, James T., far., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Peterson, Andy, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 



686 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : 



Peterson, Chas., far , Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Peterson, C. J., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- 
linacton. 

Peterson, Fred, for.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Peterson, Jerry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 

PIERCE, NELSON, horticultur- 
ist. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was 
born in the Province of Quebec, Can- 
ada, in 1848. Married Miss Mary 
Owens, in Marshall Co., 111., in 187-t; 
they removed from Marshall Co. to La- 
grange, Cook Co., 111., where they re- 
mained until the spring of 1878, when 
they removed to this county. Mr. P. is a 
Republican. Member of the I. O. 0. F. 

Pullman, Jas., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Purrcell, D., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

KAMSF.Y, ANDREW, far.. Sec. 26; 
P. 0. Burlington. 

Ramsey, David, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lino'ton. 

RENZ, A. C;., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
Burlington; born in Germany, in May, 
1820 ; came to the United States in 
1830. Married Mi.ss Sarah Meeker, of 
Butler Co., Penn., in 1840. They re- 
moved to Indiana in 1846, thence to 
this county the same year ; have six 
children living — Charles L., who mar- 
ried Addie Smith; Edwin, who married 
Miss R. Murphy, Caroline, Harriet, who 
married M. Murphy, Mary and Will- 
iam. Mr. Renz is a Republican ; mem- 
bers of the the Baptist Church. He 
is Assessor of Union Tp. ; owns fifty 
acres of land ; is a public-spirited citi- 
zen, active and enterprising. 

Renz, Nicholas, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Bobbins, Martin, for., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lintiton. 

SANDBERO, JOSEPH, far.. Sec. 34 ; 
P. 0. Burlington. 

Scheighing, J. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Schmitt, Chas., far., Sec. 19; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Scholtz, John, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Scholtz, Wm., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lin<:;ton. 



Schooley, A. J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Schwiirtz, Fred, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Sheppard, Joseph. 

Shuck, Jno., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Smith, Andrew, far., S. 11; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Smith, Batzer, far., S. 26; P. 0. Bur- 
linston. 

SMITH, BENEDICT, for., S. 11; 
P. 0. Burlington; was born in 1835; 
came to Burlington with his parents, 
Peter and Maria Smith, who were bora 
and married in Germany ; came to this 
country in 1834, and to this county in 
1842. Mr. B. Smith married Miss 
Eliza Barton in this county ; she was 
born in England ; came to this county 
with her parents, Henry and Mary Bar- 
ton, in 1844; their children are Nancy 
Jane, Edith M., Joseph Z. (died 12th 
of August, 1874, aged 7 years and 3 
months), M. May, Benedict, Henry E., 
Lauia E. and Abbie C. Mr. S. is a 
Republican ; owns 226 acres of land. 
Himself and family are members of the 
M. E. Church. 

Smith, C. J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Smith, C. W., far., S. 22; P. O. Bur- 
lingto. 

Smith, Ed., far., S. 25; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Sprague, Henry, far , S. 26; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Staff, E. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burlinsiton. 

Stark, Leonard, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Stephens, Sam. F., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Storer, Richard, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Swallow, Joseph, for., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
THOMSON, W. H., far.; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Tierman, Wm., far. S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

yTTZ, B. D., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
V_J linu'ton. 

VANDYKE, WALKER, far. ; P. 0. 
Burlinszton. 

YANI>YKE, BENJAMIN, far., 

P. 0. Burlington ; was born Newcastle 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



687 



Co., Del., Nov. 10, 1814 ; remained un- 
til 1827 ; then removed with his par- 
ents to Muskingum Co., Ohio ; thence 
to Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1830, where 
he married Miss Frances Walker, Oct. 
22d, 1835; she was born the same county 
June 8, 1817 ; they remained in 
Fayette Co. until 1830 ; then removed 
to Marion Co., Ind. ; remained there un- 
til 1838; thence to Vigo Co. in 1839; 
came to this state and settled in Union 
Tp. ; their children are — John, born in 
Fayette Co., Ohio, July 10, 1836 ; 
married Miss C. Bumgardner in 1858; 
owns 168 acres of land ; Susan, 
born in Aug., 1838 ; married Aron Lootz; 
they reside in Henry Co., Iowa ; 
Mary A., born in Jan., 1841 ; mar- 
ried Albert Hankins ; Martha J., born in 
1845 ; married Franklin Boyer, who 
died 30th April, 1874 ; William F., born 
in 1848; married Miss Annie Jones; 
Horatio W., born Jan., 1855 ; Benjamin 
F., born March, 1858. Members of the 
Asbury M. E. Chui'ch; he is a Republi- 
can; was formerly a Whig. Has held va- 
rious offices; was member of County Board 
of Supervisors two years; owns finely im- 
proved farm of 168 acres of land. Is 
Class-Leader and Trustee in Asbury 
M. E. Church. 

WAGNER, JNO., far,, S. 27 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Walker, Chas. S., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

WALKER, J. Q., far., S. 17; P.O. 
Augusta ; Mr. Walker was born in 
Fayette Co., Ohio., in 1815 ; in 1838, 
went to Indiana, where he married Miss 
Louisa Short, a native of Ross Co., 
Ohio; born in 1816; removed to 
Crawford Co., 111., with her parents in 
1837, thence to Vigo Co., Indiana, in 
1838 ; they were married in 1839 ; re- 
moved to this county the same year and 
settled in Union Tp. ; their children are 
— Sarah, who married A. Boyer ; Cath- 
erine, married Henry Magel ; Charles, 
married Miss Clara Storer. Mr. 
Walker is a firm and consistent supporter 
of the Republican party ; was "An Old 



Line Whig;" Mr. W. and family are mem- 
bers of the M. E. Church ; he has been 
trustee of the Asbury M. E. Church, 
since its erection in 1868. He owns 
217 acres of land, finely improved ; has 
held various school and township offices ; 
has taken an active part in the advance- 
ment of educational and various inter- 
ests of the township. 

Warth, Chas. F., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Warth, Fred., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
linuton. 

Weaver, Geo., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Whiteside, Samuel, far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Wilbranner, John, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Wilson, Christian, far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Wilson, H., fiir., Sec. 19; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Wilson, Samuel, far.; P. 0. Burlington. 

Wilson, S., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Woodward, D., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Woodward, E., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- 
linston. 

WORTHINOTON, J. W., far , 

Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington ; bora in 
Hampshire Co., Va., July 8, 1822; 
in 1823, with his parents, removed to 
Montgomery Co., Md., where he at- 
tended school until 1831, when they re- 
moved to Fairfield Co., Ohio; there he 
married Miss Susan A. Crook, and re- 
moved to this county in 1851 ; have two 
children — Mary A., now Mrs. G. Hill- 
eary ; Amelia V., now Mrs. C. W. Hull. 
Mr. W. has always taken an active part 
in the advancement of the educational 
and religious interests of the county ; he 
is a Republican ; acted with the party 
since its organization ; previously was a 
Whig ; owns 500 acres of land in this 
county, and 600 in Wright Co. ; is one 
of the prosperous farmers of Iowa. 

ZACHMEYER, JOHN., fiir., S. 26; 
P. 0. Burlington. 



688 



DIRECTOllV OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 



BALLARD, F. D. and 8., fars., S. 1; 
P. 0. Franklin Mills. 

Bane, William, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Barton, James, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Barton, Joseph, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Frunklin 
Mills. 

Becker, L. C, far., S. 21 ; P. O. Burling- 
ton. 

Bock, Fred., Sr., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

BOLICK, AMOS, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 
0. Burlington; was born in Lincoln 
Co., N. C, in 1816; removed to Indi- 
ana, with his parents, in 1828; thence 
to McDonough Co., 111., in 1834; in 
1836, they removed to this county. He 
married Miss Margaret Berg, of Bur- 
lington ; they have twelve children — 
Wesley, Josephus, Louisa, John, Lydia, 
Amos, Emily, Bachel, David, August, 
Caleb and Margaret; Mr. Bolick and 
family are members of the M. E. Church ; 
he is a Democrat. Owns 206 acres of 
land, and is one of the pro.«perous men 
of Flint River Tp. 

Bolick, Caleb, far., Sec. 9; P.O. Burling- 
ton . 

BOLICK, DAVIB, far , S 4 ; P 
O. Burlington; was born in Putnam 
Co., Ind.,in 1830 ; in 1834, his parents 
removed to McDonough Co., 111. ; thence 
to this county in 1836, thus becoming 
pioneer settlers of Des Moines Co. ; 
David has been a resident of this county 
since 1836. Has been twice married ; 
first wife was Miss Miss Mary Banning, 
of Henry Co., Iowa; she died in 1867; 
present wife was Miss Mary Dep- 
perman, of Franklin Tp., this county; 
she was born in 1848 ; they have two 
children — David Arthur and Nellie 
May. Mr. B. is a Democrat ; has held 
various school offices ; owns 125 acres of 
land ; is enterprising and generous, and 
takes an active interest in every enter- 
prise that promises public good. 

Boyce, Samuel, far., S. 19 ; P. O. Middle- 
town. 

Brandt, Henry, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Brier, Charles, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. 



Bremeeke, Fred., far.; S. 24; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Brier, Fred., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Brown, Thomas, far., S. 10 ; P. 0, Bur- 
lington. 

Burk, Lemon, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Burriss, T. E., far., S. 1 : P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Burriss, T. F., far. S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

CASPERSON, J. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 
0. Burlington. 

CALRIIVS,"]!!. B., horticulturist, 
S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was born near 
Albany, N. Y., March 8, 1839 ; came 
West in 1855; lived in Burlington a 
few months ; then went to Nebraska 
City ; remained about two years ; then 
went to Missouri ; remained until 1860, 
when he returned to this county. He 
enlisted in Co. K, 14th I. V. I. ; served 
eighteen months ; was honorably dis- 
charged. He married Miss Serena Seamas, 
of Burlington, Feb. 8, 1 841 ; they have 
five children — Edwin M., born Feb. 21, 
1866 ; Ella Louisa, born Feb. 2, 1868 
Annie Jane, born March 28, 1870 
Katie Lillian, born July 28, 1872 
Leroy D., born April 17, 1878. Mr. 
C. owns forty acres of land ; is chiefly 
engaged in nursery and fruit-raising. 
He is a Republican. 

Chamberlin, M. D., far., Sees. 18 and 19 ; 
P. 0. Middletown. 

Chrissinger, J. M., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Corrbett, William, far., S. 34; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Crawford, J. F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

DANKWORDT, THEO., far., S. 33; 
P. 0. Burlington. 

Delashmutt, M. J., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Dennison, L. J., far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Donneker, Charles, fiir., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Dowler, Savanah, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

EADS, H. R., far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- 
linuton. 



FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 



689 



Elliott, James, far., S. 36; P. 0. Bur- 

liniiton. 
EI.LlOTT, J. E., far., S. 32 ; P. O. 
Middletown ; was born in Greene Co., 
Penn., in 1847 ; in 1849, his parents 
removed to this county. In December, 
1869, he married Miss Elizabeth Wolfe, 
a native of this couniy; born July 6, 
1838. Mr. E. and wife attend the 
Baptist Church ; he is a Republican. 
Owns fifty-four acres of land ; his father, 
J. B. Elliott, was born in Washington 
Co., Penn , where he married Miss J. 
Vansyoc ; removed to this county in 
1849; now reside on Sec. 29, this 
township ; their children are Levi Gr., 
born in Washington Co., Penn.; enlisted 
in the 25th I. V. I. ; died in the service 
near St. Louis, Mo. ; Jacob Enoch, 
whose name appears at the head of this 
sketch ; Mary, now deceased ; William 
S., Thos. B., Samuel L. Mrs. J. E. 
Elliott's father, Jacob Wolfe, was a native 
of Pennsylvania; born March 1, 1785; 
married Mary Klever March 25, 1819; 
she was also a native of Pennsylvania ; 
born Feb. 26, 1800 ; ihey removed to 
Illinois, thence to this State ; settled in 
this county in 1834, and were residents 
until their deaths — his April 6, 1843; 
hers July 30, 1864. They were con- 
sistent members of the Baptist Church; 
he was a Whig ; always opposed slavery. 
Their children were : Nancy, born Sept. 
17,1820, died. Aug. 5, 1825; John, 
born Aug. 21, 1822, died July 22, 1823 ; 
Henry, born Oct. 29, 1824, is now mar- 
ried and living in Cass Co., Neb.; Martha, 
born Aug. 8, 1827 ; married Thos. Sut- 
ton, of this township; Louisa, born Oct. 
21, 1829; married L. Kinger ; lives in 
Oregon; William W., born Nov. 4, 1831, 
is married and lives in Cass Co., Neb. ; 
Mary Ann, born June 10, 1834, died 
in 1869; Elizabeth, wife of J. E. El- 
liott, born July 6, 1838 ; Cynthia, born 
March 16, 1840; married Martin 
Klever ; reside in Ohio ; Jacob, born in 
May, in 1843 ; enlisted in Co. Gr, 25th 
I. V. I. ; was wounded at Vicksburg ; in 
consequence, died at Memphis July 12, 
1863 ; he was a good soldier, and be- 
loved by his comrades in arms. 
EVANS, .1. W., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
Middletown ; was born in this county 
Oct. 12, 1848. June 6, 1872, married 



Almira Woods, of Wapello Co ; she 
was born in Ottumwa in 1852 ; they 
have one child — Almira Elizabeth, born 
in this county, Feb. 9, 1875. Mr. 
Evans is Republican ; has acted with 
that party since he attained his majority. 
Elliott, J. B., far., Sec. 20; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Engle, Mathias, for., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
FEES, DAVID, flir.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 
Fengal, Peter, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Fagel, Fred., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 
Fritz, John M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Fulkowski, Jas., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

GEBERLING, HENRY, far., S. 4 ; 
P. 0. Franklin Mills. 
Gieselman, Henry, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Goesling, Herman, far.. S. 4 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 
Graham, Jas., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
GRAHAM, J. Q., far., S. 27 ; p. 0. 
Burlington ; was born in Washington 
Co., Tenn., in 1834; in 1837, his 
parents moved to this county. March 
16, 1869, he married Miss Eliza J. 
Burk, a native of Indiana ; born March 
16, 1838 ; they removed to Henry Co., 
Iowa, in 1866, where they resided until 
the spring of 1877, when they returned 
to this county ; their children are Frank 
A., Birdie, James L. B., Alexis G., 
John and Samuel M. Mr. Graham is 
Republican in politics ; has held local 
oflBces ; his father, Jas. Graham, now 
deceased, was a native of Washington 
Co., Tenn.; born in 1807. He was 
twice married ; first wife was Catharine 
Stormer, who was born in Washington 
Co., Tenn., in 1805; they removed to 
this county in the spring of 1837 ; set- 
tled in Flint River Tp., where she died 
in 1855 ; second wife was Maria Zim- 
mons. Mrs. J. Q. Graham's father. 
Lemon Burk, was born in Baltimore, 
Md., in 1805; married Miss Rachel 
Green in 1828 ; removed to this county 
in 1852 from Indiana ; she died in this 
township on June 11, 1876. 



690 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY; 



Green, Jos. A., far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Griffith, Ja3., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Griffith, William, far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
Franklin 31 ills. 

Grimes, Robert, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Gugeller, John, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

HANSEN, N., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Heineman, F., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Herr, G., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Herr, Stephen, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Herrill, Anderson, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Higgins, Patrick, far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hillsman, William, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hingst, Aug., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hingst, Theo., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hughes, Carleton, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

HULI., JOHN, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
0. Burlington ; was born in the town of 
Milford, N. J., in the year 1832 ; when 
3 years of age, his parents removed to 
this county. In 1855, he married Miss 
Margaret Barr, a native of Allegheny 
Co., Penn., born in 1832 ; removed to 
this county with her parents in 1855; 
tliey have four children living — James 
Albert, William Gladdin, John Francis 
and Elmer Ellsworth. Mr. Hull acts 
with the Democratic party. Is a mem- 
ber of the Board of School Directors, 
and has held various other local offices ; 
owns 98 acres of land in this county, 
and 160 acres located eight miles north 
of Red Oak, the county seat of Mont- 
gomery Co. His father, Peter Hull, 
was a native of England ; came to this 
country while he was quite young. Was 
married in Paterson, N. J. Removed 
to this county in 1836 ; was a resident 
until his death, which occurred in No- 
vember, 1871 ; his widow, Mrs. Ellen 
Hull, still resides in this township. He 
was a consistent member of the Presby- 
terian Church, and held various offices 



in the early history of Flint River Town- 
ship. Mrs. John Hull's father, James 
Barr, was born in Glasgow, Scotland ; 
came to the United States when he was 
a boy. Married in Pennsylvania, Miss 
Mary Smith, a native of said State ; 
both are now deceased, and their re- 
mains repose in Pennsylvania. 

Hull, Joseph, far.; P. 0. Burlington. 

TSERMAN, FRED, far., Sec. 17 ; P. 
I 0. Burlington. 

IXGHRAM, SARAH ANN, 

MRS., nee Delashmutt ; Sec. 26 ; 
P. 0. Burlington ; was born Tyler Co., 
Va., in 1819; removed to Burlington 
with her parents in 1836, in which city 
she married John Inghram, in 1839; 
he was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 
1807; moved to Tyler Co., Va., in 
1814 ; thence to Illinois and this county 
in 1837, where he died Dec. 11, 1869. 
In the early history of Des Moines Co., 
he was eleeted member of the County 
Board ; held the office of Township 
Trustee a number of years, also various 
other offices. His surviving children 
are William D., who married Miss 
Susan Colter, of Burlington ; Catharine 
married William Parke; Mary D. mar- 
ried James Graham ; Martha, married 
William Johnson ; I]lizabeth married 
Edward Johnson. Mrs. Inghram owns 
102 acres of land. Is a member of the 
M. E. Church. 

JOHNSON, CHAS., flir., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

JACKSOX, EI.IZABETH 
JANE, MRS., nee Metcalf, Sec. 
11; P. 0. Franklin Mills; was born in 
Anson Co., N. C, Dec. 5, 1813. In 
March, 1833, married John Jackson, in 
McDonough Co., 111.; he was a native 
of Ohio; born in 1811 ; went to Illinois 
previous to the breaking-out of the 
Black Hawk war, in which he partici- 
pated ; removed to this county in 1834, 
and was the occupant of various impor- 
tant offices in its early history. He was 
a member of the Christian Church, and 
a man in whom the loftiest domestic 
virtues centered, and had developed his 
nature to the excellence of a blameless 
and beautiful life; those who knew him, 
even slightly, will not soon forget his 
kindly nature ; his decease occurred 
Oct. 24, 1864, and cast a gloom over 



FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 



691 



his neighborhood, where he was gener- 
ally beloved ; he possessed considerable 
property, and left his family in good 
circuinstances. Mrs. Jackson is still a 
resident of this township, and is an 
earnest Christian woman ; the names of 
their fiimily are: Henry D., who served 
in an Illinois regiment ; is married and 
living at Quincy, 111.; Emanuel served 
in an Iowa regiment ; married and re- 
sides in Lucas Co., Iowa; Margaret 
Jane, wife of J. Peterman ; Elizabeth 
J. now Mrs. L. Ripley ; Sarah K., wife 
of D. W. Ripley, of this township ; 
Jerome H., married and resides in 
Peoria, 111.; Edith Emma, wife of A. 
D. P. Bredenburg, of Burlington, 
Iowa. 

Johnson, E. W., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Johnson, J. A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Johnson, Wm. F., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Jones, John, Sr., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Judd'; Abner, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

KAHLE, HENRY, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Raster, J. T., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lingfon. 

KEI^IiY, O. M., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
Burlington ; Mr. Kelly was born in 
Ohio Co., W. Va., Feb. 11, 1855; re- 
moved to this county with his parents 
in 1 865. Is Democratic in politics. 

KEI>L.Y, WILLIAM, flir., Sec 
17 ; p. O.Burlington; was born in the 
year 1828, in the county of Down, 
Ireland ; when 19 years of age, emi- 
grated to this country ; remained in the 
State of New York about eighteen 
months, then returned to his native 
land; in 1853, he again came to the 
United States. On the 7th of October, 
185-1, married Miss Eliza Porter, in 
Newburg, N. Y.; they removed to this 
county in 1856 ; have eight children 
living — Eliza J., James P., Phebe A-, 
Flora May, Martha, David J., William 
and Ida. Mr. K. is a Democrat. Has held 
the office of Justice of the Peace two 
years ; has held various school offices. 
Owns 167 acres of land; is an energetic 
and enterprismg citizen. 



Kimm, Jac, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burlinston. 

Klouse, M., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Koenig, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Koesner, Henry, far., S. 13; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Kreiger, Christ., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin'' Mills. 

Kreiger, Fred, far., S. 4; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Krekel, C. W., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Krekel, Henry, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Kroesch, J., far., S. 17; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
LACEY, JOHN, far., S. 26; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Lane, Herman, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Leffler, Jno., far. ; P. 0. Burlington. 

LKFFLER, WILLIAM, sur- 
veyor, S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; born 
in Washington Co., Penn., May 30, 
1800; in 1811, removed with his par- 
ents to Ohio Co., Va., where he at- 
tended school ; also learned surveying ; 
in 1822, he married Miss Mary Ann 
Noble, a native of Frederick Co., Va.; 
born on the 27th of lov., 1803 ; they 
removed to Burlington in 1836 ; have 
four children living — John N., who 
married Elizabeth Mjiss ; P]mily, mar- 
ried Robert C. Halefant, now deceased ; 
Jane Elizabeth, married A. Woods ; 
Annie, married J. W. McFarland. 
Politically. Mr. Leffler is a Democrat ; 
he was appointed Government Surveyor 
in 1849 ; has surveyed in all parts of 
this state and a portion of Illinois. 
Owns 80 acres of land. 

LEOX ARD, DAVID, S. 35 ; P. 0. 
Burlington ; was born in Washington 
Co., Penn., March 12, 1816; in 1829, 
his parents removed to Franklin Co., 
Ohio ; and for several years after, the 
subject of this sketch remained in that 
State. March 2, 1841, Mr. L. married 
Miss Mary S. Dustin, of Delaware Co.. 
Ohio, who was born Aug. 24, 18'il; 
in the spring of 1842, Mr. L. came to 
this county. He has taken an active part 
in the political, religious and social de- 
velopment of his township ; originally a 
Whig, but latterly a Republican ; he has 
been firm in the advocacy of the prin- 



692 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



ciples of that party since its oraanization ; 
he and his family are members of the 
Congregational Church, and for mgny 
years he was a Deacon of that society. 
He is a member of the Board of Trust- 

• ees of his township, a place he has held 
for several terms ; was elected a Director 
of the Burlington & North-Western 
Railroad, and was chosen Vice President 
thereof in 1878 ; he has always taken 
a deep interest in the railroad affairs of 
the county ; at present, is President of 
the proposed Burlington, Denmark & 
Keosau(iua Railroad. In 1866, he was 
one of the organizers of the Iowa Hor- 
ticultural Society, and held the office of 
Treasurer thereof for nine consecutive 
years ; in 1869, he was elected Delegate 
to the American Pomological Society, 
which met that year in Philadelphia ; 
he was one of the original members of 
the Des Moines County Agricultural 
Society, and is one of the present Di- 
rectors ; Mr. L. has always been a 
prime mover in the educational affairs 
of the States; in June, 1875, he was 
named one of the Trustees of the Iowa 
College (located at Grinnell), by the 
general association of the Congrega- 
tional Church of this State ; he was 
soon after elected to the office for three 
years, and, in June, 1878, was chosen 
permanent Trustee. Mr. and Mrs. 
Leonard have had five children — How- 
ard D., Annie E., David Hale, Charles 
Sumner and Lilly ; but one of these 
survives— Annie E.; the eldest, Howard, 
who was born in Franklin Co., Ohio, 
Jan. 14, 1842, enlisted in the Union 
army at the breaking-out of the war.; 
he joined Co. K, 14th I. V. I.; wasen- 
rollcd in Oct., 1861, and died March 
18, 1862, in Mound City Hospital, from 
sickness contracted by exposure during 
the battle of Fort Donelson ; his re- 
mains now repose in Aspen drove Cem- 
etery, Burlington. 

Littler, Harvey, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Loper, Uriah, far., S. 20 ; P. O. Middle- 
town. 

Lucas, Christopher, far., S. 12; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

l^LECKING, HF.NRY, far , S. 

8 ; P. O. Burlington; was born in Prus- 
sia in 1849 ; in 1854, emigrated to this 



country with his parents. In 1875, 
married Miss Mary Swartz, of Burling- 
ton ; they have one child — Annie. Mr. 
L. acts with the Democratic party ; 
members of the German Lutheran 
Church, of which he is a trustee ; he is 
also one of the present Board of School 
Directors; owns 120 acres of land ; he 
is alive to every honorable enterprise 
that tends to benefit himself or his fel- 
low-citizens. 

Lucking, Fred, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Lynn, Levi, far.; P. 0. Middletown. 

I. YNN, ROBERT, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. 
Burlington ; was born in Westmoreland 
Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1821. AVhen an 
infant, his parents moved to Indiana, 
and thence to Ohio; in 1843, he moved 
to Wabash Co., Ind.; in 1863, to this 
county, and has been a resident since. 
He has been twice married ; his first 
wife was Mary Freel, a native of Darke 
Co., Ohio; present wife was Mrs. Re- 
becca McGraft', widow of W. McGraff; 
she was born in Preble Co., Ohio. Mr. 
Lynn is Republican. Has held various 
school and township offices. Members 
of the M. E. Church at Middletown, in 
which he is a Steward and Trustee. He 
owns 148 acres of land in this county, 
and 240 acres near Webster, county 
seat of Hamilton Co., Iowa. 

McCHESNEY, JOHN, for., S. 30 ; 
P. 0. Middletown. 

Mt'CASH, C. I>., far., S. 5_; P. O. 
Burlington ; was born in Flint River Tp. 
this county, in 1847. Married Miss 
Sarah, daughter of Samuel and jMartha 
Hunt ; they have two children — Minnie 
and Clarence. Mr. McCash owns 100 
acres of land. Is a member of I. 0. O. 
F., Washington Lodge, No. 1, Burling- 
ton. 

Mclntyre, Thomas A., for., S. 30 ; P. O. 
Middletown. 

IHc:aAKEN, J. L., far., S. 29; 
P. 0. Middletown ; was born in Hamil- 
ton Co., Ohio, in 1815; came to this 
county in 1838. Married Miss Eliza 
Cummins, a native of Hamilton Co., 
Ohio, in 1840 ; she was born in 1818 ; 
died in 1870 ; she was a member of the 
U. P. Church, and lived a sincere 
Christian life ; their surviving children 
are Sarah, who married W. Wright; he 



FLINT RIVER TOWNSHIP. 



693 



served clurin2 the late war in the 2d Iowa 
C. ; James W., who married Miss Belle 
Scott, of this county ; John married 
Miss Lilly Long ; Irene married Chris- 
topher Johnson. Mr. McMakcn owns 
240 acres of land. Politically he is a 
firm supporter of the Republican party; 
has held various oifices ; is a member of 
the M. K. VhuY.h. 
McMAKEX, J. J., S. 28; P. 0. 
Middletown ; was born in Hamilton Co., 
Ohio, in 1817, where he remained until 
1889, when he removed to this county 
with his parents. In 1841, he was 
united in marriage to Miss A. M. Green, 
of Lee Co., Iowa, who was born in Ham- 
ilton Co., Ohio; came to Lee Co., with 
her parents, in 1839. They had three 
children, one now living — Amilda 
Eunice, who is President of the Ladies' 
Missionary Society, of Middletown. 
Mr. McM. and family are members of 
the Presbyterian Church ; he is Presi- 
dent of the Temperance Eeform Club, 
in which he has taken an active interest 
since its organization. In early life, he 
acted with the Whig party, but on the 
organization of the Republican, joined 
its ranks, and was the nominee of said 
party for member of the State Legis- 
lature, in 18G3 ; elected, and discharged 
the duties with honor to himself and 
constituents ; was a memher of the first 
Board of School Directors in this town- 
ship, elected for the purpose of district- 
ing the township for school purposes ; 
acted as clerk at the organization of this 
township ; was elected member of the 
County Board of Supervisors three 
years ; Mr. McMaken is prominently 
identified with the religious and educa- 
tional interests of this county ; owns 240 
acres of land, and is one of the prosperous 
men of Des Moines Co., Iowa; is social, 
refined and gentlemanly in manners. 

MENIVE^, J. MATHIAS, far., 

S. 35 ; P. O. Burlington ; was born in 
Prussia, in 1844; emigrated to this 
country, with his parents, in 1855. 
• Married Miss R. Huppert, in this 
county ; she was a native of Germany ; 
they have five children — John, P., M., 
Henry and Tilly. Mr. Mennen and 
wife are members of the Catholic 
Church ; they own fifty acres of land. 
He is Independent in politics. ' 



McMaken, W. T., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Magel, William, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Mahlman, Fred., fiir., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Meier, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Meier, William, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Merlahn, George, far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Miller, Henry, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Miller, John H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

MOHLER, JOHN, far., S. 34; 
P. 0. Burlington ; vras born in this 
county. Married Miss Elizabeth Wilz, 
in this county, in 1874; she was born 
in Illinois ; they have one child — Isabel. 
Mr. Mohler and wife are members of 
the Catholic Church. 

Moor, Samuel, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Mumme, J., far., S. 16 : P. O. Burlington. 

O'LOUGHLIN, MICHAEL, far., S. 
21;P. 0. Burhngton. 
Oetken, D., far., S. 13; P. 0. Burlington. 

POHREN, GEORGE, far., S. 26 ; P. 
O. Burlington. 

Pheiff", Peter, far., S. 23; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Peterson, Chas. A,, far., S. 8; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Phillips, John, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

PIERSO:^, DAVID, former. Sec. 
36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; a resident of 
Des Moines Co. for over forty-three 
years ; native of Washington Co., 
Penn. ; was born March 16, 1813 ; his 
parents removed to Ohio Co., Ya., while 
he was a boy. Married Miss Jane 
Keenan Aug. 25, 1835, in Washington 
Co., Penn. ; she was born in that county 
■Jan. 29, 1813. They left for this 
county Sept. 1, 1835, journeyed through 
woodland and over^ wild prairies in 
wagons, and arrived in Burlington, then 
a small village, Sept. 25 — thus became 
one of the pioneer families of this 
county ; they have two children — Sam- 
uel J. and John Q. A. Samuel en- 
hsted in Co. K, 25th I. V. Re^t. ; was 
wounded at the battle of Arkansas 



694 



DIRECTORS OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



Post, honorably discharged and returned 
home. Married Elizabeth Nugent; 
have four children — David A., Nancy 
J., Mary and James Franklin. John 
Q. A. was also in the army ; honorably 
discharged. He married Mary Whit- 
taker ; they have two children — Gracie 
and Charles. Though raised in a slave 
State, Mr. Pierson has always been op- 
posed to slavery; was a stanch Whig ; 
on the decline of tliat party, he became 
a Piepublican; Mr. Pierson and family 
are members of the M. E. Church. He 
has always been active in every enter- 
prise which gave promise of general 
good ; he owns a large farm, well im- 
proved, and enjoys all the comforts of 
home life. His sons Samuel and John, 
own and manage a farm of 500 acres in 
Henry Co., in which county they reside. 
Pietzsch, Herman, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

REPtCKE, CHRIST, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Riepe, Albert, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Riepe, J. H., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
liugton. 

Riepe, Peter, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
ington. 

Rife.^Jac, fir.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Riley, D. C, far.. Sec, 17 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Ripley, David, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Robinson, Asa, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Ronimiller, Fred., Jr., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Rothwell, Flkhanah, far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Rundortt, Aug., far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Bur- 
linszton. 

SCHALE, HENRY, far., Sec. 3; P. 0. 
Franklin Mills. 

Scherbaum, Henry, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Schmeiser, Jac, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Schneider, Conrad, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Schneider, Geo., far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Schuliz, Henry, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 



Schwartz, Gotlieb, far., S. 23; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Schweiger, Fred, far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Sellers, Sam, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Shaw, H. H., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Shell, Fred, far., S. 26; P. 0. Burlington. 

Shrader, Henry, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Storer, John, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lin'j:t()n. 

STORMER, JOHK", farmer. Sec. 
27 ; P. 0. Burlington ; is a native of 
Washington Co., Tenn. ; was born in 
the year 1811 ; in 1833, removed to 
Morgan Co., 111. ; in the spring of 1835, 
he removed to this county and settled 
in this township. He married Bethany 
Hall, who was born in New York May 
19, 1816 ; they were married in this 
county in 1843 ; she died Oct. 1, 1855; 
their children living are Oscar, Sarah 
C. (now Mrs. G. W. Hughes), M. E., 
and Charles J. Mr. Stormer owns 223 
acres of land. Is Democratic. Is one 
of the oldest settlers now living in Flint 
River Tp. 

STORMIER, II. E., far., S. 27 ; P. 
0. Burlington ; was born in this county 
in 1851. Married Miss Jennie Walton ; 
they were married in Burlington. She 
was born in Clarksville, Penn ; they 
have two children — Belle and Clare. 
Mr. Stormer acts with the Democratic 
party. 

Sudbraek, J. H., far., S. 17; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Sutton, Thomas, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

SWAX, JOHN W., flir. and dairy- 
man. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington ; was 
born in Marshall Co., Va., Feb. 14, 
1833. Moved to this county with his 
parents in 1838; in 1840, to Henry Co., 
Iowa; in 1850, he went to California, 
where he followed mining until the 
spring of 1852, then returned to Henry 
Co. in 1855. He married Miss Caro- 
line Boner, in this county ; she was 
born in Marshall Co., Va.; they have 
seven children living — Phoebe Z., Clar- 
rissa. Belle, James Henry, Frances 
Bertha, Hetta R., Caroline E. and Mary. 
Mr. Swan and family are members of 



DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 



695 



the M. E. Church; he is Eepublican. 
Has held various township offices. 
Owns 263 acres of land. His father, 
Henry Swan, was born in Virginia in 
■ 1804. Married Esther R. Ward, a na- 
tive of the same State. They came 
West in 1838. Was elected Sheriff of 
Henry Co. several terms ; also held the 
office of Justice a number of years. 
During the war, he served in the Grey- 
beard Regt. of I. V. I. as Lieutenant, 
was honorably discharged. He was Re- 
publican, and member of M. E. Church. 
Died in 1873. 

TAEGER, FRED, far., S. 11; P.O. 
Burlington. 
Tiedge, Geo. D., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. ' 
Tieman, Wm., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Tiemier, Henry, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Turner, Geo. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Turner, William, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

UTTER, WM. v., far., S. 19; P. 0. 
Burlington. 
YAHLE, WM., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Vorwerk, Antoine, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

WAITE, JOHN, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. 
Burlinorton. 



Walker, Thos., fars., S. 14; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Walker, Chas., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Ward, D. & Wm. L., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Watts, Jos., flir., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Watts, Wm., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Burlington- 

Wedertz, Chas., far.,S. 13; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Wertz, A. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Burhngton. 

Westerbeck, G., far., S. 28; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Westerbeck, Phil., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Westerbeck, Wm., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Westphal, F. H. & F., farmers, S. 25 ; P. 
0. Burlington. 

Whittaker, Wm., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Whittmore, Jack, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Wilte, Simeon, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Wischmier, H., Sr., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Frank- 
lin Mills. 

Wischmier, H., far., S. 3; P. 0. Franklin 
Mills. 

Wittenner, C H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Wolverton, L. F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 



DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 



ALTER, JOHN K., farmer, Sec. 10 ; 
P. 0. Danville. 
AL.TER, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 10 ; 
P. 0. Danville ; born in Washington 
Co., Penn., March 1. 1817; came to 
Des Moines Co. April 18, 1847. Mar- 
ried Miss Jane S. Knox in February, 
1838 ; she was born in Washington Co., 
Penn., Oct. 5, 1821, died Feb. 18, 1855 ; 
married again Mrs. Elizabeth Delaplaine 
April 3, 1856 ; she was worn in Preble 
Co., Ohio, Dec. 19, 1824; her parents 
came to Burlington in 1836 ; were ear- 
ly settlers of the city ; she married 
Aaron H. Delaplaine Oct. 25, 1849, he 
died Dec. 1, 1854; has five children by 



former wife — Elizabeth C, John K., 
Isaac W., Jacob B., Edwin M.; lost 
three — Henry, Mary and one died in 
infancy ; and by present wife four — 
Frank E., Mary J., Cora B., Nettie M.; 
one died in infancy ; Mrs. A. by former 
husband has one child — Naomi B.; lost 
one — William. Mr. A. held the office 
of Assessor of Danville Tp. six years ; 
was elected Township Treasurer in 1861 
and still holds the office. Owns 176 
acres of land, valued at $60 per acre ; 
made all the improvements. Members 
of the Baptist Church ; Republican. 
AWDERSON, W. S., farmer. Sec. 
8 ; P. 0. Danville , was born in Alle- 



696 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



ghnny Co., Va., Dec. 29, 1817; came 
to Burlinirton in 1887 ; in 1839, moved 
to Danville Tp., wlure he now lives. 
Married Miss Mary Gr. Gaylard Dec. 8, 
1847; she was born in Litchfield Co., 
Conn., Sept. 5, 1828; they have seven 
children— Kliza J., William A., John T., 
Martha, Fauntenelle, Anna B., Charles, 
and two dead, James E. and Sarah E. 
Owns loO acres, valued at $50 per acre; 
held office of Trustee. Member of M. 
E. Church ; Democrat. 

Armstrong, T. D., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Alspack, W. H., blacksmith, S. 22 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Antrobus, B.W. , far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Almsbauah, Valentine, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Allen, E. A., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Alspach, R. L., far.,S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Beck, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Baldwin, Amos, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Bishop, J. P., l\ir., S. 9 ; P. O. Danville. 

Boss, Jeremiah, far., S. 16 ; P.O. Danville. 

Boyce, S. N., for., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Boner, H. 0., far., S. 18; P.O. Danville. 

Bolton, M. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Parrish. 

Boom, Frank, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. 

Bishop, Morris, far., S. 34 ; P.O. Danville. 

Bolton, J. II., far., S. 32; P.O. Danville. 

Brass, S. J. & J. N., fars., S. 25 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Beams, Klijnh, farmer; P.O. Middletown. 

BLAKE WAY, V., farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Parrish ; born in WaBhin<>-ton Co., 
Penn., Oct. 18, 1804 ; went to Marshall 
Co., Va. ^larried Miss Mary Rumble 
June 24, 1841 ; she was born in Fay- 
ette Co., Penn., Aug. 19, 1825; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1842; owns 120 
acres of prairie land, valued at 850 per 
acre, and eighty acres of timber, val- 
ued at 820 per acre. Has five children 
— Lavina J., Samantha, William, Frank 
and Otis R.; lost three — John, Benson 
and David E. Mr. and .Mrs. B. are 
members of the M. E. Church ; Re- 
publican. 

BLAKE WAY, WILLIAM, 

Sr., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. O. Parrish ; 
born in Washington Co., Penn., Dec. 25, 
1807 ; went to Marshall Co., Va., in 
1826. Married Miss Elizabeth Ward 
}^ov. 17, 1828 ; she was born in Mar- 



shall Co., Va., Nov. 4, 1803, and died 
March 17, 1867 ; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1841, and settled where he now 
lives with his nephew. Member of the 
M. E. Church, and a Republican. 

B L A K E WAY, W ILLI AM, 

farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in 
Des Moines Co., July 30, 1847 ; owns 
eighty-three acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre; he is now living at the home- 
stead with his parents. Member of the 
M. E. Church ; Republican. 

Blakeway, Frank, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Boyer, S. B., far., S. — ; P. 0. Middletown. 

Brauer, J. H., fiir., S. 24 ; P. 0. xMiddle- 
town. 

./^"^ABLE, JONATHAN, flirmer, Sec. 

yj 4 ; p. O. Danville. 

Coade, John, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Clingman, Ransom, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Clin-man, Cyras, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Coade, Henry, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Chambers, R. B., far., S. 10: P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Cady, Ebenezer, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Clark, Wm. M., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Campbell, John, blacksmith, S. 16 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Crawlbrd, Wm. D., far.. S. 23 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Crawford, R C, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Catlin, Sam'l, far., S. 25; P.O. Middle- 
town. 

CADY, EI>., farmer; P. 0. Dan- 
ville; born in Windham Co., Conn., 
April 18, 1799 ; came to Des Moines 
Co. Oct. 12, 1837 ; located one and one- 
half miles West of Danville Center. 
Married Miss Lida Cale, April 9, 1827; 
born in Windham Co., Conn., Nov. 29, 
1798; died March 24, 1864; married 
again to Mrs. Emilia R. Braley, Oct. 9, 
1864 ; born in New London Co., Conn., 
Jan. 18, 1809; has three children by 
former wife — George W., Ebenezer and 
Edwin C, a Baptist minister in Rose- 
ville. 111. ; two dead — Maria and 
Charles ; Charles served three years in 
the army; died April 26, 1869; Mrs. 
C. has one child by former husband — 



DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 



697 



George P., and three dead — Albert, 
Eliza A. and Lester E., went to Honduras, 
■ Central America, and died there. Mem- 
bers of Baptist Church. Owns ninety- 
acres of land valued at $5,700. Re- 
publican. 

Cady, Edwin, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Carden, John, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Cochran, T., far.; P. 0. Middletown. 

Craiff, John, far., S. 22; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Crawford, 0. P., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Crocker, Wm., far., S. 4; P. 0. Danville. 

Chambers, J. A., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Cresap, Joseph, far., S. IS ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Crawford, Grandison, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Cresap, Van, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Cresap, Sprig, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Cresap, Price, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Chambers, W. 0., far., S. 6; P. 0. 
Danville. 

DODDS, HENRY, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Denny, James, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Davis, J. A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Delaplain, I. F., far., S. 15; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Dixon, M., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Dewey, P. S., far., S. 15; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Dee, George W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Denny, R. J., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Danville. 

EGGLESTON, D. R., for., S. 16 ; P. 
0. Danville. 
Evans, Lewis, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. 
Evans, M. M., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
Eggleston, Wm., far.; P. 0. Danville. 
Evans, Walter, far., S. 33; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
Esau, Rheinhart, far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

IpiMMEN, H., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Dan- 
1 viUe. 
Friedrich, D., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. 
Foster, R. B., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. 
Funk, Henrv, tar., S. 29 ; P. 0. Danville. 



Friedrich, J. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Ferrel, Jos., far., S. 16; P. 0. Danville. 

Fallahay, Patrick, far.; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Fogel, J. H., carpenter, P. 0. Middletown. 

GUGELER, J. F., fur., S. 1 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 
Grant, Levi, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Danville. 

GILMORE, K., M. D., Dan 

ville; born in Boone Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 
1819 ; attended the Ohio Medical Col- 
lege in 1846 and 1847 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1839, and commenced 
practicing in 1844; has been in con- 
stant practice for 34 years ; most of the 
time in Des Moines Co. Married Miss 
Barbara Hyter Nov. 10, 1847 ; b..rn 
in Dearborn Co., Ind., Jan. 2, 1818; 
have three children — Horace E., Albert 
L. and Isaac C. H. ; four dead — Oliver 
L., Estela, James L. and George E. ; 
all died within ten days. Mrs. G. is a 
member of the M. E. Church ; Repub- 
lican. 

GREGG, A., Danville Center ; P. 0. 
Danville; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. 
2, 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. Nov. 
17, 1834, and settled in Augusta Tp., 
where he improved a large farm ; sold 
out and came to Danville Center, where 
he now lives a retired life. Married 
Miss Frances Redding Jan. 24, 1836 ; 
she was born in Illinois, July 29, 1819, 
and died June 10, 1848. He married 
again, Mrs. Mary F. Allison, Dec. 25, 
1866; she was born in Wayne Co., 
Ohio, June 21, 1833; has three chil- 
dren by former wife — Sarah D., Nancy 
C, Virgil ; three dead — Frances W. 
Morgan, H. T., Mary M., and three by 
his present wife — Charles A., Mary E. 
and Samuel. Mr. G. took the first 
paper that was published in Burlington ; 
was Township Clerk in Des Moines 
Co. ; the first Baptist Church was or- 
ganized in his cabin. Mr. and Mrs. G. 
are members of the M. E. Church ; Re- 
publican. 

Gapen, Elisha, for , S. 31 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Graig, J. M., for.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Gladden, Madison, far.. Sec. 35; P.O. 
Middletown. 

Green, Joseph, for., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Graig, Wm., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Danville. 



698 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



Grimes, Robert, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Guion, P. M., far.; P. 0. Danville. 

Gland..n, W. R., for.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Gie.se, G. F., physician. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

HARTY, J. D., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. 
Augusta. 

Hanua, J. L., far., S. 32; P. 0. Parrish. 

Hanna, Caswell, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Hanna, Abner, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Hitchcock, John, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Hall, Luke, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. 

HA XX A, S. O., firmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 
0. Middletown; was born in Union Co., 
Ind., Nov. 29, 1829; came to Des 
Moines Co. in the fall of 1837. Mar- 
ried ]Mi.ss JNIargaret J. Davault JMareh 
17, 1858; she was born in Cumberland 
Co., Pcnn.. Jan. 1, 1835 ; they have six 
children — Jefferson S., Jas. C, Reathe 
E., Laura M., Nellie J., Maggie B. ; 
Minerva E. and two others died in in- 
fancy. Members of the M. E. Church. 
Mr. H. served as Clerk of Augusta Tp. 
two years; owns 152 acres of land, 
valued at $50 per acre. Democrat. 
Mrs. Margaret Davault, Mr. H.'s moth- 
er-in-law, makes her home with him ; 
she was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., 
Aug. 9, 179G ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1851. 

HE:»IMIX0S, JOHX, former. Sec. 
13; P.O. Middletown; was born in 
England Jan. 24, 1834; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1855, and settled in Au- 
gusta Tp. ; moved to Danville Tp. in 
1805, and located on the farm where he 
now lives; owns 196 acres, valued at 
850 por acre, on which he made most of 
the improvements. Married Miss Mary 
Wilks Nuv. 17, 1859; she was born in 
England Sept. 9, 1836 ; they have five 
children — Mary A. (now Mrs. Garden), 
Alice E., Frederick, Francis J., James 
A. Members of the Congregational 
Church ; he is a Democrat. 

Ham.m, Wm., for.. Sec. 2 ; P. O. Parrish, 

HU;LEY, E. C, for., S. 15; P. 0. 
Danville ; born in Berkshire Co., Mass., 
Aug. 22, 1810 ; came with his parents, 
to Portage Co., Ohio ; to Des Moines 
Co. in 1839, and has been a resident of 
Danville Tp. ever since. Married Miss 



Amanda Messenger Oct. 28, 1835 ; born 
in Portage Co., Ohio, March 17, 1812; 
have three children — Sibyl A., Stewart 
Henry H. and Emily M. ; two dead — 
Harriet M. and Mary P. Member of 
Congregational Church. Mr. H. owns 
ninety-five acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre. Republican. 

HALiL, J., DR., Danville ; born in 
Merrimack Co., N. H., July 4, 1807; 
came to Wisconsin in 1832 ; practiced 
medicine for five years ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1837, where he has de- 
voted his time to his profession the last 
few years; being well advanced in 
years, declines, except when some of his 
old friends call on him ; he now lives 
with his daughter a retired life. Mar- 
ried Miss Harriet Corning April 25, 
1835 ; she was born in New York City 
Feb. 10, 1809 ; died July 27, 1877 ; have 
five children — Edsou C, Albert, Eliza, 
B., Lufonna J., Adina B., and three 
dead — Clarissa C, Emily K. and Jas- 
per C. Mr. and Mrs. H. were members 
of the first Congregational church built 
in Danville Tp.; the first schoolhouse in 
Danville Center was built by Dr. H.and 
other old settlers, the first teachers Miss 
Wakefield and Miss Wilson. There were 
few buildings in the township when the 
Doctor came, and those rough log build- 
ings, most of them built close to the 
timber. The Doctor stands by the Re- 
publican party. 

Higley, H. H., tar., Sec. 22 ; P.O. Danville. 

Howard, W. & C. A., fors., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Hall, Jeremiah, for..S. 22 ; P.O. Danville. 

Howard, Wesley, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Hanna, John, far., S. 28; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

HIIRI.BUT, T. K., former. Sec. 
27 ; P. O. Danville ; was born in Hart- 
ford Co., Conn., April 22, 1817 ; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1837 ; owns 204 
acres, valued at $45 per acre. Married 
Miss Jane Tweedy March 27, 1848 ; 
she was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 
8, 1830; have nine children — William 
H., born Feb. 26, 1851 ; Carlos, Dec. 
5, 1852 ; Mary J., Nov. 8, 1854 ; Lucy 
P., Jan. 18, 1857; Emma, Nov. 16, 
1858 ; Frank, Dec. 24, 1862 ; Kate G., 
Jan. 8, 1865 ; Sarah L., Dec. 28, 1866 ; 



•DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 



699 



Adela M., April 8, 1869 ; lost three 
children — Charlotte M., born April 7, 
1849 ; Frank M., Jan. 22, 1801 ; John, 
Sept. 28, 1871. Carlos lives with his 
parents at the homestead ; is a member 
of the Congregational Church, and Re- 
publican. Mr. and Mrs. H. are mem- 
bers of the Congregational Church ; 
Republican. 

Hunter, G. W.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Huchen, Fritz, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Hodgens, R. L., merchant, Middletown. 

Herd, Robert, far., S, 30 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Kelt, G. W., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Hilderbrand, John, far., Sec. 10; P. 0. 
Danville. 

IRWIN, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
Danville. 

Irwin, John, Sr., far., Sec. 27; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Irwin, James P., farmer ; P. 0. Danville. 

lies, A. C, far., S. 24; P. 0. Danville. 

TOHNSON, OLMAN, farmer. Sec. 1 ; 

fj P. 0. Danville. 

JESTER, B. B., Sec. 32; P. 0. 
Parrish ; born in Brooke Co., Va., July 
5, 1829. Married Miss Sarah A. Moore 
March 15, 1865; born in Marshall Co., 
Va., Jan. 28, 1836; has two children — 
Anna E. and Mary R. Owns 161 
acres, valued at $50 per acre. Both 
members of the M. E. Church ; he is a 
Republican. 

JOHNSOX, JOEL, far., S. 7 ; P. 
0. Danville; born 'in Anderson Co., 
Tenn.. March 26, 1800; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1836, and settled where 
he now lives. Married Miss Susannah 
Johnson ; born in Tennessee, and died 
in Des Moines Co. in 1841. Married 
again Miss Lucinda Judd, in May, 
1847; born in Kentucky May 1, 1827 ; 
has five children by former wife — -Mary 
J., James A., Joel W., Francis M. and 
Oliver ; two dead — Noble and Martha 
A. ; and nine by present wife — Canada 
P., Louis H., Luther, Louisa, Rachel, 
William H., David G., Harvey and 
Caroline E. ; one dead — Isaac O. Owns 
300 acres, valued at $45 per acre ; made 
all the improvements. Democrat. 

Jarvis, James, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Jagtjar, H. E., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Jarvis, George, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Danville. 



Jacob, H. H. and J. J., fars., S. 20 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Jacques, W. J., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

KOBB, JACOB, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Kelley, J. S., fir.. Sec. 9; P. 0. Danville. 

Kobb, George, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Kountz, John, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Keller, S. E., carpenter, Sec. 16; P. 0. 
Danville. 

L ANDES, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 32 ; 
P. 0. Danville. 

Lycock, Reuben, far., S. 2; P. 0. Danville. 

Lindley, Alva, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Long, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middletown. 

Laughlin, 0. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

LAMME, \%ILIiIA.M, Danville; 
born in Greene Co., Ohio, Feb. 14, 
1814; came to Sangamon Co., 111., in 
1818; went to Hancock Co. and lived 
three years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1835. Married Miss Hester Elliott 
Aug. 27, 1838; she was born in Mor- 
gan Co., Ind., March 19, 1818 ; have 
three children — Mary J. Seamons, Will- 
iam H. and Claire Blakeway, and one 
dead — David P. Mrs. L. is a member 
of the M. E. Church. Mr. L. was 
elected to the Legislature in 1874, and 
was among the first settlers of Union 
Tp., where he entered 320 acres of land 
three years before it came into market ; 
improved it, put it under good cultiva- 
tion and sold ; came to Danville, where 
he now lives retired. Always a Re- 
publican. 

liEWIS, X. R., farmer and stock- 
raiser. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in 
Hartford Co., Conn., May 28, 1817; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1844. Mar- 
ried Miss Minerva Burnell in 1847; she 
was born in Massachusetts Jan. 4, 1824, 
died Aug. 12, 1868; have five children 
— Aurelius N., Ratio F., Ella M., 
Alonzo J. and Clarence G. Owns 240 
acres of land, valued at $60 per acre; 
made all the improvements. Is a mem- 
ber of the Congregational Church ; 
Republican. 

Laux, Michael, far. ; P. 0. Middleton. 

Luckman, H. F., far., S. 12; P. 0. Mid- 
dleton. 

MINTLING, W. S.,far., S. 1 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 



700 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUN'TY; 



Mathews. David, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Mathews, Herman, fiir., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Mathews, Henry, far., S. 9; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

McDonald, John, for., S. 6 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

McGohan, G. N., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Mitchel, Johu, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Morse, R. L., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

McCormick, J. B., S. 22 ; P. 0. Danville. 

MASTERS, NATHAN, Sec. 32 ; 
p. 0. Parrish ; born in Ohio Co., W. 
Va., Nov. 17, 1803; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1837 ; entered a claim, 
where he now lives ; returned to Vir- 
ginia, and moved his family here in 
1838. Married Miss P. Roberts April 
31, 1837 ; born in Ohio Co., Va., Feb. 
U, 18U4; died Aug. 16, 1839. Mar- 
ried ajiain, Catherine Blakeway, March 
22, 1842; born in Ohio Co., Va., March 
18, 1806; Mr. M. has one child by 
former wife — William H.; one died iu 
infancy ; has two by present wife — 
Sarah J., James F.; lost one — Cynthia. 
Owns 240 acres, valued at §50 per acre. 
Has been a member of the M. E. 
Church forty-eight years; Mrs. M. for 
fifty-seven years ; he is a Republican. 

Moore, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Melcher, P]dw., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

MKLCHER, 1>E]VNIS, potter and 
manufacturerof stone-ware. Sec. 31; P. 
0. Parrish ; born in Germany, Oct. 9, 
1814; learned his trade in the old 
country, and came to New Orleans in 
1 839 ; thence to St. Louis, and to Scott 
Co., Ml). ; worked at his trade at those 
places; went to Louisville, Ky., where 
he married Miss Maiy A. Faust Nov. 
21, 1842; born in Germany Jan. 24, 
1824; came to Burlington Sept. 21, 
1843; lived there till 1851 ; then moved 
to his present residence ; has six chil- 
dren — Sophia, Joseph P., Mary E., 
Louisa P., Dennis and Frank F. ; lost 
three — Mary, Francis H. and John E. 
Owns 315 acres, valued at S50 per acre ; 
buildings that cost §10,000. He was 
elected Supervisor of Des Moines Co. in 
1876, and served three years. Democrat. 



Mensenger, Alanson, merchant, Danville. 

Mix, G. H., far., Sec. 29 ; P. O. Danville. 

McElhenny, A. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Marchant, Samuel, far.. Sec. 14 ; P. O. 
Danville. 

Moore, McHenry, far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Moore, W. F., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Marchant, S. D., far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

n\TEWLAND,JABES, far.,Sec.4; P. 

i_N 0. Danville. 

XEALrEY, M. W., far., S. 12; P. 
O. Danville; born in New York April 
6, 1814; is a millwright by trade ; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1835 ; helped to 
build the Star flouring-mill ; it was one 
of the first mills built in Des Moines 
Co.; also helped to build a mill on Sugar 
Creek, in Wapello Co., the first mill 
built in that county, and helped build 
the old Western Hotel at Burlington. 
There were only eight or ten buildings 
in Burlington when Mr. N. came to Des 
Moines Co. Married Miss Harriet Wol- 
verton in 1842 ; she was born in Ham- 
ilton Co., Ohio, in 1825; have eleven 
children — Mary E., Lou., Alonzo, 
Frank, Kate, Cora A., Charley, Harvey, 
Ellie, Birdie, Grace B., and two dead ; 
Durand died in infiincy ; owns 264 acres, 
valued at $50 per acre. Republican. 
Mr. N. made the first colfin ever made 
for the Indians for Keokuk's son ; it 
was made from slabs split out of a tree. 

New, D. M., far..S. 19; P.O. Danville. 

Ne'l, J. L., far., S. 15; P. 0. Danville. 

Naw, John.fiir., S. 36 ; P. 0. Middletown. 

Newell, Albert, far., S. 16; P. O. Dan- 
ville. 

Naw, S. & G., fars., S. 35 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

O'NEAL, JAMES, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. 
Midflletown. 

OWEN, W. B., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
Danville ; born in England Nov. 10, 
1803; came to Pennsylvania in 1850, 
and to Des Moines Co. in 18(i8. Mar- 
ried Miss Sarah Hall July 31, 1830; 
she was born in England June 17, 1808; 
have six children — William, Olivia 
Amelia, Taretha, Clara, Ada, and one 
dead — Sarah. Members of the M. E. 
Church. Owns thirty acres, valued at 
§60 per acre. Republican. 



DANVILLE TOWNSHIP. 



701 



PARR, RICHARD, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

PAIilflER, JOHN H., far, Sec 
27 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Franklin 
Co., Penn., Sept. 19, 1818; came to 
Des Moines Co. in 1845. Married Miss 
Susan Basher in January, 1839; she 
was born in Berkeley Co., Va., Aug. 13, 
1814; died in May, 1872; married 
again, Mrs. Maggie Fore, Oct. 20, 1874; 
she was born in Franklin Co., Penn., 
May 6, 1836. Mr. P. has eleven chil- 
dren by former wife — Martha V., Geo. 
W., Mary E., John B., James P. Jona- 
than N., Henry H., Jennie, Emma P., 
Lemmon B., Claryn E., and one dead — 
Florence E.; one by present wife — Mertie. 
Members of the M. E. Church; he a 
member of A., F. & A. M. and I. O. 0. 
F. Owns 140 acres, valued ac $60 per 
acre. 

Palmer, Luke, far.', Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Palmer, J. H., flir., S. 27 ; P.O. Danville. 

Packwood, Jas., far., S. 10; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Parrott, S. L., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Palmer, G. W.,far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Parrott, J. T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Philips, David, fiir., S. 24; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

PORTER, S., MRS., Sec. 29 ; P. 
O. Danville; born in Marshall Co., Va., 
March 31, 1809; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1838. Married R. M. Porter 
March 22, 1828; born in Washington 
Co., Penn., April 17,1807 ; died May 28, 
1846 ; has four children — Reuben R., 
Vear, Mary V., Jonathan R., and four 
dead — Elizabeth J., John, Rebecca E., 
and Maria M. Mrs. P. is a member of 
' the M. E. Church. 

PORTER, VEAR; bom in Mar- 
shall Co., Va., July 4, 1834; living 
with his mother at the homestead. En- 
listed in the 15th I. V. I., Co. E, and 
was discharged in 1862 on account of 
wounds received at Pittsburg Landing. 
Has served as Assessor of Danville Tp. 
two years. Is Captain of the rifle com- 
panv of Danville, and a member of A., 
F. & A. M. and I. O. 0. F. of Danville. 
Republican. 

Parrott, W. S., far., Sec. 5; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Porter, Eph., harness-maker, Danville. 



RIDDLE, ROBERT, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 
0. Danville. 

Robinson, Samuel, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Rose, John F., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Rowe, Elias, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Renner, Franklin, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Rankin, J. M., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Robertson, Jas., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Danville. 

S EATON, J. & G., fars., S. 18 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Swan, F. A., farmer; P. 0. Danville. 

Shoemaker, Henry, far., S. 4; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Sourwine, Geo., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Sharp, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Sharp, Jos. G., flir., S. 14 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Sater, Thos. P., far., S. 5; P. 0. Danville. 

Sanderson, F. S., T. F. & R. S., fars.. Sec. 
12 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Scott, Geo., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Swan, N. H. & S. B., fars., S. 21 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

Syester, John W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Sater, T. J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Danville. 

Sawtelle, Geo., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Smith, J. H., far., S, 26 ; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Seymour, J. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

SANOERS, J. A., Danville; born 
in Washington Co., Penn., Aug. 17, 
1801 ; came to Des Moines Co., Nov. 
15, 1850 ; bought 120 acres of land, at 
$6 per acre, improved and sold for $50 
per acre; moved to Danville in 1877, 
where he lives retired. Married Miss 
De Berry April 1, 1827 ; she was born 
in WestVirginia Oct. 25, 1806, died May 
21, 1875; married again, Mrs.Lydia Lewis 
Sept. 19, 1877; she was born in Cambria 
Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1814 ; Mr. S. has six 
children by former wife — Andrew J., 
Elizabeth, Phebe, James, Sarah J. and 
William ; lost three — Emeline, Newton 
and John ; Mrs. S. has by former hus- 
band eleven children — Ephraim, Kate, 
Melinda, Edward, Alfred, Emma, Ellen 
Mattie, Jennie, Justus and Charles, and 
lost three — Levi, Enoch and Augusta. 
Mr. S. owns eighty acres of land, valued 
at $50 per acre. Mr. S. member of the 



702 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Congregational Church ; Mrs. S. mem- 
ber of the Baptist Church. Mr. S. is 
a Republican. 
SEYMOUR, E. H., farmer, Sec. 22 ; 
P. 0. Danville ; born in Des Moines Co., 
Iowa, May 22, 1848. 3Iarried Miss 
Sarah A. Porter Jan. 15, 1872; she 
was born in Hartford Co., Conn., Aug. 
4, 1850 ; have two children — Percy W. 
and John P. Mr. S. owns o77 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre. Mr. 
S.'s mother came to Des Moines Co. in 
1834 ; she was born in Connecticut 
Sept. 19, 1807 ; his father was born in 
Hartford, Conn., March 31, 1796, died 
Feb. 13, 1859. Mr. E. H. Seymour 
owns Royal King stallion and General 
Jackson, trotting horses, and is a breeder 
of Berkshire swine ; has a stock farm 
one and a half miles south of Danville. 
Democrat. 

SEYMOUR, WOLCOTT, 

ESQ., the first son of Jeremiah Sey- 
mour and Emily Demming, his wife; 
was born Aug. 17, 1813, in Hartford 
Co., Conn. The ancestors were from 
England, being among the first settlers 
in Connecticut. About 1675, three 
brothers came to this country, and from 
these all the Seymours have descended, 
among whom we may mention the Hon. 
Horatio Seymour, at one time Governor 
of New York, and Hon. Thomas H. 
Seymour ; the latter was educated at 
West Point, held the office of Colonel 
in the Mexican War, elected Governor 
of Connecticut, also Congressman from 
the Hartford District, and was appointed 
Minister to Russia. In 1838, Mr. Sey- 
mour left the scenes of his youth, gave 
up the comforts of a pleasant home, and 
migrated to Iowa, landing in Burling- 
ton, July 5, the day after it had become 
a Territory. After exploring six months, 
he concluded to make Danville his 
future home ; beginning life in moderate 
circumstances, Mr. Seymour entered 
320 acres of wild land which he im- 
mediately began improving ; but when 
the land came into market, in 1839, it 
could hardly be called a home. In the 
course of time, it, with many other 
farms, became an oasis in the wilderness, 
and, at the present writing, he has a 
fine farm with improvements second to 
none in the country. Then, as now, 



the common schools were the great 
fountains of knowledge, and to these 
Mr. Seymour went in the winter, spend- 
ing his summers in working on the 
farm. Mr. Seymour was Justice of the 
Peace for some thirty years, and at one 
time Secretary of the School Board. 
Mr. Seymour was originally a Whig ; 
he afterward joined the ranks of the 
Republican party. In 1852, Mr. Sey- 
mour was elected to the Legislature, as 
a Representative from Des Moines Co. ; 
being elected by the Whigs, he was a 
member of a small minority, the Dem- 
ocracy holding the balance of power. 
Feb. 3, 1842, Wolcott Seymour and 
Amelia Hawkins were joined in mar- 
riage ; they had two sons, both of whom 
are living ; one at home, and the other 
one mile below Danville. His wife 
died in 1865, and Jan. 2, 1873, he was 
married to Mary Robinson. Although 
living on a farm, yet Mr. Seymour feels 
that his days of work have passed, and 
he now lives at his ease, surrounded by 
all the comforts that tend to make life 
pleasant. 

Shepherd, B. W., stock-dealer, Sec. 9 ; P. 
0. Danville. 

Smi'.h, Ellison, far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Sargent, W. H.,far.,S. 24; P. 0. Middle- 
town. 

Scott, C. B. and G. and W. H., fars., S. 
36 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Stoner, C F., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Still, A., merchant, Danville. 

Seymour, H. C, flir., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Streed, John F., far.; P. 0. Middletown. 

Sawtelle, H. C, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Seims, D., far., S. 1 ; P. O. Danville. 

Syester, W. H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Stewart, W. H., jdiysician, Danville. 

Seymour, E. P., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Sti-ga, H. H., far., S. 2 ; P. O. Danville. 

Seamans, B. B., far., S. 23 ; I' (> 3Iid- 
dletown. 

Streed, Aaron, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Swan, R. 0., far., S, 25; P. 0. Danville. 

Sawtelle, S. M., far., Sec. 20 ; P. O. Dan- 
ville. 



AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 



703 



TONKINSON, C. B., far., S. 18 ; P. 
a. Danvillo. 
Tomes, Reuben, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
Thomas, S. 0. and J., fars., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Danville. 

YANCE, WM., far., Sec. 6; P. 0. 
Danville. 
TTTARD, S. A., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dan- 

Whisler, John, far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

WARD, JOSEPH, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
Danville ; born in Marshall Co., W. Va., 
Jan. 7, 1796 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1844. Married Miss Sarah Swan 
Dec. 23, 1819 ; she was born in Greene 
Co., Penn., Jan. 19, 1797, and died 
Oct. 15, 1863; he married again Sept. 
23, 1875, Mrs. Sarah Swan ; she was 
born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, 
1816 ; Mr. W. has four children by his 
former wife — Sarah A. Thompson, Jo- 
seph, Elizabeth Sawyer, William, and 
six dead — Henry S., Hettie, Mary J., 
John, Elizabeth and Andrew ; Mrs. W. 
has four children by her former hus- 
band — David, Gilbert, Mattie, Bernard, 
and two dead — Emmans and I]lizubeth. 
Mr. W. owns 185 acres of land, valued 



at $50 per acre. He served as Major 
in the 144th Va. Regt. ; was enrolled 
in 1812, and served till 1845. Is a 
Democrat. Mrs. W. is a member of 
the M. E. Church. 

Williams, G. W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Wilcox, M. D., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Wilcox, A. A., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Williams, J. W., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Williams, J. H., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Welch, Samuel E., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Waltz, Edward, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Wertz, Amos, far. ; P. 0. Middletown. 

Westerbeck, J. W., far., Sec. 25; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Wechman, F., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Watson, Andrew, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Wing, J. P., butcher, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Mid- 
dletown. 

Wright, J. A., physician, Danville. 



AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 



ANDREWS, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
16; P. 0. Augusta. 
BLAKEWAY, E., far.. Sec. 12; P. 
0. Parrish. 

Blakeway, J. C, far.. Sec. 1, P.O. Parrish. 

Buxton, Byron, saloon-keeper, Augusta. 

Blakeway, Valentine, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Parrish. 

Berier, Geo., far., S. 12; P. 0. Augusta. 

Berier, Enoch, far., S. 14 ; P.O. Augusta. 

Blume, Wm., far., S. 14; P. 0. Augusta. 

Bangerman, William, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. 
Augusta. 

Berterman, Philip, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. 
Middletown. 

Baumgardner, Jacob, stone-mason, Au- 
gusta. 

Bussy, Wm., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Bussy, W. F., far., S. 8; P. 0. Parrish. 

Bolton, J. H., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Parrish. 



Brune, E., far., S. 24; P. 0. Augusta. 
Burgisser, L., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

CHIPMAN, H. J., wine mfr., S. 23; 
P. 0. Augusta. 

ClilNE, W. _ S., _ S. 10 ; P. 0. 
Augusta ; born in Union Co., Ind., Feb. 
8, 1818; came to Des Moines Co. 
March, 1843, and settled where he now 
lives ; owns 330 acres, valued at $45 
per acre ; has made all the improve- 
ments. Married Miss Maria Brown 
Jan. 5, 1843; born in Union Co., Ind., 
Jan. 5, 1825 ; have five children — ■ 
Henry B., Mary, John M., Salina and 
William A. Mrs. C. is a member of 
the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member 
of a grange and is a Democrat. 

CRABTREE, J. A., far., S. 24; 
p. 0. Augusta; born in Tennessee, 
Sept. 22, 1827 ; came, with his parents 



•04 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : 



to Scott Co., 111., in 1833; thence to 
Des jMoines Co. in 1858. Married 
Miss Elizabeth Robertson Aug. 18, 
1858; born in Schuyler Co., 111., Nov. 
25, 1831 ; her parents came to Des 
Moines in 1834:, among the finst settlers 
of Augusta Tp. ; Mr. C. now lives on 
the farm where Mr. Robertson first set- 
tled ; has four children — Martha, Frank 
R., Albert, Rophenia J. Has held 
the offices of Township Assessor and 
Trustee; owns 131 acres, valued at $40 
per acre. Mrs. C. is a member of the 
M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a member of 
A., F. & A. M., No. 7, Augusta 
Lodge. Neutral in politics. 

Christianson, N. C, farmer, S. 24; P. 0. 
Au<j;usta. 

Clark,^E., lab. ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Cuthberth, Elias, carpenter, S. 24 : P. 0. 
Auijusta. 

DE JOHN, LOUIS, far.,S. 12; P. 0. 
Augusta. 
Dennison, (J-. B. ; P. 0. Augusta. 
Danes, Fred., far., S. 12; P. 0. Augusta. 

FIIAZER, A., bridge-tender, S. 23; 
P. O. Augusta. 

Florel, Auti'ust, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

FISCHER, WILLIAM, dealer 
dry goods, groceries and provisions, 
Augusta; was born in Germany March 
13, 1836; came to the United States 
in 1854, and located in Burlington ; 
was bartender for some time, and went 
into business for himself in 1857, which 
he followed till 1868, then came to 
Augusta and engaged in mercantile 
trade, where he has been successful ; 
he owns the grist-mill — the old mill 
which was built by Moffett in 1835 
the first in this part of the country. He 
marriiid Miss Mary L. Rrun Oct. 7, 
1857 ; she was born in Germany Nov. 
25, 1840 ; have three children — Louisa 
M., Edmund and Arnold; and four 
deceased. Has held office of Township 
Clerk. Republican. 

Franklin, Abe. P. 0. Augusta. 

GIBSON, J. S., farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
Parrish. 
Gibson, G., ftir., S. 4; P. 0. Parrish. 
Geitzfricd, Michael, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 

Augusta. 
Gro.ss, I., shoemaker, Augusta. 
Grubb, Alex., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Augusta. 
Gregg, J. M., far., S. 2; P. O. Parrish. 



Gregg, A. C, far., S. 3; P. 0. Parrish. 
Girard, Joseph, far., S. 12; P.O. Augusta. 

HOLLAND, LABAN, farmer, Sec. 
6 ; P. O. Augusta. 

Holland, Caswell, flir., Sec. 14; P. 0. 
Autjjusta. 

Harty', R., for., S. 2 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Helt, Nicholas, far., S. 13 ; P.O. Augusta. 

Hilleary, J. L., far., S. 11 ; P.O. Augusta. 

Hanna, Caswell, far., S. 5 ; P.O. Parrish. 

Hanna, J. L., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Hanna, John, far., S. 9; P. O. Parrish. 

Hanna, Abner, far., S. 2 ; P. O. Parrish. 

Hubner, Wm., far., S. 6; P.O. Augusta. 

HEAN, ROBERT, P. 0. Augusta ; 
was born in England Feb.' 9, 1813; 
came to Lebanon Co., Penn., in 1835, 
and worked as millwright for two 
years. Married Miss Sarah Lesher 
June 15,1843 ; she was born in Lebanon 
Co., Penn., Sept. 26, 1826 ; came to 
Des Moines Co. in 1869, and bought a 
saw-mill and opei'ated it for two years, 
then engaged in the lumber business ; 
at present is farming ; owns thirty acres, 
valued at $25 per acre ; has seven 
children — Elizabeth, Francis, Mary, 
John, Robert, Samuel and Rhoda, and 
two deceased — Adam and Margaret. 
Members of M. E. Church ; Democrat. 

HILLS, H. A., finrmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 
O.Augusta; was born in Lee Co., Iowa, 
Feb. 10, 1844; his parents were early 
settlers of Lee Co. Married I\Iiss Eliza- 
beth Ainsworth Feb. 10, 1869; she 
was born in New York May 30, 1847 ; 
has three children — Edith L., Nellie 
M. and Edward A. Mr. H. enlisted in 
1st I. V. I., and served his time out; 
re-enlisted in 1st Mo. Engineers, and 
served three years ; was in the battles of 
Wilson's Creek and Gainesboro, and 
several skirmishes. Has held offices of 
Township Clerk and Justice of the 
Peace. Members of M. E. Church ; 
Republican. 

Heavener, George, Augusta. 

Hunzinger, John, far., S. 14; P. 0. Au- 
gusta. 

Heavener, L. C. B., lab., Augusta. 

TNGERSOL, WM., Jr., far., Sec. 24 ; 

JL P. O. Augusta. 

Ingersol, Wm., Sr., far., Sec. 24; P.O. 
Autjusta. 

TESTER, B., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Parrish. 



AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 



705 



KOENIG, WM., far., Sec. 2; P. 0. 
Augusta. 

Klous, M.."far., Sec. 12; P. O. Middle- 
town. 

y AMME, NATHAN, far., Sec. 12 ; 

J^ P. 0. Middletown. 

Lauffer, John, Sr., far., See. 9 ; P. 0. 
Parrish. 

Lauer, Theobald, far., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Au- 
gusta. 

Luckey, Wm., teamster, Augusta. 

Lauer, Antoin, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Loft, H. P., Auiiusta. 

McCOKD, ROBERT, far., Sec. 24; 
P. 0. Au-usta. 

McCOY, JAIIES B., machinist. 
Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Parrish ; born in West- 
moreland Co., Penn., Sept. 13, 1811 
went with his parents to Fayette Co. 
Penn. ; learned the trade of sickle 
maker, which he followed for five years 
then manufactured edged tools for four 
years ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1844, 
where he manufactured threshing ma- 
chines, the first machines manufactured 
in this part of the country ; he also 
made the first horse saw-mill here ; in 
the year 1859-60. he made thirty ditch- 
ers. Married Miss J. Hess in 1833; 
she was born in P'ayette Co., Penn., 
Sept. 8, 1817, and died Dec. 2, 1875 ; 
they have one child — Jessie, and three 
deceased — Joseph, Mary and Caroline. 
Mr. McCoy owns 42 acres, valued at 
S3,000. Is a Republican. 

Melcher, Dennis, crockery mfr., S. 1 ; P. 
0. Parrish: 

Moore, John, for., S. 12; P. 0. Parrish. 

Moore, F. W., far., S. 3; P. 0. Parrish. 

Moore, W. F., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Melcher & Beck, crockery mfr., S. 1 ; P. 
0. Parish. 

Moore, Wm., for., S. 4. ; P. 0. Parrish. 

MOORE, WM. R., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 
0. Parrish ; born in Marshall Co., Va., 
March 20, 1820; came with par- 
ents to Des Moines Co. in 1838 ; first 
settled in Danville Tp. Married Miss 
Rebecca Parriott in 1851 ; she was born 
in Mar^^hall Co., Va., in 1825 ; have six 
children — John P., Annie B., Watson 
L, Eugene, Elbert and Myrtie ; de- 
ceased—Frank D. Mr. Moore owns 200 
acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. 
Has held ofiice of Justice of the Peace 
six years, and Assessor and County Su- 



j^ervisor. Mr. and Mrs. M. are nrfem- 
bers of the M. E. Church. The poster- 
ity of the Moore family for the past for- 
ty years number fifty-two (children and 
grandchildren), with but three "deaths 
during that time. 

"XTEUTERMAN, C, Jr., farmer, Sec. 

IN 24 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

I^AU, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
0. Middletown ; born in Germany April 
26, 1815; came to America in 1838, and 
located in Indianapolis, Ind. ; moved to 
Butler Co., Ohio, and lived there five 
years ; came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 
1843; moved to Dfis Moines Co. in 1853. 
In 1878, he returned to his native land, 
and attended the Expos^ition at Paris. 
Married Miss Elizabeth Wager May 30, 
1841 ; she was born in Bavaria April 
18, 1823; have seven children — John, 
Mary, Katie C, Samuel, George W., 
Rebecca B. and Maggie E. Are mem- 
bers of the Lutheran Church. He owns 
427 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre ; made all the improvements. Dem- 
ocrat. 

NEFXY, JOHSf, for., S. 13 ; P. 0. 
Augusta ; born in Philadelphia, Penn., 
March 15, 1826, where he learned the 
hatter's trade ; worked at his trade for 
some years; went to California in 1849 ; 
returned in 1854. Married Miss Maria 
Barton Oct. 6, 1844; she was born in 
Philadelphia in 1826, and died June 
30, 1876; have seven children — Mary 
E., Jennie M., Eva, William T., John 
F., Edward B. and Charles, and three 
dead. Came to Des Moines Co. in 1 854 ; 
owns 262 acres of land valued at 
$50 per acre. Republican. 

Nicloy, John, hotel, Augusta. 

RTON, THOS.; P. 0. Augusta. 



O 



S. 11 



PHREHM, HENRY, far. 
P. 0. Augusta. 
Porter, Albert, laborer ; P. 0. Augusta. 

RANDALL, W. H., physician, Au- 
eusta. 
SHORT, GEORGE, far., S. 13 ; P. 0. 
Augusta. 
Seigler, Chris, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Parrish. 

Schrimer, far., S. 14; P. 0. 

Aususta. 
S C HU L. Z E, C. li., blacksmith, 
Augusta; born in Prussia June 16, 
1841 ; came to Burlington in 1853 with 



706 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



his parents, and lived there four years ; 
then went to Dalhis, 111., and while there 
learned his trade. Married Mi^s C. 
Blender March 22, 1870; born in Ba- 
den, Germany, Dec. 5, 1846 ; has four 
children — Theresa B. M., born Dec. 15. 
1870; Harriet, June 2, 1872 ; Arnold, 
Sept. 15, 1875; Katie M., Oct. 21, 
1877 ; Charles, born Oct. 11, 1874, and 
died Nov. 20, 1874. Mr. S. is a mem- 
ber of the Lutheran Church. Enlisted 
in Co. D, 5th Mo. V. I., and served his 
time out; re-enlisted in the 48th I. V. 
I I., Co. D ; was in battles of Springfield, 
Mo., and Duck Springs, and served his 
time out ; was in the employ of the gov- 
ernment till the close of the war. Re- 
publican. 

Sharp, W. P., saw-mill owner, Augusta. 

Sanbury, Henry, far., S. 12; P. 0. Au- 
gusta. 
THOMAS & BRO., stock-dealer,. Sec. 
1 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Tiedeman, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Au- 
gusta. 

Tuttle, Simeon, carp., Augusta. 



U]VTERKIRCHER,A. P., re 
tired, Augusta; born in Germany 
March 11, 1810; learned the tanner's 
trade in the old country ; at 21 years of 
age, was drafted in the army and served 
six years ; then served as 1st Lieutenant 
in the militia two years. Married Miss 
Sophia H. Auer in 18B7 ; she was born 
in Germany March 2, 1810; they came 
to America in 1850 ; worked at his 
trade in Pennsylvania and Michigan ; 
came to Augusta, Des Moines Co., in 
1856, and started a tannery, which busi- 
ness he followed for nine years ; sold 
out, and is living a retired life. Has 
two children — John and Sophia. Re- 
publican. 

WILKE, C, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. 
Augusta. 

Walker, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Augusta. 

Widespach, Felix, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Au- 
gusta. 

Walker, C. E., far., S. 10 ; P. O.Augusta. 

ZLMMER, WILLIAM, far., S. 10; P. 
0. Augusta, 



PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



ALBERT, H., far., S. 3; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 
Albright, E., far., S. 28; P. 0. South 

Flint. 
Algrahm, B., far., S. 8; P. 0. New 

London. 
Anderson, A., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
Anderson, C, far., Sec. 17; P. 0. New 

London. 
Anderson, Jacob, far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 

New London. 
Antrobus, — , far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. New 

London. 
Aspergreene, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Grove. 

BOOK, J., far., S. 18; P. 0. New 
London. 
Blast, C, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. 

CALLIS, G. W., far., S. 26; P. 0. 
South Flint. 
Carter, B.. far., S. 34 ; P. O. Danville. 
CARTER, EinVIN, far., S. 27 ; 
P. 0. South Flint ; born in Virginia, 



July 25, 1814; went to Montgomery 
Co., Ky., in 1837 ; while there married 
Miss E. J. Spurgin, March 8, 1838; 
born Montgomery Co., Ky., September, 
1820, and died April 12, 1849; mar- 
ried again to Miss Mary F. Sargent, 
March 22, 1850; born in Ohio July 
24, 1834; Mr. C. has one child by 
former wife — Marian, and eight by 
present wife — Minerva, John E., Nancy 
0., Emily M., Mary F., Nevada E., 
Elkannah S. and Abbie A. Mr. C. came 
to Des Moines Co. Sept. 15, 1848 ; has 
been Postmaster for twenty-five years ; 
owus 340 acres of land. Members of 
Baptist Church ; Democrat. 

Casie, L., far., Sec. 12; P. 0. Pleasant 
< r rove. 

Chandler, James, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Clark, A., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Clark, A. M., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. South 
Flint. 



PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



707 



Clark, R., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. South Flint. 

CLUTTER, J. J., M. !>., Pleasant 
Grove ; was born in Ohio July 20, 
1825 ; at 16 years of age, went to 
Washington Co., Penn., and studied 
medicine ; then went to Stanton, Va., 
where he attended Medical College ; 
thence to Ritchie Co., Va., where he 
practiced for seventeen years, when he 
removed to Ohio and practiced three 
years ; came to Iowa and engaged in 
practice in Winfield ; came to Pleai?ant 
Grove, where he has been practicing 
some lime. Married Miss Elizabeth 
Malone in December, 1 849 ; she was 
born in Harrison Co., Va., Dec. 31, 
1830 ; have nine children — Sarah S., 
Minerva, 3Iary M., Alice, John E., 
Ada v., Francis M., Luther W. and 
William H. Mr. C. served three years 
as surgeon in the army. Members of 
the M. E. Church ; Mr. C. is a Repub- 
lican. 

Chadrick, T. v., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Church, J. S., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Coap, A., fiir., S. 6; P. 0. New London. 

Cracker, Wm., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Crane, J., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

DADDS, 0. E., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 

Dadds, Wm. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Dancll, T., tar., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Darldt, S. C, far., S. 35; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Deney, W. P., far., Sec. 32; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Dietch, Q., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Dispain, M., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Dispain, S., far., Sec. 21; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Doolittle, E., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Drier. C, far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

EVANS, H, M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. New 
London. 
IT^ETTERMAN, L, farmer. Sec. 27; 
} P. 0. South Flint. 
Finck, C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 



Fleenor, H., far., S. 12; P. O. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Fleenor, W. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

FLEENOR, W. P., farmer, Sec. 3 ; 
P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush 
Co., Ind.jOct. 11, 1823; removed with 
his parents to Coles Co., 111., when 1 1 
years of age ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1836 ; at present, is living at the old 
homestead, whel"e his parents first settled 
when they came to the county. Mar- 
ried Miss Sarah McCune Oct. 10, 1850 ; 
she was born in Rush Co., Ind., July 
1, 1830. Owns 210 acres of land, val- 
ued at $35 per acre. Members of the 
C. P. Church ; Democrat. 

Freck, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New London. 

GANNAWAY, W. B., farmer. Sec. 2 ; 
Pleasant Grove. 

GAX^fAWAY, JOHN, born in 
Kentucky July 7, 1814 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1838 ; an early settler of 
that county. Married Miss Nancy Zion 
in 1838; a native of Virginia; born 
March 10, 1822 ; have four children — 
Robinson, Sarah J., William B. and 
Lavina. Both members of the C. P. 
Church ; Mr. G. is a Republican. 

OANNAWAY, R., cabinet-maker, 
Pleasant Ridge ; born in Des Moines 
Co., Iowa, in September, 1839; has 
been a resident of this county ever 
since, except three years in the army, 
in Co. C, 30th I. V. I.; was at the 
siege of Vicksburg and with Sherman 
on his march to the sea. Married Miss 
Rosie Minerd Jan. 1, 1868 ; have three 
children— William C, Charles R. and 
John. Members of the C. P. Church. 
Mr. G. is Justice of the Peace; Re- 
publican. 

Garlinger, F., for., S. 13 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

GEISE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. — ; P. 
0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Prussia in 
1817; came to Virginia in 1831; re- 
moved to Cincinnati, Ohio ; then to 
Des Moines Co. in 1843. Married Miss 
Margaretta Dinkhause in 1843 ; she 
was born in Prussia in 1819; have 
seven children — Henry, John, George, 
Theodore, Louisa andSallie ; lost one — 
Louis. Mr. G. owns 298 acres of land, 
valued at SI 2 per acre. Members of 
the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 



708 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



Gragan, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South Flint. 
Gieffol, Wm., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. South FHnt. 

HALP], G., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 

Hale, G. L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Hand, O., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. New London. 

Hanks, A. J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Harmos, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Henel, D. M., far., S. 7; P. 0. New 
London. 

Hauston, S. T. S., far., S. 23; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 

Hully, Aug., far., S. IG; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

TANES, D. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Pleas- 

fj ant Grove. 

Janes, F., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Jane.s, J. D., far., S.'25; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Johnson, C. P., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Jakoba, E., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
(irove. 

KEPPY, H., far., S. 35; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
KIJH1.ENBECK, J. F., dealer 
in dry goods and groceries ; Pleas- 
ant Grove ; born in Germany, June 14, 
1838 ; came to St. Louis in 1854, where 
he learned the shoemaker's trade and 
worked at it three years ; then went to 
Louisiana, Mo., and married Miss Mary 
Brier, in 1869 ; she was born in Prussia 
in 1840 ; have six chidren — John, Hen- 
ry, Hardy, Clara, Lindey and Frank, 
and two dead — Albert and Louisa. 
Mr. K. enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. 
D, 25th I. V. I. ; served three years ; 
was in twenty- three battles ; was 
with Sherman during the march to the 
sea ; since 1869, has been engaged in 
mercantile business at Pleasant Grove. 
• Mrs. K. is a member of C. P. Church, ; 
Mr. K. is Republican. 

LANGFORD, R., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 
Laughlin, John, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. New 

London. 
Laughlin, L., far., S. 29; P. 0. New 

London. 
Laughlin, AVm., far., S. 29 ; P. O. New 
London. 



Lee, A., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. New London. 
Lee, I. L, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Grove. 
Linder, J., ftir., S. 4 ; Pleasant Grove. 

McNALL, S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Mccarty, iSAAC,_far., s. 5; 

p. O. New London ; born in Claiborne 
Co., Tenn., March 27, 1825; removed 
with his parents to Putnam Co., Ind., 
in 1827 ; came to Henry Co., Iowa, in 
1847 ; then moved to Des Moines Co. 
in 1854. Married Miss Margaret A. 
Sharp November, 1848 ; she was' born 
in Parke Co., Ind., in 1831 ; have nine 
children — George J., William D., John 
L., Mary J., Alexander, Smith, Francis 
P., Chas. B., Annie B., and three dead 
— Thomas, James, and one died in in- 
fancy. Mr. McCarty has assessed the 
township six or seven times ; owns 
254 acres of land. Members of the 
Baptist Church ; Democrat. 

McNall, W., far., Sec. 17; P. 0. New 
London. 

MacNeil J. F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Mahler, F., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Mahr, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Mailer, Henry, flu-.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Marchant, W., flir,, S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Martin, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. New London. 

Meyers, C, ftir.. Sec. 10; P. O. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Miller, J. L., f\n-.. Sec. 7; P. 0. New 
London. 

Miller, W. A., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

MILLER, WILLIAM, Pleasant 
Grove; born in Kentucky 3Iay 23, 
1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1835. 
Mr. Miller was in the Black Hawk war 
in 1833. Married Miss Louisa Lee in 

' 1839; born in Illinois and died Aug. 
21, 1874. Married again Mary J. 
Partlock in 1875 ; born in Rush Co., 
Ind., Sept. 11, 1833; Mr. Miller has 
five children by his former wife — Hoze- 
kiah, Marion, Sarah J., William L. and 
Mary L., and four dead ; John died in 
the army ; others died in infancy. 
Members of C. P. Church; Mr. M.is a 
Democrat. 



PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



709 



Morgan, M., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

NEWHOUSE, JOHN, far., S. 14; P. 
O. Pleasant Grove. 
OBERMAKN, F. W., under- 
taker and cabinet-maker. Pleasant 
Grove; born in Germany Nov. 12, 
1832 ; came to Wheeling, Va., in 1848 ; 
went to Cincinnati in 1850 ; came to 
Des Moines Co. in 1852. Married Miss 
Mary A. Halle in 1860 ; she was born 
in Indiana in 1830; have seven children 
— Charles F., Etta, George, William, 
Mary, Bismarck and Henry. Mr. 0. 
started the first undertaker's establish- 
ment in Pleasant Grove. Republican. 
PARKER, G. W., iar., S. 18 ; P. 0. 
New London. 

Parker, G. W., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Perkins, W. H., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. South' 
Fiint. 

Perkins, W. J., for., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Piepergerder, E.,far.,S. 26 ; P. 0. South- 
Flint. 

Piper, John, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. O. South 
Flint. 

Poggermeller, H., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

PORTLOCK, D. Iv., far., Sec. 11 ; 
P. 0. Pleasant Grove ; born in Rush 
Co., Ind., Jan. 4, 1825 ; came to Bur- 
lington in the fall of 1836 ; engaged at 
the carpenter trade ; removed to Pleasant 
Grove Tp., in April, 184:i. Married 
Miss EHzabeth J. Fleenor in 1850; 
born in Rush Co., Ind., in 1827 ; have 
five children — Verdon, Lydia, Clarissa, 
Sarah E. and Elzorah, and two died in 
infancy. Mr. P. has held the office of 
Justice of the Peace for ten years ; has 
been on the Board of Supervisors and 
Deputy Provost Marshal during the war. 
Owns 200 acres of land. Members of 
the Christian Church ; Demo'crat. 

RAMSY, GEO., far.. Sec. 20; P. O. 
New London. 

Redding, James, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Redford, I., far.,-S. 7; P. O. New Lon- 
don. 

Richey, T., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Rippel, W. and T., fars., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
Pleasant Grove. 



Ritchey, R., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Ritcher, Wm., far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 
SATER, S. P. and J. W., fers.. Sec. 31 ; 
P. 0. New London. 

Sater, Thomas, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Stifkin, J. G., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Shepard, H., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove.' 

Shephard, J., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

ISHORTRIDGG, S. M., dealer in 
blooded stock ; S. 11. ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove; born in Henry Co., Ind., Jan. 26, 
1828 ; came to Dcs Moines Co. in 1 857 ; 
read law with Darwin ; was admitted to 
the bar in 1864; has held the ofiice of 
Notary Public since 1863, and other 
offices ; was in the war in 48th I. V. I., 
Co. D, as First Sergeant; owns 110 
acres, valued at $30 per acre. Member 
of C. P. Church ; Republican. 

Shurts, John, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Simpson, R. K., far., S. 9. 

SMITH, A. J., S. 15 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove; born in Washington Co., 
Va., Dec. 28, 1811 ; removed with his pa- 
rents to Clarke Co., Ind., in 1817 ; came 
to DesMoines Co. May 1, 1843, and 
settled in Pleasant Grove Tp. Married 
Miss J. Westfall April 18, 1847, born 
in Allegany Co., N. Y., June 20, 1829 ; 
have twelve children — Francis M., 
Frederick N., Jemima I., Asbury D., 
A. J., Mary J., Robert A., R. E., J. H., 
Minnie, Squire and Ira. Mr. Smith 
owns 837 acres, valued at $35 per acre ; 
commenced in 1843 with two yoke of 
steers and S63, and has besides his 
property given his children 480 acres. 
Mr. Smith is a Democrat. 

Smith, J., far., S. 14; P. O. Pleasant 
Gi'ove. 

SXYI>ER, AXI>RE W, far._, S. 26 ; 
P. O. Southflint ; born in Highland 
Co., Ohio, Nov. 2, 1802; emigrated 
when 16 years of age to Marshall 
Co., W. Va. ; returned to his native 
State several years later ; remained 
a short period ; again went to West 
Virginia, engaging in various occu- 
pations, and during his leisure in the 
winter exerted himself assiduously to 
G 



710 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



acquire an education, wliicli mi<:lit at 
least fit liim for tlie ordinary walks of 
business lile. On tlie olst of January, 
1828, he married Sarah Baker, born 
Oct. 3, 1808, whose <;irlhood days were 
passed in West Virginia. Soon after 
his marriage, Mr Snyder commenced 
farming in Marshall Co., W. Va., and 
continued at it until the spring of 1844, 
when he moved with his family to what 
is now Des Moines Co. The first year 
he worked a rented farm, near the 
southwest part of Danville Tp. In the 
spring of 1845, he purchased his present, 
farm ; Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been 
earnest and active in the affairs of lile, 
and their influence has done much to 
shape the course of the community in 
which they live ; though more than fifty 
years of their nrarital companionship 
have glided away, they are both still 
strong and in vigorous health, with the 
proi*pect of living yet many years to 
enjoy the fruits of their early struggles. 
Their union has been blessed with ten 
children — Rachel, James, Elizabeth, 
Mary Ann, Caroline, Sarah E., William 
W., Lou. J., Theodore B., and Wilber, 
all living, except William W., who 
died in 1848, and Rachel in 1849. 
Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have been life- 
long members of the M. E. Church, 
and all their children belong to some 
religious denomination. In politics, 
Mr. Snyder has always stood by the 
Republican party. He is now what 
may be properly termed a retired farmer. 

SXVDER, LIZZIE, teacher; P.O. 
Soutlifliiit; is residing with her parents; 
born in Marshall Co., W. Va.,and came 
with her parents to Des Moines Co. in 
184-t ; was kept at school from the time 
she attained proper age until she became 
a teacher ; is devotedly attached to this 
vocation ; has followed it most of her 
life. She is a member of the M. E. 
Church, having in early life identified 
herself with that denomination, and has 
ever been a faithful member. 

SKYDER, WII.BEK, for., S. 26; 
P. 0. Danville ; born m Des Moines Co., 
Iowa., Feb. 15, 1850. Married Miss 
Nellie Burns; born in Norwalk, Ohio, 
July 1, 1852 ; is living on the old home- 
stead farm. Republican; has been a dele- 
gate at different conventions of the party. 



Stetter, A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Stewart, A. P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Danville. 

Sticga, H., far., S. 36; P. 0. Danville. 

Strain, S., far., S. 25; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Strathman, F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. South 
Flint. 

Stucker, F. M., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

r"nATERMIER, A., farmer, Sec. 19; 

JL p. 0. New London. 

TIEDEMA^N, F. A., farmer, Sec. 
11; P. 0. Pleasant Grove; born in 
Bremen, Germany, Aug. 9, 1839; came 
to Washington, D. C, 1849; in 1850, 
removed to Illinois. In 1851, he went 
to Long Island, then to New Jersey ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1852, and 
bought a farm ; returned to New Jersey 
and married Miss L. A. Lawrence in 
1853. They returned to Des Moines Co. 
and located in Pleasant Grove Township. 
Was elected Supervisor in 1876 for 
three years. Have nine children — Char- 
lotte, Alvina,Ca3sar, Dora, Sophia, Fred, 
Emma, Thersa and Lawrence, and one 
dead — Justus. Are members of the 
Lutheran Church. He owns 204 acres of 
land, valued at $45 per acre. Republican. 

Tucker, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Tuft, James, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

VERNALT, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13 ; 
P. 0. Pleasant Grove. 

VIRGIN, J. 11., attorney. Pleasant 
Grove ; born in Butler Co., Ohio, Nov. 
8, 1835 : removed with his father's fam- 
ily to Des Moines Co. in 1850. Mar- 
ried Miss S. C. Stucker in 1857; has 
ten children — William H., Edwin F., 
Annie L., Ella D., Oliver M., Oscar J., 
Franklin C, Lillio B., Mary M. and 
Grace D. Mr. Virgin was admitted to 
the bar of Des Moines Co. in the fall of 
1877, and has met with flattering suc- 
cess. Republican. 

VITEMANHAI^SE, »., Sec. 35 ; 
P. 0. Danville ; born in Germany Feb. 
20, 1820. Married Miss Annie M. C 
S. Warfalmann in 1850; born in Ger- 
many March 2, 1817 ; has one child — 
Sophia, born Feb. 2, 1852. Mr. V. 
owns 297 acres of land. Member of the 
Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 



BENTON TOAVNSHIP. 



711 



WALLMAN, J. H., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 
0. Pleasant Grove. 

Wassan, A. J., Jr., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
New London. 

Wassan, B. B., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. New 
London. 

Wassan, J. A., far.. Sec. 9; P. 0. New 
London. 

W^echman, H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Danville. 

White, T., for., S. 6 ; P! 0. New London. 

W^ilkins, J., far., «. 13; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 

Walverton, T. N., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Dan- 
ville. 

Wright, C, for., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 

Wright, E., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. New Lon- 
don. 



ZIOIV, JOHl^, Pleasant Grove; born 
in Virginia July 23, 1817; went to 
Bush Co., Ind., in 1828; removed to 
Coles Co., 111., in 1834. Married Miss 
Elizabeth Gannaway March 29, 1838; 
she was born in Kentucky April 7, 
1816 ; her mother is now living with 
her, aged 93^'; was born in Virginia in 
1786. Mr. Zion came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1838 ; was engaged in mercan- 
tile trade for twenty years; has held 
the office of Trustee. Members of the 
C. P. Church ; have been for thirty-nine 
years. Mr. Z. has bee'n a faithful 
worker in the cause of religion. Has 
one son and one daughter — George W. 
and Finetta. Mr. Zion is a Democrat. 



BENTON TOWNSHIP. 



ASPELMIB, L., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. 
Latty. 
BACKHOUS, F., far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

BAHK, "j., REV., Pastor of Zion 
Church ; was born in Cleveland, Ohio, 
in 1849. Married Miss Emily Gramm 
in 1878 ; she was born in St. Louis in 
1860 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1878. 
Mr. B. preaches in St. John's Church, 
Flint Biver Tp. also ; Bepublican. 

Barnhill. B., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Bazel, G. W. & Theo., fars., S. 36; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Bazel, J., "far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Bazel T., far., S. 35 ; P. O. Burlington. 

Benne, H., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. , 

Berenman, V., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Bowman, J., laborer, Kingston. 

Brader, C, far., S. 7 : P.^0. Sperry. 

Braudmere, F., far., S. 16; P. 0. Latty. 

Brant, A., far.. Sec. 16; P. 0. Kingston. 

Brockway, J., far.; P. 0. Kingston. 

Broom, J., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Brumm, W., far., S. 14; P. 0. Kingston. 

Bucher, E., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Burges, W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Burkholder, J., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Bush';B. &W., fars., S. 16; P. 0. Latty. 

Bush, J. A., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Busnir, L., far., S. 23; P. 0. Kingston. 



CHBIST, J., farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0- 
Kingston. 
DEABLOVE, B. & A., farmers, Sec. 
4 ; P. 0. Kingston. 
Dennis, J. C., for., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. 
Dustman, H., for., S. 19 ; P. 0. Latty. 

EADS, W., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
Latty. 

Edgar, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Eds-ar, J. W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

EL1>ER, M. C, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 
0. Latty ; was born in Armstrong Co., 
Penn., in 1837; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1837. Married Eliza J. Walker 
in 1871 ; she was born in Des Moines 
Co. in 1844; they have three children 
— Maretta, Frank and Ida M. Mr. 
Elder owns eighty acres of land, valued 
at $45 per acre. Has held office of Road 
Supervisor two yea^s. Democrat. 

Ellerhoff, W., for., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Ellis, W., ditcher, Kingston. 

FOSTER, C, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. . 
FOSTER, J. F., far., S. 34; P. Q. 
Burlington ; born in Franklin Co., Ind., 
in 1818 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1840 ; since, been engaged in farming. 
Married Margaret Hendrickson in 1841 • 
she was born in Franklin Co., Ind.. in 
1824 ; they have three children — Sarah, 
Margaret A. and T. J. Foster. Owns 



712 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY : 



222 acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre. Mrs. Foster is a member of the 
M. E. Church ; Mr. Foster is a Repub- 
lican. 

Fitzke, C, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Flair, P., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Fle^e, H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Lattv. 

Freitag, G. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

/S ABERLTNP], J., far., S. 28; P. 0. 

VU" Burlington. 

Gardner, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. 

(Gardner, W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Garrison, G. B., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Garvey. H.,far., S. 20; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gerling, C.,far., S. 22; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gerlinger, George, far., Sec. 32 ; P. O. 
Burlington. 

Getty, R., far., S. 4; P. 0. Burlington. 

Gceselmun, H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Grass, M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Guberling, H., S. 18 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Guy, L. far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Guv, J., for.. S. 5 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

HARTMAN, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

HAIGHT, H., far., S. 1 ; p. 0. 
Kingston; born in Athens Co., 
Ohio, in 1827 ; came to Dcs Moines Co. 
in 1837. Married Margaret Gibson in 
1874. She was born in Columbus, 
Ohio, in 183(5. They have three chil- 
dren — Martha, Henry and Dora. Mr. 
H. has seven children by former mar- 
riage — George, Laura, Margaret, Eliza- 
beth, Abby, James and John. Mr. H. 
owns 1,700 acres of land; Democrat. 

Hartman, J. K., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Hartman, Z., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Hellenthrall, J., far., S. 22 ; P. O. Latty. 

Henson, J. J., far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Herman, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Heumbrecker, C, far., S. 14 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Hixson, D, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Honecke, C, far.. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Latty. 

Hoppe, C, far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Howe, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. 

Hubner, H., far., S. 12 ; P. O. Kingston. 

Hunter, S., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

Hutchroif, E., for., S. 6 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

JOHNSON, C, far., S. 21 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 
JACKSON, A. p., farmer. See. 19 ; 
P. 0. Sperry ; born in Des 3Ioine8 Co. 
in 1840. Married Mattie Clark in 



1877 ; she was born in Stephenson Co.r 
111., in 1850 ; they have one child — 
Arthur, born in 1878. Mr. Jackson 
owns sixty acres of land, valued at S40 
per acre ; has held the office of School 
Director five years ; Secretary of Board 
five years. Enlisted in Co. C, 30th 1. 
y. L, in 1862 ; was in the battles of 
Chickasaw Bayou, Vieksburg, Atlan^'a, 
Lookout Mountain, and several others ; 
mustered out in 1865. Members of the 
Bapt'st Church ; Republican. 
JACKSON, M. H., former, Sec. 
19 ; P. 0. Latty ; born in Vermont in 
1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1835, and since been engaged in farm- 
ing. Married Sarah Penny in 1855 ; 
she was born in Westmoreland, Co., 
Penn., in 1830; they have seven chil- 
dren — Fremont, Hattie, Venira, Burton, 
Edgar, Frank and Sadie. He has held 
the offices of Justice of the Peace, 
Township Trustee and Township Clerk. 
Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. 
Jackson owns 200 acres of land, valued 
at S40 per acre. Republican. 

JOHNSON, PRECKET, far., S. 14 ; 
P 0. Burlington. 

KALKMAN, F., for., S. 17; P.O. 
Latty. 
Kampmier, E., for., S. 29 ; P. 0. Latty. 
Kaster, W. B.,far., S. 33; P. 0. Burling 

ton. 
Keller, J. M. L. ; P. 0. Kingston. 
Kennady, J.,far.,S. 3; P. 0. Kingston. 
Kissinser, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. 
Kncedy. J., laborer; P. 0. Kingston. 
Koblitz, C, for., S. 11 ; P. O. Kingston. 
Kock, L., for., S. 11 ; P. O. Kingston. 
Kroeirer, W., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

LA VINE, J., former, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

LANCJERBECK, O., former, Sec. 
18; P., O. Latty ; born in (iermany in 
1844 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1870, 
and has since been engaged in farming, 
except one year in the grocery business 
in Burlington. Married Jane Gutzmer 
in 1875 ; she was born in Germany in 
1853. They have two children — Zclina 
and Werner. Mr. L. owns 100 acres of 
land, valued at $50 per acre. Repub- 
lican. 

L.ATTY, MRS. S., former. Sec. 29 ; 
P. 0. Latty ; born in Henry Co., Ky., in 
1804. Married M. W. Latty in 1827. 



BENTON TOWNSHIP. 



,713 



P. 0. Burlington. 
P. 0. Burlington. 
4 ; P. 0. Kings- 



He was born in Maryland in 1794; 
lived in Kentucky. They came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1833. Mr. L. died in 
1877. They had five children ; the liv- 
ing are John W., Mary, Warren and 
Sarah; James died in 1872. Mrs. L. 
owns 320 acres of land, valued at S40 
per acre. 

I.ATTY, JOHX W., farmer, Sec. 
29 ; P. O. Latty Station ; was born in 
1839. Married Miss Lucretia Ross in 
1863 ; she was born in Westmoreland 
Co., Penn., in 1841 ; they have five 
children — Olivia J., Arpin E., Amanda 
B., Ross H., Mathew W. Mr. L. is a 
Republican. 

Leehart, C.,far., S. 22 ; 

Leehart, C, far., S. 27 ; 

Lindsey, W. 0., far., S. 
ton. 

Long, B. M., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

liONG, K., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 0. 
Burlington ; was born in Kent Co., Md., 
in 1810 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1855 ; since engaged in farming. He 
married Nancy Clarkson in 1831 ; she 
was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1815; 
they have nine children — John, Major, 
Benjamin, William F., Francis, Rich- 
ard, Martha, Missouri, Joseph. Mr. 
Long owns 144 acres of land, valued at 
$40 per acre. Is a Republican. 

liOPER, W. R., farmer. Sec. 19; 
P. 0. Sperry ; was born in Putnam Co., 
Ind., in 1828 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1837; since engaged in farming. 
Married Miss Maggie Cornick in 1863; 
she was born in Des Moines Co. in 
1842 ; they have four children — Idora, 
Mary, Williard, Perry. Mr. Loper 
owns 200 acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre. He is a Democrat. 

Loudmer. C, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Sperry. 

LYNCH, W., HON., farmer, S. 12 ; 
P. 0. Kingston ; was born in Mercer 
Co. in 1824; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1849 ; has engaged in firming 
and carpentering since. Married Miss 
E. A. Young in 1848; she was born in 
Nashville, Tenn., in 1825 ; they have 
five children — Sedgwick J., Chas. U., 
Mary E., Annie B. and Lilian S. Mr. 
L. owns 458 acres of land, valued as 
follows : 258 acres at $30 per acre, and 
200 acres at $5 per acre; in 1876, 



Mr. L. was elected Representative for 
the Second District ; held the ofiice of 
County Supervisor two years. Mrs. 
Lynch is a member of the Presbyterian 
Church. He is a Democrat. 

McCANNON, J., laborer; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

McClintock,'T., f\ir., S. 4 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

McCrystal, D. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Madlanes, A., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Malcho, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Mebuhe, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Mellinger, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Meyers, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Mifler, H., far., S. 18 ; P 0. Latty. 

Miller, R. H., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Mitchell, S., far., S. 4 ; P. O. Kingston. 

MILLER, W. G., merchant, Kings- 
ston ; born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1836 ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1855. Mar- 
ried Miss J. E. Deen in 1874 ; she was 
born in Virginia in 1854 ; they have 
two children — Edward and Doshia A.; 
Mr. Miller has four children by a former 
marriage — Harriet, Laura, Frank and 
Bertha. Mr. M. owns 126 acres of land, 
valued at $10 per acre. He keeps a 
general stock of dry goods, groceries, 
notions, etc., etc. Republican. 

Moser, F. A., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Movers, C, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

MOYERS, S. N., farmer. Sec. 18; 
P. 0. Sperry ; born in Greene Co., 111., 
in 1827; came to Des Moines Co. in 
1839 ; since been engaged in farming. 
Married LucindaH. Deen in 1846 ; she 
was born in Upshur Co., W. Va., in 
1824; they had four children, three 
living — George W., Sarah E., and Jacob 
N.; Marietta died in 1862. Mr. M. has 
held the office of School Director eight 
years. Member of the M. E. Church. 
Owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre. Democrat. 

Munson, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

'AJ'ELSON, C, blacksmith ; P. 0. King- 

_LN ston. 

Nelson, J., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Nelson, M., far., S. 2; P. 0. Kingston. 

Neris, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Burlington. 



714 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



OLSP]N, A. F., far., S. 16; P. 0. 
Burlington. 
Otto, L., far./S. 11 ; P. 0. Burlington. 
Orily, P.; far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Burlington. 
Orr, J. W., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlin-ton. 

PANTHER, F., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
S perry. 

Paul, D., far.,S. 35; P. O. Burlington. 

PENNY, _JOHN,/ar.,S. 29; P. 0. 
Latty Station ; born in Allegheny Co., 
Peun., in 1802; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1844; has since engaged in farm- 
ing. Married Rebecca Weddell in 
1822; she was born in Westmoreland 
Co., Penn., in 1805 ; have seven children 
livingand two dead; rheliving are Joseph, 
Thfiunis, Sarah, Phoebe, Lydia, Amanda, 
and John S.; David died in 1825 ; Me- 
lissa died in 1844. In 1848, Mr. Penny 
was elected Representative for Des 
Moines Co. ; was County Supervisor 
from 1860 to 1862; has held sev- 
eral other smaller offices. Owns 127 
acres of land, valued at §35 per acre. 
Mr. and Mrs. P. are members of the 
Baptist Church, Mr. P. being a Deacon; 
Democrat. 

Peterson, \7., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kinaston. 

Pflum, J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Pogcmiller, W., far., S. 16 ; P. O. Bur- 
lington. 

Poole, R. D., far., S. 33; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Poole, T. S., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

RUMAN, F., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

RICE, j., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 0. 
Kingston ; was born in Germany in 
1832 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1849. 
Married Harriet Murtz in 1865; she 
was born in Pennsylvania in 1839 ; 
they have four children — Isabel, Kate, 
John and Charles. Mr. R, owns 232 
acres, valued at $20 per acre. Demo- 
crat. 

Ricpe, H. J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Rogers, G. D., far.,S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Rutter, S.,lab. : P. O. Kingston. 

OALLADY, J., far., S. 2; P.O. King- 

lO ston. 

Sulladay,J. \V., far., S. 3 ; P. O. Kingston. 

Salladav, M., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Schmidt, C, Air., S. 27 ; P. 0. Burlin-ton. 

Schmidt, H., f.r., S. 22 ; P.O. Burlington. 

Schrader, B., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Latty. 



Schular, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlinffton. 

Schuler, M., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Schultz, H., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Kin-ston. 

SEIBERT, L.., blacksmith. Bottom 
Road ; P. 0. Burlington ; born in Ger- 
many in 1857 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1873, and has since worked at his 
trade. Married Caroline Shilknat in 
1875 ; she was born in Germany in 
1857. They have two children — Ar- 
nold and Kate. Members of the M. E. 
Church ; Democrat. 

Shanefelt, G , far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Short, P., far., S. 2; P.O. Kingston. 

Shultz, J. A. and F. C, fars.. Sec. 22; 
P. 0. Burlington. 

Sickman, F., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. Bur- 
linaton. 

Smith, W. T., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Soedenburg, M. F., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Stapleton, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Steenrod, R., far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Steingraebcr, W. G., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

Stimpson, W. C, laborer; P. 0. Kingston. 

Swansou, A., far., S. 2; P. 0. Kiniiston. 

TACKENBURG, H., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 
0. Burlington. 

Tee, L., flir., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Tieman, W., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Timmcrmun, F., fin:, S. 31 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Tininierman, L., flir.. Sec. 8; P.O. Bur- 
lington. 

Timmcrman, W., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Tramcr, F., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. O. Sperry. 

Tutor, S. L., laborer, Kingston. 

YENGHOUS, H., far., S. 15; P. 0. 
Burlington. 

VAN OSI>OL, H., HRS., Sec. 33 ; 
p. O. Burliniiton ; born in Htnry Co., 
Ky., in 1819. Married Wm. Van 
Osdol in 1836 ; he was born in Mercer 
Co., Ky., in 1816, and died in 1861 ; 
has ten children — 3lahala, Melissa, 
l\Lirtha, John W., Melinda, Mary M., 
Jane, Indiana, Minnetta. Birdie M. 
Mrs.* Van Osdol owns forty acres of 
land, valued at $50 per acre. Member 
of the M. E. Church. 

Vennici, I., far., S. 4;-P. 0. Kingston. 



WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 



715 



Vennici, W. M., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 
Vixtrum, J., far., Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. 

WALKER, E. S., far.. Sec. 15 ; Bur- 
]ino;ton. 

Walker, I., 'flir., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Burling- 
ton. 

Walker, J., far., S. 28; P. 0. Burlington. 

Walker, J. C, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Walker, L. J., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

Walker, M., far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. Kingston. 

Walker, M., flir., S. 28 ; P. 0. Burlington. 

Wedeman. H., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Welch, J.,flir., S. 3; P. 0. Kingston. 

Welch, J. VV., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Bur- 
linirton. 

WENZEIi, KARIi, farmer and 
wine-maker, S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty ; born 
in Lobenstein, Austria, in 1821 ; came 
to Des Moines Co. in 1873. Mar- 
ried Treasa Bronche in 1847 ; she was 
born in German Lebaugh, Austria, in 
1832 ; they have two children — Charles 
and Eva. Owns 200 acres of land. Mr. 
W. was in the Austrian army five years; 



he has an extensive vineyard, and 
makes a superior quality of wine. Re- 
publican. 

Wenzel, T., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Latty. 

Weston, F.; P. 0. Kingston. 

Wishmiers, C, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

WlINBfENBER^;}, H., farmer, Sec. 
18 ; P. 0. Sperry; was born in Cnlvorde, 
Germany, in 1821; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1853, and since been engaged in 
farming. Married Emilie Rehfeld in 
1853 ; she was born in Lenzarsigle, 
Germany, in 1833; they have nine 
children — Henry, born in 1854; Her- 
man in 1858; Otto in 1860 ; Fred in 
1862; Mary in 1864 ; Alvenia in 1867 ; 
August in 1869; Emma in 1872; 
Clara in 1876. Mr. Wunnenberg owns 
145 acres of land, valued at $6,000. 
Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the 
Lutheran Church ; Democrat. 

Wykert, J., laborer ; P. 0. Kingston. 

YOUNG, J,, farmer. Sec. 22 , P. 0. 
Burlington. 
Young, L., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Burlington. 



WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 



ALDRICH, G. W., farmer. Sec. 16 ; 
P. 0. La Vega. 
Allen, R. J., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Linton. 
Archer, Henry, far., S. 14; P. 0. Roscoe. 
Armstrong, David, far., Sec. 24; P. 0. 

Roscoe. 
Armstrong, J. M., far.. Sec. 24; P. 0. 
Roscoe. 

BARR, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 
0. Roscoe. 
Barr, E. W., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 
Bomby, C, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vesa. 
Bowman, Charles, far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. 

La Vega. 
Brodie, David, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Brown, David, far., S. 20 ;' P. 0. LaVega. 
Brown. W. O., fixr., S. 20 : P. 0. LaVei^a. 
Buchanan, G. W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. 

La Vega. 
Burnett, James, far., S. 27; P.O. LaVega. 
Bazurth,W. F., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

CALDWELL, M. P., far., Sec. 11 ; P. 
0. Linton. 



Carter, I. S., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. LaVe-a. 
Caven, H. M., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. 
Caven, M. H., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. 
ChapmRU, E. C. M. D., LaVega. 
CUne, Henry, far., S. 24; P. 0. LaVega. 
Cockayne, John B., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 

LaVega. 
Cone, A. S., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. 
Conklin, John, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. LaVega. 
Coppas, Peter, far., S. 20 ; P. O. LaVega. 
Crawford, D. B., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. 

Pleasant Grove. 
Crocker, Charles, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mt. 

Union. 
Croson, T. W., far., S. 10; P. 0. La 

Vega. 

DARBYSHIRE, T., far., S. 29 ; P. 
0. La Vega. 
ELLIOTT, J^S., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. La 
Vega. 
Elliott, R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. La Vesa. 
Enkee, Josiah, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Evans, Henry, far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 



716 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



FETHERLY, W., ftnner, Sec. 9; 
P. 0. La Vega. 
Frazier, A., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Funk, Geo., far., S. 29 ; P. O. La Vega. 
Funk, H-nry, ftm, Sec. 29 ; P. O. La Vega. 
Funk, Peter, far., S. 32 ; P.O. La Vega. 
Fye, Henry, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Fye, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
/S AUTT, URIAH, farmer.. Sec. "12 ; 
VX P. 0. Linton. 
Gibbs, E. J. M., far., S. 6; P. 0. Mt. 

Union. 
Goudie, Fred, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 
Green, Cyrus, far.,S. 3; P. 0. La Vega. 

HARRINGTON, J. D., farmer. Sec. 
31 ; P. 0. La Veoa. 

HALE, BARNARD, farmer. Sec. 
28 ; P. 0. La Vega ; owns eighty acres 
of land; was born in Parke Co., Ind., 
in 1820; his parents removed to Des 
Moines Co. from Indiana in 1837. Mr. 
Hale married in 1854 Susan B. Downer, 
a native of Pennsylvania; have had 
seven children, five now living — James 
R., Angeletta E., Emma S., Elizabeth 
E. and Willis B.; Emilius died aged 7 
years and one died in infancy. Mr. 
Hale settled on the farm he now owns 
in 18.57. He is a carpenter by trade. 

HAI.I., OLIVER, farmer. Sec. 24 ; 
P. 0. Roscoe ; owns 40U acres of land ; 
was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 
1810; came to Des Moines Co. from 
New York in 1838, and settled on Sec. 
8, Franklin Tp.; in 1854, he settled on 
the farm he now owns. He married 
in 1837 Marietta R. Whittaker, a native 
of North Adams, Mass.; they have eight 
children — Susan F. Talbot, Harriet A. 
Talbot, William H., Edward J., Charles 
M., Lincoln C, Margaret C. Williams 
and Oscar; have lo.st three children — 
one in infancy ; Gideon, a member of 
the 39th Regt. I. V. I., died at Jackson, 
Tenn., Dec. 31, 1862; Rollin died in 
1876. Mr. Hall has been County Sur- 
veyor and Justice of the Peace for many 
years. He owns a farm of 32U acres in 
Clark Co., which was in charge of his 
son Rollin at the time of his death. 

Hicks, Willis, far., S. 9 ; P. O. La Vega. 

Higgerson, Wm., I'ar., S. 9 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

Hoover, J. B.. far., S. 32 ; P. O. LaVega. 

Hopkins, W. H. far., S. 5 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

Howard, Wra., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

Hudson, John, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. LaVega. 



Huegins, R. R., far., S. 8; P. 0. Mt. 

Union. 
Hutchcroft, Geo., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. La 

Vega. 
Hutchinson, John, fiir., S. 12 ; P. 0. La 

Ve^'a. 
"TBOTSON, GEO., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. 
I LaVega. 
Ibotson, S., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

JONES, B. I., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 
Jones, W. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 

KREIGER, J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. 
LaVega. 

Kneen, John, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. LaVega. 

KLINE, ANDREW C, mer- 
chant, LaVega; was born in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1836 ; he came to Des Moines 
Co. with his parents in 1852 ; they 
settled in Franklin Tp., where they re- 
sided until their death. Mr. Kline 
came to Yarmouth in March, 1876 ; he 
began mercantile business in August of 
that year ; was the first engaged in busi- 
ness in Yarmouth, except Mr. Shirk, 
who began the blacksmithing business 
in June of the same year. Married in 
1861 to Kate Scott, a native of Frank- 
lin Tp., Des Moines Co. ; born in 1840 ; 
her father, Wm. Scott, was one of the 
first settlers of Des Moines Co. Mr. 
Kline has three children — Rufus, Scott 
and Amy. 

Kline, W. F., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La 
Vega. 

LEFFORGE, JOHN, far., S. 23 ; P.O. 
LaVega. 
Lefforge, L^, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. LaVega. 
Leiforge, Melville, far.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La 

Vega. 
Linder, Isaac, far., S. 17 ; P. O. La Vega. 
Lines, J. R., Postmaster, La Vega. 
Lines, Robt., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Long, A. C, far., S. 16 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Long, S. P., far., S. 16; P. 0. La Vega. 
Long, Chas., for., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Lotspiech, Eden, far,, S. 22 ; P. 0. La 

Veiia. 

McCALL, D, far., S. 3; P. 0. La 
Vega. 
McClurkin, J. C, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. 

Linton. 
McClurkin, J. M., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Lin- 
ton. 
McElhiny, R. A., far.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. 
Liu ton. 



WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 



717 



McKune, W. A., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. 

Pleasant Gruve. 
Mason, Martin, far., Sec. 11 ; P. O. La 

Vc^a. 
Michael, Daniel, far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. La 

Vega. 
Miller, E. A., far., Sec. 6; P. 0. Mt. 

Union. 
Miller, Marion, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. La 

Vega. 
Miller, M. F., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Miller, S. P., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Montgomery, W. G., far.. Sec. 13; P. 0. 

Roscoe. 
Morrison, John, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. La 

Vega. 
Murphy, P., far., S. 15; P. 0. La Vega. 
Musock, J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

OBERMANN, JOHN, far.. Sec. 30; 
P. 0. La Vega. 
O'Kell, Frank, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Orchard, A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

PACKWOOD, A., far., S. 15; P. 0. 
La Vega. 

PECKHAM, R. M., far., S. 30 ; 
La Vega ; owns 300 acres ; was born in 
Washington, D. C, in 1812; removed 
thence to Columbus, Ohio, in 1834; 
settled on his present farm in 1855. He 
married, in 1845, Melviua Webb, who 
died in 1872 ; has ten children — Emma, 
Charles, Martha, Ada, Caleb, Hugh, 
Sarah, Annie, Katie and Richard ; lost 
two children — Rosabel and Lily. 

Peel, S. K., for., S. 4 ; P. O. La Vega. 

Petsimger, John, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

Portlock, W. A., far., S. 21; P. 0. 
La Vega. 

Pricket, Elias, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

Priest, John, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

REDFEARN, ISAAC, far., S. 18; 
P. 0. J.a Vega. 
Redfearn, John, far., S. 18 ; P. O. La Vega. 
Reed, David, far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Linton. 
Riffle, John L., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

S CHOMP, P. J., far., S. 29; P. 0. 
La Vega. 
Selser, Peter, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. La Vega. 



Shields, M., far.; S, 25 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 
Smith, Fred., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Smith, F. M., far., S. 26; P. 0. Pleasant 

Grove. 
Smith, M. C, far., S. 6 ; P. O. La Vega. 
Starkee, Henry, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Sterrett, D. B., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Sterret, R. E., far., S. 4; P. 0. La Vega. 
Sterrett, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

T ALBERT, EDWIN, farmer, Sea 14; 
P. 0. Roscoe. 
Talbert, L. J., ftir., S. 33 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Thomas, T. W., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 
Tippin, J. R., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Tucker, Abram, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Pleasant 

Grove. 
Tucker, J. M., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. 
La Vega. 

YEGTIC, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 
0. La Vega. 

WEINRICH, Chas., farmer, Sec. 27; 
P. 0. La Vega. 

Wilkison, George, far,, S. 26; P. O. La 
Ve^'a. 

Welch, H. B.,far., S.28; P. 0. La Vega. 

Willard, W. P., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. La 
Vega. 

Wilson, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

Williams, T. ()., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 

Williams, W. W., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Pleas- 
ant Grove. 

Wilson, J. R., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Wilson, S. E., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

Wright, E., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Wilson, S. E.,far., S. 13; P. 0. Linton. 

Wright, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La Vega. 

Wright, S. R., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 

Wilson, A. M., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Wright, Wm. L., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. La 
Vega. 

YAGER, HENRY, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. 
La Vega. 
Yohoe, A. S., for., S. 10 ; P. 0. La Vega. 
Yohoe, J. C. E., far., S. 10; P. a La 
Vega. 

ZION, A., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Pleasant 
Grove. 
Zion, George, mer. ; P. 0. La Vega. 



718 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 



ALLISON, JOHiN, far., S. 28 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Archer, E. G., far., S. 32; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Armour, K. R., merchant, Liutoii. 

Antrobus, B., physiciau and surgeon, Kos- 
suth. 

BABB, JOHN, far., S. 30; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

Bailey, J. Pt., far., S. 32 , P. 0. Kossuth. 

Baird, John, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Baird, J. W., far., S. 10; P. 0. Linton. 

Baird, S. C, far., S. 16; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Barr, Samuel, far., S. 19; P. 0. Koasuth. 

Bandy, Elijah, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Bishop, Joseph, far., S. 34; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

BLACK, J. H., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. 
Noithfield. 

Blair, E. li., flir., Sec. 20; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

BLAIR, M. W.,far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

LAIR, THOMAS AND 
DAVID EVANS, were Western 
pioneers and early settlers of Iowa ; 
their father, William Blair, a native of 
Eastern Pennsylvania, entered the army 
of the Revolution at the age of 1 (j ; 
about the close of the war, he married 
and removed to what is now Bourbon 
Co., Ky., where most of his children 
were born ; in the closing year of the 
last century, he brought his family to 
Ohio, settling near Chillicothe; there 
Thomas and David grew to manhood 
and began life for themselves, and there 
Thomas married Margaret Job, and 
David, her sister Sarah, emigrants from 
Mrginia, and natives of Baltimore, Md. ; 
in 1819, the two families removed to 
Rush Co., Ind. ; thence, in 1821, to what 
is now Cass Co., III., and from there, 
three years later, to the west side of the 
Illinois River, near Rushville ; in 1834, 
they made claims in the " New Pur- 
chase," and, in 1835, Thomas Blair 
moved his family over, followed by his 
brother in 183(5 ; here they reared their 
families, cultivated their farms, and lived 
quiet anl useful lives for forty years ; to 
them is greatly due the character their 



neighborhood has always borne for at- 
tention to educational interests, good 
morals, and hearty support to religious 
institutions ; in a new country, like grav- 
itates toward like, and around them 
gathered men of like feelings, like char- 
acter, and like purposes. Both were 
members and office-bearers in the Pres- 
byterian Churclies here from the begin- 
ning, and active in all church work ; 
both were, under the local regulations of 
early settlement, arbitrators of claims 
for Louisa County, of which this town- 
ship was then a part. Thomas Blair 
was a Representative in the first Wis- 
consin Legislature, and also in the first 
Iowa Territorial Legislature ; David 
Blair was a member of the Iowa Terri- 
torial Legislature in 1842, and in the 
first State Legislature. But they now 
rest from their labors ; their father died 
in 1840, aged 80, and is probably the 
only soldier of the Revolution buried in 
the county; David Blair died in 1874, 
at the age of 82, and Thomas Blair in 
1875, at the age of 86; his wife, Mar- 
garet, two years later, aged 89 ; Mrs. 
Sarah Blair, now in her 88th year, still 
lives at her first Iowa home ; their chil- 
dren have generally pushed farther 
west, only Mrs. Lydia Rankin, daugh- 
ter of T. Blair, and M. W. Blair, son of 
D. E. Blair, now remaining ; the latter 
was born near Rushville, 111., but has 
spent his life in Iowa; under Lincoln's 
administration he was Assistant Assessor 
of Internal Revenue for his county, but 
has ever been a farmer and knows no 
higher calling than the cultivation of his 
ancestral acres. 

Braden, J. C.,far.,S. 1 ; P. 0. Northfield. 

Braden, J. R., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Brackley, F., f-ir., S. 32 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Bridwcl'l, K., far., S. 23 ; P. O. Mediapolis. 

Bridges, John, merchant, Ko.ssuth. 

Bridges, Vincent, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Bridges, Silas, flir., S. 26 ; P. O. Medi- 

BROiVN, A. C, dealer in general 
merchandise, Mediapolis ; born in Cler- 
mont Co., Ohio, in 1838 ; came to Iowa 



YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 



719 



in 1869, and located in this county. 
Married Hannah Roberts in 1868; she 
was born in (!!leriuont Co., Ohio, in 
1848 ; have four children — Johanna, 
Bissie, Clifford and Maud. Mr. Brown 
enlisted in 1861 ; in 1863, was taken 
prisoner at the battle of Chicamauga 
and held until the close of the war; 
spent some tim^ in nearly all the prin- 
cipal rebel prisons. 

BRUCE, D. €}., United Presbyterian 
minister; born in Jefferson Co., Ohio, 
in 1833 ; came to Iowa in 1873, and 
located in Mediapolis as Pastor of the 
U. P. Church. Married Millie Lottain 
1868 ; she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, 
in 1848; have four children — Wm. L., 
Mary M., Andrew R. and Evron 
James. Mr. B. enlisted in the 17th 
Pennsylvania Cavalry in 1862 ; dis- 
charQ;ed in 1865, Second Lieutenant. 

BRUCE, JAME^, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis; owns 11 () acres of land, 
valued at S40 per acre ; born in Fred- 
erick Co., Va., in 1814; came to Iowa 
in 1837, and located in Yellow Springs 
Tp. Married Mary H. Rankin in 1839; 
she was born in Franklin Co., Penn., in 
1809 ; have four children — Martha. 
David R., Jennie and Maggie. Are 
members of M. E. Church. Mr. Bruce 
has been a member of the Legislature, 
and has been County Supervisor six 
years. Republican 

Bruce, D. R., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

Burns, Robert, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Lin- 
ton. 

/^ARMEAN. D., farmer ; P. 0. North- 

V_y field. 

CAU-DWEIiL, SAMUEL L.., 
Sec. 15; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 240 
acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; 
was born in Hardin Co., Ky., in 1837 ; 
came to Iowa in 1859, and located in 
this county. He married Margaret 
Wilson in 1855 ; she was born in Mus- 
kingum Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; they have 
seven children — Emma Elizabeth, Anna 
Alvira, John Cummings, Mary Jane, 
Sarah Lilian, Margaret Melletta and 
Cora Belle. They are members of the 
U. P. Church. Mr. C. enlisted in the 
1st 111. V. C. in 1861 ; was taken pris- 
oner at Lexington, Mo., and paroled at 
St. Louis. 



Carmean, Foster, far., S. 5 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Carithers, A. F., for., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton 

Cartwright, W. H., merchant, Mediapolis. 

Chambers, Thos., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Clark, B. W., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 

Clark, W. G., ftir., S. 36 ; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 

Cline, John, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 

Cockayne, G. W., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapol's. 

Cook, D., far., Sec. 28; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Cox, James, Sr., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. North- 
field. . 

Cox, Phillip, far.. Sec. 2; P. O. Me- 
diapolis. 

Cramer, John, fiir.. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

DARLINGTON, D. W., far., Sec.' 7 ; 
P. 0. Northfield. 

Davis, James, retired far. ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Deets, William, fiir., S. 27; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Dennison, C. R., far., S., 20; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

EDMONDS, S., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Eland, Hope, far., Sec. 24; P. 0., Kos- 
suth. 

Eland, John, far., S. 12; P. 0. Kossuth. 

THARRIS, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Farris, Isaiah, for., S. 8 ; P. 0. Linton. 
Farris, J., iar., S. 21 ; P. O. Linton. 

FUIiIiENWII>ER, SAMUEL, 

physician, Kossuth; born in Shelby Co., 
Ky., Sept. 6, 1804 ; carne to Iowa in 
1837, and located at what is known as 
Yellow Springs. Married Miss Hustin 
in 1828, a native of Mason Co., Ky.; 
they have six children — Hustin, Nar- 
cissa, Catherine A., Samuel E., Orson L. 
and Thomas B. Mr. F. has been a 
member of both the State and Terri- 
torial Senate. Republican. 
r^ ELDARD, W., miller, Kossuth. 

HAINES, JOHN, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. 
Linton. 
Hall, Gideon, for., S. 33; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 
HALL, R. W., physician and sur- 
geon, Northfield ; born in Jefierson Co., 
Va., in 1816; came to Iowa in 1840, 



720 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



and located in Huron Tp. ; removed to 

Northfield in 1867. Married Anna M. 

Haws in 1870 ; she was born in 1849 ; 

have one child — Joanna May born Oct. 

8, 1878. Are members of the M. E. 

Church. Mr. Hall has one child by a 

former wife, Lueretia, now Mrs Wycoff. 
Hamilton, Jno., cabinet-maker, Kossuth. 
Harper, H. C, flir., S. 13; P. O. ; Medi- 

HARPER, JOHIV, farmer, S. 5 ; 
P. O. Northfield ; born in Ross Co., 
Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821 ; came to Iowa in 
1846, and located in Burlington ; re- 
moved to Yellow Springs Tp. in 1848, and 
engaged in farming. Married in 1872 
Amanda Torode, a native of Cincin- 
nati, Ohio ; have four children — Mary 
Amanda, Kate V., Edna L. and Char- 
lie ; Mr. H. has eight children by a for- 
mer wife — Emily J., Laura L., Eliza J., 
Elizabeth H., Anna V., Jessie F., John 
H. and Harry H. Are members of 
the Presbyterian Church. 

HARPER, WM., Notary Public, 
Mediapolis ; born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 
1819; came to Iowa in 1842, and lo- 
cated in Yellow Springs Tp. in 1843. 
He married Harriett Hizer, who is a 
native of Ross Co., Ohio; have one 
child — Louisa J., now Mrs. Wm. E. 
Fuller. 

HAWS, H., far., S. 17; P. 0. North- 
field; born in Pennsylvnia, JunelO, 1820; 
came to Burlington in 1852 ; then 
moved where he now lives. Married 
Miss Rachel Peck in 1853 ; born in Penn- 
sylvania, June 13. 1823; she came to 
Burlington in 1844 ; have one child — 
Mary. Mrs. H. is a member of the 
Presbyterian Church. Mr. H. has held 
the office of School Director. Owns 121 
acres of land valued at $40 per acre, and 
is a Republican. 

Hawthorne, Jno., far., S. 17 ; P. O. Lin- 
ton. 

Hawthorne, Samuel, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Hays, R. A., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Hidges, R. S., merchant, Kossuth. 

Hensleigh, Wm., far., S. 15; P. O. Lin- 
ton. 

Heizcr. E., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Midiapohs. 

HEIZER, FREDRICK, retired 
miller, Ko.ssuth; born in AugustaCo.,Va., 
in 1807 ; came to Iowa in 1842, and loca- 



ted in Yellow Springs Tp.,and engaged in 
farming; in 1858, purchased oue-half 
interest in the Kossuth Flouring-Mills, 
and was one of the active members of 
the firm until 1873, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Wm. Gedard. Married 
Elizabeth Bartscher in 1860; she was 
born in Morgan Co., Ind., in 1825; 
have two children — Henry and Frank ; 
Mrs. H. has one son by a former mar- 
riage, and Mr. Heizer has six children 
— J. C, J. W., Elizabeth (now Mrs. 
Leonard, of Iowa City). Mary (now Mrs. 
Wellington Wright), Su.san, fnow Mrs. 
Pierce), and Carrie,now Mrs. Rex). Are 
members of the Presbyterian Church ; 
Mr. H. has held the office of Justice of 
the Peace nine years, and was County 
Supervisor a number of years. Repub- 
lican. 

Heizer, Joshua, ret. far.; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Heizer, J. S., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Heizer, J. W., far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Heizer, N., ftir., Sec. 29; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Henderson, J., far., Se;c. 8; P. 0. Linton. 

Herman, J., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

HiAes, Henry, far., Sec. 33; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

Houston, John, far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Lin- 
ton. 

HUSTED, WM., Sec. 13; P. O. 
Mediapolis ; owns 330 acres of land, 
valued at §40 per acre; born in Cum- 
berland Co., N. J., in 1831 ; came to 
Iowa in 1842. Married Nancy Har- 
per in 1857 ; she was born in Washing- 
ton Co., Ohio, in 1834; have four 
children— Wm. S., Ida May, Mary F, 
and Amanda C. Are members of M. 
E. Church ; Republican. 

Ilustin, E., retired far.; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Hustiii, R., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Hutchcroft, Job, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Hutchcroft, John, Sr., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Hutchcroft, John R., for.. Sec. 13; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Hutchcroft, Richard, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Hutchcroft, Thos., far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Halcherof, T. S., miller, Kossuth. 



YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 



721 



TBBOTSON, JNO., far., Sec. 19 ; P. 
I 0. Roscoe. 

IBBOT^ON, GEO., Sec. 30; P. 
0. Roscoe ; owns 520 acres of land, 
valued at S40 per acre ; born in En- 
gland in 1806; came to America in 
1838 ; settled in Iowa in 1841. Married 
Martha Riggs in 1844 ; she was born 
in Marion Co., Ky.; have six children 
— Martha, John, Stephen, Geo., Eliza- 
beth and Robert; lost two — Isaac and 
Lincoln. Members of the Missionary 
Baptist Church ; Republican. 

JOHNSON, ROBT., farmer and clergy- 
man ; Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

JOHNSON, D. H., retired physi- 
cian, Sec. 12; P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 
200 acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre ; born in Hartford Co., Md., in 
1798; came to Iowa in 1846, and 
located in this township; settled on 
his present farm, known as Rock 
Spring Farm. Married Sarah Mercer 
in 1825 ; she was born in Washington 
Co., Penn., in 1798, and died in 1876; 
they have four children — Caleb, Sarah, 
Caroline and Frances. Members of M. 
E. Church. Mr. J. has been in practice 
about thirty-five years. 

JAMISON, W. O., far.. Sec. 30 ; 
P. 0. Kossuth ; born in Muskingum 
Co., Ohio, in 1823; came to Iowa in 
1851, and located in Morning Sun; re- 
moved to present farm in 1861. Mar- 
ried Elizabeth Leonard in 1858; she 
was born in Ohio ; have six children — 
Ada L., John L., Anna C, Elizabeth 
M., Mary E. and Katie. Members of 
Presbyterian Church ; Republican. 

Jones, David, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

Jones, John R., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Roscoe. 

Jay, Eli. far. ; P. 0. Northfield. 

KELLOUGH, JAMES, former, Sec. 
6 ; P. 0. Linton. 
Kilpatrick, D.,far., S. 12; P. 0. Northfield. 
Kilpatrick, John, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. 
Kilpatrick, Neal, ftir., S. 10 ; P.O. Linton. 
Kilpatrick, Wm., flir., S. 10 ; P.O. Linton. 
Kline, J. B., far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

LAUDERBACK, E., farmer, Sec. 30 ; 
P. 0. Kossuth. 
Lee, D., far., Sec. 36; P. 0. Kossuth. 
liKONARD, HIRAM, retired 
farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth ; owns 
400 acres of land, valued at §35 per 



acre ; was born in Washington Co., 
Penn., in 1809 ; came to Iowa in 1844, 
and located on his present farm. Mar- 
ried Elizabeth Patterson in 1832 ; she 
was born in same county in 1806 ; have 
five children — Leonard, Nathan R., 
Elizabeth, William P., Abner C Mem- 
bers of Presbyterian Church. Mr. L. 
went out as Captain of Co. K, 14th I. 
V. I. in 1860, and subsequently pro- 
moted to Major, and resigned in 1862. 
Republican. 

rOCKHART, ROBERT R., 

livery and feed stable ; was born in 
Lawrence Co., Penn., in 1842 ; came to 
Iowa in 1854, and located in this town- 
ship. Married Nannie V. Paul in 1870 ; 
she was born in Indiana in 1849 ; have 
two children — William T. and Bertha 
M. Mr. L. enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. 
V. I. in 1862, and discharged in June, 
1865. ' 

Mc BRIDE, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 
17 ; P. 0. Northfield. 

McClements, , far., S. 31 ; P.O. Medi- 
apolis. 

McClements, Thomas, far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

McCL-URE,I. N., dlr. in gen'l mdse., 
Mediapolis ; was born in Des Moineii 
Co. in ] 844. Married Susan E. Parrett ; 
she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1844; 
have three children — Marcus P., lonie 
M. and Franklin E. Are members of 
Presbyterian Church. 

McCRAY, JAIIES B., farmer. 
Sec. 10; P. 0. Mediapolis; owns 326 
acres of land, valued at $40 per acre ; 
was born in Fayette Co., Ind., in 1838; 
came to Iowa in 1852, and located with 
his parents on his present farm. Mar- 
ried Mary F. Sheppard in 1862; she 
was born in Ohio ; have four children — 
Mary P., William S., Marcus A. and 
Minor E. Mrs. M. is a member of the 
M. E. Church. Mr. McCray enlisted 
in Co. C, 30th I. V. I., Aug. 11, 
1862, and was discharged June 18, 
1865. His father, James McCray, was 
born near Dayton, Ohio, in 1809; 
came to Iowa in 1852, and located on 
the farm now owned by his son, James 
B. Married Mary Harland, a native of 
Indiana ; they had thirteen children, 
ten now living — five sons and five 
daughters. 



722 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY: 



McDonald, J. W., far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

McJ:ihinney, G., Air., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. 

McElhinney, J. M., far., Sec. 4; P. 0. 
Linton. 

McElhinney, John, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
Linton. 

McIntyre.J. A., far., S. 18; P.O. Linton. 

McKee, A. A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

McKeown, Henry, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

McKeown, John, far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

McKeown, M. H., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

JIcMEEX, J. R., farmer. Sec. 29 ; 
P. 0. Kossuth ; owns eighty acres of 
land, valued at S50 per acre ; born in 
Warren Co., Ohio, in 1812; came to 
Iowa in 1854, and located in this county 
Married Ann McKell in 1857; she was 
born in Bahimore, Md. ; have two chil- 
dren — Edwin R. and Sarah N. Are 
members of the Presbyterian Church ; 
Republican. 

McMillan, Wm., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

Mahaifey, John, far., S. 18; P. 0. Linton. 

Mahaffey, Wm., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Mahaffey, Wm. M., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. IVIe- 
diapolis. 

Marshall, Thos., far., S. 18 ; P. Linton. 

Matson, Daniel, far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Messenger, Hiram, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Milligan, Wm., far., S. IG ; P. 0. Linton. 

MILLER, M. M., flvrmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Mediapolis ; owns 280 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre ; born in 
this county in 1841 ; located on his pres- 
farm in 1872. Married Jennie S. Shep- 
pard in 1866 ; she was born in this 
town.ship ; have seven children — Allen 
E., Eva, Frank, John S., Mattie and 
Hattie, twins, and an infant. Are mem- 
bers of the Baptist Church. Mr. Mil- 
ler enlisted in Co. C, 30th I. V. I. in 
1862 ; was discharged in 1865 ; was in 
all the battles that regiment participated 
in. Republican. 

Montgomery, J. F., retired far. ; P. 0. 
Linton. 

Moorhead, W. H., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 



Myers, Henry, far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apoli.s. 

MERRILL, J. W., editor Mediap- 
olis Enterprise, established in 1874; 
born in Clermont Co., Ohio, in 1833; 
located in Iowa in 1864. Married Jes- 
sie Telfer in 1 863 ; she was born in 
Scotland in 1839 ; have four children — 
Minerva, Anna, Stephen and Thomas. 

nVTICHOLS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 17 ; 

JlN p. O. Northfield. 

IVELSUN, jr. A., boot and shoe ma- 
maker and photographer, Mediapolis ; 
born in Sweden in 1838 ; came to Iowa 
in 1868, and located in Chicago ; settled 
in Mediapolis in 1876. 

Nordstrom, 0. & G., far. and blacksmiths, 
Northfield. 

OGLE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. 0. Mediapolis ; owns 200 acres 
of land, valued at S40 per acre ; born in 
St. Clair Co., 111., in 1810 ; came 
to Iowa in 1832, and in 1837 lo- 
cated in Des Moines Co. ; settled on 
present farm in 1858. Mr. Ogle served 
in the Black Hawk war two or three 
months, until the treaty at Rock Island. 
Married Margaret Garrison in 1839 ; 
she was born in Indiana ; have five chil- 
dren — Nancy, James, Catharine, Eliza- 
beth and Huldah. Mr. Ogle was one of 
five who made a trip from Rock Island 
to St. Louis in a canoe in 1832. 

PIERCE, L. F., nurseryman; P.O. 
Kossuth. 

Packerood, M. L., f\ir., S. 3; P. O. Linton. 

PARROTT, €. H., dealer in hard- 
ware and farming implements, Mediap- 
olis ; born in Fayette Co., Ohio, in 1854 ; 
came to Iowa in 1875, and engaged in 
his pre.sent business. 

Paul, 0. A., carpenter, Mediapolis. 

Pierce, L. B., far. and mfr. of tile, S. 31. 

Ping, Elijah, far.. Sec. 25; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 

Ping, Wm., far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Porta, Geo., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 

POWER, L. B., physician and sur- 
geon, Mediapolis; was born in Knox 
Co., Ohio, in 1838; came to Iowa 
in 1 856, and settled in Mt. Pleasant ; 
located in Mediapolis in 1872, and en- 
gaged in the practice of medicine. He 
married Mary E. Rice in 1866 ; she 
was born in Burlington, Iowa ; they 



YELLOW SPRINGS TOWNSHIP. 



723 



have three children — David L. and Al- 
ma M., and an infimt. 

Purcell, Juhn, far., Sec. 8; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Purcell, R. H., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

RANKIN, D. C, far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

Reed, Mathew, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Linton. 

Rhodes, T. H., merchant, Kossuth. 

Robb, Robt. G., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Linton. 

ROBB, T. P., Reformed Presbyterian 
clergyman, and Pastor of Sharon 
Church ; was born in Washington Co., 
Penn.,in 1843 ; came to Iowa in 1874, 
and located in Linton. He married 
Catherine Marshall in 1872 ; she was 
born in Armstrong Co., Penn.; they 
have one child — Robert Werth, born 
Jan. 10, 1876. P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Robinson, R. T., woolen-mills, Northfield. 

Robinson, Samuel, far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Lin- 
ton. 

Robinson, W. F., far.; Northfield. 

Rodo;crs, John, far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

S(JHENCKS,D. H., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

Schrader, Phi!., for., S. 35 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 

SCOTT, AliEX., Presbyterian cler- 
gyman, Kossuth ; born in Jefi'erson Co., 
Ohio, in 1822; came to Iowa in 1870, 
and located iu Kossuth as Pastor of the 
Presbyterian Church. Married Amanda 
Cliidester in 1855 ; she was born in 
Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1829; have four 
children — Virginia L., Mary Emma, 
Clara Belle and Alice Amanda. Re- 
publican. 

Scott, Thomas, merchant, Northfield. 

Seeds, Harvey, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Seeds, D. B., for., S. 32 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Seeds, M. J., far., S. 24 ; P. O. Kossuth. 

Smith, Fry, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Modiapclis. 

Statham,S. S.,for.. S. 19; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Stewart, J.seph, far., S. 32; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Stewart,- R. H., for., S. 5 ; P. 0. Linton. 



Storks, J. W.,for. S. 17; P. 0. Kossuth. 

TALBOTT, GEO., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 
Talbott, John W., far., S. 27 ; • P. 0. 

Mediapolis. 
Thomas, A„ far., S. 31; P.O. Mediapolis. 
Thomas, Eli, far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mediap- 
olis. 
Thornton, William, far., S. 24; P. 0. 

Mediapolis. 
Thornton, N., for., S. 24 ; P. 0. Medi- 
apolis. 
T"TLRICK, FRED. C, for., S. 11 ; P. 
LJ 0. Mediapolis. 

VANICE, JAMES, far., S. 32; P. 
0. Kossuth. 

WADDLE, S. M., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

Walkenshaw, John, for., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
Linton. 

Ware, Isaac, far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

WARE, J. P., proprietor Mediapolis 
House; born in this county in 1844. 
Married Anna M. Black in 1870; she 
was born in Greene Co., Penn., in 1845 ; 
they have one child — Cora E. 

Ware, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Watson, Alex., for., S. 2 ; P. 0. Mediapo- 
lis. 

Watson, James, far., S. 12; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Wilson, David, far., S. 16; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Wilson, John, far., S. 10; P. 0. Linton. 

Wilson, Robert M., far., S. 29; P. 0. 
Mediapolis. 

Wolf, Charles, far., S. 35; P. 0. Mediapo- 
lis. 

Wolf, John, for., S. 35 ; P. 0. Mediapolis. 

Woodside, J. H., far., S. 19; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Woolsey, J. H., for., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Wright, Milton, for., S. 14; P. 0. Me- 
diapolis. 

Wycofi", A. C, retired far., Kossuth. 

Wycofi", A. N., merchant, Northfield. 



724 



DIRECTORY OF DES MOINES COUNTY 



HURON TOWNSHIP. 



AARONSON, C. J., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 
0. Kossuth. 

Abraham, C, far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Anderson, J. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

BARTLEY, C. P., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. 
Huron. 

BARNES, TRIAH, farmer, Sec. 
34 ; P. 0. Kingston ; was born in 
Fleming Co., Ky., June 15, 181-i ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 18-13; first 
settled in Benton Tp., where he lived 
one year, then moved to Hui-on Tp., 
where he now lives. He married Miss 
Paulina Barnhill April 27, 1836; she 
was born in Oldham Co., Ky., Jan. 3, 
1818; they have five children — Eliza- 
beth, Austin, Melvina, Mary and Par- 
thenia, and three dead — Robert, Sarah 
and Josiah. Mr. B. owns 40 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre. He 
served eighteen months in the 2d I. V. 
C. His son Robert was in the 2d I. V. 
C, and died at St. Louis. Austin was 
in the 100-day service. Mr. Barnes is 
a Republican. 

Barr, Sam, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Bergen, C. C, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Blake, Francis, flir., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Blake, L. B., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Blake, Luther, flir.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Blake, W. S., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

i^ CARLSON, AUG., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 

\J O. Kossuth. 

Carlson, J. IL, far.. Sec. 33: P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Carter, Henry, fiir.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Charlson, S., far., S. 34 ; I^. (). Kingston. 

Christ, J., far., S. 36 ; P. O. Kingston. 

Crutchfield, S., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 

Crites, B. F., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

DAHLSTADT, A. P., far.. Sec. 34 ; 
P. 0. Kingston. 
DAUNOLD, J. A.,f\ir.,S.14; P.O. 
Huron ; was born in Madison Co., Va., 
Sept. 7, 1833 ; when 15 years of age, 



was bound as an apprentice to a wagon- 
maker ; at 20 years of age, he com- 
pleted his trade ; came to Burlington in 
1855, and engaged with J. Bennett, 
where he worked at his trade ; he re- 
turned to Virginia, and came again to 
Des Moines Co., bringing his parents 
with him. He married Miss Abby 
Graham March 1, 1858; she was born 
in Pickaway Co., Ohio, Jan. 13, 1838 ; 
they have seven children — Hattie L., 
Mattie E., Ida R., Chas. J., Jake, Ed- 
gar E. and Stella E. Mr. 1). has held 
the offices of Township Clerk and Jus- 
tice of the Peace ; he owns 300 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre. Is a 
Republican. 
Davis, Alex, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. 
DAVIS, S., far., S. 9 ; P 0. North- 
field ; born in Ireland March 10, 1804 ; 
came to America in 1832 ; first to 
Philadelphia ; then went to Ohio, and 
while there married Miss Eliza J. 
McMullen in 1837 ; born in Highland 
Co., Ohio, Dec. 15, 1819; have seven 
children — Andrew, Mary, Thomas, 
James, Lay ton, Oscar and Minnie, and 
three dead — Nancy, William and Lor- 
ena. Owner of sixteen acres, valued at 
$40 per acre. Members of Presbyterian 
Church ; Mr. D. is a Democrat. 
Davis, Thomas, far., S. 4 ; P.O. Northfiold. 
Davis, T. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 
Donaldson, C. P., far., S. 36 ; P. O. King- 
ston. 
Doran, Chas., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. 
Driskell, J. 0., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kin-jston. 

EKDAL, A., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. King- 
ston. 
Elston, Joseph, far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

FISHTHORN, SOL., far., S. 27 ; P. 
0. Kossuth. 
F A U S A N I> E R, N., Pastor of 
the Lutheran Swedish Church, designated 
the Kingston Church ; born in Sweden 
Sept. li, 1846; graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Lund, Sweden, in 1870, and 
came to Paxton, 111., the same year, 
where he was assistant teacher in the 
seminary two years ; went to Sagetown, 
111., and served as Pastor two years; 
thence came to Huron Tp., where he is 
located as Pastor of Kingston Church ; 



HURON TOWNSHIP. 



725 



the congregation was organized in 1868, 
and, in 1872, built a church and parson- 
age, which are free from debt ; they 
have 195 members. Mr. Farsander 
married Miss Charlotte Farsander in 
1875; born in Sweden Aug. 4, 1852. 
Mr. F. is a Republican. 

Foster, K., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Fullen wider, H., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. 
Huron. 

alBSON, a. R., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 
Huron. 

Gibson, Jas., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Gustafson, A. F., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

HAMILTON, A. T., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 
0. Huron. 

HEDGED, JOSHUA, far.,. Sec. 
14 ; P. O. Huron ; born in Pickaway 
Co., Ohio, Oct. 5, 1831 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1838 ; his parents were 
among the first settlers of Huron Tp. ; 
Mr. H. is living at the old homestead, 
Married Miss America Swank April 27, 
1876 ; born in Floyd Co., Ind., Feb. 9, 
1844; have one child — Bertha M.,born 
May 3, 1878. Owns 420 acres, valued 
at $40 per acre. He is a Democrat. 

Heizer, Henry, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Holcroft, B., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Hudson, D. W., far., S. 35-; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 

TIOJIS, WM., farmer and stock- 

_L raiser. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in 
Westmoreland Co., Penn., June 23, 
1818 ; went to Ripley Co., Ind., in 1820 ; 
thence to Cincinnati, where he followed 
the cooper's trade one year, then went 
to Jefferson Co., Ind., and married Miss 
Elizabeth Wilkie Nov. 5, 1840; born 
in Edinburgh, Scotland, June 20, 1820, 
and came to Switzerland Co., Ind., in 
1822 ; her parents were early settlers of 
the county; in 1843, Mr. Innis 
moved to Louisville, Ky., and superin- 
tended the city prison for three years ; 
came to Des Moines Co. in 1848, and 
settled in Huron Tp., where he now 
lives ; has two daughters — Emeline, now 
Mrs. Thornton, and Isabelle Dobson. 
Mrs. Lis a member of the M.E. Church. 
Mr. I. has served as Justice of the 
Peace eight years ; owns 320 acres of 
land, valued at $20 per acre. He is a 
Republican. 



JACKSON ISAAC, far., Sec. 15; P. 
0. Northfield. 

Johnson, A. E., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

Johnson, C. A., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Johnson, Gust., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Johnson, J. A., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 

Johnson, J. P., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Johnson, John, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Johnson, Lewis, far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 
^ERR, ROBT., far., Sec. 15; P. 0. 

_ X Kossuth. 

ARSDATTER, ULRICK, far.. Sec. 
j 34 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Larson, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Lett, Chas., far.. Sec. 27; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

lilNDQUIST, GUST., far., Sec. 
27 ; P. O. Kossuth ; born in Sweden 
March 15, 1836 ; came to Burlington 
in 1868; first settled five miles west, and 
lived there till he came to Huron Tp., 
where he now lives. Married Miss 
Johanna Johnson in 1860 ; born in 
Sweden June 25, 1831 ; have three 
children — John A., Frank G. and 
Lennia 0. Mr. L. owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre. Members 
of the Lutheran Church; Mr. Lind- 
({uist is a Republican. 

Loper, L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Loper, W. H., far., S. 26 ; P. O.Kossuth. 

L.UCKINBlLIi, B., nurseryman 
and farmer, S. 23 ; P. 0. Huron ; born 
in Berks Co., Penn., Dec. 5,1814; went 
to Ohio, where he worked at the trade 
of stone-mason and bricklayer ; came to 
Des Moines Co. in 1840, and settled in 
Huron Tp. Married Miss Mary Myers 
in 1836 ; born in Berks Co., Penn., Jan. 
30, 1816; have seven children — Cath- 
erine, Mary J., Bailey, Elvina, Thomas 
F., Eber B. and David H. Mr. L. held 
the office of Township Clerk and As- 
sessor. Owns 360 acres, valued at $30 
per acre. Mrs. L. is member of the 
Presbyterian Church; Mr. L. is a Dem- 
ocrat. 

Luckinbill,D. H.,far.,S. 14 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Luckinbill, T. F., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Lugn, G., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 



72t) 



DIRECTORY OF DBS MOINES COUNTY: 



MELLBRANDT, P, far., S. 10; P. 
0. Northficld. 

Mertz, C, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Mills, T. J. B., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Moore, Robt., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Northfield. 

Moyers, J. N., for., S. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. 

Munson, C. N., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Munson, P. A., far., S. 16 ; P.O. Kossuth. 

Murphy, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

VTOYLAN, J., farmer. Sec. 35 P. 0. 

xN Kossuth. 

NIliSON, A., farmer, S. 34 ; P. 0. 
Kingston; born in Sweden, Aug. 21, 
1825 ; came to Des Moines Co. in 1868, 
and located m Huron Tp. Married 
Miss Greta Johnson in 1850 ; she was 
born in Sweden Dec. 5, 1828 ; have six 
children — John, born April 4, 1852 ; 
Anna C, Jan. 6, 1855 ; Emma C, 
March 28, 1859; John A., Dec. 21, 
1865 ; Matilda, Oct. 3, 1868 ; Sarah H., 
Aug. 12, 1872. Mr. Nilson owns forty 
acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
Mr. and Mrs. N. are members of the 
Lutheran Church ; Republican. 

PEARSON, A. P., far., S. 21; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 

Peck, M. L., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Peterson, Charles, far.,S. 22 ; P. 0. Huron. 

Peterson, J. A., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

Peterson, J. D., far., S. 9 ; P O. North- 
field. 

Peterson,^ Lewis,] far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Prearson, C, far., S. 35 ; P. O. Kingston. 

PRIXDLE, A. H., farmer, Sec. 12 ; 
P. O. Huron ; was born in Vermont 
Jan. 20, 1847; came to Des Moines 
Co. in 1863, and settled in Huron Tp., 
where he now lives ; he owns 320 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre. He is 
amember of the I. 0. 0. V. Republican . 

Prindle, C. M., far., S. 13; P. 0. Huron. 

RANKIN, A., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 
RANKIN, JAMES C, far.,S. 22 ; 
P. 0. Kossuth ; was born in Centre Co., 
Penn., Jan. 8, 1817 ; came to Des 
Moines Co. in 1846, and settled in Hu- 
ron Tp. He married Miss Catherine 
Waddle June 1, 1848 ; she was born in 
Fayette Co., Ohio, Jan. 17, 1813 ; they 
have one child — Jeremiah H. Mr. R. 
owns 220 acres of land, valued at S35 
per acre ; he has served as Supervisor 



three years, and as Township Clerk. 
Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
He is a Greenbacker. 

Rankin, J. H., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 

Rhodes, L., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Kossuth. 

RUSSELI., !>., far., S. 3 ; P.O. North- 
field ; was born in Adams Co., Tenn., 
Aug. 6, 1808 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1835. He married Miss Mary A. 
Smith in 1833; she was born in Ohio 
Feb. 16, 1813; they have seven chil- 
dren — Elizabeth, William S., Francis, 
Ellen, Robert C, Cassie and Harriet A., 
and two dead — Mary J. and Louisa. 
Mr. R. owns 195 acres of land, valued 
at $35 per acre, on which he made all 
the improvements. He was a Demo- 
crat till the war, but since the war, has 
voted the Republican ticket. 

RrSSEIijL, ROBERT C, was 
born in Des Moines Co., Iowa, July 31, 
1851. He married Miss Mary Rodgers 
March 21, 1875 ; she was born in Des 
Moines Co. July 10, 1858 ; they have 
one child. Mr. R. is a Republican. 

Ryker, J. F., far., S. 34; P. 0. Kossuth. 

SHERIDAN, J., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
Northfield. 

SHERIDAN, JOHN AND 
TH03I AS, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. North- 
field ; John was born in Des Moines Co., 
Iowa, Aug. 20, 1849. Thomas was born 
in Des Moines Co. Oct. 30, 1854. 
Their father came to Des Moines Co. in 
1841 ; he was born in Indiana in 1811, 
and died in Des Moines Co. Jan. 5, 
1871. He married Miss Eliza Latta 
Aug. 20, 1843 ; she was born in Ohio 
March 8, 1817 ; they left four children 
— John, Thomas, David and Paul. 
The estate owns 1,180 acres of land. 
John is a member of A., F. & A. M., 
No. 226, and is a Republican. 

Shultz, Adrian, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 

Shutt, A., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 

Sockerson, Gust., far., S. 9 ; 

Staige, Jas. E., far., S. 23 ; 

Stewart, Wm., far., S. 16 ; 
field. 

Stromburg, A. M., far., S. 34 
suth. 

Swarson, Lewis, far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 

Swank, C, far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kingston. 



0. Northfield. 
P. 0. Huron. 
P. 0. Huron. 
P. 0. North - 



P. 0. Kos- 



JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 



727 



Swank, J. B., far., S. 11 ; P. O. Huron. 
Swank, L. J., far., S. 30; P. 0. Kingston. 
Swank, W. T., far., S. 13; P. 0. Huron. 
Swanson, J. A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Kings- 
ton. 
Synnerholm, S., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Kos- 
suth. 
THORNTON, A. L. C, far., S. 26 ; 
P. 0. Kingston. 

YANNICE, W. S., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. 
Kossuth. 
Vorhecs, William, far., S. 35; P. 0. 
Kingston. 

WADDLE, SAMUEL, far., S. 28; 
P. O. Kossuth. 
WADDLE, JOHX, far., S. 28; 
P. O. Kossuth ; born in Fayette Co., 
Ohio, Feb. 14, 1817 ; came to Des 
Moines Co., 1838; first settled in Yel- 
low Springs Tp. ; then moved to Huron 
Tp., and settled where he now lives. 
Married Miss Mary A. Howery, 1844; 
born in Butler Co., Ohio, May 17, 
1827 ; has nine children — Catherine J., 
Eobert C, Samuel M., John W., Mary 
B., David, Sarah E., Ellen and Susan 
A. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of 
the Presbyterian Church. He owns 
100 acres, valued at $45 per acre. A 
Republican. 



Walker, F. A., tar., S. 3 ; P. 0. North- 
field. 

Wallace, J. P., far., S. 4 ; P. O. North- 
field. 

Wilke, Thomas, far., S. 8; P. 0. Huron. 

Wilson, R. W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Huron. 

WILLIAMS, W. B., for., S. 18 ; 
P.O. Huron; born in Des Moines Co., 
Iowa, Sept. 9, 1851. Married Miss 
Amelia Chandler Feb. 20, 1873; born 
Jan. 7, 1856 ; have four children — J. 
W., Carrie E., Herrick and Fannie E. 
Mr, Williams owns 240 acres of land, 
valued at $10 per acre. Republican. 

WILLIAMS, J. WILSON, 

far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Huron ; born in Ver- 
mont in 1816 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1838. ■ Married Miss Julia A. Robi- 
son in 1847; she was born in Ohio in 
1822 ; her parents were early settlers of 
Hancock Co., 111., in 1828. They have 
four children — Herrick, Wilson B., 
Eliza and Minnie. Mrs. W. is a mem- 
ber of Episcopal Church of Burlington. 
Mr. W. owns 1,800 acres of land ; was 
Representative of Des Moines Co. in 
1853, 1857, 1866, 1874 and 1876 ; was 
appointed U. S. Deputy Surveyor in 
1854. 



JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 



BAILEY, F. 
Kinsston. 



A., tar.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. 



Brown, C. H., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Bur- 
lington. 

E^MMONS, W. A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. 
I Burlington. 

FITCHTHORN, WM., far.. Sec. 18; 
P. 0. Kingston. 
KELLOGG, A., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. 
Burlington. 
McLENNON, Sr., far., S. 17; P.O. 
Kingston. 
nSTTEW, A., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Kings- 



SMITH, S., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
Burlington ; was born in Greene Co., 
Ill, in 1832 ; came to Des Moines Co. 
in 1833 ; owns 530 acres of land in 
Jackson Tp., and 16 acres and 12 town 
lots in Burlington Tp. ; Mr. Smith has 
held most of the township offices. Is a 
Democrat. 

WRIGHT, J. C, farmer. Sec. 
8 ; P. Kingston ; was born in 
Des Moines Co. in 1852 ; owns 920 
acres of land, valued at $15 per acre. 
Is a Democrat. 



'r> 






